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  • 2020-2023  (1,449)
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  • 1
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    Investigating temporal and spatial patterns in the stochastic component of ZTD time series over Europe (2023)
    In:  GPS Solutions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-05
    Description: The EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN) provides a unique atmospheric dataset over Europe in the form of Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) time series. These ZTD time series are estimated independently by different analysis centers, but a combined solution is also provided. Previous studies showed that changes in the processing strategy do not affect trends and seasonal amplitudes. However, its effect on the temporal and spatial variations of the stochastic component of ZTD time series has not yet been investigated. This study analyses the temporal and spatial correlations of the ZTD residuals obtained from four different datasets: one solution provided by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Centro di Geodesia Spaziale, Italy), two solutions provided by GOP (Geodetic Observatory Pecny, Czech Republic), and one combined solution resulting from the EPN’s second reprocessing campaign. We find that the ZTD residuals obtained from the three individual solutions can be modeled using a first-order autoregressive stochastic process, which is less significant and must be completed by an additional white noise process in the combined solution. Although the combination procedure changes the temporal correlation in the ZTD residuals, it neither affects its spatial correlation structure nor its time-variability, for which an annual modulation is observed for stations up to 1,000 km apart. The main spatial patterns in the ZTD residuals also remain identical. Finally, we compare two GOP solutions, one of which only differs in the modeling of non-tidal atmospheric loading at the observation level, and conclude that its modeling has a negligible effect on ZTD values.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    The timing and tectonic context of Pan-African gem bearing pegmatites in Malawi: Evidence from Rb–Sr and U–Pb geochronology (2023)
    In:  Journal of African Earth Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-14
    Description: The Pan-African belts of Malawi contain a largely unexplored endowment of gem bearing pegmatites. We present U–Pb in zircon (LA-ICPMS) and Rb–Sr mineral isochron geochronological and isotope data from pegmatites across Malawi. The pegmatites contain tourmaline, beryl, aquamarine, zircon, amethyst and sunstone as gemstone species. Two zircon bearing pegmatites in southern Malawi intruded early in the Pan-African orogenic cycle at 719 ± 5 Ma and 729 ± 4 Ma and are associated with the emplacement of alkaline rocks that formed during an intra-continental rifting episode in the eastern part of former Rodinia. One further zircon pegmatite containing inherited zircon of a similar age (746 ± 44 Ma) was emplaced at 598 ± 15 Ma, after the assembly of Western and Eastern Gondwana and the formation of the East African Orogen (EAO). The majority of the analysed pegmatites, however, are significantly younger. The ∼550 Ma pegmatites were emplaced during the Kuunga Orogeny, correlating with the collision of northern and southern Gondwana cratonic entities. During a prolonged post-collisional period, possibly related to crustal collapse and extension, further gem-mineralised pegmatites formed at ∼520 ± 6 Ma and ∼500–485 Ma. The youngest pegmatite intruded in the southern Malawian Ntcheu area in the Middle Ordovician at ∼460 Ma. A large spread in 87Sr/86Sr initial isotopic ratios between 0.70556 and 0.79018 suggests a variety of magma sources for the Kuunga-related pegmatites with a variably strong crustal affinity.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The capturing and decompression of melt inclusions in olivine and ilmenite megacrysts from the Monastery kimberlite, South Africa (2023)
    In:  Gondwana Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-14
    Description: Ilmenite and olivine megacrysts from the 89 Ma Monastery kimberlite (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa) captured abundant and large melt inclusions containing quenched Si-Mg-rich melt, calcite, spinel, perovskite, phlogopite, and serpentine. Textural observations and 3D X-ray tomography of ilmenite and olivine megacrysts show melt inclusion shapes, sizes and distribution patterns indicative of melt capture during primary crystal growth near the base of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Patterns supporting secondary melt injection along fractures or veins, such as planar arrays of melt inclusions, are absent. Melt inclusions in olivine, in some examples reaching the dimension of centimetres, likely were captured in skeletal voids forming in fast growing, up to decimetre-sized olivine megacrysts. These large melt inclusions commonly decrepitated, forming apophyses, radial fractures, and veins, along which residual volatile- and Si-Mg-rich melt was extracted. We attribute the decrepitation of melt inclusions in olivine to the rapidly increasing difference between the melt pressure in the inclusions, captured at mantle depth, and the decreasing confining stress to which the host olivines were exposed during magma ascent and after emplacement. In ilmenite, melt inclusions up to ∼ 6 mm in diameter remained commonly intact during the kimberlite ascent from its mantle source to the shallow crust. The quenched silicate melt in olivine- and ilmenite-hosted melt inclusions, in some places preserved as unaltered hydrous and CO3-bearing glass, shows systematic major element compositional variations that suggest that this melt formed by similar fractionation and depletion processes, irrespective of the hosting megacryst phase. Apparent modal variations in quenched silicate melt, calcite, and oxide contents suggest that the melt batches captured as inclusions in ilmenite and olivine either record different evolution stages in the megacryst magma, or document compositional heterogeneities in this magma at the time of megacryst growth.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Structural change in coal regions as a process of economic and social-ecological transition : lessons learnt from structural change processes in Germany (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Effective policies to mitigate climate change need to be accompanied by a socially just transition. Based on experiences of past and ongoing transition policies in coal regions in Europe and with indications to the specificity of framework conditions and challenges and to the potential effectiveness and transferability of approaches, this paper presents lessons learnt which can be inspirational for similar transitions in other coal regions and for transitions in other sectors.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 5
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    Analysis of the historical structural change in the German hard coal mining Ruhr area (case study) (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the period from the late 1950s to 2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Analysis of the historical structural change in the German lignite mining area of Lusatia (case study) (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in Lusatia caused by the system change from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in the period 1990-2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Seasonal Differences in the Attenuation of Polar Trace Organics in the Hyporheic Zone of an Urban Stream (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Attenuation of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in a river occurs to a large extent in its hyporheic zone. A major part of the attenuation of polar TrOCs is of microbial origin. As microbial activity depends on temperature and redox conditions, seasonal differences in TrOC attenuation are likely. We investigated TrOC attenuation at a river influenced by treated wastewater during two sampling campaigns, one in summer and one in winter. In addition to redox conditions and temperature, we also determined residence times of porewater in sediment using three methods: (a) non‐parametric deconvolution of electrical conductivity time series, (b) the model VFLUX 2.0 based on temperature time series (only summer), and (c) applying Darcy's law to differences in hydraulic heads (only summer). Contrary to our expectations, we found higher attenuation for 12 out of 18 TrOCs in winter, while three TrOCs were better attenuated in summer. Sediment conditions varied between seasons as more of the top sandy layer with a higher hydraulic permeability accumulated on the river bed in summer. As a result, residence times in the sediment were shorter in summer. In winter, longer residence times, lower temperatures, and a steeper oxygen gradient in sediment coincided with higher TrOC attenuation. Further research is needed to understand our unexpected findings and underlying mechanisms.
    Description: Key Points: The attenuation of 12 out of 18 trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in the hyporheic zone was higher in winter while three TrOCs were attenuated better in summer. Residence times in sediment were longer and more diverse in winter. The extent of the oxic sediment was similar between seasons but the gradient from the oxic to anoxic zone was steeper in winter.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: EC | H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions (MSCA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010665
    Description: University of Western Australia ‐ University Postgraduate Award
    Description: Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.18728/igb-fred-578.0
    Keywords: ddc:628.162
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Iron Exports From Catchments Are Constrained by Redox Status and Topography (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Fe(III) hydroxides stabilize organic carbon (OC) and P in soils. Observations of rising stream Fe concentrations are controversially posited to result from a flushing of iron‐rich deeper soil layers or a decrease of competing electron acceptors inhibiting Fe reduction (NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and SO42− $\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{2-}$). Here, we argue that catchment topography constrains the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams. We therefore incubated organic topsoil and mineral subsoil and modified the availability of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$. We found that Fe leaching was highest in topsoil. Fe, OC, and P released at quantities proportional to their ratios in the source soil. Supply of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ reduced Fe leaching to 18% and increased pore water OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios. Subsoil, however, was an insignificant Fe source (〈0.5%). Here, the leached quantities of Fe, OC and P were highly disproportionate to the soil source with an excess of released OC and P. We tested if experimental findings scale up using data from 88 German catchments representing gradients in NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ concentration and topography. Average stream Fe concentrations increased with decreasing NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and were high in catchments with shallow topography where high groundwater levels support reductive processes and topsoils are hydrologically connected to streams; but Fe concentrations were low in catchments with steep topography where flow occurs primarily through subsoils. OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios in the streams similarly varied by NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and topography. This corroborates the findings from the laboratory experiment and suggests that catchment topography and competing electron acceptors constrain the formation of Fe‐reducing conditions and control the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Iron is the second most abundant metal in the crust; its cycle is tightly connected to those of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. The oxidized form (FeIII) is almost insoluble, but Fe can be mobilized by complexation or microbial Fe reduction. Both processes depend on availability of organic C. We found that Fe concentrations in streams were constrained by the topography of catchments and NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ abundance. Shallower catchments are characterized by higher groundwater tables connecting the organic topsoils efficiently to streams. NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ suppresses Fe reduction as a competing electron acceptor to Fe. We conclude that trends in soil wetness or atmospheric N deposition can change the stability of Fe and thus the release of PO43− $\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{3-}$ and harmful metals to surface waters.
    Description: Key Points: Organic topsoils leach substantial amounts of Fe when incubated in the absence of NO3, a competing electron acceptor that inhibits Fe reduction. Shallow catchments with fluvially coupled topsoils and low NO3 availability release 200 fold more Fe than steep ones with high NO3 abundance. Catchment topography and NO3 availability explain 62%–64% of the variability of Fe concentration and OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios across 88 streams.
    Description: EFRE‐Europe
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.43601618877945c5a46b715aa98db729
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Feasibility of pXRF to evaluate chosen heavy metals in soil highly influenced by municipal waste disposal—A monitoring study of a former sewage farm (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Sewage disposal onto agricultural land may result in the high accumulation of organic wastes, which questions the applicability of typical elemental analysis used for the soil components. To monitor the contamination status of agricultural soils at a former sedimentation basin, after the long‐term cessation of wastewater irrigation, 110 locations (15–20 cm depth) and 4 boreholes (up to 100 cm depth) were sampled to determine pH, loss on ignition, and concentration of Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr. Additionally, the applicability of portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the soil samples highly influenced by the organic wastes was evaluated. The study revealed the presence of a relatively homogenous sewage waste layer (depth of 20 cm), characterized by slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.3–7.5), high organic matter (OM) accumulation (up to 49%), and elevated concentration (mg kg −1) ranges between: Pb (5–321), Cu (31–2828), Ni (10–193), Cr (14–966), and Zn (76–6639). The pXRF analysis revealed metal concentration increase in mineral samples (up to 50%). The regression models and correction factors demonstrated high correlation and significance of pXRF measurement with response to increasing OM content, with the lowest r 2 = 0.86 obtained for Ni. Correlation of pXRF and AES measurement illustrated element‐dependent response for soils high in organics. Zn, Cu, and Cr pXRF analysis led to a slight underestimation in lower values, but overall good correlations (0.87; 0.89; and 0.88 respectively). Pb and Ni pXRF measurement revealed higher deviation from the reference in both lower and higher concentrations (0.74 and 0.70, respectively).
    Description: German Federation of Industrial Research Associations http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002723
    Description: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Keywords: ddc:577.14
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    The Goldilocks Zone in Cooling Demand: What Can We Do Better? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The higher frequency and intensity of sustained heat events have increased the demand for cooling energy across the globe. Current estimates of summer‐time energy demand are primarily based on Cooling Degree Days (CDD), representing the number of degrees a day's average temperature exceeds a predetermined comfort zone temperature. Through a comprehensive analysis of the historical energy demand data across the USA, we show that the commonly used CDD estimates fall significantly short (±25%) of capturing regional thermal comfort levels. Moreover, given the increasingly compelling evidence that air temperature alone is not sufficient for characterizing human thermal comfort, we extend the widely used CDD calculation to heat index, which accounts for both air temperature and humidity. Our results indicate significant mis‐estimation of regional thermal comfort when humidity is ignored. Our findings have significant implications for the security, sustainability, and resilience of the grid under climate change.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Hotter summer days and more frequent and intense heatwaves are causing a sharp rise in demand for air conditioning across the globe. Accurate estimation of demand for space cooling is an integral component of resilient planning, operation, and management of the grid. One widely used metric for characterizing this demand is the Cooling Degree Days (CDD), which is calculated by measuring the difference between the mean daily temperature and a pre‐defined base temperature that represents a “comfort zone.” In this study, we analyze historical data on climate and energy demand and find that the most frequently used base temperature of 65°F in CDD calculations leads to mis‐characterizing comfort zones across different geographic areas in the United States. This can cause significant under‐ or over‐estimations of cooling energy demand. Moreover, we extend the temperature‐based CDD calculations to also account for the role of humidity and demonstrate the cost of ignoring humidity in CDD calculations under present and future climate conditions.
    Description: Key Points: Analysis of electricity demand shows that the widely used Cooling Degree Days (CDD) estimates fall short of capturing regional thermal comfort zones. Estimates of air conditioning penetration and affordability based on traditional calculation of CDD can lead to significant misestimation. Extending CDD calculations to include humidity improves the characterization of climate‐demand nexus under present and future climate.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Keywords: ddc:333.79
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Vertically Divergent Responses of SOC Decomposition to Soil Moisture in a Changing Climate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The role of soil moisture for organic matter decomposition rates remains poorly understood and underrepresented in Earth System Models (ESMs). We apply the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten (DAMM) model to a selection of ESM soil temperature and moisture outputs to investigate their effects on decomposition rates, at different soil depths, for a historical period and a future climate period. Our key finding is that the inclusion of soil moisture controls has diverging effects on both the speed and direction of projected decomposition rates (up to ±20%), compared to a temperature‐only approach. In the top soil, the majority of these changes is driven by substrate availability. In deeper soil layers, oxygen availability plays a relatively stronger role. Owing to these different moisture controls along the soil depth, our study highlights the need for depth‐resolved inclusion of soil moisture effects on decomposition rates within ESMs. This is particularly important for C‐rich soils in regions which may be subject to strong future warming and vertically opposing moisture changes, such as the peat soils at northern high latitudes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Soils contain a lot of carbon (C). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict that the amount of C released from soils into the atmosphere as CO2 will increase in response to increased warming and microbial activity. Soil moisture also controls microbial C decomposition, but most ESMs do not yet describe this process very well. In this study we apply a simple equation to different ESMs, to see how both temperature and soil moisture change microbial decomposition under future climate. First, we show that the speed of C released into the atmosphere changes when we include soil moisture changes, compared to what is expected due to warming alone. Second, we found that the future speed at which carbon that can be decomposed in the topsoil mainly depends on how much carbon microbes have access to, but that in the deeper soil this process becomes much more affected by the absence/presence of oxygen. Including these soil moisture interactions in ESMs for different soil depths is important to predict whether soils will store more or less C in the future. Our findings are particularly relevant for high latitude soils which store large amounts of C, will warm fast, and experience frequent (re)wetting and drying.
    Description: Key Points: Considering soil moisture effects can change modeled decomposition rates by up to ±20% compared to considering only temperature effects. The majority of these changes are driven by substrate availability, in particular in the top soil. In the subsoil, oxygen availability becomes an increasingly important factor.
    Description: Norwegian Research Council
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654554
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Building back better : the COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy implications for a developing megacity (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human mobility via lockdowns, social distancing rules, home quarantines, and the full or partial suspension of transportation. Evidence-based policy recommendations are urgently needed to ensure that transport systems have resilience to future pandemic outbreaks, particularly within Global South megacities where demand for public transport is high and reduced access can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. This study focuses on Metro Manila - a characteristic megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide. It analyzes aggregated cell phone and GPS data from Google and Apple that provide a comprehensive representation of mobility behavior before and during the lockdown. While significant decreases are observed for all transport modes, public transport experienced the largest drop (-74.5 %, on average). The study demonstrates that: (i) those most reliant on public transport were disproportionately affected by lockdowns; (ii) public transport was unable to fulfil its role as public service; and, (iii) this drove a paradigm shift towards active mobility. Moving forwards, in the short-term policymakers must promote active mobility and prioritize public transport to reduce unequal access to transport. Longer-term, policymakers must leverage the increased active transport to encourage modal shift via infrastructure investment, and better utilize big data to support decision-making.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Beyond food for thought : directing sustainability transitions research to address fundamental change in agri-food systems (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Dominant agricultural and food systems lead to continuous resource depletion and unacceptable environmental and social impacts. While current calls for changing agrifood systems are increasingly framed in the context of sustainability transitions, they rarely make an explicit link to transition studies to address these systemic challenges, nor do transition scholars sufficiently address agri-food systems, despite their global pertinence. From this viewpoint, we illustrate several gaps in the agri-food systems debate that sustainability transition studies could engage in. We propose four avenues for research in the next decade of transition research on agri-food systems: 1) Crossscale dynamics between coupled systems; 2) Social justice, equity and inclusion; 3) Sustainability transitions in low- and middle-income countries; 4) Cross-sectoral governance and system integration. We call for a decade of new transition research that moves beyond single-scale and sector perspectives toward more inclusive and integrated analyses of food system dynamics.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Coupling circularity performance and climate action : from disciplinary silos to transdisciplinary modelling science (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Uncertainty in Aerosol Optical Depth From Modern Aerosol‐Climate Models, Reanalyses, and Satellite Products (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Despite the implication of aerosols for the radiation budget, there are persistent differences in data for the aerosol optical depth (τ) for 1998–2019. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the large‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of mid‐visible τ from modern data sets. In total, we assessed 94 different global data sets from eight satellite retrievals, four aerosol‐climate model ensembles, one operational ensemble product, two reanalyses, one climatology and one merged satellite product. We include the new satellite data SLSTR and aerosol‐climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models Phase 3 (AeroCom‐III). Our intercomparison highlights model differences and observational uncertainty. Spatial mean τ for 60°N – 60°S ranges from 0.124 to 0.164 for individual satellites, with a mean of 0.14. Averaged τ from aerosol‐climate model ensembles fall within this satellite range, but individual models do not. Our assessment suggests no systematic improvement compared to CMIP5 and AeroCom‐I. Although some regional biases have been reduced, τ from both CMIP6 and AeroCom‐III are for instance substantially larger along extra‐tropical storm tracks compared to the satellite products. The considerable uncertainty in observed τ implies that a model evaluation based on a single satellite product might draw biased conclusions. This underlines the need for continued efforts to improve both model and satellite estimates of τ, for example, through measurement campaigns in areas of particularly uncertain satellite estimates identified in this study, to facilitate a better understanding of aerosol effects in the Earth system.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Aerosols are known to affect atmospheric processes. For instance, particles emitted during dust storms, biomass burning and anthropogenic activities affect air quality and influence the climate through effects on solar radiation and clouds. Although many studies address such aerosol effects, there is a persistent difference in current estimates of the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere across observations and complex climate models. This study documents the data differences for aerosol amounts, including new estimates from climate‐model simulations and satellite products. We quantify considerable differences across aerosol amount estimates as well as regional and seasonal variations of extended and new data. Further, this study addresses the question to what extent complex climate models have improved over the past decades in light of observational uncertainty.
