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  • Lepidoptera
  • Springer  (26)
  • 2000-2004  (26)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nonhost and host plants on insect herbivory covarying with plant size in the cruciferous plant Turritis glabra (2000)
    Springer
    Population ecology 42 (2000), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-5613
    Keywords: Key words Herbivory ; Plant–herbivore interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Cruciferous plants ; Vegetation texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Correlation between plant size and reproductive output may be modified by herbivory in accordance with host plant density and the presence of nonhost plants. To elucidate the effects of nonhost plant density and host plant density on the intensity of herbivory and reproductive output of the host plant in relation to plant size under natural conditions, we investigated the abundance of three lepidopteran insects, Plutella maculipennis, Anthocharis scolymus, and Pieris rapae the intensity of herbivory, and fruit set of their host plant, Turritis glabra (Cruciferae). To elucidate the effects of nonhost and host plant density, we selected four categories of plots under natural conditions: low density of nonhost and high density of host plants; low density of both nonhost and host plants; high density of both nonhost and host plants; and high density of nonhost and low density of host plants. The plant size indicated by stem diameter was a good predictor of the abundance of all herbivorous species. The effects of density of nonhost and host plants on the abundance of insects varied among species and stages of insects. As the abundance of insects affected the intensity of herbivory, herbivory was more apparent on larger host plants in plots with low density of both nonhost and host plants. Consequently, the correlation between plant size and the number of fruits disappeared in low plots with density of both nonhost and host plants. In this T. glabra– herbivorous insect system, the density of nonhost plants and host plants plays an important role in modifying the relationship between plants and herbivores under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00011993
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns in the structure of grassland butterfly communities along a gradient of human disturbance: further analysis based on the generalist/specialist concept (2000)
    Springer
    Population ecology 42 (2000), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-5613
    Keywords: Key words Community patterns ; Lepidoptera ; Route order ; Species richness ; Species distribution ; Environmental disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kitahara and Fujii, in 1994, analyzed the butterfly communities along a gradient of human disturbance by applying the generalist/specialist concept. Butterfly species were classified into generalist or specialist species based on their voltinism (seasonal time dimension) and potential larval resource breadth (food dimension). The community structure and species composition showed the systematic changes along the gradient. To verify the generality of those trends, we monitored five grassland butterfly communities with varying degrees of human disturbance twice a month during 1985 by the line transect method at the foot of Mt. Fuji, central Japan, and analyzed their structure in a manner similar to that employed by Kitahara and Fujii. Most results were consistent with the patterns recognized by Kitahara and Fujii. The route (community) order based on increasing human disturbance was strongly and negatively correlated with butterfly species richness but with neither butterfly species diversity (H′) nor evenness (J′). Also, the degree of human disturbance was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of specialist species, but not with that of generalists, in a community. Butterfly species richness was more strongly correlated with the number of specialist species than with that of generalists. Our analyses also showed that the generalist species were distributed more widely over the communities than were the specialists. However, in contrast to the trend revealed by Kitahara and Fujii, there was no significant difference in the population densities and in the spatial population variability between the two species groups. As a whole, our analyses confirmed the consistency of most community patterns detected by Kitahara and Fujii. The causes of the inconsistencies in some patterns were thought to be mainly the present habitat conditions with a relatively short growing season at high altitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00011992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg loads and egg masses: Parasitism ofChoristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma minutum after inundativerelease in a commercial blueberry field (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; blueberry ; egg parasitoid ; inundative release ; leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were made in a commercialblueberry field in British Columbia, Canada, todetermine the extent of dispersal of adult wasps, andto determine whether complete parasitism of eggswithin egg masses of the target host [oblique-bandedleafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris)] occurred. Three weekly releases of waspswere made from a single release point in the center ofeach field during the flight of first generation OBLRadults. Sticky trap, sentinel egg mass andtarget-host egg mass data all indicated only a limitedrange of dispersal of T. minutum within thefield. In addition, only partial parasitism of eggmasses of the target host occurred even in closeproximity to the release point. We discuss theimportance of determining the response of Trichogramma females to previously-parasitized eggswhen using Trichogramma wasps for biologicalcontrol of lepidopterous species that oviposit largeegg masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922101934
