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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoelectron spectroscopy of hydrated electron cluster anions, (H2O)−n=2–69 (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 3980-3982 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457805
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoelectron spectra of the alkali metal cluster anions: Na−n=2–5, K−n=2–7, Rb−n=2–3, and Cs−n=2–3 (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 3792-3793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456861
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonia cluster anions and their relationship to ammoniated (solvated) electrons: The photoelectron spectra of (NH3)n=41–1100− (2002)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 116 (2002), S. 5731-5737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the negative ion photoelectron spectra of (NH3)n=41–1100−, recorded using 2.540 eV photons. The largest cluster anion in this series has a diameter of approximately 4.3 nm. The vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of these cluster anions increase smoothly from 0.55 eV for n=41 to 1.05 eV for n=1100. The VDEs throughout this size range are linear with n−1/3 and extrapolate to a VDE (n=∞) value, which is very close to the measured photoelectric threshold energy of condensed phase ammoniated electrons. The linear extrapolation of this data to an analogous condensed phase property implies that these cluster anions are gas-phase counterparts to ammoniated electrons, i.e., they are embryonic forms of ammoniated electrons which will mature with increasing cluster size to become condensed phase-solvated electrons. The VDE data further implies that these embryonic ammoniated electrons were generated in solid ammonia environments, consistent with the source conditions under which they were produced. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1451057
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron transfer collisions between small water clusters and laser-excited Rydberg atoms (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 95 (1991), S. 7760-7762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative formation rates of negative water clusters have been measured as a function of electron energy in the 8–170 meV range. The electron source is a beam of xenon atoms laser-excited in Rydberg states. Strong Rydberg electron energy dependences are observed for the attachment rates of the water dimer, hexamer, and heptamer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.461818
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of seven freshwater fish species—i. cadmium (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1978), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The embryos and larvae of seven freshwater fish were exposed to low concentrations of cadmium in soft water. All species were killed or their growth retarded by concentrations ranging from about A to 12 μg Cd/liter. The larvae were consistently more sensitive than the embryos. The agreement between these results and those from lifecycle chronic toxicity studies indicates that embryo and larval exposures will give reliable estimates of the chronic toxicity of cadmium to additional fish species. A 60-day exposure period appears to be appropriate for determining larval sensitivity to cadmium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01685772
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of eight species of freshwater fish—II: Copper (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1978), S. 608-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fish larvae and early juveniles of all species tested (brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, northern pike, white sucker, herring, and smallmouth bass) were more sensitive to copper than the embryos. Embryo survival was affected only at the higher concentrations tested, for all species except the rainbow trout. The concentrations of copper that caused significant effects on the larval standing crop were similar for all species (31.7–43.5 ug Cu/1) except the northern pike, which seemed to be considerably more resistant (104.1 μg Cu/1). Copper concentrations shown to have no significant effects on the early developmental stages of these species are considered close estimates of the copper concentrations that would have no measurable adverse effects during a complete life cycle toxicity test under similar test conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01685847
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residues of PCB's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 5 (1977), S. 487-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fish from western Lake Superior (1972–73) contained DDT and PCB residues at concentrations greater than 0.1 ppm. The most predominant PCB's were those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, and GLC data indicated that the mixtures were most like the commercial product Aroclor® 1254. Other chlorinated contaminants identified by GC/MS analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane, which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm. The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be 0.8 ng/L in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged from 105 to 106. The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for these chemicals in fish to be used for human consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220927
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of climate change effects on stream temperatures and fish habitats below dams and near groundwater inputs (1995)
    Springer
    Climatic change 30 (1995), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A deterministic heat transport model was developed to calculate stream water temperatures downstream of reservoir outlets (tailwaters) and groundwater sources. The model calculates heat exchange between the atmosphere, the water and the sediments and is driven by climate and stream hydrologic parameters. Past and projected climate conditions were used as input to the stream water temperature model. To produce a projected future weather scenario, output from the Columbia University Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global circulation model (GCM) for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 were used to adjust past (1955–1979) weather parameters. Stream reach lengths, within which water temperatures are suitable for survival or good growth of 28 fish species, were determined for four selected streams. Several alternative upstream inflow conditions were chosen: Discharges from surface (epilimnion) and bottom (hypolimnion) outlets of reservoirs, and two groundwater inflow scenarios. By applying water temperature criteria for fish survival and good growth (Stefanet al., 1993) to simulated stream temperatures, it was possible to estimate stream lengths with suitable habitat. When simulated suitable habitat was compared to actual fish observations, good agreement was found. For projected climate change, the simulations showed how much of the available stream habitat would be lost. In the examples presented the effect of cold hypolimnetic water release from a reservoir or groundwater discharges is felt as far as 48 km (30 miles) downstream from its source, especially in smaller shaded streams. The impact of climate change on stream temperatures below dams is more pronounced when the water release is from the epilimnion (reservoir surface) rather than the hypolimnion (deep water). Examples used for this study show elimination of coldwater habitat for rainbow trout when the upstream release is from the surface of a reservoir, but only reductions of coldwater habitat when the upstream release is from a reservoir hypolimnion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091841
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of solvated electron cluster anions, (H2O) n − and (NH3) n − (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 20 (1991), S. 9-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 33.60 ; 33.80.E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The photodetachment spectra of (H2O) n =2−69/− and (NH3) n =41−1100/− have been recorded, and vertical detachment energies (VDEs) were obtained from the spectra. For both systems, the cluster anion VDEs increase smoothly with increasing sizes and most species plot linearly withn −1/3, extrapolating to a VDE (n=∞) value which is very close to the photoelectric threshold energy for the corresponding condensed phase solvated electron system. The linear extrapolation of this data to the analogous condensed phase property suggests that these cluster anions are gas phase counterparts to solvated electrons, i.e. they are embryonic forms of hydrated and ammoniated electrons which mature with increasing cluster size toward condensed phase solvated electrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543925
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The smoke ion source: a device for the generation of cluster ions via inert gas condensation (1989)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 12 (1989), S. 3-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 34.80G
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report the development of an ion source for generating intense, continuous beams of both positive and negative cluster ions. This device is the result of the marriage of the inert gas condensation method with techniques for injecting electrons directly into expanding jets. In the preliminary studies described here, we have observed cluster ion size distributions ranging fromn=1−400 for Pb n + and Pb n − , and fromn=12−5700 for Li n − .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01426893
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