    Description: Key Points: Present‐day patterns in aerosol optical depth differ substantially between 94 modern global data sets. The range in spatial means from individual satellites is −11% to +17% of the multi‐satellite mean. Spatial means from climate model intercomparison projects fall within the satellite range but strong regional differences are identified.
    Description: Hans‐Ertel‐Center for Weather Research
    Description: Collaborative Research Centre 1211
    Description: Max‐Planck‐Institute for Meteorology
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Assessing Volcanic Controls on Miocene Climate Change (2022)
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: The Miocene period saw substantially warmer Earth surface temperatures than today, particularly during a period of global warming called the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO; ∼17–15 Ma). However, the long‐term drivers of Miocene climate remain poorly understood. By using a new continuous climate‐biogeochemical model (SCION), we can investigate the interaction between volcanism, climate and biogeochemical cycles through the Miocene. We identify high tectonic CO2 degassing rates and further emissions associated with the emplacement of the Columbia River Basalt Group as the primary driver of the background warmth and the MMCO respectively. We also find that enhanced weathering of the basaltic terrane and input of explosive volcanic ash to the oceans are not sufficient to drive the immediate cooling following the MMCO and suggest that another mechanism, perhaps the change in ocean chemistry due to massive evaporite deposition, was responsible.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Miocene period was much warmer than today, with the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO, roughly 17–15 million years ago) especially warm. Due to the high surface temperatures, comparisons to projected climatic conditions as a result of anthropogenic climate change have been drawn. However, the drivers of climate during the Miocene are not well understood. By using a new type of climate model, we investigate the impact volcanic eruptions had on the period, and link the extreme warmth of the MMCO with greenhouse gas release from the eruption of the Columbia River Basalts Group (CRBG). We find weathering of the CRBG does not explain the cooling at the end of the MMCO, and so discuss other potential explanations such as evaporite deposition.
    Description: Key Points: A new climate‐biogeochemical model allows investigation of drivers of climate change in the Miocene. Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) degassing is sufficient to have caused the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). Weathering of CRBG insufficient to drive cooling after the MMCO. This may be linked to evaporite deposition and changes to marine chemistry.
    Description: UK Natural Environment Research Council
    Description: French Research Agency (ANR)
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    An Image Segmentation Approach for the Detection of Small-scale Magnetic Anomalies (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: Due to the still enormous burden of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the subsurface worldwide, the safe recovery of a wide variety of buried weapons and ammunition requires efficient and reliable detection methods. Using a deep learning approach applied to magnetic field data distributed areal along the surface, we aim to achieve a more accurate localization of UXO and small magnetically effective objects in general by detecting the specific signature of their magnetic anomaly. To investigate the applicability of this approach, we developed a deep convolutional neural network that performs image segmentation in different potential measurement scenarios. In this process, the sought small-scale target signals should be distinguished from different background fields containing, e.g., several types of noise. For this purpose, extensive synthetic data sets were generated first using numerical simulations of the magnetic dipole fields of multiple objects. The resulting multi-dipole scenarios and corresponding masks are then passed to the network, which is trained on a test and validation set to produce a representative model for the trained simulation examples. At the end of the training process, this model is supposed to be able to predict yet unknown examples from an evaluation set. Subsequently, the prediction quality of the resulting model needs to be analyzed to fine-tune the parameters of the assumed network architecture or even the architecture itself. The poster we present deals with the generation and preprocessing of appropriate training data, the applied network architecture, and preliminary results of the first evaluation stages.
    Description: poster
    Language: English
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    Faulting and Magmatic Accretion Across the Overlapping Spreading Center Between Vance Segment and Axial South Rift, Juan de Fuca Ridge (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: Plate divergence along mid‐ocean ridges is accommodated through faulting and magmatic accretion, and, at overlapping spreading centers (OSC), is distributed across two curvilinear overlapping ridge axes. One‐meter resolution bathymetry acquired by autonomous underwater vehicles, combined with distribution and ages of lava flows, is used to: (a) analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of flows, faults, and fissures in the OSC between the distal south rift zone of Axial Seamount and the Vance Segment, (b) locate spreading axes, (c) calculate extension, and (d) determine the proportion of extension accommodated at the surface by faults and fissures versus volcanic extrusion over a period of ∼1300–1450 years. Our study reveals that in the recent history of the ridges, extension over a distance of 14 km across the Axial/Vance OSC was asymmetric in proportion and style: faults and fissures across 1–2 km of the Vance axial valley accommodated ∼3/4 of the spreading, whereas dike‐fed eruptions contributed ∼1/4 of the extension and occurred across 4 km of the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Along mid‐ocean ridges, oceanic plates separate through the formation and growth of faults and the emplacement of dikes supplying lava flows. Where segments overlap in a zone of separation, these processes are distributed along two spreading axes separated by 2–30 km kilometers. We combine 1‐m resolution bathymetry collected by autonomous underwater vehicles and the age of large lava flows to (a) analyze the distribution of faults and lava flows where Axial Seamount overlaps with the Vance Segment, (b) define the current plate boundary, (c) calculate the speed of plate separation, and (d) determine the proportion and locations of fault extension versus flow emplacement. Our study shows that during the last ∼1300–1450 years, fault formation and growth along the Vance Segment are the main contributor to plate separation. In contrast, the emplacement of dikes and lava flows along Axial Seamount account only for ∼1/4 of the plate separation.
    Description: Key Points: Autonomous underwater vehicle mapping of an overlapping spreading center reveals the proportion of faulting and eruptions that occurred during the last ∼1300–1450 years. Faulting at the Vance Segment accommodates ∼3/4 of the spreading and magmatic accretion along Axial Seamount south rift accounts for ∼1/4. The spreading axis is 〈250 m wide along the Vance Segment but ∼4 km wide along the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: David and Lucile Packard Foundation (PF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000008
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; ddc:551.13
    Language: English
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    Rock Glacier Characteristics Under Semiarid Climate Conditions in the Western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: Rock glaciers are receiving increased attention as a potential source of water and indicator of climate change in periglacial landscapes. They consist of an ice‐debris mixture, which creeps downslope. Although rock glaciers are a wide‐spread feature on the Tibetan Plateau, characteristics such as its ice fraction are unknown as a superficial debris layer inhibits remote assessments. We investigate one rock glacier in the semiarid western Nyainqêntanglha range (WNR) with a multi‐method approach, which combines geophysical, geological and geomorphological field investigations with remote sensing techniques. Long‐term kinematics of the rock glacier are detected by 4‐year InSAR time series analysis. The ice content and the active layer are examined by electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar, and environmental seismology. Short‐term activity (11‐days) is captured by a seismic network. Clast analysis shows a sorting of the rock glacier's debris. The rock glacier has three zones, which are defined by the following characteristics: (a) Two predominant lithology types are preserved separately in the superficial debris patterns, (b) heterogeneous kinematics and seismic activity, and (c) distinct ice fractions. Conceptually, the studied rock glacier is discussed as an endmember of the glacier—debris‐covered glacier—rock glacier continuum. This, in turn, can be linked to its location on the semiarid lee‐side of the mountain range against the Indian summer monsoon. Geologically preconditioned and glacially overprinted, the studied rock glacier is suggested to be a recurring example for similar rock glaciers in the WNR. This study highlights how geology, topography and climate influence rock glacier characteristics and development.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Climate change has begun to impact all regions of our planet. In cold regions, such as high‐mountain areas, rising temperatures lead to massive melting of glaciers. Besides this evident loss of ice, permafrost, a long‐term ice resource hidden in the subsurface, has started to thaw. Rock glaciers as visible permafrost‐related landforms consist of an ice‐debris mixture, which makes them creep downslope. Due to this movement and their recognizable shape, rock glaciers are permafrost indicators in high‐mountain areas. We investigate one rock glacier in the western Nyaingêntanglha Range (Tibetan Plateau) using field and remote sensing methods to understand its development and to know the current state of its ice core. Our main outcome is, that the heterogeneous creeping behavior, the properties of the debris cover as well as the internal distribution of ice are the results of a continuous development from a glacier into today's rock glacier. In particular, the high ice content in particular sections points to such a glacial precondition. The debris layer covering the internal ice attenuates the effect of climate warming. This makes the rock glacier and similar rock glaciers found in the northern part of the mountain range important future water resources for the semiarid region.
    Description: Key Points: Geophysical and remote sensing methods in concert reveal the morphostructure, ice fraction, and kinematics of the studied rock glacier. Rock glacier characteristics are controlled by geology, topography and climate on the Tibetan Plateau. The studied rock glacier is conceptually interpreted as the endmember of a glacier—debris‐covered glacier—rock glacier continuum.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.31 ; ddc:555
    Language: English
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    Effects of CO2 and Ocean Mixing on Miocene and Pliocene Temperature Gradients (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-28
    Description: Cenozoic climate changes have been linked to tectonic activity and variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we present Miocene and Pliocene sensitivity experiments performed with the climate model COSMOS. The experiments contain changes with respect to paleogeography, ocean gateway configuration, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as well as a range of vertical mixing coefficients in the ocean. For the mid‐Miocene, we show that the impact of ocean mixing on surface temperature is comparable to the effect of the possible range in reconstructed CO2 concentrations. In combination with stronger vertical mixing, relatively moderate CO2 concentrations of 450 ppmv enable global‐mean surface, deep‐water, and meridional temperature characteristics representative of mid‐Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) reconstructions. The Miocene climate shows a reduced meridional temperature gradient and reduced seasonality. In the case of enhanced mixing, surface and deep ocean temperatures show significant warming of up to 5–10°C and an Arctic temperature anomaly of 〉12°C. In the Pliocene simulations, the impact of vertical mixing and CO2 is less important for the deep ocean, which we interpret as a different sensitivity dependence on the background state and mixed layer dynamics. We find a significant reduction in surface albedo and effective emissivity for either a high level of atmospheric CO2 or increased vertical mixing. Our mixing sensitivity experiments provide a warm deep ocean via ocean heat uptake. We propose that the mixing hypothesis can be tested by reconstructions of the thermocline and seasonal paleoclimate data indicating a lower seasonality relative to today.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Cenozoic climate changes have been associated with tectonic changes and altered atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we present Miocene and Pliocene computer simulations where we changed paleogeography, ocean gateways, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations as well as vertical mixing in the ocean. We show that the effect of ocean mixing on temperature is comparable to the respective effect of a possible range of CO2 concentrations. In combination with stronger vertical mixing, relatively moderate CO2 concentrations of 450 ppmv allow surface and deep‐water temperatures representative for reconstructions of the climate optimum of the mid‐Miocene. In the Pliocene simulations, the influence of vertical mixing and CO2 is less important than in the Miocene. We provide a possible mechanism of ocean heat absorption, albedo, and emissivity changes including a deeper oceanic mixing layer and a lower seasonality in the Miocene compared to today.
    Description: Key Points: Miocene experiment with standard mixing and atmospheric CO2 of 600 ppm captures large‐scale temperature characteristics of the mid‐Miocene. With enhanced ocean mixing the temperature characteristics and meridional temperature gradient can be reproduced with a CO2 level of 450 ppm. Miocene shows a strong warming at polar latitudes and reduced seasonality, vertical mixing, and CO2 are less important for the Pliocene.
    Description: Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003207
    Description: Helmholtz Association (亥姆霍兹联合会致力) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Helmholtz Climate Initiative RE‐KLIM
    Keywords: ddc:550.78
    Language: English
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    Progress towards preventing waste in Europe : the case of textile waste prevention (2022)
    Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-21
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    Promoting the high-quality recycling of plastics from demolition waste and enhancing the use of recycled materials in construction products in accordance with the European plastics strategy : final report (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-08
    Description: This study presents in detail: the use of plastic products and the opportunities for recyclate use in the construction sector, quantities of plastic used, take-back systems, recycling techniques, current recyclate use and plastic construction product packaging.Potentials for increasing high-quality recyclate use were identified. Existing hurdles and options for action for industry and politics are presented. Current recyclate use as well as its potential use are strongly dependent on the application area of plastics. The biggest hurdles for the use of recycled materials are product life time, dismantling and technical requirements.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Strategic research and innovation agenda on circular economy (2022)
    Brussels : European Commission
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: CICERONE aims to bring national, regional and local governments together to jointly tackle the circular economy transition needed to reach net-zero carbon emissions and meet the targets set in the Paris Agreement and EU Green Deal. This document represents one of the key outcomes of the project: a Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda (SRIA) for Europe, to support owners and funders of circular economy programmes in aligning priorities and approaching the circular economy transition in a systemic way.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Capacity needs assessment in transport innovation living labs : the case of an innovative e-mobility project (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Cities around the globe are implementing innovative transport solutions as part of measures to address pertinent socio-economic and environmental challenges in urban areas and help drive the transition to low carbon development. Planning and implementing such solutions require an effective and collective approach that includes the needs and aspirations of all relevant stakeholders. In the planning and implementation of urban transport projects, capacity building components have assumed great significance but seem to be the most eluded activity for project implementers. The Living Lab concept, which allows for co-creation in innovation development, presents the opportunity to adopt innovative participatory approach in capacity building activities in transport projects; and is largely seen as a potential catalyst for rapid transformation to low carbon and sustainability transitions in cities. To this end, this paper highlights the usefulness of the Living Lab approach and provides some perspectives on how key elements of the approach are adapted in the process of assessing the capacity needs of nine (9) cities in planning and implementing e-mobility innovations. The cities are participating in an innovation research project. In the case studied, the project’s capacity needs assessment process was analyzed using an assessment framework built on four (4) key elements of the Living Lab approach, namely: extent of real-life contextualization, level of participation, diversity of stakeholders, and the time span of engagement. Insights from the assessment suggest that relevant project partners and city representatives with diverse expertise were actively involved from the onset and throughout the first 5 months of the project in defining and refining the capacity needs of partner cities based on local e-mobility conditions. This co-creative process helped determine priority areas where the need for capacity building mostly lied. Designing and operationalizing capacity building interventions tailored to the identified needs, as realized in the project, could therefore help build the necessary capacity and complement other measures aimed at developing e-mobility in the project’s partner cities.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Green recovery tracker : tracking the contribution of national covid-19 recovery efforts towards a climate neutral EU ; summary report (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: The idea for the Green Recovery Tracker was born in spring 2020 when governments started making announcements on economic Corona recovery measures. From a climate and resilience perspective it is key that those recovery packages, investments and subsidies are in line with long-term climate and sustainability targets. Thus, recovery packages should not only boost the economy in the short-term, but also strike the path to a just transition towards climate neutrality. Against this background, Wuppertal Institute and E3G have launched the Green Recovery Tracker project in late summer 2020 to shed light on the following questions: What can be considered an effective green recovery? What are good examples, which can be used as an inspiration for recovery programs aiming to support sustainable development? Where do the individual Member States stand with respect to aligning their recovery activities with the climate policy agenda? In this report, you will find our Methodology as well our Policy Briefing highlighting our key takeaways of our country and sectoral analyses. It further includes a section on "What can we learn from our experience with the Green Recovery Tracker?". The briefing concludes with a "Guidance for future funding programs and achieving climate targets overall".
