ALBERT

Beschreibung: This data set is the part 8 of a series reporting chemical data for accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks. Compositional data were acquired by electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) between about 1995 and 2005 on surface rocks and borehole samples. This data set assembles the results of EPMA of fluorapatite from felsic rocks representing three groups of granites in the Erzgebirge−Vogtland metallogenic province of Germany emplaced in the late Carboniferous: F-poor biotite granites, F-poor two-mica granites, and P-F-rich Li-mica granite. In these rocks, fluorapatite is typically omnipresent. It has to be noted that apatite has not yet been in the focus of mineralogical studies of the granites in this province and a comprehensive survey of its compositional signature and variability in space and time is still pending. However, the data listed in this data set provide a valuable glimpse into the similarities and differences in apatite chemistry between geochemically distinct felsic rocks, and into the evolution in composition from early to late crystallizing apatite populations. The data underpin that apatite is a sensitive monitor of the compositional properties of the media (melts and fluids) from which it was deposited or with which it interacted. Apatite from the studied rocks is basically fluorapatite with little or no Cl and OH detected respectively inferred. Elemental variations are observed at various scales, i.e., between granite groups, subsequently crystallized sub-intrusion within composite massifs, grains present in a single thin section, or between the center and the rim of a particular grain. These variations in particular refer to the following elements: Mn, Fe, Na, and the rare-earth elements (REE). For example, measured Mn concentrations range from 0.15 to 8.8 wt% MnO. The data set contains the complete pile of electron-microprobe analyses for fluorapatite (APAT-ERZ-2020). The data are presented as Excel (xlsx) and tab-delimited text (txt) formats. The content of the tables and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The Membach station is located near the river Vesdre. It consists of a 130 m long gallery excavated in the side of the valley that rises to the Hautes Fagnes plateau. At the end of the gallery, there are two rooms, located at ~45 m below the ground surface. Room 1 is dedicated to absolute gravity and seismic measurements; room 2 houses the superconducting gravimeter. The structure of the gallery and the rooms is in reinforced concrete. It was built in the early 1970s to monitor the seismic activity in the vicinity of the Gileppe and Eupen water reservoirs. Works were performed contemporeanously with the raising of the Gileppe dam. The gallery has been excavated in low-porosity argillaceous sandstone with quartzitic beds. As a function of rainfall and seasonal effects, gravity variations up to 40 nms-2 have been observed, and are mostly due to groundwater changes in the vadose zone above the underground laboratory (Van Camp et al., 2006). Strong rainfall induces rapid gravity decreases (Meurers et al 2007; Delobbe et al., 2019). At the surface, a beech forest. Absolute gravity measurements have been performed on average every month since 1996, using the FG5#202 gravimeter and the station is also the reference point for the Belgian gravity network. The SG GWR#C021 has been operating continuously since 1995 August so that, since 2017 September 18, it holds both records for the longest continuous time spent measuring gravity variations in the same place and for the longest superconducting levitation of an artefact (Van Camp et al., 2017). For high precision works like Earth tides analysis on long time series, data should not be used before 1998 June 12, when the original "TIDE" card in the SG electronics was replaced by the "GGP" one. Filters are different, and so are the transfer functions. Moreover, in this early period, the SG suffered from numerous technical issues, causing several changes in the amplitude and phase calibrations and making it difficult to ensure that the data are as reliable as after 1998 June.

Beschreibung: This package provides a set of tools to read, manipulate and convert seismic waveforms generated by DAS systems. In particular, the ones saved in TDMs format: - dasconv: This utility lets you convert and manipulate seismic waveforms in TDMs format and export them into MiniSEED. - tdmsws (experimental) - a stand-alone implementation of the FDSN Dataselect web service, which is able to serve miniSEED data extracted from a folder with TDMS files.

Beschreibung: This dataset comprises numerical outputs from the thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM) simulations described in the article "Modeling of planetary wave influences on the pre-reversal enhancement of the equatorial F region vertical plasma drift" (Yamazaki & Diéval, 2021).

