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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (57,814)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 2010-2014  (43)
  • 1990-1994  (37,200)
  • 1980-1984  (20,447)
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  • 1
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    From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Relative sea level rise (RSLR) has driven large increases in annual water level exceedances (duration and frequency) above minor (nuisance level) coastal flooding elevation thresholds established by the National Weather Service (NWS) at U.S. tide gauges over the last half-century. For threshold levels below 0.5 m above high tide, the rates of annual exceedances are accelerating along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, primarily from evolution of tidal water level distributions to higher elevations impinging on the flood threshold. These accelerations are quantified in terms of the local RSLR rate and tidal range through multiple regression analysis. Along the U.S. West Coast, annual exceedance rates are linearly increasing, complicated by sharp punctuations in RSLR anomalies during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, and we account for annual exceedance variability along the U.S. West and East Coasts from ENSO forcing. Projections of annual exceedances above local NWS nuisance levels at U.S. tide gauges are estimated by shifting probability estimates of daily maximum water levels over a contemporary 5-year period following probabilistic RSLR projections of Kopp et al. (2014) for representative concentration pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. We suggest a tipping point for coastal inundation (30 days/per year with a threshold exceedance) based on the evolution of exceedance probabilities. Under forcing associated with the local-median projections of RSLR, the majority of locations surpass the tipping point over the next several decades regardless of specific RCP.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 2
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    Climate change: the necessary, the possible and the desirable (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Key Points Statement on the importance of climate change politics
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 3
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    VALUE - A Framework to Validate Downscaling Approaches for Climate Change Studies (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: VALUE is an open European network to validate and compare downscaling methods for climate change research. VALUE aims to foster collaboration and knowledge exchange between climatologists, impact modellers, statisticians and stakeholders to establish an interdisciplinary downscaling community. A key deliverable of VALUE is the development of a systematic validation framework to enable the assessment and comparison of both dynamical and statistical downscaling methods. In this paper, we present the key ingredients of this framework. VALUE’s main approach to validation is user focussed: starting from a specific user problem, a validation tree guides the selection of relevant validation indices and performance measures. Several experiments have been designed to isolate specific points in the downscaling procedure where problems may occur: what is the isolated downscaling skill? How do statistical and dynamical methods compare? How do methods perform at different spatial scales? Do methods fail in representing regional climate change? How is the overall representation of regional climate, including errors inherited from global climate models? The framework will be the basis for a comprehensive community-open downscaling intercomparison study, but is intended also to provide general guidance for other validation studies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 4
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    The Next Generation Science Standards: A Potential Revolution for Geoscience Education (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-01
    Description: The first and only set of U.S.-nationally distributed K-12 science education standards have been adopted by many states across America, with the potential to be adopted by many more. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards, with particular emphasis on critical Earth issues such as climate change, sustainability, and human impacts on Earth systems. In the states that choose to adopt the NGSS, American youth will have a rigorous practiced-based formal education in these important areas. Much work needs to be done to insure the adoption and adequate implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards by a majority of American states, however, and there are many things that Earth and space scientists can do to help facilitate the process.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 5
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    Introduction to special section on Urbanization, Carbon Cycle, and Climate Change (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 6
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    Too Generous to a Fault? Is reliable earthquake safety a Lost Art? (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: Key Points Earthquake safety is now a lost art due to incorrect seismic hazard estimates huge human losses in regions depicted as low seismic hazard regions by psha Deterministic seismic hazard maps plan for what is possible, not just probable
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 7
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    Remote sensing of fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas production in North American tight geologic formations (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: In the past decade there has been a massive growth in the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing of shale gas and tight oil reservoirs to exploit formerly inaccessible or unprofitable energy resources in rock formations with low permeability. In North America, these unconventional domestic sources of natural gas and oil provide an opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when displacing coal as a source of energy in power plants. However, fugitive methane emissions in the production process may counter the benefit over coal with respect to climate change and therefore need to be well quantified. Here we demonstrate that positive methane anomalies associated with the oil and gas industries can be detected from space and that corresponding regional emissions can be constrained using satellite observations. Based on a mass-balance approach, we estimate that methane emissions for two of the fastest growing production regions in the United States, the Bakken and Eagle Ford formations, have increased by 990 ± 650 ktCH 4 yr − 1 and 530 ± 330 ktCH 4 yr − 1 between the periods 2006–2008 and 2009–2011. Relative to the respective increases in oil and gas production, these emission estimates correspond to leakages of 10.1 ± 7.3 % and 9.1 ± 6.2 % in terms of energy content, calling immediate climate benefit into question and indicating that current inventories likely underestimate fugitive emissions from Bakken and Eagle Ford.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 8
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    Moderating diets to feed the future (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Population growth, dietary changes and increasing biofuel use are placing unprecedented pressure on the global food system. While this demand likely cannot be met by expanding agricultural lands, much of the world's cropland can attain higher crop yields. Therefore, it is important to examine whether increasing crop productivity to the maximum attainable yield (i.e. yield gap closure) alone can substantially improve food security at global and national scales. Here we show that closing yield gaps through conventional technological development (i.e. fertilizers and irrigation) can potentially meet future global demand if diets are moderated and crop-based biofuel production is limited. In particular, we find that increasing dietary demand will be largely to blame should crop production fall short of demand. In converting projected diets to a globally adequate diet (3000 kcal/cap/day; 20% animal kcal) under current agrofuel use, we find that ~1.8 to ~2.6 billion additional people can be fed in 2030 and ~2.1 to ~3.1 billion additional people in 2050, depending on the extent to which yields can improve in those time periods. Therefore, the simple combination of yield gap closure and moderating diets offers promise for feeding the world's population but only if long-term sustainability is the focus.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 9
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    Positioning Infrastructure and Technologies for Low-carbon Urbanization (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: The expected urbanization of the planet in the coming century coupled with aging infrastructure in developed regions, increasing complexity of man-made systems, and pressing climate change impacts have created opportunities for reassessing the role of infrastructure and technologies in cities and how they contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Modern urbanization is predicated on complex, increasingly coupled infrastructure systems, and energy use continues to be largely met from fossil fuels. Until energy infrastructures evolve away from carbon-based fuels, GHG emissions are critically tied to the urbanization process. Further complicating the challenge of decoupling urban growth from GHG emissions are lock-in effects and interdependencies. This paper synthesizes state-of-the-art thinking for transportation, fuels, buildings, water, electricity, and waste systems and finds that GHG emissions assessments tend to view these systems as static and isolated from social and institutional systems. Despite significant understanding of methods and technologies for reducing infrastructure-related GHG emissions, physical, institutional, and cultural constraints continue to work against us, pointing to knowledge gaps that must be addressed. This paper identifies three challenge themes to improve our understanding of the role of infrastructure and technologies in urbanization processes and position these increasingly complex systems for low-carbon growth. The challenges emphasize how we reimagine the role of infrastructure in the future and how people, institutions, and ecological systems interface with infrastructure.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 10
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    Sustaining ecosystem services: Overcoming the dilemma posed by local actions and planetary boundaries (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-03
    Description: Resolving challenges related to the sustainability of natural capital and ecosystem services is an urgent issue. No roadmap on reaching sustainability exists; and the kind of sustainable land use required in a world that acknowledges both multiple environmental boundaries and local human well-being presents a quandary. In this commentary we argue that a new globally consistent and expandable systems-analytical framework is needed to guide and facilitate decision making on sustainability from the planetary through to the local level, and vice versa. This framework would strive to link a multitude of Earth-system processes and targets; it would give preference to systemic insight over data complexity through being highly explicit in spatio-temporal terms. Its strength would lie in its ability to help scientists uncover and explore potential, and even unexpected, interactions between Earth's subsystems with planetary environmental boundaries and socioeconomic constraints coming into play. Equally importantly, such a framework would allow countries like Brazil, a case study in this article, to understand domestic or even local sustainability measures within a global perspective and to optimize them accordingly.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 11