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of Israel's energy system : development of a phase model (2022)
    Herzliya Pituach : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-12
    Description: By applying a phase model for the renewables-based energy transition in the MENA countries to Israel, the study provides a guiding vision to support the strategy development and steering of the energy transition process. The transition towards a renewable-based energy system can reduce import dependencies and increase the energy security in Israel. Key issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the energy transition in Israel are the expansion of flexibility options, discussion on the long-term role of natural gas, increasing participation and awareness, and exploring the future role of power-to-X in the energy system.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein—Three recently recognized H‐group chondrite finds in Germany with distinct terrestrial ages and weathering effects (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: In the last 7 years, three meteorites (Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein) found in Germany were identified as chondrites. Two of these rocks had been recovered from the impact sites decades ago but were not considered to be meteorites. The aim of this study is to fully characterize these three meteorites. Based on the compositional data on the silicates, namely olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene, these meteorites fit nicely within the H‐group ordinary chondrites. The brecciated texture of Blaubeuren and Cloppenburg (both H4‐5) is perfectly visible, whereas that of Machtenstein, officially classified as an H5 chondrite, is less obvious but was detected and described in this study. Considering chondrites in general, brecciated rocks are very common rather than an exception. The bulk rock degree of shock is S2 for Blaubeuren and Machtenstein and S3 for Cloppenburg. All samples show significant features of weathering. They have lost their original fusion crust and more than half (W3) or about half (W2‐3) of their original metal abundances. The oxygen isotope compositions of the three chondrites are consistent with those of other H chondrites; however, the Cloppenburg values are heavily disturbed and influenced by terrestrial weathering. This is supported by the occurrence of the very rare hydrated iron phosphate mineral vivianite (Fe2+Fe2+2[PO4]2·8H2O), which indicates that the chondrite was weathered in a very wet environment. The terrestrial ages of Blaubeuren (~9.2 ka), Cloppenburg (~5.4 ka), and Machtenstein (~1.8 ka) show that these chondrites are very similar in their degree of alteration and terrestrial age compared to meteorite finds from relatively wet terrestrial environments. They still contain abundant metal, although, as noted, the oxygen isotope data indicate substantial weathering of Cloppenburg. The bulk compositions of the three meteorites are typical for H chondrites, although terrestrial alteration has slightly modified the concentrations, leading in general to a loss of Fe, Co, and Ni due to preferential alteration of metals and sulfides. As exceptions, Co and Ni concentrations in Machtenstein, which has the shortest terrestrial age, are typical for H chondrites. The chemical data show no enrichments in Ba and Sr, as is often observed in different meteorite groups of desert finds.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549.112
    Language: English
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    Investigating the Basal Shear Zone of the Submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex, New Zealand: A Core‐Log‐Seismic Integration Study (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Although submarine landslides have been studied for decades, a persistent challenge is the integration of diverse geoscientific datasets to characterize failure processes. We present a core‐log‐seismic integration study of the Tuaheni Landslide Complex to investigate intact sediments beneath the undeformed seafloor as well as post‐failure landslide deposits. Beneath the undeformed seafloor are coherent reflections underlain by a weakly‐reflective and chaotic seismic unit. This chaotic unit is characterized by variable shear strength that correlates with density fluctuations. The basal shear zone of the Tuaheni landslide likely exploited one (or more) of the low shear strength intervals. Within the landslide deposits is a widespread “Intra‐debris Reflector”, previously interpreted as the landslide's basal shear zone. This reflector is a subtle impedance drop around the boundary between upper and lower landslide units. However, there is no pronounced shear strength change across this horizon. Rather, there is a pronounced reduction in shear strength ∼10–15 m above the Intra‐debris Reflector that presumably represents an induced weak layer that developed during failure. Free gas accumulates beneath some regions of the landslide and is widespread deeper in the sedimentary sequence, suggesting that free gas may have played a role in pre‐conditioning the slope to failure. Additional pre‐conditioning or failure triggers could have been seismic shaking and associated transient fluid pressure. Our study underscores the importance of detailed core‐log‐seismic integration approaches for investigating basal shear zone development in submarine landslides.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Submarine landslides move enormous amounts of sediment across the seafloor and have the potential to generate damaging tsunamis. To understand how submarine landslides develop, we need to be able to image and sample beneath the seafloor in regions where landslides have occurred. To image beneath the seafloor we generate sound waves in the ocean and record reflections from those waves, enabling us to produce “seismic images” of sediment layers and structures beneath the seafloor. We then use scientific drilling to sample the sediment layers and measure physical properties. In this study, we combine seismic images and drilling results to investigate a submarine landslide east of New Zealand's North Island. Drilling next to the landslide revealed a ∼25 m‐thick layer of sediment (from ∼75–95 m below the seafloor) that has strong variations in sediment strength and density. We infer that intervals of relatively low strength within this layer developed into the main sliding surface of the landslide. Additionally, results from within the landslide suggest that the process of landslide emplacement has induced a zone of weak sediments closer to the seafloor. Our study demonstrates how combining seismic images and drilling data helps to understand submarine landslide processes.
    Description: Key Points: We integrate scientific drilling data with seismic reflection data to investigate the submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex. Basal shear zone of the landslide likely exploited a relatively low shear strength interval within an older (buried) mass transport deposit. Landslide emplacement seems to have induced an additional weak zone that is shallower than the interpreted base of the landslide deposit.
    Description: Marsden Fund (Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009193
    Description: European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling
    Description: International Ocean Drilling Program, Science Support Program
    Description: New Zealand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928073
    Keywords: ddc:622.15 ; ddc:551
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of Iraq's energy system : development of a phase model (2022)
    Amman : Friedrich-Ebert-Siftung Jordan & Iraq
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Iraq. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. The transition towards renewable energies is still at a very early stage in Iraq. Despite the drop in renewable technology costs over the last decade and the increasing deployment of renewables in the MENA region, the pathway towards renewable energies seems to be challenging for Iraq. This is attributable to the country's political instability and the dominant economic role played by the fossil fuel sector. The most pressing concern for Iraq's electricity sector is the need to secure a constant electricity supply. At operational level, Iraq's electricity infrastructure requires significant investment to rebuilt, retro-fit and expand its overall capacity and to improve efficiencies. Yet, the need to rebuild the energy system after the war and the subsequent violent conflicts could offer an opportunity for a transition towards renewables that would benefit Iraq in the short term and also provide a long-term economic development perspective. To take advantage of this opportunity, Iraq needs to improve the framework conditions for renewable energies and raise awareness about the benefits it offers. Renewable energy regulations need to be introduced, market development supported, a realistic timeframe for the transition process established and an appropriate and reliable legal framework developed. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewables are intended to stimulate and support the discussion about Iraq's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policy strategies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of Egypt's energy system : development of a phase model (2022)
    Cairo : Friedrich-Ebert-Siftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Egypt. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Egypt, with its abundant solar and wind energy potential, has excellent preconditions to embark on the pathway towards a 100% renewable energy system. The country has successfully taken its first steps in this direction by attracting international finance and implementing several large-scale solar and wind projects. Yet, while Egypt has made significant progress, increased efforts are still required if the country aims to proceed towards a fully renewables-based system. The stronger system integration of renewable energies requires, for example, an alignment of regulations for the electricity, mobility and heat sectors. In this context, Egypt would be well advised to develop and implement an overall strategy for the energy transition that includes not only electricity generation but all sectors. By placing a stronger focus on renewable energy, also to decarbonise the industrial sector, Egypt, as Africa's second most industrialised country, could seize the opportunity for economic development within a decarbonising global economy. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewable energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Egypt's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Steel manufacturing clusters in a hydrogen economy : simulation of changes in location and vertical integration of steel production in Northwestern Europe (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: With the move to a hydrogen-based primary steel production envisioned for the near future in Europe, existing regional industrial clusters loose major assets. Such a restructuring of industries may result in a new geographical distribution of the steel industry and also to another quality of vertical integration at sites. Both implications could turn out as drivers or barriers to invest in new technologies and are thus important in respect to vertical integration of sites and to regional policy. This paper describes an approach to model production stock invest for the steel industries in North-Western Europe. Current spatial structures are reproduced with capacity, technical and energy efficiency data on the level of single facilities like blast furnaces. With the model developed both investments in specific technologies and at specific production sites can be modelled. The model is used to simulate different possible future scenarios. The case with a clear move to hydrogen-based production is compared to a reference scenario without technological shift. The scenarios show that existing trends like movement of production to the coast may be accelerated by the new technology but that sites in the hinterland can also adapt to a hydrogen economy. Possible effects of business cycles or a circular economy on regional value chains are explored with a Monte-Carlo analysis.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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    Direct Air Capture (DAC) in Germany : resource implications of a possible rollout in 2045 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Direct Air Capture (DAC) is increasingly being discussed as a possibility to limit climate change. In this study, a possible rollout of the DAC technology at German coastal areas is analysed based on an existing climate neutrality scenario. For the year 2045 the resulting costs as well as land, water and energy consumption are examined. It is concluded that a realization of the DAC technology in Germany might be possible from a technical point of view. However, there is a high demand for land and energy. Since a rollout is needed to start in 20 years at the latest, the required discussion and evaluation should be initiated as quickly as possible.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Late and expensive : the political economy of coal phase-out in Germany (2022)
    Abingdon : Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: This chapter reconstructs the main actors, objectives and the pertinent contextual factors that co-determined the German coal phase-out. The German decision to phase out coal no later than 2038 was prepared by intense negotiations under the German "coal commission". It was tasked with finding an end date for coal-fired electricity generation and proposing ways and means to support coal workers and the affected regions. This latter objective was the dominant one, supported by a coalition of trade unions, industry, state-level governments as well as major political parties fearing a surge of far-right populism. Meanwhile, meeting the German climate targets was a key condition in the mandate of the coal commission. Yet, the German targets date back to 2010 and are not aligned with the more ambitious objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. This explains why the German coal phase-out schedule is so late and so expensive.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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    The circular economy and digitalisation - strategies for a digital-ecological industry transformation : a study commmissioned by Huawei Technologies Germany GmbH (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-26
    Description: Within the Shaping Digitalisation project, we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany. In particular, we are discussing three stand-out areas where action is most needed to achieve ecological transformation: mobility, the circular economy, and agriculture and food. This report addresses the second area in need of action. Up until now, discussions on the circular economy have been limited to recycling and the re-use of materials. We must expand the scope of these discussions to include new, resource-efficient business models and the comprehensive transformation of value chains and industrial structures. Our analysis has found that digitalisation is indispensable for this transformation if used properly. We hope this report will provide the impetus needed to kick-start a climate- and resource-friendly industrial transformation in Germany. Here, we have incorporated the findings of our interdisciplinary workshop on "Shaping the Digital-Ecological Industrial Transformation - Business Models and Political Framework Conditions for Climate and Resource Protection" that was attended by experts from international research institutes, civil organizations, public authorities, and private companies.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    Modeling flexibility in energy systems : comparison of power sector models based on simplified test cases (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Model-based scenario analyses of future energy systems often come to deviating results and conclusions when different models are used. This may be caused by heterogeneous input data and by inherent differences in model formulations. The representation of technologies for the conversion, storage, use, and transport of energy is usually stylized in comprehensive system models in order to limit the size of the mathematical problem, and may substantially differ between models. This paper presents a systematic comparison of nine power sector models with sector coupling. We analyze the impact of differences in the representation of technologies, optimization approaches, and further model features on model outcomes. The comparison uses fully harmonized input data and highly simplified system configurations to isolate and quantify model-specific effects. We identify structural differences in terms of the optimization approach between the models. Furthermore, we find substantial differences in technology modeling primarily for battery electric vehicles, reservoir hydro power, power transmission, and demand response. These depend largely on the specific focus of the models. In model analyses where these technologies are a relevant factor, it is therefore important to be aware of potential effects of the chosen modeling approach. For the detailed analysis of the effect of individual differences in technology modeling and model features, the chosen approach of highly simplified test cases is suitable, as it allows to isolate the effects of model-specific differences on results. However, it strongly limits the model's degrees of freedom, which reduces its suitability for the evaluation of fundamentally different modeling approaches.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Circular economy for durable products and materials : the recycling of plastic building products in Germany ; status quo, potentials and recommendations (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-07
    Description: The construction sector is the second largest area for the application for plastics. Due to the long life times of construction products, the implementation of the circular economy faces its own challenges. To investigate this challenge, the study covers a market study for Germany, voluntary take-back and recycling schemes of construction products, as well as the use of plastic recyclates in construction products. In addition, plastic packaging of construction products is covered. Opportunities and barriers to the use of recycled plastics in construction products are derived from the intersection of available technologies, recyclate supply, and technical requirements for construction products. The report concludes with recommendations to various stakeholders on how to promote the use of recyclates in construction products and their packaging. Important points here are the introduction of a recyclate quota for films as construction product packaging and the description of recycling possibilities and recyclate content in the technical documentation of construction products.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Probability Distributions of Radiocarbon in Open Linear Compartmental Systems at Steady‐State (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Radiocarbon (14C) is commonly used as a tracer of the carbon cycle to determine how fast carbon moves between different reservoirs such as plants, soils, rivers, or oceans. However such studies mostly emphasize the mean value (as Δ14C) of an unknown probability distribution. We introduce a novel algorithm to compute Δ14C distributions from knowledge of the age distribution of carbon in linear compartmental systems at steady‐state. Our results demonstrate that the shape of the distributions might differ according to the speed of cycling of ecosystem compartments and their connectivity within the system, and might contain multiple peaks and long tails. The distributions are also sensitive to the variations of Δ14C in the atmosphere over time, as influenced by the counteracting anthropogenic effects of fossil‐fuel emissions (14C‐free) and nuclear weapons testing (excess 14C). Lastly, we discuss insights that such distributions can offer for sampling and design of experiments aiming to capture the precise variance of Δ14C values present in the multi‐compartmental ecosystems.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Radiocarbon (14C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon prominent in environmental sciences for tracing the dynamics of ecosystems, especially as recent changes in atmospheric radiocarbon allow tracking excess 14C created by nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere on timescales shorter than what can be determined using radioactive decay. For climate change mitigation, a crucial uncertainty is the time carbon captured through photosynthesis spends in ecosystems before being released. For this purpose, radiocarbon can be valuable as a biological tracer; however, it is necessary to accurately link the real age of carbon and its radiocarbon age, as they usually differ. Forests and soils are open systems, connecting components with intrinsically different cycling timescales, so that the mean age comes from an age distribution that is usually unknown. Here, we developed an algorithm to compute the 14C contents for models consisting of multiple interconnected carbon pools. Our approach offers more accurate estimations of the mean 14C content of the system and computations of the distribution of 14C within the system at different points in time. Results obtained from this method can provide additional insights on the dynamics of the carbon cycle in multiple compartments, and can help to better interpret observations.
    Description: Key Points: Probability distributions of radiocarbon in ecosystem compartments can be derived from carbon age distributions. The shape of these distributions vary according to the speed of carbon cycling and the year of observation. Probability distributions of radiocarbon provide insights to study carbon dynamics and to interpret radiocarbon data.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft (MPG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6373329
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    A Combined Cosmogenic Nuclides Approach for Determining the Temperature‐Dependence of Erosion (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Physical weathering in cold, steep bedrock hillslopes occurs at rates that are thought to depend on temperature, but our ability to quantify the temperature‐dependence of erosion remains limited when integrating over geomorphic timescales. Here, we present results from a 1D numerical model of in‐situ cosmogenic 10Be, 14C, and 3He concentrations that evolve as a function of erosion rate, erosion style, and ground surface temperature. We used the model to explore the suitability of these nuclides for quantifying erosion rates in areas undergoing non‐steady state erosion, as well as the relationship between bedrock temperature, erosion rate, and erosional stochasticity. Our results suggest that even in stochastically eroding settings, 10Be‐derived erosion rates of amalgamated samples can be used to estimate long‐term erosion rates, but infrequent large events can lead to bias. The ratio of 14C to 10Be can be used to evaluate erosional stochasticity, and to determine the offset between an apparent 10Be‐derived erosion rate and the long‐term rate. Finally, the concentration of 3He relative to that of 10Be, and the paleothermometric interpretations derived from it, are unaffected by erosional stochasticity. These findings, discussed in the context of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions, indicate that the 10Be‐14C‐3He system in quartz offers a method to evaluate the temperature‐sensitivity of bedrock erosion rates in cold, high‐alpine environments.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: All mountains erode, but not all mountains erode in the same way and at the same rate. In cold mountainous landscapes, temperature is thought to be an important control on erosion. Previous research suggests that rocks fracture by frost most effectively at temperatures between −3°C and −8°C, and that the warming and thawing of permanently frozen ground (permafrost) destabilizes hillslopes and leads to more and larger rockfalls. However, our ability to test these hypotheses is limited, due to difficulties in measuring or estimating erosion rates and linking them with the temperatures that rocks experience. In this paper we present the results of a computer modeling study that tests the suitability of geochemical tools as measures of erosion rate, erosion style, and long‐term bedrock temperature. We find that these geochemical tracers, called cosmogenic nuclides, can be used to determine erosion rates, even in places that are prone to rare rockfalls, together with the long‐term bedrock temperature. They are therefore uniquely suitable for evaluating the link between temperatures and erosion rates in cold bedrock hillslopes over long timescales.
    Description: Key Points: Cosmogenic 10Be, 14C, and 3He is used to determine erosion rates, erosion styles, and bedrock temperatures in cold regions. 14C/10Be ratios of surface samples reflect the depth at which material was previously eroded, allowing for determination of erosion style. 14C/10Be ratios combined with 10Be‐derived erosion rates improve erosion rate estimates in stochastically eroding environments.
    Description: European Research Council Horizon 2020
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.3.3.2022.001
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    An Adaptive Hybrid Vertical Equilibrium/Full‐Dimensional Model for Compositional Multiphase Flow (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Efficient compositional models are required to simulate underground gas storage in porous formations where, for example, gas quality (such as purity) and loss of gas due to dissolution are of interest. We first extend the concept of vertical equilibrium (VE) to compositional flow, and derive a compositional VE model by vertical integration. Second, we present a hybrid model that couples the efficient compositional VE model to a compositional full‐dimensional model. Subdomains, where the compositional VE model is valid, are identified during simulation based on a VE criterion that compares the vertical profiles of relative permeability at equilibrium to the ones simulated by the full‐dimensional model. We demonstrate the applicability of the hybrid model by simulating hydrogen storage in a radially symmetric, heterogeneous porous aquifer. The hybrid model shows excellent adaptivity over space and time for different permeability values in the heterogeneous region, and compares well to the full‐dimensional model while being computationally efficient, resulting in a runtime of roughly one‐third of the full‐dimensional model. Based on the results, we assume that for larger simulation scales, the efficiency of this new model will increase even more.