Beschreibung: This dataset resulted from a parallel monitoring at two lakes, Lake Tiefer See (near Klocksin, TSK; 53° 35.5’ N, 12° 31.8’ E; 62 masl; N Germany) and Lake Czechowskie (Jezioro Czechowskie, JC; 53° 52.4’ N, 18° 14.3’ E; 108 masl; N Poland), and includes four different type of data for both locations: (i) sediment cores microfacies data, (ii) sediment fluxes and composition, (iii) selected water column data, and (iv) selected meteorological information obtained on site. This dual lake monitoring set-up was established in 2012 with the aim to investigate seasonal sedimentation and varve forming processes in detail. The datasets are provided in individual *.csv files, per type of data and per lake. The thin section data from surface sediment cores comprises the thicknesses of the most recent calcite varves’ sub-layers: spring diatom sub-layer, summer calcite sub-layer, and autumn/winter re-suspension sub-layer. The sediment flux data was obtained from sediment traps located in different water depths (epi- and hypolimnion), and the sediment composition is given by the fluxes of total organic carbon (TOC), calcium carbonate (as calculated from total inorganic carbon; TIC), and diatoms & inorganic matter. The water column data comprises water temperature from stationary loggers, and dissolved oxygen measured in ~ 1 meter depth-resolution. The meteorological data includes daily averages of air temperature and mean wind-speed, and summed daily rainfall. Further details about the sampling and analytical methods, data acquisition, and processing are given in Roeser et al. (2021; http://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12506).

Beschreibung: The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites, which comprises two spacecraft, GRACE-A and GRACE-B, were launched on 17 March 2002 into a near-circular, polar (inclination = 89◦ ) orbit with an initial altitude of about 490 km. The two satellites follow each other at a distance of about 200 km. The primary objective of the GRACE mission is to provide global high-resolution models of the Earth’s gravity field. The instruments supporting our study are the K-Band Ranging System (KBR), and the GPS Space Receiver (GPS). The K-Band Ranging System (KBR) system is the key science instrument of GRACE which measures the dual one-way range change between both satellites with a precision of about 1 μm per second. From the KBR1B data we can get the change of Total Electron Content (TEC). In addition the GPS Navigation Data (GNV1B) can provide us the position of the two satellites. From these data we can derive the average electron density between the two satellites. The data are stored as daily ASCII files using the file naming convention 'KBRNE_YYYY_MM_DD.dat'. Headers in each data file contain a short name for each column. A more detailed description is provided in the readme file.

Beschreibung: The software RST Evaluation is a series of scripts to semi-automatically evaluate shear experiments done at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling. In principle, it may be used for other measurements done in a similar setup, but it was build with our standardized workflow in mind. The shear experiments are done in a ring shear type shear cell rst.pc01 manufactured by D. Schulze (Details in ASTM standard D-6773). It uses an easy and reproducible workflow to determine yield properties, cohesion and dilational properties of a granular bulk material, such as sand or glass beads.

Beschreibung: This data is an high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated for the Merapi summit by combining terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry data and TanDEM-X data acquired in the years between 2012 and 2017. The structures of the data are further analysed in Darmawan et al. 2017a (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.006), and a previous DEM was available in Darmawan et al. 2017b (https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2017.003). The 3D point clouds of the different data were merged and interpolated to a raster format (Geotiff format).

Beschreibung: The Proterozoic Carpentaria province in northern Australia is host to several of the world’s largest clastic dominant (CD-type) massive sulphide deposits. These deposits are mostly hosted primarily in dolomitic silt- and mudstones. The hydrothermal alteration footprint of these CD-type systems is not well constrained, which poses challenges for the targeting of future discoveries. One important aspect to developing alteration models relates to defining the composition of the unaltered protolith to mineralization. In this dataset, we provide whole rock lithogeocheochemical data generated from samples obtained from drill-holes that intersected the mineralization in the Teena subbasin. A small number of samples are from 2 drill-holes from an adjoining subbasin (Myrtle) in the area. The samples were selected from stratigraphy of the Barney Creek Formation and are from the hangingwall to the mineralization in either subbasin. This data report includes bulk rock major, minor, and trace element composition. The data were generated using X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and LECO analyses. Access to drill cores was granted by Teck Australia (Pty Ltd) and the drill core IDs and depths of individual samples are reported in the data table. For further details see: Magnall et al. (2021 - WHEN AVAILABLE)

Beschreibung: This dataset collects the results of a series of experiments carried out on air-filled cracks injected into pigskin gelatin blocks between September 2019 and May 2020 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany). Such experiments were intended to simulate dike propagation in the upper crust, in settings where tectonic and surface unloading stress are dominant in determining the stress field within the medium. The gelatin blocks were laterally strained and rift-like excavations were moulded on their surfaces. These data include pictures of each experimental setup and video records of each injected crack, as well as tables collecting the measured arrival points of the cracks at the surface of the gelatin and relevant elastic and geometric parameters. The data publication is a Supplement to Mantiloni et al. (2020): "Stress inversion in a gelatin box: testing eruptive vent location forecasts with analog models" (Geophys. Res. Lett.), to which the reader is referred for further information.

Beschreibung: GFZ acts as a global analysis center of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and provides operationally ultra-rapid (last 24h), rapid (last day), and final (last week) solutions and contributes to the reprocessing activities of the IGS. The GFZ repro3 product solution series covers data from 1994 to 2020 and is published in daily and weekly files. The following satellite systems are contained: GPS (from 1994), GLONASS (from 2012), and Galileo (from 2014).