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    Recent Global Temperature ‘Plateau’ in Context of a New Proxy Reconstruction (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: Stable global temperatures of the last 10-15 years have been a topic of considerable discussion. A new proxy extension of the global temperature record enables better placement of this feature in a longer historical perspective. The fixed-grid composite covers the interval 1801-1984, with an extension to 1782 and anchors the global temperature record in the last major cold interval of the Little Ice Age (LIA), when carbon dioxide concentration was at pre-anthropogenic levels. Except for greater and longer cooling (approximately twice the length of Pinatubo) associated with the Tambora eruption, the proxy agrees with the most widely-cited previous assessment of global temperature over this interval, lending more confidence to a centennial extension of the global temperature record. The proxy correlation is as high as 0.83 for the interval 1907-1984 (df = 8, p = 0.001), with the 21 st century 1.0 ± 0.2˚C warmer than the non-volcanic base state. This remarkable linearity requires a clear theoretical understanding as to how an exceedingly complex system can, on the global average, behave in such a simple way. Removal of the linear radiatively-forced component from the global temperature record yields an estimate of natural variability for the last 230 years and indicates no unusual natural variability during the recent 10-15 years. Based on the estimate of unforced variability over the last 170 years, there is about a 40% chance of continued ‘natural cooling’ over the next few years, with about a 10% chance of cooling persisting into the next decade.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 12
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    Incentives for Methane Mitigation and Energy-Efficiency Improvements in the Case of Ukraine's Natural Gas Transmission System (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-10
    Description: Reducing methane losses is a concern for climate change policy and energy policy. The energy sector is the major source of anthropogenic methane emissions into the atmosphere in Ukraine. Reducing methane emissions and avoiding combustion can be very cost-effective, but various barriers prevent such energy-efficiency measures from taking place. To date, few examples of industry-wide improvements exist. One example of substantial investments into upgrading natural gas transmission system comes from Ukraine's natural gas transmission company, Ukrtransgaz. The company's investments into system upgrades, along with a 34 percent fall in throughput, resulted in reduction of Ukrtransgaz system's own consumption of natural gas by 68 percent in 2011 compared to the level in 2005. Evaluating reductions in methane emissions is challenging because of lack of accurate data and gaps in accounting methodologies. At the same time, Ukraine's transmission system has undergone improvements that, at the very least, have contained methane emissions, if not substantially reduced them. In this paper, we describe recent developments in Ukraine's natural gas transmission system and analyze the incentives that forced the sector to pay close attention to its methane losses. Ukraine is one of the most energy-intensive countries, among the largest natural gas consumers in the world, and a significant emitter of methane. The country is also dependent on imports of natural gas. A combination of several factors has created conditions for successful reductions in methane emissions and combustion. These factors include: an eightfold increase in the price of imported natural gas; comprehensive domestic environmental and energy policies, such as the Laws of Ukraine on Protecting the Natural Environment and on Air Protection; policies aimed at integration with European Union's energy market and accession to the Energy Community Treaty; and the country's participation in international cooperation on environment, such as through the Joint Implementation mechanism and the voluntary Global Methane Initiative. Learning about such case studies can help policymakers and sustainability professionals design better policies elsewhere.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 13
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    Sustainable Sediment Management in Reservoirs and Regulated Rivers: Experiences from Five Continents (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: By trapping sediment in reservoirs, dams interrupt the continuity of sediment transport through rivers, resulting in loss of reservoir storage and reduced usable life, and depriving downstream reaches of sediments essential for channel form and aquatic habitats. With the acceleration of new dam construction globally, these impacts are increasingly widespread. There are proven techniques to pass sediment through or around reservoirs, to preserve reservoir capacity and to minimize downstream impacts, but they are not applied in many situations where they would be effective. This paper summarizes collective experience from five continents in managing reservoir sediments and mitigating downstream sediment starvation. Where geometry is favorable it is often possible to bypass sediment around the reservoir, which avoids reservoir sedimentation and supplies sediment to downstream reaches with rates and timing similar to pre-dam conditions. Sluicing (or drawdown routing) permits sediment to be transported through the reservoir rapidly to avoid sedimentation during high flows; it requires relatively large capacity outlets. Drawdown flushing involves scouring and re-suspending sediment deposited in the reservoir and transporting it downstream through low-level gates in the dam; it works best in narrow reservoirs with steep longitudinal gradients and with flow velocities maintained above the threshold to transport sediment. Turbidity currents can often be vented through the dam, with the advantage that the reservoir need not be drawn down to pass sediment. In planning dams, we recommend that these sediment management approaches be utilized where possible to sustain reservoir capacity and minimize environmental impacts of dams.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 14
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    Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that human-caused climate change is happening. (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Key Points Most people don't know there is a scientific consensus about climate change This lack of awareness undermines public engagement in climate change Setting the record straight will have important positive consequences
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 15
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    Earth's Climate Sensitivity: Apparent Inconsistencies in Recent Assessments (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-18
    Description: Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and forcing of Earth's climate system over the industrial era have been re-examined in two new assessments: the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and a study by A. Otto and others ( Nature Geosci ., 2013). The ranges of these quantities given in these assessments and also in the Fourth (2007) IPCC Assessment are analyzed here within the framework of a planetary energy balance model, taking into account the observed increase in global mean surface temperature over the instrumental record together with best estimates of the rate of increase of planetary heat content. This analysis shows systematic differences among the several assessments and apparent inconsistencies within individual assessments. Importantly, the likely range of ECS to doubled CO 2 given in AR5, 1.5 to 4.5 K/(3.7 W m -2 ) exceeds the range inferred from the assessed likely range of forcing, 1.2 to 2.9 K/(3.7 W m −2 ), where 3.7 W m −2 denotes the forcing for doubled CO 2 . Such differences underscore the need to identify their causes and reduce the underlying uncertainties. Explanations might involve underestimated negative aerosol forcing, overestimated total forcing, overestimated climate sensitivity, poorly constrained ocean heating, limitations of the energy balance model, or a combination of effects. Summary: Recent assessments of Earth's climate sensitivity and forcings over the industrial period, taking into account the observed increase in global mean surface temperature and rate of increase of planetary heat content, exhibit differences and apparent inconsistencies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 16
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    Hello Anthropocene, Goodbye Holocene (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Key Points Onset of the Anthropocene Redefining the Holocene
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 17
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    Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Current capabilities and research outlook from the natural sciences perspective (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-14
    Description: This paper explores the urban carbon cycle from the natural sciences perspective, identifying key knowledge gaps and priority areas for future research. The combination of large, concentrated carbon fluxes and rapid change makes cities key elements of the carbon cycle and offers the potential for them to serve as “first responders” for climate action. Estimates of urban-scale carbon fluxes are significantly more uncertain than at larger spatial scales, in part because past studies have mostly avoided local/urban scales where the mix of anthropogenic and natural fluxes is complex and difficult to observationally isolate. To develop effective emission-reductions policies, we need to understand emission sources and how they may be changing. Such improved quantification and understanding of underlying processes at the urban scale will not only provide policy-relevant information and improve the understanding of urban dynamics and future scenarios, but will translate into better global-scale anthropogenic flux estimates, and advance our understanding of carbon cycle and climate feedbacks across multiple scales. Understanding the relationship between urbanization and urban carbon flows requires intellectual integration with research communities beyond the natural sciences. Cities can serve as interdisciplinary process laboratories that are sufficiently constrained in both spatial and governance scale to support truly integrated research by the natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. A thoughtfully crafted science research agenda that is grounded in sustained, dense observations relevant to estimating urban carbon fluxes and their controlling processes and is focused on a statistically significant sample of cities will advance our understanding of the carbon cycle.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 18
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    Fault Zone Regulation, Seismic Hazard, and Social Vulnerability in Los Angeles, California: Hazard or Urban Amenity? (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-13
    Description: Public perception and regulation of environmental hazards are important factors in the development and configuration of cities. Throughout California, probabilistic seismic hazard mapping and geologic investigations of active faults have spatially quantified earthquake hazard. In Los Angeles, these analyses have informed earthquake engineering, public awareness, the insurance industry, and the government regulation of developments near faults. Understanding the impact of natural hazards regulation on the social and built geography of cities is vital for informing future science and policy directions. We constructed a relative social vulnerability index classification for Los Angeles to examine the social condition within regions of significant seismic hazard; including areas regulated as Alquist-Priolo (AP) Act earthquake fault zones. Despite hazard disclosures, social vulnerability is lowest within AP regulatory zones and vulnerability increases with distance from them. Because the AP Act requires building setbacks from active faults, newer developments in these zones are bisected by parks. Parcel-level analysis demonstrates that homes adjacent to these fault zone parks are the most valuable in their neighborhoods. At a broad scale, a Landsat-based normalized difference vegetation index shows that greenness near AP zones is greater than the rest of the metropolitan area. In the parks-poor city of Los Angeles, fault zone regulation has contributed to the construction of park space within areas of earthquake hazard, thus transforming zones of natural hazard into amenities, attracting populations of relatively high social status, and demonstrating that the distribution of social vulnerability is sometimes more strongly tied to amenities than hazards.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 19
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    Feeding humanity through global food trade (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-13