    Description: Key Points: A compositional vertical equilibrium model is coupled to its full‐dimensional counterpart. A criterion is developed to adaptively identify and assign regions where the vertical equilibrium model is applicable during simulation. A test case of hydrogen storage in a heterogeneous porous aquifer demonstrates efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid model.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://git.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/dumux-pub/Becker2021b.git
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; ddc:550
    Language: English
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    On Timescales and Reversibility of the Ocean's Response to Enhanced Greenland Ice Sheet Melting in Comprehensive Climate Models (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Warming of the North Atlantic region in climate history often was associated with massive melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. To identify the meltwater's impacts and isolate these from internal variability and other global warming factors, we run single‐forcing simulations including small ensembles using three complex climate models differing only in their ocean components. In 200‐year‐long preindustrial climate simulations, we identify robust consequences of abruptly increasing Greenland runoff by 0.05 Sv: sea level rise of 44 ± 10 cm, subpolar North Atlantic surface cooling of 0.7°C, and a moderate AMOC decline of 1.1–2.0 Sv. The latter two emerge in under three decades—and reverse on the same timescale after the perturbation ends in year 100. The ocean translates the step‐change perturbation into a multidecadal‐to‐centennial signature in the deep overturning circulation. In all simulations, internal variability creates notable uncertainty in estimating trends, time of emergence, and duration of the response.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Enhanced melting of Greenland's glaciers is considered to be a major player in past rapid climate transitions and anticipated to soon impact ocean circulation under current global warming. Global warming triggers complex processes and feedbacks, of which greater amounts of meltwater slowing the large‐scale ocean circulation is only one. To better understand the sensitivity of the real but also the model ocean to just this meltwater, we run idealized experiments with up‐to‐date climate models, which use the same atmosphere and land but different ocean components. We find that sea level rise, cooling of the North Atlantic region, and slowing of the ocean circulation are responses common to all models while regional magnitudes of these responses differ considerably. Once we stop adding freshwater, all three models show that surface temperature and ocean circulation recover as quickly (or slowly) as they changed at the beginning of the experiment. Sea level rise is a lasting impact though.
    Description: Key Points: Sudden increase in Greenland freshwater release is turned into century scale change by deep ocean dynamics. Upper ocean responses to moderately enhanced freshwater release from Greenland reverse on the same timescale once release ceases. Ocean model formulation affects regional expressions but basin‐scale responses are robust, so is the timing on decadal to centennial scales.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Attribution of Observed Recent Decrease in Low Clouds Over the Northeastern Pacific to Cloud‐Controlling Factors (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Marine low clouds cool the Earth's climate, with their coverage (LCC) being controlled by their environment. Here, an observed significant decrease of LCC in the northeastern Pacific over the past two decades is linked quantitatively to changes in cloud‐controlling factors. In a comparison of different statistical and machine learning methods, a decrease in the inversion strength and near‐surface winds, and an increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are unanimously shown to be the main causes of the LCC decrease. While the decreased inversion strength leads to more entrainment of dry free‐tropospheric air, the increasing SSTs are shown to lead to an increased vertical moisture gradient that enhances evaporation when entrainment takes place. While the LCC trend is likely driven by natural variability, the trend‐attribution framework developed here can be used with any method in future analyses. We find the choice of predictors is more important than the method.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Marine low clouds efficiently cool the Earth's climate, and their prevalence is controlled by environmental factors. Here, a decrease of the cover of marine low clouds in the northeastern Pacific over the past 20 years is analyzed to attribute the trend to changes in environmental factors known to be important for low clouds. A decrease in the strength of the temperature inversion and an increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are shown to be the main causes of the low‐cloud trend. The decreased inversion strength leads to more mixing in of dry air from above the clouds, leading to cloud evaporation. The increasing SSTs increase the atmospheric moisture levels near the surface more than above the cloud, enhancing evaporation when the mixing takes place. While the trend in low clouds is likely driven by natural variability rather than climate change, the analytical framework developed here can be deployed to attribute causes for trends with any statistical or machine learning method in the future. The analysis shows that the choice of environmental factors used for the analysis has a larger impact on the results than the method.
    Description: Key Points: Significant decrease of low cloud cover in northeastern Pacific in last two decades. Increased vertical moisture gradient, decreased inversion strength, and winds drive low cloud trend. Good agreement between statistical and machine‐learning methods, predictor choice more important.
    Description: Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f17050d7
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573
    Description: https://dx.doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD08_M3.061
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD08_M3.061
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5067/TERRA-AQUA/CERES/EBAF-TOA_L3B004.1
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5747221
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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    Evolution of Rift Systems and Their Fault Networks in Response to Surface Processes (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Continental rifting is responsible for the generation of major sedimentary basins, both during rift inception and during the formation of rifted continental margins. Geophysical and field studies revealed that rifts feature complex networks of normal faults but the factors controlling fault network properties and their evolution are still matter of debate. Here, we employ high‐resolution 2D geodynamic models (ASPECT) including two‐way coupling to a surface processes (SP) code (FastScape) to conduct 12 models of major rift types that are exposed to various degrees of erosion and sedimentation. We further present a novel quantitative fault analysis toolbox (Fatbox), which allows us to isolate fault growth patterns, the number of faults, and their length and displacement throughout rift history. Our analysis reveals that rift fault networks may evolve through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. These phases can be correlated to distinct rifted margin domains. Models of asymmetric rifting suggest rift migration is facilitated through both ductile and brittle deformation within a weak exhumation channel that rotates subhorizontally and remains active at low angles. In sedimentation‐starved settings, this channel satisfies the conditions for serpentinization. We find that SP are not only able to enhance strain localization and to increase fault longevity but that they also reduce the total length of the fault system, prolong rift phases and delay continental breakup.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Continental rifting is responsible for breaking apart continents and forming new oceans. Rifts generally evolve according to three types: wide rift, symmetric rift, and asymmetric rifts, which also shape the final geometry of the continental rifted margin. Geophysical data shows that the evolution of rifts depends on a multitude of factors including the complex interactions between fault networks that accommodate extension and the processes of erosion and sediment deposition. Here we run 2D computer simulations to investigate fault network evolution during active rifting that include changes to the surface through erosion and sedimentation. By using a new python tool box, we extract the fault network from the simulation and determine individual fault properties like the number of faults, displacement, age, and length through time. We find that regardless of the rift type, rifts evolve according to five phases that can be assessed through the evolution of the fault network properties. Additionally, we find that greater erosion and sedimentation can prolong rift phases and delay the breakup of continents.
    Description: Key Points: We apply a new fault analysis toolbox to coupled numerical models of tectonics and surface processes. Fault network evolution of the major symmetric, asymmetric, narrow, and wide rift types can be described in five distinct phases. Surface processes reduce fault network complexity and delay breakup by enhancing strain localization and increasing fault longevity.
    Description: Helmholtz Young Investigators
    Description: National Science Foundation
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753144
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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    Investigation of subsurface connectivity and subsurface stormflow in low mountain ranges—Findings from the two research catchments Obere Brachtpe and Bohlmicke (Germany) (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: The two small research catchments Obere Brachtpe (2.6 km2; 50.989986, 7.752013) and Bohlmicke (1 km2, 51.079319, 7.892988) are located in the Rhenish Massif, a low mountain range in Germany. Land use in both catchments is dominated by pasture land, spruce stands and mixed forests. Mean annual temperature is 9.1°C, and mean annual total precipitation is 1250 mm, with 15%–20% of the annual precipitation falling as snow. The geology is characterized by sandy silty clay shale from the Lower and Middle Devonian. Loamy Cambisols derived from periglacial slope deposits, complemented by Leptosols and Stagnosols, are the most prominent soils in the catchments. Long‐term hydrological datasets of precipitation, throughfall, discharge, groundwater levels and soil moisture (at different soil depths) in a high temporal and spatial resolution are available for further scientific analysis. Both catchments were monitored within the time period 1999 and 2009, in order to understand how the antecedent soil moisture, stratified soils (periglacial cover beds) and topography (slope form) impacted the subsurface connectivity, and the subsurface stormflow generation ‐ a dominant runoff generation process in humid mountainous catchments. Detailed physically based investigations on runoff processes were carried out, and the obtained results helped to better understand subsurface stormflow generation and subsurface connectivity dynamics. The process knowledge gained, which was presented at several conferences, as well as publications, was the basis for the discussion of open questions within the scientific network ‘Subsurface Stormflow ‐ A well‐recognized, but still challenging process in Catchment Hydrology’ (2016–2021), and the research unit ‘Fast and invisible: conquering subsurface stormflow through an interdisciplinary multisite approach’ (2022–2025), both financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
    Description: Long‐term hydrological datasets of precipitation, throughfall, discharge, groundwater levels and soil moisture (at different soil depths) in a high temporal and spatial resolution are available of the two small catchments Obere Brachtpe (2.6 km²) and Bohlmicke (1 km²) (Germany). Both catchments have been monitored in order to understand how the antecedent soil moisture, stratified soils (periglacial cover beds) and topography (slope form) impacted the subsurface connectivity and the subsurface stormflow generation in humid mountainous catchments.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.48
    Language: English
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    Multi‐Band Raman Analysis of Radiation Damage in Zircon for Thermochronology: Partial Annealing and Mixed Signals (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Four zircon Raman bands were previously calibrated to give consistent estimates of the accumulated self‐irradiation α‐dose in unannealed volcanic samples. Partial annealing of radiation damage produces inconsistent values because of differences in the relative annealing sensitivities. The damage estimates based on the external rotation band (DER) at ∼356 cm−1 and that based on the ν2(SiO4) band (D2) at ∼438 cm−1 are the most and least sensitive to damage annealing. The D2/DER‐ratio thus provides a numerical estimate of the extent of geologic annealing that a zircon sample has experienced. This ratio characterizes the thermal history of a zircon sample but also its state of radiation damage during the course of its geologic history, and thus the manner in which this state influences other thermochronologic methods. Meaningful interpretation of the zircon Raman age requires that the spectra are free of measurement artifacts. The major artifacts result from micrometer‐scale gradients of the damage densities within a zircon grain due to uranium and thorium zoning. The micrometer‐sized sampled volume may span different densities, producing overlapping spectra, causing apparent peak broadening, overestimated damage densities, and zircon Raman ages. The D3/D2‐ratio of the damage densities calculated from the ν3(SiO4) and ν2(SiO4) bands, most and least affected by overlap, is an efficient indicator of a meaningless signal. It reveals overlap in annealed and unannealed samples, because the used bands have similar responses to annealing. Multi‐band Raman maps can be converted to damage‐ratio maps for screening zircon mounts, and selecting spots for thermochronologic investigations.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Radioactive processes cause damage to the lattice of zircon crystals. This damage can be measured with a Raman instrument. Such measurements are important for methods determining the ages and thermal histories of zircon grains in rocks. Thus, the Raman measurements must be reliable and meaningful. This work proposes tools for detecting effects that hinder the interpretation of zircon Raman data. These effects are mixed signals and loss of damage due to exposure to elevated temperatures in the geologic environment. Zircon Raman spectra have different bands that respond differently to mixed signals and temperature. The ratio of the damage estimates from the least and most temperature‐sensitive bands thus indicates partial annealing. Raman spectra of zoned zircons often straddle areas with different lattice damage. Their overlapping signals cause artificial band broadening, and a damage overestimation. The ratio of the damage estimated from the least and the most affected bands identifies mixed signals and allows to reject unsuitable samples. The damage ratios can also be plotted in maps for damage screening and for selecting optimal spots for measurements.
    Description: Key Points: Annealing and inhomogeneous damage are two main factors hindering radiation‐damage estimation for zircon Raman dating. Comparison of internal and external Raman bandwidths allows to detect partial annealing of radiation damage in zircon. Comparison of internal Raman bandwidths allows to detect artifactual broadening in zoned zircon.
    Description: Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (Studienstiftung) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004350
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.25532/OPARA-155
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    The Subducting Slab as a Chromatographic Column: Regimes of Sub‐Solidus Mass Transport as a Function of Lithospheric Hydration State, With Special Reference to the Fate of Carbonate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: We investigate the chemical budget of subduction zones at sub‐solidus conditions using a thermodynamic‐numerical simulation in which all major rock components are treated as soluble and potentially mobile in aqueous fluids. This new strategy significantly improves the accuracy of predicted fluid‐rock equilibrium compositions in open petrological systems. We show that all slabs release volatiles and nonvolatiles to the mantle wedge, contributing to its refertilization. But some mobile constituents, such as alkali and alumina, may be trapped along layer boundaries or traverse without interaction depending on chemical contrasts between adjacent lithologies. The accumulation of igneous alumina and silica in the limestones of the central‐eastern Pacific slabs drives their decarbonation and is marked by metasomatic garnet growth. Those slabs are also predicted to lose much of their alkalis before sub‐arc depth. Even when they are produced in the altered mafic and ultramafic layers, fluids reach the slab/mantle wedge interface with distinct compositional signatures that are typical of the sedimentary cover. We distinguished supply and transport limited regimes of element subduction by testing the sensitivity of our mass balance to changes in slab hydration state (HS). Transport limited slabs sensitive to HS include notably a hotspot of carbon release to the mantle wedge (e.g., Costa Rica). Finally, we show that the quantitative budgets do depend on the geometry of fluid flows, and on assuming that slabs are mechanically continuous structures, which is questionable. Taken together, these insights will help better constrain the long‐term chemical evolution of the shallow planetary interior, and the thermomechanical behavior of the subduction interface.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Subduction zones return chemical elements from the surface to the deep Earth. But quantifying this transfer has been challenging. Here, we present a model where all major elements are partly mobile in the fluid phase, enabling us to compile a chemical budget for subduction zones in which only fluids mediate mass transport. We identify transport and supply regimes of element subduction as a function of lithospheric hydration state, rock compositions, and slab temperature. We show that the transport of many rock‐forming elements such as SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3, within and out of the slab, modifies rock composition and contributes to the efficiency of slab decarbonation. Our model of subduction fluid and rock compositions has important implications to understand the role of slab‐derived metasomatic fluid in modifying the composition of the mantle wedge over time, the mechanical properties of deeply subducted rocks, and it will inform future investigations for the high‐pressure petrology of rocky planets in general.
    Description: Key Points. Inter dependence of element transfers in subduction zones. Thermodynamics of intra‐slab metasomatism of major elements. Transport‐ and supply limited regimes of carbonate subduction.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung (Humboldt‐Stiftung) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: Branco Weiss Fellowship—Society in Science
    Description: Swiss National Science Foundation
    Description: https://osf.io/y84d2/
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    Sub‐micrometer focusing setup for high‐pressure crystallography at the Extreme Conditions beamline at PETRA III (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Scientific tasks aimed at decoding and characterizing complex systems and processes at high pressures set new challenges for modern X‐ray diffraction instrumentation in terms of X‐ray flux, focal spot size and sample positioning. Presented here are new developments at the Extreme Conditions beamline (P02.2, PETRA III, DESY, Germany) that enable considerable improvements in data collection at very high pressures and small scattering volumes. In particular, the focusing of the X‐ray beam to the sub‐micrometer level is described, and control of the aberrations of the focusing compound refractive lenses is made possible with the implementation of a correcting phase plate. This device provides a significant enhancement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio by conditioning the beam shape profile at the focal spot. A new sample alignment system with a small sphere of confusion enables single‐crystal data collection from grains of micrometer to sub‐micrometer dimensions subjected to pressures as high as 200 GPa. The combination of the technical development of the optical path and the sample alignment system contributes to research and gives benefits on various levels, including rapid and accurate diffraction mapping of samples with sub‐micrometer resolution at multimegabar pressures.
    Description: Facing the challenges of X‐ray diffraction from tiny samples subjected to multimegabar pressures, instrumentation developments are presented that enable, among other studies, single‐crystal data collection from micrometer‐ to sub‐micrometer‐sized grains. The developments are based on a sub‐micrometer beam capability employing compound refractive lenses operating with a phase correcting plate and a precise motorization solution.
    Keywords: ddc:548
    Language: English
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    The Vertical Structure and Entrainment of Subglacial Melt Water Plumes (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Basal melting of marine‐terminating glaciers, through its impact on the forces that control the flow of the glaciers, is one of the major factors determining sea level rise in a world of global warming. Detailed quantitative understanding of dynamic and thermodynamic processes in melt‐water plumes underneath the ice‐ocean interface is essential for calculating the subglacial melt rate. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a numerical model of high spatial and process resolution to consistently reproduce the transports of heat and salt from the ambient water across the plume into the glacial ice. Based on boundary layer relations for momentum and tracers, stationary analytical solutions for the vertical structure of subglacial non‐rotational plumes are derived, including entrainment at the plume base. These solutions are used to develop and test convergent numerical formulations for the momentum and tracer fluxes across the ice‐ocean interface. After implementation of these formulations into a water‐column model coupled to a second‐moment turbulence closure model, simulations of a transient rotational subglacial plume are performed. The simulated entrainment rate of ambient water entering the plume at its base is compared to existing entrainment parameterizations based on bulk properties of the plume. A sensitivity study with variations of interfacial slope, interfacial roughness and ambient water temperature reveals substantial performance differences between these bulk formulations. An existing entrainment parameterization based on the Froude number and the Ekman number proves to have the highest predictive skill. Recalibration to subglacial plumes using a variable drag coefficient further improves its performance.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In a world of global warming, the melting of glaciers terminating as floating ice tongues into the oceans of Arctic and Antarctic regions allows those glaciers to flow faster and hence to make a considerable contribution to global mean sea‐level rise. Underneath the ice‐ocean interface, turbulent currents of the order of 10 m thickness (so‐called plumes) develop that transport the melt water from the grounding line where the glacier enters the ocean toward the calving front that marks the seaward end of the glacier. At its base, ambient relatively warm and salty ocean water is mixed into the plumes and is vertically transported toward the ice‐ocean interface, where the melting is increased due to the additional heat supply. Understanding these processes is essential for their incorporation into computer models for the prediction of such melt processes. In this study, an accurate simulation model for the water column is constructed that is able to consistently reproduce these processes. The algorithms developed here are proven to provide reliable results also for models with only a few grid points across the plume and can therefore be implemented into climate models with surface‐following coordinates to more accurately simulate future scenarios of sea level rise.
