ALBERT

Beschreibung: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.

Beschreibung: La traduction fait référence à la partie principale de la publication anglaise (Grünthal et al., 1998) décrivant l'Echelle Macrosismique Européenne (EMS-98). Ce texte est un extrait de la traduction française existante de la version anglaise complète (Grünthal et Levret, 2001). La partie princi-pale est constituée des pages 14 à 20 de l'original anglais et de la traduction de la version complète. Cette numérotation des pages est conservée ici.

Beschreibung: The translation refers to the core part of the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) of the English original (Grünthal et al., 1998), respectively the core part reproduced here is an excerpt from the existing French translation of the English full version (Grünthal and Levret, 2001). The core part consists of pages 14 to 20 of both the English original and the translation of the full French version. This page numbering is retained here. The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) is a tool for intensity assignment. The macroseismic intensity represents a classification of the severity of ground-motion shaking during an earthquake on the basis of observed effects at a given place. The EMS-98 is the most recent scale in general use. It fully considers the varying strength of buildings in the form of six vulnerability classes, five damage grades for both masonry and reinforced concrete structures, and differentiates structural and non-structural damage as well. Another diagnostic element concerns the relative frequency of observed effects with quantitative definitions of the qualitative terms “few, many, most.” EMS-98 is the only intensity scale complemented by comprehensive guidelines and background materials. They provide the basis that the EMS-98 can easily be adapted for use to the building stock anywhere in the world. The European Seismological Commission launched the development of a new scale in 1988 which should consider modern earthquake-resistant building types and engineering requirements. So the test version EMS-92 and then EMS-98 were evolved. The latter should be the basis for intensity evaluation in European countries and is also applied in many countries outside Europe. The English original of the EMS-98 was translated as full scale into French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese. Moreover, the core part or the short form is available in a total of altogether 30 languages. Such multilingual availability is important since persons, not always fluent in English, act as observers and sensors in macroseismology.

Beschreibung: Slab retreat, slab tearing and interactions of slabs are first-order drivers of the deformation of the overriding lithosphere. An independent description of the tectonic evolution of the back-arc and peripheral regions is a pre-requisite to test the proposed conceptual, analogue and numerical models of these complex dynamics in 3-D. We propose here a new series of detailed kinematics and tectonic reconstructions from 35 Ma to the Present shedding light on the driving mechanisms of back-arc rifting in the Mediterranean where several back-arc basins all started to form in the Oligocene. The step-by-step backward reconstructions lead to an initial situation 35 Ma ago with two subduction zones with opposite direction, below the AlKaPeCa block (i.e. belonging to the Alboran, Kabylies, Peloritani, Calabrian internal zones). Extension directions are quite variable and extension rates in these basins are high compared to the Africa-Eurasia convergence velocity. The highest rates are found in the Western Mediterranean, the Liguro-Provençal, Alboran and Tyrrhenian basins. These reconstructions are based on shortening rates in the peripheral mountain belts, extension rates in the basins, paleomagnetic rotations, pressure-temperature-time paths of metamorphic complexes within the internal zones of orogens, and kinematics of the large bounding plates. Results allow visualizing the interactions between the Alps, Apennines, Pyrenean-Cantabrian belt, Betic Cordillera and Rif, as well as back-arc basins. These back-arc basins formed at the emplacement of mountain belts with superimposed volcanic arcs, thus with thick, hot and weak crusts explaining the formation of metamorphic core complexes and the exhumation of large portions of lower crustal domains during rifting. They emphasize the role of transfer faults zones accommodating differential rates of retreat above slab tears and their relations with magmatism. Several transfer zones are identified, separating four different kinematic domains, the largest one being the Catalan-Balearic-Sicily Transfer Zone. Their integration in the wider Mediterranean realm and a comparison of motion paths calculated in several kinematic frameworks with mantle fabric shows that fast slab retreat was the main driver of back-arc extension in this region and that large-scale convection was a subsidiary driver for the pre-8 Ma period, though it became dominant afterward. Slab retreat and back-arc extension was mostly NW-SE until ∼ 20 Ma and the docking of the AlKaPeCa continental blocks along the northern margin of Africa induced a slab detachment that propagated eastward and westward, thus inducing a change in the direction of extension from NW-SE to E-W. Fast slab retreat between 32 and 8 Ma and induced asthenospheric flow have prevented the transmission of the horizontal compression due to Africa-Eurasia convergence from Africa to Eurasia and favored instead upper-plate extension driven by slab retreat. Once slab retreat had slowed down in the Late Miocene, this N-S compression was felt and recorded again from the High Atlas to the Paris Basin.

Beschreibung: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.

Beschreibung: Les religions se sont exprimées en termes choisis sur la question du changement climatique et ont émis des signaux d'alarme, les plus sérieux soulignant la menace que le réchauffement de la planète fait planer, non seulement sur la nature, mais aussi sur la cohabitation des etres humains. Elles ont par exemple mis l'accent sur la "vulnérabilité des pauvres" ("Islam Declaration"), la "souffrance de tous les etres vivants" (bouddhisme), la " dette écologique" (pape Francois) et la "justice climatique" (Conseil oecuménique des églises). De plus, de nombreuses ONG ont fait leur ce dernier mot d'ordre ; la "justice climatique" est devenue dans les années 2000 le slogan clamé haut et fort par la société civile accompagnant la politique climatique internationale jusqu'ici. Mais qu'en estil de cette justice? Comment le débat sur le climat se modifie-t-il dans la perspective de la justice? Et quelles sont les conséquences pour la politique de développement?