    Description: The recent intensification of international trade has led to a globalization of food commodities and to an increased disconnection between human populations and the land and water resources that support them through crop and livestock production. Several countries are not self-sufficient and depend on imports from other regions. Despite the recognized importance of the role of trade in global and regional food security, the societal reliance on domestic production and international trade remains poorly quantified. Here we investigate the global patterns of food trade and evaluate the dependency of food security on imports. We investigate the relationship existing between the trade of food calories and the virtual transfer of water used for their production. We show how the amount of food calories traded in the international market has more than doubled between 1986 and 2009, while the number of links in the trade network has increased by more than 50%. Likewise, global food production has increased by more than 50% in the same period, providing an amount of food that is overall sufficient to support the global population at a rate of 2700-3000 kcal per person per day. About 23% of the food produced for human consumption is traded internationally. The Water Use Efficiency of food trade (i.e., food calories produced per unit volume of water used) has declined in the last few decades. The water use efficiency of food production overall increases with the countries’ affluence; this trend is likely due to the use of more advanced technology.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 20
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    Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-21
    Description: This paper outlines the contributions of social science to the study of interactions between urbanization patterns and processes and the carbon cycle, and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future social scientific research contributions. While previously studied as a uni-dimensional process, we conceptualize urbanization as a multi-dimensional, social and biophysical process driven by continuous changes across space and time in various sub-systems including biophysical, built environment and socio-institutional (e.g. economic, political, demographic, behavioral and sociological). We review research trends and findings focused on the socio-institutional subsystem of the urbanization process, and particularly the dynamics, relationships and predictions relevant to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings suggest that a multi-dimensional perspective of urbanization facilitates a wider spectrum of research relevant to carbon cycle dynamics, even within the socio-institutional sub-system. However, there is little consensus around the details and mechanisms underlying the relationship between urban socio-institutional subsystems and the carbon cycle. We argue that progress in understanding the relationship between urbanization and the carbon cycle may be achieved if social scientists work collaboratively with each other as well as with scientists from other disciplines. From this review we identify research priorities where collaborative social scientific efforts are necessary in conjunction with other disciplinary approaches to generate a more complete understanding of urbanization as a process and its relationship to the carbon cycle.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 21
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    Accelerated flooding along the U. S. East Coast: On the impact of sea level rise, tides, storms, the Gulf Stream and NAO (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: . Recent studies identified the U.S. East Coast north of Cape Hatteras as a “hotspot” for accelerated sea level rise (SLR), and the analysis presented here show that the area is also a “hotspot for accelerated flooding”. The duration of minor tidal flooding (defined as 0.3 m above MHHW) has accelerated in recent years for most coastal locations from the Gulf of Maine to Florida. The average increase in annual minor flooding duration was ~20 hours from the period until 1970 to 1971–1990, and ~50 hours from 1971–1990 to 1991–2013; spatial variations in acceleration of flooding resembles the spatial variations of acceleration in sea level. The increase in minor flooding can be predicted from SLR and tidal range, but the frequency of extreme storm-surge flooding events (0.9 m above MHHW) is less predictable, and affected by the North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO). The number of extreme storm surge events since 1960 oscillates with a period of ~15-year and interannual variations in the number of storms is anti-correlated with the NAO index. With higher seas, there are also more flooding events that are unrelated to storm surges. For example, it is demonstrated that week-long flooding events in Norfolk, VA, are often related to periods of decrease in the Florida Current transport. The results indicate that previously reported connections between decadal variations in the Gulf Stream and coastal sea level may also apply to short-term variations, so flood predictions may be improved if the Gulf Stream influence is considered.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 22
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    A critical knowledge pathway to low-carbon, sustainable futures: integrated understanding of urbanization, urban areas and carbon (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-30
    Description: Independent lines of research on urbanization, urban areas and carbon have advanced our understanding of some of the processes through which energy and land uses affect carbon. This synthesis integrates some of these diverse viewpoints as a first step towards a co-produced, integrated framework for understanding urbanization, urban areas and their relationships to carbon. It suggests the need for approaches that complement and combine the plethora of existing insights into interdisciplinary explorations of how different urbanization processes, and socio-ecological and technological components of urban areas affect the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions, differentially over time and within and across cities. It also calls for a more holistic approach to examining the carbon implications of urbanization and urban areas, based not only on demographics or income, but also on such other interconnected features of urban development pathways as urban form, economic function, economic growth policies and other governance arrangements. It points to a wide array of uncertainties around the urbanization processes, their interactions with urban socio-institutional and built-environment systems, how these impact the exchange of carbon flows within and outside urban areas. We must also understand in turn how carbon feedbacks, including carbon impacts and potential impacts of climate change, can affect urbanization processes. Finally, the paper explores options, barriers and limits to transitioning cities to low-carbon trajectories, and suggests the development of an end-to-end, co-produced and integrated scientific understanding that can more effectively inform the navigation of transitional journeys and the avoidance of obstacles along the way.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 23
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    Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-21
    Description: When sea ice forms it scavenges and concentrates particulates from the water column, which then become trapped until the ice melts. In recent years, melting has led to record lows in Arctic sea ice extent, the most recent in September 2012. Global climate models, such as that of Gregory et al. [2002], suggest that the decline in Arctic sea ice volume (3.4% per decade), will actually exceed the decline in sea ice extent, something that Laxon et al . [2013] have shown supported by satellite data. The extent to which melting ice could release anthropogenic particulates back to the open ocean has not yet been examined. Here we show that Arctic sea ice from remote locations contains concentrations of microplastics at least two orders of magnitude greater than those that have been previously reported in highly contaminated surface waters, such as those of the Pacific Gyre. Our findings indicate that microplastics have accumulated far from population centers and that polar sea ice represents a major historic global sink of man-made particulates. The potential for substantial quantities of legacy microplastic contamination to be released to the ocean as the ice melts therefore needs to be evaluated, as do the physical and toxicological effects of plastics on marine life.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Stratospheric Ozone Response to a Solar Irradiance Reduction in a Quadrupled CO2 Environment (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-17
    Description: We used the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) global two-dimensional (2D) atmospheric model to investigate the stratospheric ozone response to a proposed geoengineering activity wherein a reduced top-of-atmosphere (TOA) solar irradiance is imposed to help counteract a quadrupled CO 2 atmosphere. This study is similar to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Experiment G1. Three primary simulations were completed with the GSFC 2D model to examine this possibility: A) a pre-industrial atmosphere with a boundary condition of 285 ppmv CO 2 ( piControl ); B) a base future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO 2 ( abrupt4xCO2 ); and C) a perturbed future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO 2 and a 4% reduction in the TOA total solar irradiance ( G1 ). We found huge ozone enhancements throughout most of the stratosphere (up to 40%) as a result of a large computed temperature decrease (up to 18K) when CO 2 was quadrupled (compare simulation abrupt4xCO2 to piControl ). Further, we found that ozone will additionally increase (up to 5%) throughout most of the stratosphere with total ozone increases of 1-2.5% as a result of a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance (compare simulation G1 to abrupt4xCO2 ). Decreases of atomic oxygen and temperature are the main drivers of this computed ozone enhancement from a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    The Future of Global Water Stress: An Integrated Assessment (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-29
    Description: We assess the ability of global water systems, resolved at 282 Assessment Sub Regions (ASRs), to the meet water requirements under integrated projections of socioeconomic growth and climate change. We employ a Water Resource System (WRS) component embedded within the MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) framework in a suite of simulations that consider a range of climate policies and regional hydro-climate changes out to 2050. For many developing nations, water-demand increases due to population growth and economic activity have a much stronger effect on water stress than climate change. By 2050, economic growth and population change alone can lead to an additional 1.8 billion people living under at least moderate water stress, with 80% of these located in developing countries. Uncertain regional climate change can play a secondary role to either exacerbate or dampen the increase in water stress. The strongest climate impacts on water stress are seen in Africa, but strong impacts also occur over Europe, Southeast Asia and North America. The combined effects of socioeconomic growth and uncertain climate change lead to a 1.0 to 1.3 billion increase of the world's 2050 projected population living with overly exploited water conditions— where total potential water requirements will consistently exceed surface-water supply. This would imply that adaptive measures would be taken to meet these surface-water shortfalls and include: water-use efficiency, reduced and/or redirected consumption, recurrent periods of water emergencies or curtailments, groundwater depletion, additional inter-basin transfers, and overdraw from flow intended to maintain environmental requirements.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide gauge sites (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-14
    Description: Sea-level rise due to both climate change and non-climatic factors threatens coastal settlements, infrastructure and ecosystems. Projections of mean global sea level (GSL) rise provide insufficient information to plan adaptive responses; local decisions require local projections that accommodate different risk tolerances and time frames and that can be linked to storm surge projections. Here we present a global set of local sea level (LSL) projections to inform decisions on timescales ranging from the coming decades through the 22nd century. We provide complete probability distributions, informed by a combination of expert community assessment, expert elicitation, and process modeling. Between the years 2000 and 2100, we project a very likely (90% probability) GSL rise of 0.5–1.2 m under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, 0.4–0.9 m under RCP 4.5, and 0.3–0.8 m under RCP 2.6. Site-to-site differences in LSL projections are due to varying non-climatic background uplift or subsidence, oceanographic effects, and spatially-variable responses of the geoid and the lithosphere to shrinking land ice. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) constitutes a growing share of variance in GSL and LSL projections. In the global average and at many locations, it is the dominant source of variance in late 21st century projections, though at some sites oceanographic processes contribute the largest share throughout the century. LSL rise dramatically reshapes flood risk, greatly increasing the expected number of ‘1-in-10’ and ‘1-in-100’ year events. Summary Local sea-level rise generally differs from global sea-level rise, with differences arising from local uplift or subsidence, ocean dynamics, and the sea-level response to shrinking land ice. Uncertain Antarctic ice sheet mass loss is the largest source of uncertainty in late-century projections globally and at most sites, although ocean dynamics is the major source in some locations. Sea-level rise greatly amplifies flood risk, pointing to the need for including sea-level rise allowances in flood risk assessments.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    BECCS capability of dedicated bioenergy crops under a future land-use scenario targeting net negative carbon emissions (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-27