    Description: Key Points: A vertically resolving model with second‐moment turbulence closure has been constructed for subglacial plumes. Convergent numerical formulations for the ocean‐to‐ice fluxes of momentum, freshwater and heat have been derived from an analytical model. Model results are consistent with bulk parameterizations for the entrainment of ambient water.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6203838
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: English
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    Electrochemical Properties of Peat Particulate Organic Matter on a Global Scale: Relation to Peat Chemistry and Degree of Decomposition (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Methane production in peatlands is controlled by the availability of electron acceptors for microbial respiration, including peat dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM). Despite the much larger mass of POM in peat, knowledge on the ranges of its electron transfer capacities—electron accepting capacity (EAC), and electron donating capacity (EDC)—is scarce in comparison to DOM and humic and fulvic acids. Moreover, it is unclear how peat POM chemistry and decomposition relate to its EAC and EDC. To address these knowledge gaps, we compiled peat samples with varying carbon contents from mid to high latitude peatlands and analyzed their EACPOM and EDCPOM, element ratios, decomposition indicators, and relative amounts of molecular structures as derived from mid infrared spectra. Peat EACPOM and EDCPOM are smaller (per gram carbon) than EAC and EDC of DOM and terrestrial and aquatic humic and fulvic acids and are highly variable within and between sites. Both are small in highly decomposed peat, unless it has larger amounts of quinones and phenols. Element ratio‐based models failed to predict EACPOM and EDCPOM, while mid infrared spectra‐based models can predict peat EACPOM to a large extent, but not EDCPOM. We suggest a conceptual model that describes how vegetation chemistry and decomposition control polymeric phenol and quinone contents as drivers of peat EDCPOM and EACPOM. The conceptual model implies that we need mechanistic models or spatially resolved measurements to understand the variability in peat EDCPOM and EACPOM and thus its role in controlling methane formation.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Peatlands accumulated large amounts of carbon via photosynthesis and slow decomposition of senesced plant material. Microorganisms within the peat form methane. For this reason, peatlands are important global sources of the greenhouse gas methane and therefore can contribute to climate change. In order to produce methane, the microorganisms have to transfer electrons between compounds in respiration processes. Only recently, it has been found that the peat itself can reversibly transfer electrons and that its capacities to reversibly accept electron accepting capacity (EAC) and reversibly donate electron donating capacity (EDC) electrons are large. We investigated which conditions favor large or small EAC and EDC of peat so that we can better explain methane formation. We argue that vegetation and decomposition control the amount of phenols and quinones—molecules in the peat that presumably are responsible for most of the peat's EAC and EDC. The EAC and EDC probably are largest for peat formed from vegetation rich in quinones and phenols, such as shrubs, and smaller for other vegetation types, for example, certain mosses. Intense decomposition may reduce both the EAC and EDC.
    Description: Key Points: Peat particulate organic matter electron accepting and donating capacities per grams of carbon are smaller than for humic and fulvic acids. Both capacities are small in highly decomposed peat, unless it has larger amounts of quinones and phenols. We explain these patterns with parent vegetation chemistry and conditions during decomposition.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: CAS | Youth Innovation Promotion Association (YIPA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012492
    Description: https://github.com/henningte/redoxpeat
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Impact of Spreading Rate and Age‐Offset on Oceanic Transform Fault Morphology (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Oceanic transform faults (OTFs) are an inherent part of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics, whereas the process controlling their morphology remains enigmatic. Here, we systematically quantify variations in transform morphology and their dependence on spreading rate and age‐offset, based on a compilation of shipborne bathymetric data from 94 OTFs at ultraslow‐ to intermediate‐spreading ridges. In general, the length, width and depth of OTFs scale systematically better with age‐offset rather than spreading rate. This observation supports recent geodynamic models proposing that cross‐transform extension scaling with age‐offset, is a key process of transform dynamics. On the global scale, OTFs with larger age‐offsets tend to have longer, wider, and deeper valleys. However, at small age‐offsets (〈5 Myr), scatters in the depth and width of OTFs increase, indicating that small age‐offset OTFs with weak lithospheric strength are easily affected by secondary tectonic processes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In the past 5 decades, studies on oceanic transform faults (OTFs) have revealed significant complexity in their morphology, which calls for detailed quantitative analysis to study the processes controlling the morphology of OTFs. Using the most complete and advanced compilation of bathymetric data from ultraslow‐ to intermediate‐spreading ridges, we parameterized the morphological characteristics of OTFs and extracted length, width and depth for each transform fault from the compiled bathymetric data. Moreover, correlations between these morphological parameters and related tectonic factors (e.g., spreading rate, age‐offset) were investigated in this study. We find that correlations between morphological features and spreading rate are rather weak. Comparison of correlations suggests that age‐offset scales better with the morphological parameters, along with scatters mostly at small age‐offsets, indicating small‐age‐offset OTFs are unstable due to their weak lithospheric strength. Our observation evidences extensional tectonics at OTFs.
    Description: Key Points: We compiled multibeam bathymetric data of 94 oceanic transform faults (OTFs) to quantify their morphological characteristics. Morphology of OTFs is dominated by age‐offset rather than spreading rate. Transform valleys get systematically deeper and wider with increasing age‐offset, implying extensional tectonics at OTFs.
    Description: China Scholarship Council
    Description: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4774185
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    Rupture Heterogeneity and Directivity Effects in Back‐Projection Analysis (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The back projection method is a tremendously powerful technique for investigating the time dependent earthquake source, but its physical interpretation is elusive. We investigate how earthquake rupture heterogeneity and directivity can affect back‐projection results (imaged location and beam power) using synthetic earthquake models. Rather than attempting to model the dynamics of any specific real earthquake, we use idealized kinematic rupture models, with constant or varying rupture velocity, peak slip rate, and fault‐local strike orientation along unilateral or bilateral rupturing faults, and perform back‐projection with the resultant synthetic seismograms. Our experiments show back‐projection can track only heterogeneous rupture processes; homogeneous rupture is not resolved in our synthetic experiments. The amplitude of beam power does not necessarily correlate with the amplitude of any specific rupture parameter (e.g., slip rate or rupture velocity) at the back‐projected location. Rather, it depends on the spatial heterogeneity around the back‐projected rupture front, and is affected by the rupture directivity. A shorter characteristic wavelength of the source heterogeneity or rupture directivity toward the array results in strong beam power in higher frequency. We derive an equation based on Doppler theory to relate the wavelength of heterogeneity with synthetic seismogram frequency. This theoretical relation can explain the frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results not only in our synthetic experiments but also to analyze the 2019 M7.6 bilaterally rupturing New Ireland earthquake. Our study provides a novel perspective to physically interpret back‐projection results and to retrieve information about earthquake rupture characteristics.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: With the deployment of continental scale seismic arrays, seismologists can quickly locate the high‐frequency seismic radiation sources and track the earthquake rupture propagation using a technique called back‐projection. It is a signal beamforming technique application in seismology, and similar applications can be found in fields such as radar, wireless communication, and radio astronomy. Recent studies have proposed multiple advancements in improving the back‐projection location. However, the physical interpretation of the amplitude of stacked high‐frequency source radiations, which is commonly referred to as beam power, is still challenging since the analysis is not based on a forward model. In this article, we conduct a set of synthetic experiments to investigate the physical significance of back‐projection beam power. We find that beam power is mainly controlled by the spatial heterogeneity wavelength near the rupture front, rupture directivity, and the seismogram frequency. It is in contrast with some previous studies that link the beam power to the maximum slip rate (acceleration) amplitude near the rupture front. Based on the results, we develop a novel theoretical framework that can quantitatively interpret the frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results not only in our synthetic experiments, but also the 2019 bilateral rupture M7.6 New Ireland earthquake.
    Description: Key Points: We use kinematic forward models to investigate the relation between back‐projection beam location, power and earthquake source properties. Frequency‐dependent back‐projection peak beam power depends on the spatial heterogeneity near the rupture front, and rupture directivity. We develop a novel framework to analyze frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results, including the 2019 M7.6 New Ireland Event.
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020 (ChEESE)
    Description: European Research Council (ERC)
    Description: German Research Foundation (DGF)
    Description: KAUST‐CRG
    Description: Leon and Joann V.C. Knopoff
    Description: NSF EAR
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AK
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AT
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AV
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/BW
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CC
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CI
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CN
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/II
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/IU
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TA
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/UW
    Keywords: ddc:551.22
    Language: English
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    BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINE Measurement of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between soil-vegetation-systems and the atmosphere using non-steady state chambers (2022)
    Arbeitsgruppe Bodengase, Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft | Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-23
    Description: This Best Practice Guideline was been initiated by the Working Group Soil Gases (AG Bodengase) of the German Soil Science Society (Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft). Our intention was to collect and aggregate the expertise of different working groups in our field. As a compendium, this guideline may help both beginners and experts to meet the practical and theoretical challenges of measuring soil gas fluxes with non-steady state chamber systems.
    Description: German Soil Science Society, Working Group Soil Gases
    Description: manual
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 70
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    Thermolab: A Thermodynamics Laboratory for Nonlinear Transport Processes in Open Systems (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: We developed a numerical thermodynamics laboratory called “Thermolab” to study the effects of the thermodynamic behavior of nonideal solution models on reactive transport processes in open systems. The equations of the state of internally consistent thermodynamic data sets are implemented in MATLAB functions and form the basis for calculating Gibbs energy. A linear algebraic approach is used in Thermolab to compute Gibbs energy of mixing for multicomponent phases to study the impact of the nonideality of solution models on transport processes. The Gibbs energies are benchmarked with experimental data, phase diagrams, and other thermodynamic software. Constrained Gibbs minimization is exemplified with MATLAB codes and iterative refinement of composition of mixtures may be used to increase precision and accuracy. All needed transport variables such as densities, phase compositions, and chemical potentials are obtained from Gibbs energy of the stable phases after the minimization in Thermolab. We demonstrate the use of precomputed local equilibrium data obtained with Thermolab in reactive transport models. In reactive fluid flow the shape and the velocity of the reaction front vary depending on the nonlinearity of the partitioning of a component in fluid and solid. We argue that nonideality of solution models has to be taken into account and further explored in reactive transport models. Thermolab Gibbs energies can be used in Cahn‐Hilliard models for nonlinear diffusion and phase growth. This presents a transient process toward equilibrium and avoids computational problems arising during precomputing of equilibrium data.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The behavior of Earth materials, rocks, minerals, melts, fluids, and gases is important to predict physical processes in the Earth with computer models. The purpose of this is to study how the changes of variables such as fluid and solid composition influence the diffusion, fluid flow, and reaction in rocks. Here, we present a set of computer codes, called Thermolab, to calculate important physical properties such as density and chemical composition of solids, fluids, and melts in chemical equilibrium. The calculations are based on the Gibbs energy that exists for every material. We use computer codes, written in MATLAB/OCTAVE language, to show how this Gibbs energy is calculated and used to compute chemical equilibrium and find the physical properties such as density and chemical composition. We discuss techniques for accurate calculation of chemical equilibrium and physical properties in real rocks. Finally, we use Thermolab to formulate a computer model of fluids reacting with rocks. We find that chemical composition of the fluid and rock strongly affects the speed and shape of the boundary between reacted and unreacted rock. Thermolab can be used in phase growth models to investigate the way in which rocks develop toward equilibrium.
    Description: Key Points: Thermolab: a set of MATLAB codes is presented to perform equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamic calculations. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is used to study effects of nonideality of solution models on nonlinear transport processes. Nonlinear diffusion processes are investigated with Thermolab providing a transient natural physical process toward equilibrium.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education
    Description: https://hansjcv.github.io/Thermolab/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383253
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:541.36
    Language: English
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    Toward Reconciling Radiocarbon Production Rates With Carbon Cycle Changes of the Last 55,000 Years (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Since it is currently not understood how changes in 14C production rate (Q), and in the carbon cycle, can be combined to explain the reconstructed atmospheric Δ14C record, we discuss possible reasons for this knowledge gap. Reviewing the literature, we exclude that changes in the content of atoms in the atmosphere, which produce cosmogenic 14C after being hit by galactic cosmic rays, might be responsible for parts of the observed differences. When combining Q with carbon cycle changes, one needs to understand the changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, which are partially counterintuitive. For example, during the Last Glacial Maximum, Δ14C was ∼400‰ higher compared with preindustrial times, but the 14C inventory was 10% smaller. Some pronounced changes in atmospheric Δ14C do not correspond to any significant changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, since CO2 was changing simultaneously. Using two conceptually different models (BICYCLE‐SE and LSG‐OGCM), we derive hypothetical Qs by forcing the models with identical atmospheric CO2 and Δ14C data. Results are compared with the most recent data‐based estimates of Q derived from cosmogenic isotopes. Millennial‐scale climate change connected to the bipolar seesaw is missing in the applied models, which might explain some, but probably not all, of the apparent model‐data disagreement in Q. Furthermore, Q based on either data from marine sediments or ice cores contains offsets, suggesting an interpretation deficit in the current data‐based approaches.
    Description: Key Points: No important change found in the level of precursor material, which produces cosmogenic radiocarbon after being hit by galactic cosmic rays. Transient changes in the bipolar seesaw are needed in applied carbon cycle models to improve interpretation of the radiocarbon cycle. Sediment core‐ and ice core‐based radiocarbon production rates differ systematically, suggesting missing processes.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Swedish Research Concil
    Description: Helmholtz Association (亥姆霍兹联合会致力) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871273
    Description: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/31772
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.914500
    Description: https://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/data/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.932965
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Spatio‐temporal patterns in degradation and restoration of gravel bars along Alpine rivers (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Braided reaches were common along near‐natural Alpine rivers, and the associated habitat dynamics supported plant and animal species specialized on early‐successional stages. The extensive riparian zones could mitigate climate change by absorbing floods and by retaining water during droughts. Human impacts largely reduced active river corridors through altered discharge and construction of dykes, while recent restoration projects aim at increasing river dynamics. The causes and consequences of Alpine river degradation are well understood, but there are only few quantitative studies on floodplain degradation and restoration. Thus, we have reconstructed historical changes of gravel bars along five Alpine rivers (Iller, Inn, Isar, Lech, and Wertach) in Southern Germany in the period 1808–2009, based on historical maps and aerial images. We found losses of 〉90% in gravel bar area along these rivers since the mid‐19th century. The decline was caused by a reduction of the active river corridor and by ongoing succession of the remaining open habitats. Within the past 30 years, at the Isar River, restoration measures were realized with the aim to widen the active river corridor and to recreate gravel bars. In four restored reaches, we found that 5% of the historical gravel bar area recovered, and that the proportion of restored gravel bar area was highest after intermediate flooding. We conclude that the active river corridors of German Alpine rivers are almost completely lost, and that more extensive restoration needs to be done to preserve the habitat dynamics and biodiversity of these systems, and to adapt Alpine rivers to climate change.
    Description: Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.35
    Language: English
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    Variation in the predictability of lake plankton metric types (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Statistical and climate models are frequently used for biodiversity projections under future climatic changes, but their predictive capacity for freshwater plankton may vary among different species and community metrics. Here, we used random forests to model plankton species and community metrics as a function of biological, climatic, physical, and chemical data from long‐term (2000–2017) monitoring data collected from Lake Müggelsee Berlin, Germany. We (1) compared the predictability of well‐known lake plankton metric types (biomass, abundance, taxonomic diversity, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, evenness, taxonomic distinctness, and taxonomic richness) and (2) assessed how the relative influence of different environmental drivers varies across lake plankton metric models. Overall, the metric predictability was highest for biomass and abundance followed by taxonomic richness. The biomass of dominant phytoplankton taxonomic groups such as cyanobacteria (adjusted‐R2 = 0.53) and the abundance of dominant zooplankton taxonomic groups such as rotifers (adjusted‐R2 = 0.59) and daphnids (adjusted‐R2 = 0.51) were more predictable than other metric types. The plankton metric predictability increased when grouping phytoplankton species according to their functional traits (adjusted‐R2 = 0.37 ± 0.14, mean ± SD, n = 36 functional groups) compared to higher taxonomic units (adjusted‐R2 = 0.25 ± 0.15, n = 22 taxonomic groups). Light, nutrients, water temperature, and seasonality for phytoplankton and food resources for zooplankton were the main drivers of both taxonomic and functional groups, giving confidence that our models captured the expected major environmental drivers. Our quantitative analyses highlight the multidimensionality of lake planktonic responses to environmental drivers and have implications for our capacity to select appropriate metrics for forecasting the future of lake ecosystems under global change scenarios.
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme
    Description: Belmont Forum
    Description: BiodivERsA
    Description: LimnoSCenES
    Keywords: ddc:579.17
    Language: English
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    Precipitation and Lake Water Evaporation Recorded by Terrestrial and Aquatic n‐Alkane δ2H Isotopes in Lake Khar Nuur, Mongolia (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The compound‐specific hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of n‐alkanes is a valuable proxy to investigate hydrological conditions in lake sediments. While terrestrial n‐alkanes reflect the isotopic signal of the local precipitation, aquatic n‐alkanes incorporate the isotopic signal of the lake's water, which can be strongly modulated by evaporative enrichment. So far, the spatial distribution of the terrestrial and aquatic δ2H signal within lakes have not systematically been investigated. Here, we present compound‐specific δ2H results of terrestrial (δ2HC31) and aquatic (δ2HC23) n‐alkanes of surface sediment samples from Lake Khar Nuur, a semi‐arid and high‐altitude lake in the Mongolian Altai, and additionally investigate the δ2H signal of topsoils from the catchment. Our results show that the majority of the n‐alkane δ2H values from the catchment topsoils correspond well with modeled local growing season precipitation (JJAS). However, few samples in the northern catchment show more positive δ2H values possibly due to increased evapo(transpi)ration by southward exposition and shallower soils there. The only small variability of δ2HC31 in the surface sediments is in the range of most topsoils δ2H from the catchment, and thus, well reflects local growing season precipitation. δ2HC23 in surface sediment samples from the central and deepest parts of the lake, that is, the lake's sediment accumulation zones, shows distinctly more positive δ2HC23 values due to evaporative lake water enrichment. Consequently, Δaq‐terr, which is the isotopic offset between δ2HC23 and δ2HC31, indicates distinct lake water enrichment in the lake's accumulation zones and is a valuable proxy to investigate past hydrological changes.