Beschreibung: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.

Beschreibung: Ce projet est né en octobre 2015 avec une idée de fou: préparer et soumettre une demande de financement pour un projet de vulgarisation scientifique international, multidisciplinaire et non traditionnel… le tout en 48 heures. On dirait bien que ça a fonctionné. Un groupe de jeunes chercheurs motivés du Canada et d’Europe ont joint leurs efforts afin de réunir arts et science dans un projet de bandes dessinées sur le pergélisol (sol gelé). L’objectif de ce projet est de présenter et d’expliquer la recherche scientifique réalisée à travers l’Arctique, en mettant l’emphase sur le travail de terrain et sur l’environnement nordique en mutation. Le public-cible inclut les enfants, jeunes et moins jeunes, les parents et les enseignants, avec comme but de rendre la science du pergélisol amusante et accessible au grand public. Ce qu’il faut savoir, c’est que le pergélisol occupe une superficie de plus de vingt millions de kilomètres carrés dans l’hémisphère nord. Avec le réchauffement climatique, le pergélisol dégèle et devient plus instable sous les bâtiments, les routes et les pistes d’aéroports. Le dégel rapide d’un sol autrefois gelé perturbe également les écosystèmes, notamment la qualité de l’eau dans les milieux aquatiques, et relâche du carbone vers l’atmosphère sous forme de gaz à effet de serre, amplifiant le réchauffement. Bref, la dynamique du pergélisol face aux changements climatiques nous concerne tous. Ce projet a reçu un premier soutien financier de l’International Permafrost Association (IPA) en 2015, et depuis, plusieurs autres partenaires se sont joints à nous. C’est grâce à eux que nous présentons aujourd’hui cette version française. Nous y voilà, donc, trois ans après cette première idée. Ce que vous vous apprê-tez à lire est le résultat de nombreux échanges entre artistes et scientifiques. Nous avons d’abord lancé un appel d’offres et reçu 49 dossiers d’artistes pro-venant de 16 pays. Au terme d’une évaluation rigoureuse, nous avons choisi deux artistes pour travailler sur ce projet : Noémie Ross du Canada et Heta Nääs de Finlande. Avec l’apport des scientifiques, Noémie et Heta ont créé de fabuleuses illustrations expliquant les changements en cours dans les régions affectées par le pergélisol, comment ces mutations affectent les populations et les espèces, et ce que font les scientifiques pour mieux comprendre ces changements et aider les populations à s’y adapter. Nous souhaitons à tous beaucoup de plaisir à lire ce livret et nous en profitons pour remercier chaleureusement tous nos partenaires.

Beschreibung: This thesis is devoted to an in-depth analysis of the ability of "Artificial Neural Networks" (ANN) to achieve reliable ground motion predictions. A first important aspect concerns the derivation of "GMPE" (Ground Motion Prediction Equations) with an ANN approach, and the comparison of their performance with those of "classical" GMGEs derived on the basis of empirical regressions with pre-established, more or less complex, functional forms. To perform such a comparison involving the two "betweeen-event" and "within-event" components of the random variability, we adapt the algorithm of the "random effects model" to the neural approach. This approach is tested on various, real and synthetic, datasets: the database compiled from European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern events (RESORCE: Reference database for Seismic grOund-motion pRediction in Europe), the database NGA West 2 (Next Generation Attenuation West 2 developed in the USA), and the Japanese database derived from the KiK-net accelerometer network. In addition, a comprehensive set of synthetic data is also derived with a stochastic simulation approach. The considered ground motion parameters are those which are most used in earthquake engineering (PGA, PGV, response spectra and also, in some cases, local amplification functions). Such completely "data-driven" neural models, inform us about the respective, and possibly coupled, influences of the amplitude decay with distance, the magnitude scaling effects, and the site conditions, with a particular focus on the detection of non-linearities in site response. Another important aspect is the use of ANNs to test the relevance of different site proxies, through their ability to reduce the random variability of ground motion predictions. The ANN approach allows to use such site proxies either individually or combined, and to investigate their respective impact on the various characteristics of ground motion. The same section also includes an investigation on the links between the non-linear aspects of the site response and the different site proxies. Finally, the third section focuses on a few source-related effects: analysis of the influence of the "style of faulting" on ground motion, and, indirectly, the dependence between magnitude and seismic stress drop

Beschreibung: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.

Beschreibung: Comme premier résultat de son travail, le groupe ad hoc Open-Access-Gold présente cette prise de position. Il s’adresse à des institutions scientifiques qui sont impliquées dans divers aspects de la publication Open Access. Il structure et évalue les exigences dans les contrats basés sur le modèle auteur-payeur. De plus, il évoque les liens entre abonnement et Libre accès et émet des suggestions aux institutions concernées pour la mise en oeuvre de leurs stratégies en matière de Libre accès. L’objectif est d’établir, dans le domaine de la publication scientifique, de la transparence et de la pérennité selon les principes de la Science, et d’éviter la répétition de certaines dérives observées dans le passé.