    Description: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a key component of mitigation strategies in future socio-economic scenarios that aim to keep mean global temperature rise below 2 "∘ C above pre-industrial, which would require net negative carbon emissions in the end of the 21st century. Because of the additional need for land, developing sustainable low-carbon scenarios requires careful consideration of the land-use implications of deploying large-scale BECCS. We evaluated the feasibility of the large-scale BECCS in RCP2.6, which is a scenario with net negative emissions aiming to keep the 2 "∘ C temperature target, with a top-down analysis of required yields and a bottom-up evaluation of BECCS potential using a process-based global crop model. Land-use change carbon emissions related to the land expansion were examined using a global terrestrial biogeochemical cycle model. Our analysis reveals that first-generation bioenergy crops would not meet the required BECCS of the RCP2.6 scenario even with a high fertilizer and irrigation application. Using second-generation bioenergy crops can marginally fulfill the required BECCS only if a technology of full post-process combustion CO 2 capture is deployed with a high fertilizer application in the crop production. If such an assumed technological improvement does not occur in the future, more than doubling the area for bioenergy production for BECCS around 2050 assumed in RCP2.6 would be required, however, such scenarios implicitly induce large-scale land-use changes that would cancel half of the assumed CO 2 sequestration by BECCS. Otherwise a conflict of land-use with food production is inevitable.
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    Responses of global terrestrial evapotranspiration to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 in the 21stcentury (2014)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: Quantifying the spatial and temporal patterns of the water lost to the atmosphere through land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for understanding the global hydrological cycle, but remains much uncertain. In this study, we use the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to estimate the global terrestrial ET during 2000–2009 and project its changes in response to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO 2 under two IPCC SRES scenarios (A2 and B1) during 2010–2099. Modeled results show a mean annual global terrestrial ET of about 549 (545–552) mm yr −1 during 2000–2009. Relative to the 2000s, global terrestrial ET for the 2090's would increase by 30.7 mm/year (5.6%) and 13.2 mm/year (2.4%) under the A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. About 60% of global land area would experience increasing ET at rates of over 9.5 mm/decade over the study period under the A2 scenario. The Arctic region would have the largest ET increase (16% compared with the 2000s level) due to larger increase in temperature than other regions. Decreased ET would mainly take place in regions like central and western Asia, northern Africa, Australia, eastern South America and Greenland due to declines in soil moisture and changing rainfall patterns. Our results indicate that warming temperature and increasing precipitation would result in large increase in ET by the end of the 21 st century, while increasing atmospheric CO 2 would be responsible for decrease of ET, given the reduction of stomatal conductance under elevated CO 2 .
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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    The 2011-2012 unrest at Santorini rift: Stress interaction between active faulting and volcanism (2013)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (14). pp. 3532-3537.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: At Santorini, active normal faulting controls the emission of volcanic products. Such geometry has implication on seismic activity around the plumbing system during unrest. Static Coulomb stress changes induced by the 2011–2012 inflation within a preexisting NW-SE extensional regional stress field, compatible with fault geometry, increased by more than 0.5MPa in an ellipsoid-shaped zone beneath the Minoan caldera where almost all earthquakes (96%) have occurred since beginning of unrest. Magmatic processes perturb the regional stress in the caldera where strike-slip rather than normal faulting along NE-SW striking planes are expected. The inflation may have also promoted more distant moderate earthquakes on neighboring faults as the M〉5 January 2012, south of Christiania. Santorini belongs to a set of en echelon NE-SW striking rifts (Milos, Nysiros) oblique to the Aegean arc that may have initiated in the Quaternary due to propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the Southern Aegean Sea.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    A significant upper limit for the rate of formation, of OCS from the reaction of OH with CS2 (1980)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 7 (10). pp. 797-800.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: The rate of reaction of OH with CS2 to form OCS by reaction (1) has been measured through observation of O14CS following 254 nm equation image photolysis of mixtures of H2O2 with 14CS2. The OH concentrations have been monitored through simultaneous measurement in the same cell of either (a) the oxidation of CO to CO2, or (b) the removal of a hydrocarbon such as C3H8 or iso-C4H10. The upper limit for the formation of OCS based on (a) corresponds to a rate constant k1 〈 0.3 × 10−14 cm³ molecule−1 sec−1. Other chemical reactions in the system have led to the formation of both 14CO and 14CO2, indicating the existence of a complex combination of reactions such that the observed O14CS need not have been formed by (1). The rate of reaction (1) is sufficiently slow that it is neither an important atmospheric sink for CS2 nor an important source for atmospheric OCS. The reaction of OH with OCS has not been measured in these experiments, but by analogy with k1 it is probably not an important atmospheric sink for OCS nor an important source of SO2.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid-twentieth century (2011)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (7). n/a-n/a.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: We reconstructed a high‐resolution, alkenone‐based sea surface temperature (SST) record spanning the last ca. 150 years, from a sediment core retrieved within the main upwelling zone off Peru. A conspicuous SST decline is evidenced since the 1950s despite interdecadal SST variability. Instrumental SST data and reanalysis of ECMWF ERA 40 winds suggest that the recent coastal cooling corresponds mainly to an intensification of alongshore winds and associated increase of upwelling in spring. Consistently, both proxy and instrumental data evidence increased productivity in phase with the SST cooling. Our data expand on previous reports on recent SST cooling in other Eastern Boundary upwelling systems and support scenarios that relate coastal upwelling intensification to global warming. Yet, further investigations are needed to assess the role of different mechanisms and forcings (enhanced local winds vs. spin‐up of the South Pacific High Pressure cell).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    A reduced estimate of the strength of the ocean's biological carbon pump (2011)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (4). n/a-n/a.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: A major term in the global carbon cycle is the ocean's biological carbon pump which is dominated by sinking of small organic particles from the surface ocean to its interior. Several different approaches to estimating the magnitude of the pump have been used, yielding a large range of estimates. Here, we use an alternative methodology, a thorium isotope tracer, that provides direct estimates of particulate organic carbon export. A large database of thorium-derived export measurements was compiled and extrapolated to the global scale by correlation with satellite sea surface temperature fields. Our estimates of export efficiency are significantly lower than those derived from the f-ratio, and we estimate global integrated carbon export as ∼5 GtC yr−1, lower than most current estimates. The lack of consensus amongst different methodologies on the strength of the biological carbon pump emphasises that our knowledge of a major planetary carbon flux remains incomplete.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 33
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    The influence of spectral solar irradiance data on stratospheric heating rates during the 11 year solar cycle (2012)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (1).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: Heating rate calculations with the FUBRad shortwave (SW) radiation parameterization have been performed to examine the effect of prescribed spectral solar fluxes from the NRLSSI, MPS and IUP data sets on SW heating rates over the 11 year solar cycle 22. The corresponding temperature response is derived from perpetual January General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations with prescribed ozone concentrations. The different solar flux input data sets induce clear differences in SW heating rates at solar minimum, with the established NRLSSI data set showing the smallest solar heating rates. The stronger SW heating in the middle and upper stratosphere in the MPS data warms the summer upper stratosphere by 2 K. Over the solar cycle, SW heating rate differences vary up to 40% between the irradiance data sets, but do not result in a significant change of the solar temperature signal. Lower solar fluxes in the newer SIM data lead to a significantly cooler stratosphere and mesosphere when compared to NRLSSI data for 2007. Changes in SW heating from 2004 to 2007 are however up to six times stronger than for the NRLSSI data. Key Points: - Solar minimum and solar cycle differences in SW heating rates and temperature - Comparison of three spectral solar input data sets for solar cycle 22 - Comparison of the newly compiled SORCE-data with the commonly used NRLSSI-data
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 34
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    Shifts in biogenic carbon flow from particulate to dissolved forms under high carbon dioxide and warm ocean conditions (2011)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (8).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: Photosynthesis by phytoplankton in sunlit surface waters transforms inorganic carbon and nutrients into organic matter, a portion of which is subsequently transported vertically through the water column by the process known as the biological carbon pump (BCP). The BCP sustains the steep vertical gradient in total dissolved carbon, thereby contributing to net carbon sequestration. Any changes in the vertical transportation of the organic matter as a result of future climate variations will directly affect surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations, and subsequently influence oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO 2 and climate. Here we present results of experiments designed to investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification and warming on the BCP. These perturbation experiments were carried out in enclosures (3,000 L volume) in a controlled mesocosm facility that mimicked future pCO 2 (∼900 ppmv) and temperature (3°C higher than ambient) conditions. The elevated CO 2 and temperature treatments disproportionately enhanced the ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production to particulate organic carbon (POC) production, whereas the total organic carbon (TOC) production remained relatively constant under all conditions tested. A greater partitioning of organic carbon into the DOC pool indicated a shift in the organic carbon flow from the particulate to dissolved forms, which may affect the major pathways involved in organic carbon export and sequestration under future ocean conditions.