    Description: Key Points: The hydrogen isotopic composition of terrestrial C31 n‐alkanes reflects the local growing season precipitation at Lake Khar Nuur. Aquatic C23 n‐alkanes incorporate the isotopic signal of the lake's water, which is strongly modulated by evaporative enrichment. The isotopic offset between C23 and C31 is a valuable proxy for evaporation in the lake and past hydrological changes in the catchment.
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.940115
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Potentials for offset approaches in selected sectors post 2020 (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: This report develops an evaluation framework that policymakers can use to identify whether offsets can add value and uphold environmental integrity of a compliance scheme. It uses a scoring framework on factors to: (1) identify which sectors have hard-to-abate emissions that can justify demanding offsets as cost-containment measures for ambitious climate policies; and (2) identify mitigation activities that are otherwise inaccessible, fosters sustainable development, and the extent to which it enables transformative sectoral action to be eligible to supply offsets. This evaluation framework identifies the optimal conditions that make factors successful in either having sectors demand offsets, or specific mitigation activities supply offsets. Sectoral emissions that are hard-to-abate are those that are technically unavoidable due to a lack and maturity of technologies, and therefore should be allowed to have cost-containment measures - such as offsets - to avoid adverse economic ramifications such as carbon leakage. Mitigation activities that can supply offsets are those that are currently inaccessible to local actor’s due to lack of access to technology, finance or capabilities. Allowing these mitigation activities to be eligible to supply offsets allows to pilot such activities and realize mitigation outcomes outside the original scope of the compliance scheme. This report has chosen selected sectors and mitigation activities to illustrate how this framework can be applied at the global level. It recognizes that country-specific factors can change the assessment of whether the offset approach will add value and uphold environmental integrity to proposed compliance schemes of a country. The report further proposes practical steps policymakers can do to undertake an evaluation at the national level.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Suitability and success factors of offsets post-2020 (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: Offsetting enables countries and companies to meet part of their climate change mitigation obligations by using mitigation outcomes generated elsewhere - in lieu of own emission reductions. This report explores the future role of offset approaches and how they could be successfully integrated into a post-2020 climate regime by focusing both the supply and demand side. For this purpose, the report develops a conceptual approach that derives a normative vision of what should be considered a successful offset use in a top-down manner to then link this vision to specific factors on the ground in sectors and jurisdictions where offsets will be generated and used. It explores how these factors influence the successful operationalisation of the offset approach and how they can inform its design. In addition, the report also explores six conceptual design aspects to providing recommendations on how to take these factors into account during the design of the offset approach. Based on these findings, the authors derive overarching policy recommendations on the integration of offsets into carbon pricing schemes.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Offset approaches in existing compliance mechanisms : adding value and upholding environmental integrity? (2022)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: The objective of this report is to use historical analysis to identify conditions that determine when offsets add value to compliance schemes while upholding environmental integrity. The indicators of success include: increased acceptance of introducing compliance schemes; raising ambition in subsequent compliance periods; the possibility to drive emission reductions outside the compliance sectors; promoting investments in sustainable development; and avoiding perverse incentives that undermine the stringency of the compliance scheme or compliance actors’ efforts in reducing their own emissions. Through undertaking in-depth case study analyzes on the effects of offsets in the European Union, Alberta, Australia, Colombia and Japan, the report identifies common conditions that explain why offsets were successful (or not) in achieving individual indicators. The report further identifies two common conditions that can help explain when offsets achieve all five indicators of success. The first is that policymakers need to be willing to design the compliance scheme to set and maintain a strong compliance price signal that justifies the need for incorporating cost containment measures, such as offsets, to avert negative political and economic ramifications. Relatedly, the second condition requires institutions, processes and infrastructure that govern both the compliance scheme and offsets to be well developed so that they can ensure offsets uphold the principles of environmental integrity, achieve sustainable development benefits, and act as a reliable cost containment measure to high compliance prices. The findings also highlight how difficult it is to achieve both conditions, as both domestic and international political economy factors determine whether policymakers and voters are willing to introduce and maintain compliance schemes that deliver effective action on climate.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of energy systems in MENA countries : comparative report (2022)
    Amman : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries has been developed and applied to ten countries: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, and Yemen. This report synthesises the results of these ten studies. The analysis shows that the state of the energy sector in the MENA region varies from country to country, but some underlying trends are present in all countries. In the majority of countries, energy prices are subsidised, and energy markets are mostly not liberalised. The energy demand in all analysed countries is growing and most grid systems are poorly interconnected across borders. Still, the expansion of RE in the MENA region can benefit from significant global progress and cost reductions in RE technologies. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is not the only key driver for energy transition. In fact, the main motives for transition are that RE can help to meet growing demand, reduce dependence on imports, increase energy security, and provide opportunities for economic development. All countries studied have RE targets. While some countries are on track to meet these targets, others need to increase their efforts to expand renewable electricity generation in order to meet their goals. Strong progress has been made in countries with limited fossil energy resources, while in some countries that produce and export large amounts of fossil energy resources, the energy transition is progressing rather slowly.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of Yemen's energy system : development of a phase model (2022)
    Sana'a : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Yemen. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. The transition towards REs is still at a quite early stage in Yemen. The military conflict has prevented the implementation of most of the planned large-scale renewable projects. The political instability, the high dependence on fossil fuels, and poor administrative performance are the most pressing concerns for Yemen's electricity sector. At an operational level, Yemen requires a total retrofit of the electricity infrastructure and needs to expand its overall capacity while improving its efficiencies. Despite these challenges, rebuilding the energy system after the political turmoil and the subsequent violent conflicts could offer Yemen the capability to transition towards renewables. This will provide short-term and long-term opportunities and avoid stranded investments in fossil-fuel capacities. The priority is to improve the framework conditions for RE in Yemen, starting with the development of a long-term strategy up to 2030 and beyond. Also, an appropriate and transparent legislation must be created. Furthermore, based on the legislation, clear regulations for REs must be introduced, and a realistic timeframe for expansion must be established in order to promote acceptance and market development on a large scale. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% RE are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Yemen's future energy system by providing an over-arching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Sustainable transformation of Lebanon's energy system : development of a phase model (2022)
    Beirut : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Lebanon. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Lebanon's energy transition towards REs stands at a very early stage of the first transformation phase. Although abundant solar and wind energy potential does exist, the pathway towards a 100% renewables energy seems very challenging for Lebanon, as a consequence of highly unstable political conditions. The most pressing concern for Lebanon's electricity sector is combating the country's fiscal imbalance, while providing secure and reliable electricity supply. At the operational level, Lebanon's grid network requires significant investments to rebuild, retrofit, and expand the overall capacity and energy efficiency improvements. The need to strengthen the energy system after the political turmoil of the civil war is likely to offer several long-term opportunities, such as developing the economy, reducing environmental pollution, and increasing the energy security. In order to move forward into the first phase, Lebanon needs to improve the framework conditions for REs and implement its visions. It needs to support the market development in a realistic timeframe, where structural reforms represent the highest priority. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewables energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Lebanon's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Digital product passport : the ticket to achieving a climate neutral and circular European economy? (2022)
    Cambridge : University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-10
    Description: The introduction of a Digital Product Passport (DPP) is an opportunity to create a system that can store and share all relevant information throughout a product's life cycle. This would provide industry stakeholders, businesses, public authorities and consumers with a better understanding of the materials used in the product as well as their embodied environmental impact. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the cost-of-living crisis, now is a critical moment to transform our economic and business models, while also addressing the huge scale of material emissions. DPPs can be a pivotal policy instrument in this goal. Furthermore, DPPs can accelerate the twin green and digital transitions as part of EU efforts to deliver positive climate action and sustainable economies. In 2020, the European Commission (EC) adopted a new Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), which emphasised the need for circular economy initiatives to consider the entire life cycle of products, from the production of basic materials to end-of-life disposal. The Circular Economy Package published in March 2022 includes a proposal for an Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), which builds upon the Ecodesign Directive that covers energy-related products. A DPP will form a key regulatory element of the ESPR by enhancing the traceability of products and their components. This will provide consumers and manufacturers with the information needed to make better informed choices by taking their environmental impact into consideration. As discussed in the report, there is widespread agreement amongst business leaders that a well-designed DPP could have both short- and longer-term benefits, improving access to reliable and comparable product sustainability information for businesses, consumers and policymakers. A well-designed DPP can unify information, making it more readily accessible to all actors in the supply chain. This will support businesses to ensure an effective transformation towards a decarbonised industry. It could also create incentives for companies to make their products more sustainable, as improving access to reliable and consistent information across supply chains will make it easier for customers to make comparisons.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Joint Effects of Fragmentation and Mercury Contamination on Marsh Periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) Movement (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-07
    Description: There are different ways contaminants can interact and enhance the effects of habitat fragmentation, such as modifying the movement of organisms. The present study tested the hypothesis that mercury exacerbates the effects of fragmentation by affecting the movement of the marsh periwinkle Littoraria irrorata and reducing the probability of snails crossing fragmented microlandscape experimental systems. How these changes could affect the search efficiency of organisms in the long term was assessed using hidden Markov models and random walks simulations. Bayesian nonlinear models were used to analyze the effects of fragmentation and contamination on the mean speed and mean directional change of organisms. Snail movement for control and two mercury‐exposure treatments were recorded in microlandscapes with six different levels of habitat cover and three landscape replicates. The results indicated that exposed organisms had lower probabilities of crossing the landscape, reduced speed, and shifts in step length distributions. Both mercury exposure and habitat fragmentation affected the movement of the marsh periwinkle. Mercury exacerbated the effects of habitat fragmentation by affecting the cognition (e.g., route planning, orientation, and spatial learning) and movement of L. irrorata. Hence, the interaction of these stressors could further reduce the functional connectivity of landscapes and reduce the search efficiency of organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1742–1753. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322
    Keywords: ddc:577.2
    Language: English
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    Chronic and Acute Effects of Imidacloprid on a Simulated BEEHAVE Honeybee Colony (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-07
    Description: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators for wild plants as well as for crops, but honeybee performance is threatened by several stressors including varroa mites, gaps in foraging supply, and pesticides. The consequences of bee colony longtime exposure to multiple stressors are not well understood. The vast number of possible stressor combinations and necessary study duration require research comprising field, laboratory, and simulation experiments. We simulated long‐term exposure of a honeybee colony to the insecticide imidacloprid and to varroa mites carrying the deformed wing virus in landscapes with different temporal gaps in resource availability as single stressors and in combinations. Furthermore, we put a strong emphasis on chronic lethal, acute sublethal, and acute lethal effects of imidacloprid on honeybees. We have chosen conservative published values to parameterize our model (e.g., highest reported imidacloprid contamination). As expected, combinations of stressors had a stronger negative effect on bee performance than each single stressor alone, and effect sizes were larger after 3 years of exposure than after the first year. Imidacloprid‐caused reduction in bee performance was almost exclusively due to chronic lethal effects because the thresholds for acute effects were rarely met in simulations. In addition, honeybee colony extinctions were observed by the last day of the first year but more pronounced on the last days of the second and third simulation year. In conclusion, our study highlights the need for more long‐term studies on chronic lethal effects of pesticides on honeybees. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2318–2327. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567312
    Keywords: ddc:577.2
    Language: English
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    Clockwise hysteresis of diatoms in response to nutrient dynamics during eutrophication and recovery (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: Many lake ecosystems that have been severely disturbed by eutrophication, have also experienced large human efforts to restore “natural” conditions. However, the trajectories and the extent of recovery of these lake ecosystems are still poorly understood. In many shallow lakes, recovery was often delayed and counter‐clockwise hysteretic. Here, we study recovery and ecosystem trajectories in a large and deep lake using diatom remains in sediment cores and time series of phosphorus concentrations. We identified four periods of diatom community change: slow change during early eutrophication, thereafter a short period of rapid change after the 1950s, followed by community stability from the 1960s to the mid‐1980s, and finally a recovery phase until 2010. Diatom community structure responded quickly and in a saturating way to increasing phosphorus concentrations, but also fast to phosphorus decline. Hence, diatom community dynamics did not show counter‐clockwise hysteresis but was characterized by a high degree of recovery and clock‐wise hysteresis (CWH). We suggest that CWH in response to eutrophication and recovery is a typical and previously overlooked feature of deep lakes, which results from a more rapid change of average nutrient concentrations and thus productivity in the epilimnion compared to average nutrient concentrations across the entire water column. Such nonlinear and hysteretic responses to changing nutrients need to be considered when analyzing the effects of other stressors such as climate warming on ecosystem dynamics to prevent erroneous attribution of ecosystem change to other stressors instead of nutrient change.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: ddc:577.63
    Language: English
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    Increased phosphorus availability from sewage sludge ashes to maize in a crop rotation with clover (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: A recycling of Phosphorus (P) from the human food chain is mandatory to secure the future P supply for food production. However, many available recycled P fertilizers from sewage sludge do not have an adequate P bioavailability and, thus, are not suitable for their application in soils with pH 〉5.5–6.0, unless being combined with efficient mobilization measures. The aim of the study was to test the P mobilization ability of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) from two thermally recycled P fertilizers for a subsequently grown maize. Two sewage sludge ashes (SSA) were investigated in a pot experiment at soil pH 7.5 with red clover differing in its nitrogen (N) supply (added N fertilizer or biological N2 fixation (BNF)), followed by maize (Zea maize L.). Shoot dry matter of maize was almost doubled when N supply of previous grown clover was covered by BNF, instead of receiving added N fertilizer. Similarly, shoot P removal of maize following clover with BNF was significantly increased. It is suggested that the P mobilization is related to the BNF, and a proton release of N2 fixing clover roots led to the measured decrease in soil pH and thereby increased P availability of the tested fertilizers.
    Description: CORE Organic II
    Keywords: ddc:333.7
    Language: English
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    Do image resolution and classifier choice impact island biogeographical parameters of terrestrial islands? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: Island biogeography provides concepts for conservation management as fragmented habitats are comparable to ocean islands. Remote sensing can help to extract terrestrial habitat islands on the landscape scale. However, little is known about the effects of image resolution and classification algorithms on resulting island size and related parameters. We study the combined effect of three image resolutions (2, 10, and 30 m) and three classification algorithms (Artificial Neural Network, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine) by extracting quartz islands from WorldView‐2 imagery using image segmentation. We compared four island parameters (i.e., area, distance, shape index, and perimeter–area ratio between resolutions and classifiers). We found that in all cases, image resolution and classification algorithms had a strong effect. However, image resolution was more important for area and shape. Artificial Neural Network always provided the best performance as a classifier (OA: 0.880, kappa: 0.801, F1: 0.912). Hence, conservation strategies could lead to different results when different pattern extraction strategies are applied. Future studies which aim at extracting terrestrial habitat islands from image datasets should aim for the highest possible resolution and compare the outcomes of different classifiers to ensure the best possible results.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:526.0285
    Language: English
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    Comparing the performance of high‐resolution global precipitation products across topographic and climatic gradients of Central Asia (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Accurate and reliable precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution are essential in studying climate variability, water resources management, and hydrological forecasting. A range of global precipitation data are available to this end, but how well these capture actual precipitation remains unknown, particularly for mountain regions where ground stations are sparse. We examined the performance of three global high‐resolution precipitation products for capturing precipitation over Central Asia, a hotspot of climate change, where reliable precipitation data are particularly scarce. Specifically, we evaluated MSWEP, CHIRPS, and GSMAP against independent gauging stations for the period 1985–2015. Our results show that MSWEP and CHIRPS outperformed GSMAP for wetter periods (i.e., winter and spring) and wetter locations (150–600 mm·year−1), lowlands, and mid‐altitudes (0–3,000 m), and regions dominated by winter and spring precipitation. MSWEP performed best in representing temporal precipitation dynamics and CHIRPS excelled in capturing the volume and distribution of precipitation. All precipitation products poorly estimated precipitation at higher elevations (〉3,000 m), in drier areas (〈150 mm), and in regions characterized by summer precipitation. All products accurately detected dry spells, but their performance decreased for wet spells with increasing precipitation intensity. In sum, we find that CHIRPS and MSWEP provide the most reliable high‐resolution precipitation estimates for Central Asia. However, the high spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the performance call for a careful selection of a suitable product for local applications considering the prevailing precipitation dynamics, climatic, and topographic conditions.
    Description: We present the first quantitative evaluation of global high‐resolution (below 12 km) precipitation products against independent ground observations over Central Asia. Our results show that MSWEP was best at representing temporal precipitation dynamics, and CHIRPS was most prominent in representing the volume and distribution of precipitation. This is especially the case of wet seasons, altitudes below 3,000 m, and regions dominated by spring and winter precipitation. Our analysis provides key insights on the precipitation products' suitability for local hydrological applications.