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predation by the hoopoe (Upupa epops) on pupae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa and the likelyinfluence on other natural enemies (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 311-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: bird predation ; forest ; interference ; Italy ; Lepidoptera ; pine processionary caterpillar ; parasitism,/kwd〉 ; Pinus ; Thaumetopoeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hoopoe (Upupa epops L.) is an insectivorousbird often preying on larvae and pupae of the pineprocessionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoeapityocampa Denis & Schiffermüller), the mostimportant defoliator of pines in Southern Europe andNorthern Africa. The first half of the breeding seasonof this migratory bird coincides with the pupal stageof the insect. Bird predation of pupae was quantifiedin two years in a Pinus nigra stand of northernItaly by periodic counting of the empty cocoons lefton the soil surface after extraction. The predationrate, estimated on 20 pupation sites representing thewhole stand, was 74.1% in 1993 and 68.3% in 1994.Predation was higher in the upper part of the soil andthen progressively decreased with increasing depth.The hoopoe may also prey on cocoons containing pupaeinfected by pathogenic fungi or parasitoids. Anexclosure experiment showed that the bird mayinterfere with these other mortality factors. Threepupal parasitoids, the ichneumonids Erigorgusfemorator Aubert and Coelichneumon rudis (Boyerde Fonscolombe) and the pteromalid Conomoriumpityocampae Graham, were significantly less frequentin the exposed sites. The fungus Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and the most abundantpupal parasitoid, Villa brunnea Becker (Diptera:Bombyliidae), caused the highest pupal mortality atboth protected and exposed sites. The bird seems to bean incompletely additive mortality factor acting onthe pest and it can also alter the relativemortalities imposed by the other natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009992321465
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal ecology of gregarious and solitary nettle-feeding nymphalid butterfly larvae (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Distribution ; Gregariousness ; Larval strategy ; Lepidoptera ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Group-living in animal populations has many possible ecological and evolutionary explanations, including predator evasion and feeding facilitation. In insects, the thermal balance of solitary and gregarious larvae is likely to differ and may thus have important ecological consequences. The abilities of the larvae of four species of nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies to thermoregulate were quantified in the field. Larval surface body temperatures of the gregarious Aglais urticae (small tortoiseshell) and Inachis io (peacock) and the solitary Polygonia c-album (comma) and Vanessa atalanta (red admiral) were measured for each instar, in both sunny and overcast conditions, over a seasonal range of temperatures. The results suggested two distinct larval thermal strategies. In the presence of direct sunlight, the exposed gregarious larvae of A. urticae and I. io regulated body temperatures at 32.5 and 31.5°C, respectively, while the temperatures of concealed larvae of P. c-album and V. atalanta were largely dependent on ambient temperatures. In the sun, the range of body temperatures recorded for A. urticae and I. io larvae was fairly narrow relative to ambient temperatures. This suggests a high degree of thermal control in these species. Modal body temperatures coincided with the temperature at which development rate is maximal. Regardless of whether changes in thermoregulation are a cause or consequence of the evolution of gregariousness, the combination of behavioural thermoregulation and gregariousness in larval insects has important implications for voltinism patterns and range extension (via increased development rates). Distributional responses of gregarious and solitary larvae to climatic warming may differ as a result of changes in cloud cover as well as changes in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008825
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating opportunity and the evolution of sex-specific mortality rates in a butterfly (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 36-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Life history theory ; Longevity ; Ageing ; Mortality rate ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Life history theory predicts that organisms should only invest resources into intrinsic components of life span to the degree that it pays off in terms of reproductive success. Here, we investigate if the temporal distribution of mating opportunities may have influenced the evolution of intrinsic mortality rates in the butterfly Pararge aegeria (Satyrinae). In this species, females mate only once and the frequency of male mating opportunities depends on the temporal emergence pattern of virgin females. As expected, in a population from Madeira where females emerge continuously throughout the year, there was no sex difference in adult life span, while in a Swedish population with synchronised female emergence, males had significantly shorter life spans compared to females. A logistic mortality model provided the best fit to the observed change in age-specific mortality and all categories reached an asymptotic mortality rate of a similar magnitude. However, the Swedish males reached this mortality plateau more rapidly than the other categories. External mortality, due to water and food limitation, affected the pattern of sex-specific mortality but males from Sweden still had higher rates of mortality compared to all other categories. We argue that selection on male longevity is likely to be weaker in Sweden because under synchronised emergence, all females emerge and mate within a short period of time, after which male reproductive value will quickly approach zero. On Madeira, however, male reproductive value decrease more slowly with age since the probability of finding a receptive female is constant over the year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008833
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the developmental and reproductive biology of two soybean pod borers, Etiella spp. in Indonesia (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Etiella zinckenella ; Etiella hobsoni ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; soybean ; development ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in West Java, Indonesia investigated the developmental biology and reproductive behavior of two sympatric soybean pod borers, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and E. hobsoni Butler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). It was determined that: (1) significant interspecific differences occurred between the egg, larval, pupal and total egg-to-adult developmental periods of laboratory raised E. zinckenella and E. hobsoni; (2) the pre-pupal and total egg-to-adult development periods of female E. zinckenella were significantly shorter than for males; (3) the longevity of virgin female E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of virgin males, or virgin male and female E. hobsoni; (4) interspecific differences occurred in the female: male sex-ratios of laboratory raised adults; (5) peak mating for both species occurred on the second night after eclosion; (6) interspecific differences occurred in the temporal distribution of calling and mating behaviors; (7) repeated mating was observed for both species at a very low frequency; (8) interspecific mating did not occur; (9) female E. zinckenella were significantly more fecund than E. hobsoni; (10) the duration in copulo of E. zinckenella was significantly longer than that of E. hobsoni; and (11) wingtraps baited with virgin females caught only conspecific males, and reduced numbers of males were captured in traps simultaneously baited with virgin females of both species. This study demonstrates distinct biological differences and reproductive isolation between the two Etiella spp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004099706718