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  • 35
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    Wind as a main driver of the net ecosystem carbon balance of a semiarid Mediterranean steppe in the South East of Spain (2012)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Despite the advance in our understanding of the carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, semiarid ecosystems have been poorly investigated and little is known about their role in the global carbon balance. We used eddy covariance measurements to determine the exchange of CO2 between a semiarid steppe and the atmosphere over 3 years. The vegetation is a perennial grassland of Stipa tenacissima L. located in the SE of Spain. We examined diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in relation to biophysical variables. Cumulative NECB was a net source of 65.7, 143.6 and 92.1 g C mˉ2 yrˉ1 for the 3 years studied, respectively. We separated the year into two distinctive periods: dry period and growing season. The ecosystem was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, particularly during the dry period when large CO2 positive fluxes of up to 15 μmol mˉ2 sˉ1 were observed in concomitance with large wind speeds. Over the growing season, the ecosystem was a slight sink or neutral with maximum rates of -2.3 μmol mˉ2 sˉ1. Rainfall events caused large fluxes of CO2 to the atmosphere and determined the length of the growing season. In this season, photosynthetic photon flux density controlled day-time NECB just below 1000 μmol mˉ2 sˉ1. The analyses of the diurnal and seasonal data and preliminary geological and gas-geochemical evaluations, including C isotopic analyses, suggest that the CO2 released was not only biogenic but most likely included a component of geothermal origin, presumably related to deep fluids occurring in the area. These results highlight the importance of considering geological carbon sources, as well as the need to carefully interpret the results of eddy covariance partitioning techniques when applied in geologically active areas potentially affected by CO2-rich geofluid circulation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 539–554
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: alpha grass ; carbon sequestration ; ecosystem respiration ; eddy covariance ; geogas ; geothermal activity ; grasslands ; net ecosystem carbon balance ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Strain and stress fields in the Southern Apennines (Italy) constrained by geodetic, seismological and borehole data (2012)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present an improved evaluation of the current strain and stress fields in Southern Apennines (Italy) obtained through a careful analysis of geodetic, seismological and borehole data. In particular, our analysis provides an updated comparison between the accrued strain recorded by geodetic data, and the strain released by seismic activity in a region hit by destructive historical earthquakes. To this end, we have used 9 years of GPS observations (2001-2010) from a dense network of permanent stations, a dataset of 73 well constrained stress indicators (borehole breakouts and focal mechanisms of moderate to large earthquakes), and published estimations of the geological strain accommodated by active faults in the region. Although geodetic data are generally consistent with seismic and geologic information, previously unknown features of the current deformation in southern Italy emerge from this analysis. The newly obtained GPS velocity field supports the well-established notion of a dominant NE-SW-oriented extension concentrated in a ~50 km wide belt along the topographic relief of the Apennines, as outlined by the distribution of seismogenic normal faults. Geodetic deformation is, however, non uniform along the belt, with two patches of higher strain-rate and shear stress accumulation in the north (Matese Mountains) and in the south (Irpinia area). Low geodetic strain-rates are found in the Bradano basin and Apulia plateau to the east. Along the Ionian Sea margin of southern Italy, in southern Apulia and eastern Basilicata and Calabria, geodetic velocities indicate NW-SE extension which is consistent with active shallow-crustal gravitational motion documented by geological studies. In the west, along the Tyrrhenian margin of the Campania region, the tectonic geodetic field is disturbed by volcanic processes. Comparison between the magnitude of the geodetic and the seismic strain-rates (computed using a long historical seismicity catalogue) allow detecting areas of high correlation, particularly along the axis of the mountain chain, indicating that most of the geodetic strain is released by earthquakes. This relation does not hold for the instrumental seismic catalogue, as a consequence of the limited time span covered by instrumental data. In other areas (e.g. Murge plateau in central Apulia), where seismicity is very low or absent, the yet appreciable geodetic deformation might be accommodated in aseismic mode. Overall, the excellent match between the stress and the strain-rate directions in much of the Apennines indicates that both earthquakes and ground deformation patterns are driven by the same crustal forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1270-1282
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Satellite geodesy ; Plate motions ; Neotectonics ; Europe ; Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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    Magma intrusion mechanisms and redistribution of seismogenic stress at Mt. Etna volcano (1997–1998) (2012)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Several volcanoes worldwide have shown changes in their stress state as a consequence of the deformation produced by the pressurization of a magmatic body. This study investigates seismic swarms occurring on the western flank of Mt. Etna in January 1997 - January 1998. Integrating seismic observations and geodetic data, we constrained the seismogenic fault system, and on the basis of stress tensor inversion and SHMAX analyses, we infer an inflating pressure source located at 5.5 km b.s.l. beneath the west portion of summit area. Evaluation of Coulomb failure stress (CFS) related to the proposed model, showed how a large part of the seismogenic fault underwent a significant CFS increase (500 kPa). We infer the presence of a sub-vertical faulted region, potentially weak, N50°E oriented beneath the western sector of Mt. Etna. This structure could be brought closer to failure thereby generating seismic swarms as the effect of elastic stress transfer induced by movement and/or overpressure of magmatic masses within the upper crust under the volcano.
    Description: This research was funded by the INGV–DPC 2007–2009 Agreement (Project V4_Flank).