    Description: Leibniz‐Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Transformationsökonomien
    Description: Volkswagen Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001663
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering a wide range of timescales, phenomena and future pathways. Our assessment is based on a revised analysis of recent observations and projections and an extensive overview of the recent scientific literature on the causes and effects of regional climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EMME are growing rapidly, surpassing those of the European Union, hence contributing significantly to climate change. Over the past half‐century and especially during recent decades, the EMME has warmed significantly faster than other inhabited regions. At the same time, changes in the hydrological cycle have become evident. The observed recent temperature increase of about 0.45°C per decade is projected to continue, although strong global greenhouse gas emission reductions could moderate this trend. In addition to projected changes in mean climate conditions, we call attention to extreme weather events with potentially disruptive societal impacts. These include the strongly increasing severity and duration of heatwaves, droughts and dust storms, as well as torrential rain events that can trigger flash floods. Our review is complemented by a discussion of atmospheric pollution and land‐use change in the region, including urbanization, desertification and forest fires. Finally, we identify sectors that may be critically affected and formulate adaptation and research recommendations toward greater resilience of the EMME region to climate change.
    Description: Key Points: The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East is warming almost two times faster than the global average and other inhabited parts of the world. Climate projections indicate a future warming, strongest in summers. Precipitation will likely decrease, particularly in the Mediterranean. Virtually all socio‐economic sectors will be critically affected by the projected changes.
    Description: European Union Horizon 2020
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/esgf-liu/
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Formation of fused aggregates under long‐term microgravity conditions aboard the ISS with implications for early solar system particle aggregation (2022)
    Koch, Tamara E. ; Spahr, Dominik ; Tkalcec, Beverley J. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: In order to gain further insights into early solar system aggregation processes, we carried out an experiment on board the International Space Station, which allowed us to study the behavior of dust particles exposed to electric arc discharges under long‐term microgravity. The experiment led to the formation of robust, elongated, fluffy aggregates, which were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and synchrotron micro‐computed tomography. The morphologies of these aggregates strongly resemble the typical shapes of fractal fluffy‐type calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). We conclude that a small amount of melting could have supplied the required stability for such fractal structures to have survived transportation and aggregation to and compaction within planetesimals. Other aggregates produced in our experiment have a massy morphology and contain relict grains, likely resulting from the collision of grains with different degrees of melting, also observed in some natural CAIs. Some particles are surrounded by igneous rims, which remind in thickness and crystal orientation of Wark–Lovering rims; another aggregate shows similarities to disk‐shaped CAIs. These results imply that a (flash‐)heating event with subsequent aggregation could have been involved in the formation of different morphological CAI characteristics.
    Description: BIOVIA
    Description: Nordlicht GmbH
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Description: NanoRacks LLC
    Description: Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100020027
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946
    Description: DreamUp
    Description: Carl Zeiss Meditec AG http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002806
    Keywords: ddc:550.78
    Language: English
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    Microbially promoted calcite precipitation in the pelagic redoxcline: Elucidating the formation of the turbid layer (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Large bell‐shaped calcite formations called “Hells Bells” were discovered underwater in the stratified cenote El Zapote on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Together with these extraordinary speleothems, divers found a white, cloudy turbid layer into which some Hells Bells partially extend. Here, we address the central question if the formation of the turbid layer could be based on microbial activity, more specifically, on microbially induced calcite precipitation. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling of the microbial community in the turbid layer, which overlaps with the pelagic redoxcline in the cenote, revealed chemolithoautotrophic Hydrogenophilales and unclassified β‐Proteobacteria as the metabolic key players. Bioinformatic and hydrogeochemical data suggest chemolithoautotrophic oxidation of sulfide to zero‐valent sulfur catalyzed by denitrifying organisms due to oxygen deficiency. Incomplete sulfide oxidation via nitrate reduction and chemolithoautotrophy are both proton‐consuming processes, which increase the pH in the redoxcline favoring authigenic calcite precipitation and may contribute to Hells Bells growth. The observed mechanism of microbially induced calcite precipitation is potentially applicable to many other stagnant sulfate‐rich water bodies.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: CONACYT‐FONCICYT‐DADC
    Description: https://doi.org/10.11588/data/TMYLWS
    Description: https://doi.org/10.11588/data/GYLDH5
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Location choice for large‐scale battery manufacturing plants: Exploring the role of clean energy, costs, and knowledge on location decisions in Europe (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: Driven by an increase in the demand for battery electric vehicles, the location of large‐scale battery manufacturing plants, that is, gigafactories, has become a substantial and burgeoning topic in academia, policy, and industry. This study contributes to this debate by examining how a country's specific battery manufacturing costs and knowledge and the environmental impact of its energy mix affect the choice of location for gigafactories in the European Union. We found that France, Latvia, and Germany are suitable locations when equally balancing costs, knowledge, and energy. However, our results also showed that no country leads in all three dimensions, suggesting that there is no single best location to set up gigafactories. Instead, the choice will depend on the battery manufacturer's requirements. Here, we contribute an analysis of various combinations of costs, knowledge, and energy to identify suitable locations. Moreover, we provide a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of our framework and to explore whether countries with a clean energy mix, such as Sweden, become suitable locations. The findings of our study will assist battery producers in identifying a suitable location for their gigafactories and will provide the basis for policymakers to attract battery manufacturing by directing investments into clean energy.
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121428
    Description: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/emissions-factors-2021
    Keywords: ddc:333.7
    Language: English
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    Near‐surface three‐dimensional multicomponent source and receiver S‐wave survey in the Tannwald Basin, Germany: Acquisition and data processing (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: Shallow 3‐D reflection seismic surveys using S‐waves have rarely been carried out, even though S‐waves can provide higher resolution subsurface images than P‐waves. We conducted a 3‐D near‐surface multicomponent source and receiver survey in Quaternary sediments. We employed a small electrodynamic seismic source with a horizontal shaking unit operated in two orientations. Three‐component geophones in an orthogonal layout covering an area of 117×99 m2 were used for recording. Changes in weather and ground conditions, including freezing and thawing during acquisition, directly influenced the data quality and resulted in discernible relative time shifts in the data. Our seismic processing flow included a four‐component rotation of the data from the Cartesian acquisition geometry into the ‘natural’ coordinate frame to orient sources and receivers in radial or transverse orientation to separate different S‐wave polarizations. The rotation increased the signal strength and helped, for example, to improve the quality of the images of the basin base. The irregular offset distribution in the common midpoint gathers impedes filtering to suppress surface waves in the f–k domain. We, therefore, applied a common‐reflection surface processing flow. After regularization, we could better remove the energy of the surface waves. Both stacked 3‐D S‐wave volumes of vertical and horizontal polarizations provide images of the Quaternary overdeepened Tannwald Basin that was partly known from previous P‐ and S‐wave 2‐D surveys. Compared to a P‐wave profile adjacent to the volume, however, the S‐wave volumes provide higher resolution images of the basin base and internal structure. The basin base is well mapped in three dimensions and shows undulations that were not obvious from the P‐wave data. Comparing the S‐wave volumes of different polarizations, we find only minor differences in the stacks and interpretations.
    Keywords: ddc:622.1592
    Language: English
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    Modeling Subsurface Hydrogen Storage With Transport Properties From Entropy Scaling Using the PC‐SAFT Equation of State (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: Hydrogen is a promising alternative to carbon based energy carriers and may be stored in large quantities in subsurface storage deposits. This work assesses the impact of static (density and phase equilibria) and dynamic (viscosity and diffusion coefficients) properties on the pressure field during the injection and extraction of hydrogen in the porous subsurface. In a first step, we derive transport properties for water, hydrogen and their mixture using the Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory equation of state in combination with an entropy scaling approach and compare model predictions to alternative models from the literature. Our model compares excellently to experimental transport coefficients and models from literature with a higher number of adjustable parameters, such as GERG2008, and shows a clear improvement over empirical correlations for transport coefficients of hydrogen. In a second step, we determine the effect of further model reduction by comparing our against a much simpler model applying empirical transport coefficients from the literature. For this purpose, hydrogen is periodically injected into and extracted out of a dome‐shaped porous aquifer under a caprock. Our results show that density and viscosity of hydrogen have the highest impact on the pressure field, and that a thermodynamic model like the new model presented here is essential for modeling the storage aquifer, while keeping the number of coefficients at a minimum. In diffusion‐dominated settings such as the diffusion of hydrogen through the caprock, our developed diffusion coefficients show a much improved dependence on temperature and pressure, leading to a more accurate approximation of the diffusive fluxes.
    Description: Key Points: We model the phase behavior of pure hydrogen and the binary hydrogen‐water mixture using the Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory equation of state. New entropy scaling relations for the transport properties of hydrogen and water and diffusion coefficients of their mixture are derived. The impact of the newly derived fluid properties is analyzed for a scenario of hydrogen storage in a porous aquifer.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://git.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/dumux-pub/sauerborn2020a
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: English
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    Noah‐MP With the Generic Crop Growth Model Gecros in the WRF Model: Effects of Dynamic Crop Growth on Land‐Atmosphere Interaction (2022)
    Warrach‐Sagi, K. ; Ingwersen, J. ; Schwitalla, T. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: In this paper we coupled a crop growth model to the Weather Research and Forecasting model with its land surface model Noah‐MP and demonstrated the influence of the weather driven crop growth on land‐atmosphere (L‐A) feedback. An impact study was performed at the convection permitting scale of 3 km over Germany. While the leaf area index (LAI) in the control simulation was the same for all cropland grid cells, the inclusion of the crop growth model resulted in heterogeneous crop development with higher LAI and stronger seasonality. For the analyses of L‐A coupling, a two‐legged metric was applied based on soil moisture, latent heat flux and convective available potential energy. Weak atmospheric coupling is enhanced by the crop model, the terrestrial coupling determines the regions with the L‐A feedback. The inclusion of the crop model turns regions with no L‐A feedback on this path into regions with strong positive coupling. The number of non‐atmospherically controlled days between April and August is increased by 10–15 days in more than 50% of Germany. Our work shows that this impact results in a reduction of both cold bias and warm biases and thus improves the metrics of distributed added value of the monthly mean temperatures. The study confirms that the simulation of the weather driven annual phenological development of croplands for the regional climate simulations in mid‐latitudes is crucial due to the L‐A feedback processes and the currently observed and expected future change in phenological phases.
    Description: Key Points: Coupling a crop growth model with the Weather and Research Forecasting model significantly improves the simulation of the leaf area index. Land‐atmosphere coupling strength is enhanced by weather dependent crop growth simulation. The distributed added value metric shows a reduction in temperature biases of up to 80% in croplands throughout the season in Germany.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/daily/Project_TRY/air_temperature_mean/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6501984
    Description: http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2006/view
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/WRF_NOAH_HWSD_world_TOP_SOILTYP
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Gradual warming prior to the end‐Permian mass extinction (2022)
    Gliwa, Jana ; Wiedenbeck, Michael ; Schobben, Martin ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: The biggest known mass extinction in the history of animal life occurred at the Permian–Triassic boundary and has often been linked to global warming. Previous studies have suggested that a geologically rapid (〈40 kyr) temperature increase of more than 10°C occurred simultaneously with the main extinction pulse. This hypothesis is challenged by geochemical and palaeontological data indicating profound environmental perturbations and a temperature rise prior to the main extinction. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), we measured oxygen isotope ratios from Changhsingian (late Permian) ostracods of north‐western Iran. Our data show that ambient seawater temperature began to rise at least 300 kyr prior to the main extinction event. Gradual warming by approximately 12°C was probably responsible for initial environmental degradation that eventually culminated in the global end‐Permian mass extinction.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:560
    Language: English
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    Initial Response of Nightside Auroral Currents to a Sudden Commencement: Observations of Electrojet and Substorm Onset (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: Storm sudden commencements (SSC) often precede geomagnetic storms. Commonly, it takes some hours from the step‐like change that marks the SSC to the start of the magnetic storm activity. In a subset of cases, however, auroral activity starts almost instantaneously after the SSC. To the authors knowledge, the conditions that enable this rapid activation have not been investigated in detail before. Here we consider all the sudden commencements (SC) during the years 2000–2020. Our focus is on the initial response of the auroral currents on the nightside. For that purpose, we make use of the IMAGE Magnetometer Network in Fennoscandia. In about 30% of SC events an initial activation of the westward electrojet is observed. Magnetic deflections of the northward component, surpassing frequently 1,000 nT, are observed only 4 min after the SC. These intense westward currents, flowing typically in narrow channels of 1°–2° latitudinal width, last some 10 min. The electrojets are conjugate to regions in the magnetosphere near geostationary orbits. In several cases geomagnetic substorm onsets are observed about 30 min after the SC. These start typically at fairly high latitude, around 71° magnetic latitude. This is an indication for rather quiet conditions preceding the onset. The magnetic pulse of the SC seems to play an important role in initiating the strong electrojets and the substorms. These initial activities are of relevance for space weather effects because of their strong and rapid variations. This paper provides detailed observations of the initial auroral activity following some SCs.
    Description: Key Points: First detailed study of intense electrojet activity at auroral latitudes on the nightside following immediately a sudden commencement (SC). Precondition for intense auroral activity is a southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz and a sufficiently large magnetic pulse caused by the SC. In a subset of events also an isolated substorm is initiated at relatively high magnetic latitudes shortly after the SC.
    Description: National Nature Science Foundation of China
    Description: https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/
    Keywords: ddc:538.7
    Language: English
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    From Dynamic Groundwater Level Measurements to Regional Aquifer Parameters— Assessing the Power of Spectral Analysis (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: Large‐scale groundwater models are required to estimate groundwater availability and to inform water management strategies on the national scale. However, parameterization of large‐scale groundwater models covering areas of major river basins and more is challenging due to the lack of observational data and the mismatch between the scales of modeling and measurements. In this work, we propose to bridge the scale gap and derive regional hydraulic parameters by spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations. We hypothesize that specific locations in aquifers can reveal regional parameters of the hydraulic system. We first generate ensembles of synthetic but realistic aquifers which systematically differ in complexity. Applying Liang and Zhang’s (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.044, semi‐analytical solution for the spectrum of hydraulic head time series, we identify for each ensemble member and at different locations representative aquifer parameters. Next, we extend our study to investigate the use of spectral analysis in more complex numerical models and in real settings. Our analyses indicate that the variance of inferred effective transmissivity and storativity values for stochastic aquifer ensembles is small for observation points which are far away from the Dirichlet boundary. Moreover, the head time series has to cover a period which is roughly 10 times as long as the characteristic time of the aquifer. In deterministic aquifer models we infer equivalent, regionally valid parameters. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that as long as the aquifer length and the position of the groundwater measurement location is roughly known, the parameters can be robustly estimated.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We build large‐scale (regional) computer models of the subsurface flow conditions in order to quantify the long‐term shift in groundwater storage and response on the national level under changing climatic conditions and increasing human water demands. These models must be fed with hydrogeological parameters obtained from subsurface observation wells, drilling logs, and hydraulic tests in conjunction with (hydro)geological and geostatistical methods. In some regions these wells are sparsely distributed and derived parameters are representative only for small areas. We hypothesize that groundwater level records can reveal regional aquifer information when analyzed in the spectral domain. In order to bridge that scale gap and because groundwater level time series are generally available, we propose to infer regional parameters by analyzing the frequency content (spectrum) of long groundwater level time series. The required parameters were determined using mathematical formulations of the theoretical spectrum for simplified settings. We tested the methodology in computer models with limited complexity and found that the groundwater level time series indeed contain regional information if the time of observation is sufficiently long. Lastly, we apply the spectral analysis to real groundwater data to test the capability of the method to infer regional aquifer parameters in real aquifers.
    Description: Key Points: We successfully tested the spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations in numerical models and obtained regional aquifer parameters. In a sensitivity analysis of the spectral analysis using field data, the storativity and the response times could be robustly estimated. The application of the suggested methodology to the field data from a catchment in central Germany produced plausible results.
    Description: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
    Description: Global Resource Water
    Description: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
    Description: IDAEA‐CSIC
    Description: Barcelona City Council
    Description: https://github.com/ufz/ogs5
    Description: https://geostat-framework.github.io/
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Bibliographic Review 2020 (2022)
    Weis, Ulrike ; Stoll, Brigitte ; Förster, Michael W. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-19
    Description: Key Points: Literature review of 7200 geoanalytical publications for the year 2020. 628 selected articles with summaries of target analytes, relevant reference materials and producers. Selected publications include data obtained by new analytical developments and improved analytical protocols for established RMs, and identifies recently developed RMs for specific scientific topics. image
    Description: This bibliographic review gives an overview of scientific publications in 2020 that contribute important data for geoanalytical reference materials (RMs).