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fecundity and fertility reductions in adult leafrollers exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; reproduction ; tebufenozide ; methoxyfenozide ; ecdysone agonist ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Choristoneura rosaceana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects on the fecundity and fertility of redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), exposed as adults to surfaces treated with the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide (RH-5992) and methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) were examined. The first part of the study consisted of recently emerged moths being exposed to treated surfaces continuously throughout their lives (including mating and oviposition). Continuous exposure to tebufenozide- or methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces significantly reduced the mean number of eggs laid and the percent of eggs that hatched in both species. The second part of the study involved exposure of recently emerged virgin moths (by sex) to treated surfaces for 24 h, after which, the exposed moths were paired with a nontreated partner to mate and oviposit on nontreated surfaces. In this experiment, for A. velutinana, significant reductions in fecundity occurred only when the female was exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces. Significant reductions in A. velutinana egg fertility occurred with both male and female exposure in the methoxyfenozide treatments and only female exposure in the tebufenozide treatments. For C. rosaceana, significant reductions in fecundity occurred with both male and female exposure in the tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide treatments. Significant reductions in C. rosaceana egg fertility occurred with both male and female exposure in the tebufenozide treatments and only with female exposure in the methoxyfenozide treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003957010320
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones of Phyllonorycter acerifoliella and Ph. heegerella and communication peculiarities in three species of leafmining moths (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: calling behaviour ; periodicity ; sex pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; attraction synergist ; field tests ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the leaf miner moth Phyllonorycter acerifoliella (Z.) [=Ph. sylvella (Hw.)] and Ph. heegerella (Z.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) release their sex pheromone at the beginning of photophase. The periodicity of the `calling' behaviour of Ph. acerifoliella females was established. Three compounds from calling virgin Ph. heegerella females were collected by the Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) technique and identified as (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc), tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenol (Z8-14:OH) in the ratio (88±3):(2±0.6):(10±5) by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that the first two compounds are important for the attraction of conspecific males. Z8-14:OAc was found to be attractive when tested separately, while 14:OAc acted as synergist. The attractivity of the three component blend was reduced by 10% admixture of either (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate (E10-12:OAc) or (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10-14:OAc). Field tests of Z10-, Z8- and E10-14:OAc, identified from Ph. acerifoliella females, demonstrated that the first two compounds were essential for the attraction of conspecific males; so both are sex pheromone components. The attractivity of the three component blend of Z10- Z8- and E10-14:OAc was reduced by 10% admixture of (E)-10-dodecenol (E10-12:OH). The following four semiochemical compounds, Z8-14:OAc, Z8-14:OH, E10-14:OAc and 14:OAc, identified from phyllonoryctid females, as well as two sex attraction antagonists for Ph. acerifoliella and Ph. heegerella males, E10-12:OAc and Z10-14:OAc, are new for the family Gracillariidae. The results of field trapping experiments revealed mechanisms ensuring the specificity of the chemocommunication systems in Ph. acerifoliella, Ph. heegerella and Ph. ulmifoliella (Hb.) moths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003920526327
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural observations of Pieris brassicae larvae indicate multiple mechanisms of action of analogous drimane antifeedants (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; mechanism of action ; sensory response ; toxicity ; habituation ; behavioural observation ; structure-activity relationship ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested 11 analogous synthetic drimane antifeedant compounds for their feeding inhibiting effects on larvae of the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in no-choice tests on the host plant Brassica oleracea L. Furthermore, we observed larval feeding behaviour in no-choice tests to analyze temporal effects of five drimanes. The results show that the five analogous antifeedants differentially influence feeding behaviour and locomotion activity. Warburganal and polygodial are most likely sensory mediated antifeedants. Habituation to these compounds occurs soon after the onset of the tests (i.e., within 0.5–1.5 h). Compound 5 and confertifolin are probably not direct, sensory mediated antifeedants. After 0.5–1.5 h of exposure, these compounds inhibit not only feeding, but also locomotion behaviour, indicating postingestive, toxic effects. Isodrimenin inhibits feeding from the onset of the test and is probably a sensory mediated antifeedant. No habituation occurs to this compound, indicating that isodrimenin is either a very strong antifeedant or that it additionally has postingestive, toxic effects. Topical application of the drimanes on the larval cuticle revealed feeding inhibiting effects, but these could not be related to the occurrence of postingestive feeding inhibiting effects, indicating that this method is inappropriate to show possible postingestive effects of drimanes in P. brassicae. In conclusion, the behavioural observations performed in this research indicate that analogous drimanes inhibit feeding by P. brassicae larvae through multiple mechanisms of action. The results show that, when developing a structure activity relationship (SAR) for a series of antifeedants, it is important to distinguish the mode of action which underlies inhibition of feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004064931302
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