    Description: Published
    Description: 339-348
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna ; modelling ; Seismicity ; GPS monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Evidence for surface rupture associated with the Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy) (2010)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: An earthquake of Mw=6.3 struck L’Aquila town (central Italy) on April 6, 2009 rupturing an approximately 18 km long SW-dipping normal fault. The aftershock area extended for a length of more than 35 km and included major aftershocks on April 7 and 9, and thousands of minor events. Surface faulting occurred along the SW-dipping Paganica fault with a continuous extent of ~2.5 km. Ruptures consist of open cracks and vertical dislocations or warps (0.1 maximum throw) with an orientation of N130°-N140°. Small triggered slip and shaking effects also took place along nearby synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The observed limited extent, and small surface displacement, of the Paganica ruptures with respect to the height of the fault scarps and vertical throws of paleoearthquakes along faults in the area, puts the faulting associated with the L’Aquila earthquake in perspective with respect to the maximum expected magnitude, and the regional seismic hazard.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: 2009 L’Aquila seismic sequence ; co-seismic surface effects ; earthquake geology ; normal faulting earthquake ; Abruzzi, central Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
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  • 39
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    Diffuse hydrothermal methane output and evidence of methanotrophic activity within the soils at Sousaki (Greece) (2011)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Methane soil flux measurements have been made in 38 sites at the geothermal system of Sousaki (Greece) with the closed chamber method. Fluxes range from –47.6 to 29,150 mg m-2 d-1 and the diffuse CH4 output of the system has been estimated at 19 t a-1. Contemporaneous CO2 flux measurements showed a moderate positive correlation between CO2 and CH4 fluxes. Comparison of the CO2/CH4 soil flux ratios with the CO2/CH4 ratio of the gases of the main gas manifestations provided evidence for methanotrophic activity within the soil. Laboratory CH4 consumption experiments confirmed the presence of methanotrophic microorganisms in soil samples collected at Sousaki. Consumption was generally in the range from –4.9 to –38.9 pmolCH4 h-1 g-1 but could sometimes reach extremely high values (–33,000 pmolCH4 h-1 g-1.). These results are consistent with recent studies on other geothermal systems that revealed the existence of thermoacidophilic bacteria exerting methanotrophic activity in hot, acid soils, thereby reducing methane emissions to the atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 97–107
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Sousaki ; accumulation chamber ; soil degassing ; hydrothermal systems ; methane output ; methanotrophic activity ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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    EPcrust : A reference crustal model for the European plate (2011)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present a new crustal model for the European plate, derived from collection and critical integration of information selected from the literature. The model covers the whole European plate from North Africa to the North Pole (20N - 90N) and from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the Urals (40W - 70E). The chosen parameterization represents the crust in three layers (sediments, upper crust and lower crust), and describes the 3D geometry of the interfaces and seismologically-relevant parameters — isotropic P- and S-wave velocity, plus density — with a resolution of 0.5 × 0.5 degrees on a geographical latitude-longitude grid. We selected global and local models, derived from geological assumptions, active seismic experiments, surface-wave studies, noise correlation, receiver functions. Model EPcrust presents significant advantages with respect to previous models: it covers the whole European plate; it is a complete and internally-consistent model (with all the parameters provided, also for the sedimentary layer); it is reproducible; it is easy to update in the future by adding new contributions; and it is available in a convenient digital format. EPcrust could be used to account for crustal structure in seismic wave propagation modeling at continental scale or to compute linearized crustal corrections in continental-scale seismic tomography, gravity studies, dynamic topography and other applications that require a reliable crustal structure. Because of its resolution, our model is not suited for local-scale studies, such as the computation of earthquake scenarios, where more detailed knowledge of the structure is required. We plan to update the model as new data will become available, and possibly improve its resolution for selected areas in the future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 352-364
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Europe ; crust ; crustal properties ; Moho ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.01. Composition and state
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Evidence for surface rupture associated with the Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy) (2010)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: An earthquake of Mw = 6.3 struck L Aquila town (central Italy) on 6 April 2009 rupturing an ~18-km-long SW-dipping normal fault. The aftershock area extended for a length of more than 35 km and included major aftershocks on 7 and 9 April and thousands of minor events. Surface faulting occurred along the SW-dipping Paganica fault with a continuous extent of ~2.5 km. Ruptures consist of open cracks and vertical dislocations or warps (0.1m maximum throw) with an orientation of N130°–140°. Small triggered slip and shaking effects also took place along nearby synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The observed limited extent and small surface displacement of the Paganica ruptures with respect to the height of the fault scarps and vertical throws of palaeo-earthquakes along faults in the area put the faulting associated with the L' Aquila earthquake in perspective with respect to the maximum expected magnitude and the regional seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-51
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: surface faulting from moderate earthquake ; coseismic effects ; L'Aquila earthquake ; cemtral Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Geofluids and natural gas in Romania, and the 10th International Conference on Gas Geochemistry (2010)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This thematic issue of Geofluids includes 11 papers representing the three main topics discussed in the 10th edition of the International Conference on Gas Geochemistry (ICGG-10): (i) gas in petroleum systems and seepage, (ii) gas in geothermal systems and volcanoes and (iii) gas, seismicity and geohazards. ICGG-10 was held in 2009 in Romania, a country extraordinarily rich in surface gas manifestations, that offers innumerable opportunities for innovative studies on gas geochemistry. We briefly describe the present knowledge on gases occurring both in petroliferous sedimentary basins and geothermal areas of Romania. The 11 contributions of this special issue, which include data from eight countries, are then summarised. Based on these papers and other works presented at the ICGG-10, we find that significant advances in analytical capabilities, data treating and interpretation have led to innovative insights into the origin, distribution and environmental impact of gases migrating to the Earth’s surface. It is increasingly clear, in particular, that gas geochemistry can be more effective for petroleum exploration, volcano-tectonic, geodynamic and environmental studies, if multiparametric studies are performed and the data are interpreted in the geological context.
    Description: Published
    Description: 457-462
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geothermal gas ; international conference on gas geochemistry ; natural gas ; romania ; seeps ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 43
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    Methane emission from natural gas seeps and mud volcanoes in Transylvania (Romania) (2010)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Gas seepage from petroleum basins is the second largest natural source of methane to the atmosphere, after wetlands. The uncertainty in global emission estimates should be reduced by extending the flux database which is fundamental for defining the emission factors and the actual area of seepage adopted for up-scaling. As a contribution to this goal, we report a new seepage data-set for the Transylvanian Basin, one of the largest natural gas producing regions of Europe, that is characterized by the widespread occurrence of natural leakages of gas at the surface, including at least 73 mud volcanoes and gas seeps. In this study, methane flux was measured using closed-chambers, from 12 seepage sites, in correspondence with focused gas vents (mud volcano craters, bubbling pools, and flammable gas leaks), in the soil surrounding the vents, and at 15 sites located far from macroseep zones but close to gas fields. Fluxes from individual vents (macro-seeps) were found to reach orders of kg CH4 m)2 day)1 (up to 12 kg m)2 day)1) and diffuse fluxes from soils (miniseepage) were found to be up to a few g CH4 m)2 day)1. Far from seep zones, positive CH4 fluxes (microseepage) may occur locally, typically on the order of tens to hundreds of mg m)2 day)1. The values, as well as the occurrence of seepage even far from vent zones and in mud volcanoes that are apparently extinct, are coherent with results obtained in other countries. Gas fluxes from macro-seeps and soils may change seasonally, but the interannual variation of the average emission factor was found to be minimal. The total CH4 output for Transylvania macro-seeps is estimated conservatively to be around 680 t year)1; the total geo-CH4 seepage emission from the Transylvania petroleum system could be approximately 40 · 103 t year)1, and at least 100 · 103 t year)1 for all Romanian petroleum systems, that is roughly 10% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emission in the country.
    Description: Published
    Description: 463-475
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: gas reservoirs ; methane emissions ; mud volcanoes ; seeps ; Transylvanian Basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 44
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    Origin and flux of a gas seep in the Northern Alps (Giswil, Switzerland) (2010)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Natural gas seeps in the Alpine region are poorly investigated. However, they can provide useful information regarding the hydrocarbon potential of sedimentary Alpine units and related geofluid migration, typically controlled by pressurized gas accumulations and tectonics. A gas seep located near Giswil, in the Swiss Northern Alps, was investigated, for the first time, for molecular and isotopic gas composition, methane flux to the atmosphere, and gas flux variations over time. The analyses indicated that the gas was thermogenic (CH4 〉 96%; d13C1: )35.5& to )40.2&) and showed evidence of subsurface petroleum biodegradation (13C-enriched CO2, and very low C3+ concentrations). The source rock in the region is marine Type II kerogen, which is likely the same as that providing thermogenic gas in the nearby Wilen shallow well, close to Lake Sarnen. However, the lack of d13CCO2 and d13C3 data for that well prevented us from determining whether the Wilen and Giswil seeps are fed by the same reservoir and seepage system. Gas fluxes from the Giswil seep, measured using a closedchamber system, were significant and mainly from two major vents. However, a substantial gas exhalation from the soil occurs diffusely in an area of at least 115 m2, leading to a total CH4 output conservatively estimated to be at least 16 tonnes per year. Gas flux variations, monitored over a 1-month period by a special tent and flowmeter, showed not only daily meteorological oscillations, but also an intrinsic ‘pulsation’ with periods of enhanced flux that lasted 2–6 h each, occurring every few days. The pulses are likely related to episodes of gas pressure build-up and discharge along the seepage system. However, to date, no relationship to seismicity in the active Sarnen strike-slip fault system has been established.