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Analysis to support the implementation of the energy efficiency first principle in decision-making : final report (2022)
    Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    In between : from transdisciplinary, transformative science to evidence-based policy making (2022)
    Baden-Baden : Nomos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: When dealing with the Great Transformation towards a sustainable world (WBGU 2011), one defining factor is the stark contradiction in the availability of knowledge: While there is almost unlimited knowledge on many technical and economic aspects of the sustainability transformation, while in some way all the tools are available and we, in theory, know exactly how to use them, there is a lack of action at all levels. If we assume that in principle a majority of decision-makers has understood the necessity to act, this ultimately points to a lack of knowledge on how major transformations can be triggered. To use a common distinction, we have solid knowledge of the systems at play, we know the targets society should be heading for, and these targets have been globally and politically agreed to, but our knowledge on transformations, while growing, is obviously lacking. While this is true for all forms of knowledge to some extent, especially transformation knowledge requires more than just disciplinary or interdisciplinary research because it depends on transdisciplinary approaches that integrate the knowledge of practitioners from politics, administration, civil society and business.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Overview report on definition and concept of the circular economy in a European perspective : CICERONE D1.1 (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: On the basis of a literature research, this subtask develops a conceptional framework for a common understanding of CE within the project team and for the following work packages and tasks. After a brief introduction into the objectives and the context of a circular economy, a more elaborated look into the necessity of an explicit understanding of CE, the objectives, the spatial perspective of CE and the specific challenges within the CICERONE context will be done, in order to develop a basis for a common understanding within the project context. Circular economy can and has to be understood as an (eco-)innovation agenda. Therefore, the paper investigates the role policy has to play to support innovation for a CE transition, for creating the framework conditions and why CE has also to be build from the ground up. Finally, the paper looks from two perspectives at emerging trends and business models in a CE to sketch next steps towards the transition in a selection of central sectors. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the insights gained by the preceding chapters.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Report on current state of the art & understanding of the circular economy : CICERONE D1.2 (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: The key objective of this deliverable is to gain insights on and assess how CE is being implemented and R&I is being funded at regional level, e.g., via the RIS3 strategy and Structural Funds. As such it sets the scope for the project and provides the background against which programmes and measures can be understood, assessed, developed and recommended in succinct tasks and work packages. The objective of this report is to provide a concise overview of the current R&I priorities, as expressed in running and newly introduced funding and legislative measures with respect to Circular Economy in European countries and regions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Fostering circular cities : a study on urban circularity hotspot frameworks for the Western Balkan region (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: A main goal of this study - which also functions as deliverable 210078-D07 of the Circular Economy Beacons (CEB) project - is to evaluate currently available frameworks that measure and operationalise Circular Economy (CE), with a particular focus on the urban context. The regional focus lies on the Western Balkan region, which is at the centre of the project. Such "Urban Circularity Hotspot Frameworks" (UCHF) aim at providing decision support for policy makers, companies, citizens etc. regarding the transition to CE within cities. Based on the analysis of different frameworks, suggestions are derived regarding UCHF suitable for the specific characteristics of Western Balkan municipalities, i.e. a Circular Economy Beacons Urban Circularity Hotspot Framework (CEB-UCHF) ready for short-term implementation.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Applying the energy efficiency first principle based on a decision-tree framework (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Energy Efficiency First (EEF) is an established principle for European Union (EU) energy policy design. It highlights the exploitation of demand-side resources and prioritizes cost-effective options from the demand-side over other options from a societal cost-benefit perspective. However, the involvement of multiple decision-makers makes it difficult to implement. Therefore, we propose a flexible decision-tree framework for applying the EEF principle based on a review of relevant areas and examples. In summary, this paper contributes to applying the EEF principle by defining and distinguishing different types of cases - (1) policy-making, and (2) system planning and investment - identifying the most common elements, and proposing a decision-tree framework that can be flexibly constructed based on the elements for different cases. Finally, we exemplify the application of this framework with two example cases: (1) planning for demand-response in the power sector, and (2) planning for a district heating system.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Key strategies to achieve deep decarbonisation of the industry sector : insights from a meta-analysis of recent climate neutrality scenarios for Germany (2022)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: The EU aims to become the first climate neutral continent. To achieve this goal, the industry sector needs to reduce its GHG emissions to net zero or at least close to net zero. This is a particularly challenging task due to the high energy demand especially of primary materials production and the little potential to reduce this energy intensity when switching to other production processes based on electricity or hydrogen. In order to identify robust strategies for achieving a net-zero-compatible industry sector, the paper at hand analyses the transformation of the industry sector as described by a number of recent climate neutrality scenarios for Germany. Apart from overall industry, a focus is set on the sectors of steel, chemicals and cement. The analysed scenarios show very deep GHG emission reductions in industry and they appear to be techno-economically feasible by the mid of the century, without relying on offsets or on shifts from domestic production to imports. The scenarios agree on a suite of core strategies to achieve this, such as direct and indirect electrification, energy efficiency and recycling as well as new technological routes in steel making and cement. The scenarios differ, however, regarding the future mix of electricity, hydrogen and biomass and regarding the future relevance of domestic production of basic chemicals.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Ensuring an effective global stocktake with a sectoral perspective (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: A sectoral perspective can help the Global Stocktake (GST) to effectively achieve its objective to inform Parties' in enhancing subsequent NDCs and in enhancing international cooperation. Specifically, granular and actionable sectoral lessons, grounded in country-driven assessments, should be identified and elaborated. To be effective, conversations on sectoral transformations need to synthesise key challenges and opportunities identified in the national analyses and link them to international enablers; focus on systemic interdependencies, involve diverse actors, and be thoroughly prepared including by pre-scoping points of convergences and divergence across transformations. We specifically recommend that: the co-facilitators of the Technical Dialogue use their (limited) mandate to facilitate an effective conversationon sectoral transformations e.g. by organising dedicated informal seminars in between formal negotiation sessions; key systemic transformations necessary toachieve net-zero by mid-century should be spelled out and included in the final decision or political declaration of the GST; and the political outcome of the GST should mandate follow-up processes at the regional level and encourage national-level conversations to translate the collective messages from GST into actionable and sector-specific policy recommendations.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Secondary school student participation in carbon footprint assessment for schools (2022)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: More and more cities are setting themselves ambitious climate protection targets, including CO2 neutrality. Schools are important institutions of cities and therefore they have to play a central role in achieving this goal. With the investment backlog building up and pressure from the Friday for Future movement increasing, the Wuppertal Institute and Büro Ö-quadrat have initiated the project Schools4Future, aiming to support secondary schools to become climate-neutral. In cooperation with secondary school students and teachers, the project team evaluated the existing situation of the participating schools and developed GHG-balances and feasible climate protection concepts. For this purpose, an Excel-based carbon footprint (CF) assessment tool for schools has been developed which is freely available. The tool covers all important emission areas, including heating energy, electricity use, travel to and from schools, school trips, the school canteen and paper consumption. The students were found capable to conduct the CF assessment with the guidance of the teacher, information materials and support of the researchers. So far, six pilot schools have completed their CF assessment with emissions ranging between 335 and 944 kg CO2 per person. In this paper we present the tool and compare the CF assessment of some schools. We further elaborate on how the tool and project has increased the climate awareness and self-efficacy of students and even stimulated measures by the school board.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Accelerating circular economy solutions to achieve the 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Circular economy seems a vital enabler for sustainable use of natural resources which is also important for achieving the 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals. Therefore, a special session addressing issues of "sustainable solutions and remarkable practices in circular economy focusing materials downstream" was held at the 16th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology, where researchers and attendees worldwide were convened to share their experiences and visions. Presentations focusing on many key points such as new strategies, innovative technologies, management methods, and practical cases were discussed during the session. Accordingly, this article compiled all these distinctive presentations and gave insights into the pathway of circular economy towards the sustainable development goals. We summarized that the transition to circular economy can keep the value of resources and products at a high level and minimize waste production; the focus of governmental policies and plans with the involvement of public-private-partnership on 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) helps to improve the use of natural resources and take a step ahead to approach or achieve the sustainability.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Business model innovations for renewable energy prosumer development in Germany (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: In Germany, the number of renewable energy prosumers has increased rapidly since 2000. However, the development of prosumers has faced and will continue to face various economic, social, and technological challenges, which have triggered the emergence of a number of innovative business models (BM). This paper enriches the empirical basis for prosumer-oriented BMs by investigating two BM innovations in Germany (P2P electricity trading and aggregation of small-size prosumers) drawing on business model and socio-technical transition theories. A mix of qualitative data collection methods, including document analysis and semi-structured expert interviews, was applied. We found that while both BMs can potentially address the challenges associated with renewable energy prosumer development in Germany, small-scale prosumers’ participation in both BMs has been limited so far. We identified various internal and external drivers and barriers for scaling up these BMs for prosumer development in Germany. Despite these barriers, both aggregation and centralized P2P targeting prosumers may potentially be also taken up by incumbent market actors such as utilities. Decentralized P2P on the other hand still faces significant internal and external barriers for upscaling. Based on the analysis, the paper provides policy recommendations with respect to the identified drivers and barriers. From a theoretical perspective, our findings provide further evidence to challenge the dichotomous understanding of niche actors and incumbents, the latter of which are often theorized to be resistant to radical innovations.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Harnessing energy performance certificates for deep energy renovation : policy recommendations and evidence from testing (2022)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: To achieve the EU's energy efficiency targets, both the rate of building energy renovation and its depth, i.e., the amount of energy savings post renovation need to be improved. Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) are key to make energy efficiency measures transparent for the building market and to promote the energy efficiency of buildings through renovation. The revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as a pre-condition to meet the Renovation Wave objectives and to reach a highly energy efficient and decarbonized building stock by 2050. One focus of the current revision of the EPBD is therefore the improvement of EPCs. QualDeEPC - High-quality Energy Performance Assessment and Certification in Europe Accelerating Deep Energy Renovation, funded under the EU's Horizon 2020 programme, is a project that aims to improve EPCs. Following an EU-wide review of existing EPC schemes, and extensive stakeholder discussions in the seven partner countries, QualDeEPC found that EPCs and EPC schemes need to enhance particularly in the following three ways: 1. Establish a close link between EPCs and deep energy renovation 2. Improve the quality of EPC schemes, i.e., both the EPCs and their data, and the processes of assessment, certification, verification 3. Improve cross-EU convergence of EPC schemes.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Impact chains of energy sufficiency policies : a proposal for visualization and possibilities for integration into energy modeling (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Impact chains are used in many different fields of research to depict the various impacts of an activity and to visualize the system in which this activity is embedded. Research has not yet conceptualized impact chains specifically for energy sufficiency policies. We develop such a concept based on current evaluation approaches and extend these by adding qualitative elements such as success factors and barriers. Furthermore, we offer two case studies in which we test this concept with the responsible climate action managers. We also describe options for integrating these impact chains into different types of energy models, which are key tools in policy consulting.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Overcoming information asymmetry in the plastics value chain with digital product passports : how decentralised identifiers and verifiable credentials can enable a circular economy for plastics (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This paper analyses the potential of digital information technology to enable the reliable provision of product information along the plastics supply chain. The authors investigate the possible contribution of a product passport equipped with decentralised identifiers and verifiable credentials to overcome information deficits and information asymmetry in the circular plastics economy. Through this, high-quality plastics recycling could be enabled on a larger scale than currently possible.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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    Current approaches to the digital product passport for a circular economy : an overview of projects and initiatives (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: A large number and variety of activities are being undertaken to introduce Digital Product Passports (DPPs). However, only a few DPPs have made it into practice so far, so there is some uncertainty about which impact DPPs will actually have. With this paper, we aim to provide a structured overview of the current development of DPPs. We provide insights of 76 current corporate, policy, and research activities that exist and their objectives. To allow for a structured assessment and discussion of the diverse approaches we defined 13 criteria for a comparable description, categorization and evaluation. We expect that this overview will not only encourage feedback and contributions from the DPP community, as well as valuable discussions with and among experts. It is also intended to help promote and facilitate the adoption of DPPs for the Circular Economy by facilitating collaborations and suggestions for ongoing activities.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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    Moving transport to net zero : what it takes to decarbonise the global transport sector (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: What is necessary to reach net zero emissions in the transport sector on a global level? To keep limiting global warming to 1.5° C within reach, the world has to decarbonise by mid-century, with every sector contributing as much as possible as soon as possible. This paper identifies what has to be done in road transport, aviation, and shipping to achieve net zero emission in the transport sector. For this purpose, it first sets the scene by providing an overview of the origins and impacts of the concept of net zero emissions in international climate policy as well as of the current state and future prospects of global transport emissions using currently available scenarios for low-emission and net zero transport. While for staying below 1.5° C, the basic approach to reducing transport emissions remains unchanged from what has been suggested in the past, the set, intensity and pace of actions as to shift fundamentally. Without first drastically reducing traffic volume and shifting transport demand to low-emission modes, reaching net zero transport will not be feasible: the amount of additional electricity required to fully electrify the sector with renewable energy is otherwise just too huge. After portraying key instruments for achieving net zero emissions in land transport, aviation, and shipping, this paper identifies key barriers for net zero transport. Based on this analysis, the authors recommend the following to be able to move transport to net zero: 1. Adapt Decarbonisation Strategies to Different Transport Sub-sectors 2. Prioritise and Significantly Increase Investment in Zero-/low-carbon Infrastructure 3. Massively Invest in the Development and Roll out of Zero-/low-emission Technologies 4. Focus on a Just Transition to Overcome Social and Political Barriers 5. Increase International Support and Cooperation
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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    Schools transitioning towards more climate awareness : a multi-level analysis of climate protection projects in the German school system (2022)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This thesis conceptualizes the school as a socio-technical system, in which change towards sustainable development and a transition towards more climate awareness are necessary. The multi-level perspective (MLP) framework is applied to the German school system and to climate protection projects (CPPs) as examples of niche activities integrating climate protection (CP) in the school. The thesis utilizes the analytical levels of the MLP (landscape, regime, and niche) and the concept of regulative, cognitive, and normative rules and addresses the question: How do actors in CPPs perceive drivers and barriers for transitioning towards more climate awareness in the German school system? The data were collected through expert interviews and analyzed by conducting a qualitative content analysis. The results show that the German school system is characterized by an inherent rigidity, deep-set normative role dynamics, and an unappreciated role of schools in society. They also highlight the importance of public pressure, strategic CP orientation, and hands-on approaches. CPPs can be a driving force for this in individual schools, but, overall, CP needs to be addressed more systematically in the school and more substantial efforts and reforms are necessary. Highly motivated niche actors play an important role and represent key drivers for such developments. This thesis reveals the complex and systemic nature of the challenges the German school system is faced with. It highlights the difficulties of integrating CP and the importance of substantial and transformative political action. The thesis demonstrates the crucial need to recognize the significance of schools and their actors for society and to integrate new methods and approaches into the school. This thesis also contributes to the body of literature on socio-technical systems and sustainability transitions. It offers an operationalization of the MLP and reveals strengths and limits as well as future research outlooks.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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    A storyline attribution of the 2011/2012 drought in Southeastern South America (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: The 2011/2012 summer drought in Southeastern South America (SESA) was a short but devastating event. What would this event have looked like under pre‐industrial conditions, or in a +2 degC world? We find that climate change causes the region to be at a higher risk of drought. However, we found no large‐scale changes in the half‐month water budgets. We show that the climate change induced positive precipitation trend in the region outweighs the increased temperatures and potential evapotranspiration during the 2011/2012 drought. image
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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    Long‐term sulfamethazine leaching simulation in two different soils using the MACRO model (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Physically based models have been part of many risk assessment studies concerning pesticide or nutrient transport within (sub)catchments or at plot scale, but they are only poorly validated for simulating the transport of veterinary medicinal products. Veterinary medicinal products not only pose a risk to the quality of our waters but also tend to accumulate in soils, where they are associated with the appearance of resistant bacteria and long‐term leaching. In this study, the physically based leaching model MACRO 5.2 was applied for simulating sulfamethazine (SMZ) transport over a period of more than 10 yr. The model was set up using reversible kinetic adsorption and equilibrium adsorption forming non‐extractable residues. Two different calibration periods were used to estimate uncertainties in predicted SMZ leaching associated with calibration based on short‐term data. Using the whole period for model calibration, SMZ leaching could be simulated adequately, but parameter ranges were wide due to correlation between the parameters. When using only the first period for calibration, the quality of the prediction strongly depended on the information content of the data set. The calculation of temporal sensitivity indices revealed that the effect of complex sorption parameters on the model output increased with time. Thus, parameters that appeared insensitive in a short‐term calibration were required for reliable long‐term simulations. In conclusion, a temporal sensitivity analysis beyond the calibration period might identify parameters that were not constrained enough by the calibration procedure. This could help to confirm leaching predictions even for periods without sampling data.
    Description: Core Ideas: The MACRO model was successfully used to simulate long‐term SMZ leaching. A high information content of short‐term SMZ leaching data was key to successful long‐term simulations. The effect of environmental fate parameters (sorption, degradation) on the model outcome may change over time. Implementing complex sorption processes was mandatory for SMZ long‐term simulation. Temporal sensitivity analysis beyond the calibration span may detect parameters required for long‐term simulation.
    Keywords: ddc:363.7396
    Language: English
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    A Triad Photoanode for Visible Light‐Driven Water Oxidation via Immobilization of Molecular Polyoxometalate on Polymeric Carbon Nitride (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Due to their availability, low cost, nontoxicity, and tunability, polymeric carbon nitrides (CNx) represent one of the most attractive materials classes for the development of fully sustainable photo(electro)catalytic systems for solar‐driven water splitting. However, the development of CNx‐based photoanodes for visible light‐driven water oxidation to dioxygen is rather challenging, particularly due to issues related to photoelectrode stability and effective coupling of the light absorber with water oxidation catalysts. Herein, a triadic photoanode comprising a porous TiO2 electron collector scaffold sensitized by CNx coupled to a molecular cobalt polyoxometalate (CoPOM = [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10) catalyst is reported. Complete water oxidation to dioxygen under visible (λ 〉 420 nm) light irradiation is demonstrated, with photocurrents down to relatively low bias potentials (0.2 V vs RHE). Furthermore, polyethyleneimine (PEI), a cationic polymer is shown to act as an effective and non‐sacrificial electrostatic linker for immobilization of the anionic CoPOM onto the negatively charged surface of CNx. The optimized deposition of CoPOM using the PEI linker translates directly into improved efficiency of the transfer of photogenerated holes to water molecules and to enhanced oxygen evolution. This work thus provides important design rules for effective immobilization of POM‐based catalysts into soft‐matter photoelectrocatalytic architectures for light‐driven water oxidation.
    Description: A triadic photoanode comprised of a porous TiO2 electron collector scaffold sensitized by polymeric carbon nitride and coupled to a molecular cobalt polyoxometalate (CoPOM) catalyst exhibits visible (λ 〉 420 nm) light‐driven water oxidation to dioxygen. The beneficial role of the cationic polyethyleneimine polymer as an effective electrostatic linker for immobilization of CoPOM onto carbon nitride is highlighted.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Vector Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013912
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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