    Description: Published
    Description: 476-485
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Alps ; isotopes ; methane ; organic geochemistry ; seeps ; Switzerland ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 45
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    A PRISM FOR CONTEMPORARY CAPITALISM: TEMPORARY WORK AS DISPLACED LABOR AS VALUE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Temporary work provides a prism that separates out and thereby makes manifest some of the displacing effects of today's most diversified and expanded divisions of capitalist labor. The chaotic conceptions of statistics agencies and business commentators fail to come to terms with this displacement, while transaction cost theories of flexibility fare little better. By contrast, a Marxist attention to displacements in the chain of value can adequately theorize and explain the capitalist roots of alienation in temping. A Marxist account is also better placed to analyze the spatial and institutional displacement of the labor process through temping. Finally, when sensitized to its own economic limits, a Marxist reading of value formation can also open the door to analyzing other, non-economic, codings of workers' value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00254.x
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  • 46
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    ROBERT BRENNER IN THE TUNNEL OF TIME (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Robert Brenner is a follower of one tradition in Marxism that is as diffusionist, as Eurocentric, as any conservative position. Within one of the most egalitarian of all socio-political doctrines, this is a tradition that believes in the historical superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans. Eurocentric Marxists are not racist, nor even prejudiced, but most of them believe that Europe is the fountainhead of civilization, the permanent source of innovative social change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00256.x
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  • 47
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    EUROCENTRISM AND AFRICAN URBANIZATION: THE CASE OF ZANZIBAR'S OTHER SIDE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: A number of geographers have recently championed the struggle against Eurocentric theoretical categorizations in geographical research on African cities. At the same time, many whose work has concentrated on African urban geography have felt left out in the more abstract theoretical debates of their colleagues based in the West. I argue for the possibility of confronting Western bias and contributing to broader theoretical debates by creating theoretical constructs derived from the African experience. I develop my argument through an analysis of urban development in Ng'ambo, the African “Other Side” of Zanzibar city, and work toward the creation of meso-level conceptual guides for understanding Ng'ambo's development derived from the ideas of Ng'ambo residents themselves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00248.x
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  • 48
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    MASCULINISM, THE USE OF DUALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGIES AND THIRD SPACES (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: First, this paper establishes a ground from which to question not only the relationship between power and knowledge in the construction of geographical knowledge, but also the gendering of this relationship. From this starting position, second, it is argued that dualisms permit the gendering of particular binary opposites. The argument is not that certain dualistic categories - such as Reason and Emotion or Time and Space - are inherently wrong or to deny that western societies are organized through them, at least in part. Instead, dualisms are shown - at particular times and in particular places - to mark and help police supposedly fixed, natural divisions between the powerful and the disempowered (as in the masculine versus the feminine). In assuming away dualistic economies of meaning, the danger is that this helps to maintain the reproduction of the power-ridden values which dualisms help to sustain. Indeed, it is because dualist architectures are not as fixed, stable or natural as they are meant to be (i.e., precisely because they need to be policed) that it is possible to refuse them. Finally, this paper describes one alternative episte-mology which draws on the notion of a third space. The idea of third spaces uses a spatial metaphor to suggest an alternative radical geography which mobilizes place, politics and hybrid identities. One such third space is illustrated by an empirical example.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Rob Shields Places on the Margin: Alternative geographies of modernity. M. Storper and A. J. Scott (Eds.) Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development. Jean-François Bayart The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Jonathan Crush and Charles Ambler (Eds.) Liquor and Labor In South Africa. Robert Bullard, (Ed.) Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Martin W. Lewis, Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Andrew Gilg (Ed.) Restructuring The Countryside: Environmental Policy in Practice
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00252.x
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  • 50
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    FROM TURNER AND VON THUNEN TO MARX AND LEOPOLD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00238.x
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  • 51
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    COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURING IN NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00240.x
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    EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00236.x
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    SOUNDS AND SILENCES, OR THE AUTHOR'S VOICE AND VOICES SQUELCHED: A COMMENTARY ON WILLIAM CRONON'S NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00243.x
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  • 54
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    THE INVISIBLE SKYLINE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00242.x
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  • 55
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    NATURE'S METROPOLIS: THE GHOST DANCE OF CHRISTALLER AND VON THUNEN (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00244.x
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    NATURE'S METROPOLIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00245.x
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 26 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Robert Beauregard (Ed.) Atop the Urban Hierarchy. G. Cook (Ed.) The Future of Antarctica: Exploitation versus Preservation. K. Suter Antarctica: Private Property or Public Heritage. P. Simpson-Housley Antarctica: Exploration Perception and Metaphor. Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (Eds.) Grassroots Environmental Action: People's Participation in Sustainable Development. A. Parker, M. Russo, D. Sommer and P. Yaeger (Eds.) Nationalisms and Sexualities. and Richard WalkerThe New Social Economy, Reworking the Division of Labor. Andrew Sayer and Richard WalkerThe New Social Economy, Reworking the Division of Labor.
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    PEDDLING POSTMODERNISM: A RESPONSE TO STROHMAYER AND HANNAH'S “DOMESTICATING POSTMODERNISM” (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00223.x
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    THE OBSOLESCENCE OF LABOR: REFERENCE AND FINITUDE IN BARNETT AND SAYER (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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    STUCK IN THE POST: AN UNSYMPATHETIC CRITIQUE OF ANDREW SAYER'S “POSTMODERNIST THOUGHT IN GEOGRAPHY: A REALIST VIEW” (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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    A REPLY TO CLIVE BARNETT (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00226.x
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    Book Reviews (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Alexander Wilson The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez.S. Fainstein, I. Gordon & M. Harloe (Eds.) Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World.K. Hoggart and D. Green (Eds.) London: A New Metropolitan Geography.B. Jacobs, Fractured Cities: Capitalism, Community and Empowerment in Britain and America.A. Thornley (Ed.) The Crisis of London.Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein Transforming the Revolution: Social Movements and the World System.John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development.Human Rights Commission, The Two South Africas; a people's geography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 63
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    LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP IN SPANISH CITIES (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the restructuring of the local economy in Spain's largest cities, particularly Barcelona, but also Madrid and Seville, in relation to the main changes that have taken place in the urban environment since local democracy was re-established after the elections of 1979. This involves an analysis of the real capacity and impact of local council intervention in the economy and in the extension of the social dimension of citizenship. Despite their relatively small resources, local administrations have in the last few years attempted to create a more dynamic approach of leading, or at least collaborating in, economic and social reconstruction. The increasing role of localities in the economy has been particularly important since, in addition to counteracting a strong centralist tradition, it has coincided with the emergence of a new urban democratic arena which permits more social participation. However, the restructuring of state political and administrative power remains problematic at the local level due not only to the historical will of central government to apply a homogeneous pattern to heterogeneous urban realities, but also to the control that new regional governments seek to exercise over cities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00454.x
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    NEW URBAN POVERTY AND THE CRISIS IN THE CITIZENSHIP/WELFARE SYSTEM: THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The paper deals with the working hypothesis and preliminary empirical research on longitudinal analysis of the new urban poor in large Italian cities. It begins by considering existing welfare provisions in Italy and the reasons why they are inadequate to the needs of the new urban poor, who are segments of an increasingly heterogeneous population hit by an accumulation of specific disadvantages, such as the socially isolated elderly with serious health problems, poorly educated young people with a low income family background, long-term unemployed adults who become in some areas professionally unemployable, migrants isolated from both local and fellow-countrymen networks. The paper then presents a preliminary analysis of data indicating the different typologies of new poverty in northern and southern Italian cities and discusses the problems raised for the Italian welfare system by the extension of these phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00455.x
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    Abstracts (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 25 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1993.tb00511.x
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    THE REVALUING OF URBAN SPACE: THE GREEN PAPER FOR EUROPEAN CITIES AND THE CASE OF GREECE (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: In summer 1990, the Commission of the European Communities published a “Green Paper” on the urban environment as a first step toward establishing an integrated policy for European cities, focusing on the revaluing of public space whose degradation is considered a symptom of a deep-seated developmental and environmental crisis. This article addresses the questions raised by the Green Paper: the needs to which it responds, and the results to be expected; the extent to which the proposed themes cover a “full range of difficulties facing Europe's conurbations,” given the diversity of urban space in the old continent. Finally, it considers the paper's relevance for Greek cities: this highlights the existence of non-discussed city typologies within the single European space, which means that the concept of the European city should be carefully re-examined and based on the social and cultural plurality and complexity of the European cities, rather than stressing the existence of a single city-type. The Green Paper, when seen not as a text of generalizing assumptions or an instrument for action, may very well act positively to open a debate that will reveal and answer the specificities and the problems of each city.
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    PETS OR MEAT: CLASS, IDEOLOGY, AND SPACE IN ROGER & ME (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: This paper offers a reading of Michael Moore's docu-comedy, Roger & Me, a film ostensibly chronicling the director's effort to interrogate General Motors Chairman Roger Smith following massive plant closures in and around Flint, Michigan in the 1980s. Our analysis focuses on four key themes: (1) the status of “community” as an ideological lever both prior and subsequent to GM's layoffs; (2) the spatial consequences of economic restructuring, expressed most formidably in the division between public and private space; (3) the charge that Moore's film suffers from a lack of objectivity; and (4) the notable absence of any significant representation of labor resistance to the plant closures. The film's themes, we argue, coalesce in an emblematic sequence involving Rhonda Britton, a woman who sells rabbits as both pets and meat. The paper concludes by calling for increased attention on the part of geographers to filmic portrayal, and, more generally, to all forms of representation and the issues which surround them.
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    EDITORIAL (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    SOCIAL SEGREGATION IN ATHENS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper deals with changes in the Athenian social structure, mainly in its geographical organization, between 1971 and 1981. These changes are identified by clustering all communities in the Athens region on the basis of socio-professional location quotients and then examining socio-professional ratio changes in the resulting clusters. A process of social segregation is found to be well under way although, during the same period, the Athenian social structure tended to depolarize (middle class increase). Explanatory hypotheses are formulated on the basis of industrial stagnation, tertiarization, public sector employment, housing and urban practices and policies as well as urban congestion and air pollution. Finally, a link is attempted with more recent developments and tendencies.
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    ABSTRACT (1993)
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    Book Reviews (1993)
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    Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Daniel Drache and Meric S. Gertler (eds.) The New Era of Global Competition: State Policy and Market PowerMike Davis, City of Quartz. Excavating the Future in Los AngelesD. Massey, P. Quintas and D. Wield High-Tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society, Science and SpaceSally Sontheimer (Ed.), Women and the Environment: A Reader, Crisis and Development in the Third World
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    IDEOLOGY AND URBAN LANDSCAPES: CONCEPTIONS OF THE MARKET IN PORTLAND, MAINE (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: This paper concerns the role of ideology in the operation of urban land and housing markets. We argue that existing work in this area tends to be overly abstract and to reify ideology. To correct this, we advocate examining understandings of particular land and housing markets. We focus on Portland, Maine, and analyze discourses on the uneven costs of social development, inner-city redevelopment, a recent decline in the regional economy and Portland's place in that economy. Traditional pro-market interpretations dominate, but we also identify more politicized understandings - many of which are also pro-market. They are applied very selectively, for example to explain a crisis but not a boom. We conclude that politicized conceptions of market operations are not necessarily radical and may in fact be crucial to the survival of capitalism.
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    STATE INTERVENTION IN LANDSCAPE PRODUCTION: THE WHEATLAND RIOT AND THE CALIFORNIA COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: The role of the state in landscape production has been little theorized in geography. In this paper, I examine the role played by state institutions in determining landscape morphology by focusing on the activities of the California Commission of Immigration and Housing as it attempted to mitigate the conditions that led to the violent Wheatland “riot” of 1913. This rebellion by radicalized migratory workers was central to the creation of the abundant agricultural landscape of California in the years before the United States entered World War I. By telling the story of Wheatland and the state responses it induced, I hope to move discussions of landscape geography beyond both traditional concerns with landscape as a reflection of “culture” and contemporary concerns with metaphors of landscape as text.
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    ABSTRACTS (1993)
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    LESSONS FROM THE FALLEN SECOND WORLD: A VIEW FROM WITHIN (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ABSTRACTS (1992)
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    THE CAPITALIST IMPERATIVE: TERRITORY, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    DOMESTICATING POSTMODERNISM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: This paper proceeds in three steps. First, it gives more focus and rigor to the geographic reception of “postmodernism,” through an investigation of the problem of representation as it has evolved from Kant through de Saussure and Wittgenstein to Derrida. Second, it arranges historical materialist encounters with the problem of representation along a spectrum of increasing seriousness leading from Palmer through Jameson to Adorno. Third, the various geographic responses to and avoidances of the key issues involved in postmodernism are read against the backdrop of possible seriousness opened up by the first two sections of the paper. The essay concludes by considering implications, for both social science and politics, not limited to questions about the possibility of disciplinary legitimacy.
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    ABSTRACTS (1991)
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    U.S. URBAN POLICY: THE POSTWAR STATE AND CAPITALIST REGULATION (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 23 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper provides an historically grounded theory of U.S. urban policy which is informed by regulationist theory and recent contributions to the theory of the State. It is shown how the content and form of urban policy in the New Deal, was shaped by the rise of mass-production Fordism and informed by the particular struggles that emerged in the United States during the formative period of the 1930s and 1940s. These struggles produced a particular State policy response, setting in place a limited and constrained mode of State intervention in the economy. In the realm of urban policy, this narrow form of State intervention set limits on further rounds of State policy, leaving the U.S. State unable to respond in an effective way to the mounting economic crises of the 1970s and the 1980s, contributing to the so-called “failure” of urban policy.
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    WHAT'S LEFT TO DO? A VIEW FROM SOUTHERN EUROPE (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Review Essay (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    REALISM, SPACE AND SOCIAL THEORY: A REPLY TO WARDE (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS FOR ANTI-ESSENTIALISM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: 〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉A so-called “going beyond” Marxism will be at worst only a return to pre-Marxism; at best, only the rediscovery of a thought already contained in the philosophy which one believes he has gone beyond. As for “revisionism,” this is either a truism or an absurdity. There is no need to readapt a living philosophy to the course of the world; it adapts itself by means of thousands of new efforts, thousands of particular pursuits, for the philosophy is one with the movement of society.—J.-P. Sartre, Search for a Method (1968: 7)
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    BETWEEN POLITICAL ECONOMY AND POSTMODERNISM (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ABSTRACT (1992)
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    ABSTRACT (1992)
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    FRAGMENTS FOR GEOGRAPHY? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    EMERGING URBAN FORMS IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    WHAT'S LEFT? A LOT'S LEFT (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    LOCAL POLITICAL PRACTICE IN RESPONSE TO A MANUFACTURING PLANT CLOSURE: HOW GEOGRAPHY COMPLICATES CLASS ANALYSIS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: This paper analyzes the responses to two separate closures of a large glass manufacturing plant in Clarksburg, West Virginia, to examine how geography has been integral to the conduct of local political practice in this community. When the plant, by far the local area's largest manufacturing employer, first closed in 1979 the state and local government put together a considerable package of incentives to attract a purchaser for the facility. However, although glass production continued, the plant was again closed in 1987 after a corporate takeover. In response to this second closure the characteristically pro-business Governor of West Virginia initiated an almost $650 million lawsuit against the plant's new owners. The plant's union leaders on the other hand collaborated with city government officials and local business interests to constrain community opposition to the closure. The paper argues that this paradoxical situation, of actors taking up positions contrary to those which an ageographical class analysis would have predicted, was the result precisely of their locality dependence in the face of mobile capital.
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    ABSTRACTS (1991)
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    COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL FORMS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELEPHONE, 1876–1920 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    RESTRUCTURING COMMUNITIES AS AGENTS OF PROGRESS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    WHAT'S LEFT TO DO?: TWO VIEWS FROM EUROPE (1991)
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    WHAT'S IN A PLACE? AN APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF PLACE, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE BRITISH NATIONAL UNION OF MINEWORKERS' STRIKE, 1984–85 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 23 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: There have been several calls in recent years for a revival of regional geography, focusing on the individuality of places and their roles as contexts within which social structuration occurs. As yet, little has been written about the ways in which such work can be undertaken, providing a framework for the study of places that both emphasises their individuality and sets them in the context of social theory. Using the example of a particular event, the 1984–85 National Union of Mineworkers' strike in Great Britain, and the individuality of one place during that event, this essay provides an initial framework for defining the nature of a place.
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    NEW PATRIARCHAL ECONOMIES IN THE AUSTRALIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Analyses seriously considering the importance of gender in the process of restructuring have been scarce, yet altered gender relations have been integral to these changes at all geographical scales. Vital interconnections exist between a restructuring capitalism and a reconstituting patriarchy. Initially, I clarify the concepts and the feminist politics which inform the analysis, and then I situate the Australian textile industry in a global context of new divisions of labour and capital. Connecting these global changes to a particular national economy provides the necessary background to understanding the transformations which have occurred in one textile plant in Geelong, Victoria over the last twenty years. At all scales, patriarchy and capitalism have interconnected in such a way as to ensure that renewed profitability and reasserted male authority are linked during restructuring. Restoration of capital accumulation in the Australian textile industry has thus been built on a redefined but also reaffirmed patriarchal economy.
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    Book Reviews (1990)
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Little, J., Peake, L. and Richardson, P. (Eds.) Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment. Agnew, J., and Duncan, J. (Eds.), The Power of Place: bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Wood, S. (Ed.) The transformation of work? Skill, flexibility and the labour process. Hall, P. and Preston, P. The Carrier Wave: New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation 1846–2003.
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    SPACE, SCALE AND LOCALITY: A REPLY TO COOKE AND WARDE (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Illusion of Effluent Charges, or Regulatory Dilution is No Solution to Pollution (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1982.tb00026.x
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