Beschreibung: This data set was taken within the Perturbations of Earth Surface Processes by Large Earthquakes PRESSurE Project (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/geomorphology/projects/pressure/) of the GFZ Potsdam. This project aims to better understand the role of earthquakes on earth surface processes. Strong earthquakes cause transient perturbations of the near Earth’s surface system. These include the widespread landsliding and subsequent mass movement and the loading of rivers with sediments. In addition, rock mass is shattered during the event, forming cracks that affect rock strength and hydrological conductivity. Often overlooked in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake, these perturbations can represent a major part of the overall disaster with an impact that can last for years before restoring to background conditions. Thus, the relaxation phase is part of the seismically induced change by an earthquake and needs to be monitored in order to understand the full impact of earthquakes on the Earth system. Early June 2015, shortly after the April 2015 Mw7.9 Gorkha earthquake, 6 automatic compact weather station were installed in the upper Bhotekoshi catchment covering an area ~50km2. The weather station network is centered around the Kahule Khola catchment, a small headwater catchment and is part of a wider data acquisition strategy including hydrological monitoring, seismometers, geophones and high resolution optical (RapidEye) as well as radar imagery (TanDEM TerraSAR-X). https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/sektion/geomorphologie/projekte/pressure/

Beschreibung: This data set was taken within the Perturbations of Earth Surface Processes by Large Earthquakes PRESSurE Project (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/geomorphology/projects/pressure/) of the GFZ Potsdam. This project aims to better understand the role of earthquakes on earth surface processes. Strong earthquakes cause transient perturbations of the near Earth’s surface system. These include the widespread landsliding and subsequent mass movement and the loading of rivers with sediments. In addition, rock mass is shattered during the event, forming cracks that affect rock strength and hydrological conductivity. Often overlooked in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake, these perturbations can represent a major part of the overall disaster with an impact that can last for years before restoring to background conditions. Thus, the relaxation phase is part of the seismically induced change by an earthquake and needs to be monitored in order to understand the full impact of earthquakes on the Earth system. Early June 2015, shortly after the April 2015 Mw7.9 Gorkha earthquake, 6 automatic compact weather station were installed in the upper Bhotekoshi catchment covering an area ~50km2. The weather station network is centered around the Kahule Khola catchment, a small headwater catchment and is part of a wider data acquisition strategy including hydrological monitoring, seismometers, geophones and high resolution optical (RapidEye) as well as radar imagery (TanDEM TerraSAR-X). https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/sektion/geomorphologie/projekte/pressure/

Beschreibung: The data set contains VNIR and SWIR raw and reference hyperspectral imaging data of the Apliki mine open cut and of samples from the surface of the mine measured in the laboratory. It is con-nected to the published spectral library and chemical analyses of 37 different surface materials from the copper-gold-pyrite mine Apliki in the Republic of Cyprus (Koerting et al., 2019). The field outcrop scan was acquired in March 2018 in cooperation with the Geological Survey Department of the Republic of Cyprus (GSD) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The laboratory sample scan presented in this document is a collection of hyperspectral scans compiled in one large dataset. The hyperspectral data in the field and the lab were acquired with the HySpex sys-tem in a range of 414 – 2498 nm. The field data is shared as one VNIR and one SWIR radiance and reflectance data cube each. The laboratory data is shared as one full VNIR-SWIR (414 – 2450nm) reflectance data cube that was processed and corrected for the detector jump, data spikes and the last 8 SWIR bands were clipped due to a low signal to noise ratio (SNR). The data and the samples originate from fieldwork in the Republic of Cyprus and laboratory work at the GFZ Potsdam. A detailed description of the data acquisition and processing can be found in Koerting (2021).

Beschreibung: GRACE-FO carries a magnetometer as part of its attitude orbit control system (AOCS). The magnetometer does not belong to the scientific payload of the mission. However, after postprocessing of the data, information on the geomagnetic field and on electric currents in near Earth space are derived. Each GRACE-FO satellite (GF1 and GF2) carries two fluxgate magnetometers (FGM), an active one, FGM A, and a redundant one, FGM B. So far, the redundant magnetometers were not switched and are not included in the data set. The provided data consists of raw magnetic field data as provided by L1b (RAW), Magnetic field data aligned, calibrated and corrected (ACAL_CORR), CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (CHAOS7), Magnetic coordinates (APEX) and Radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data in ACAL_CORR (FAC). The data are provided in NASA CDF format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/).

Beschreibung: This dataset provides mechanical test data for quartz sand (“MAM1ST-300”, Sibelco, Mol, Belgium), gypsum powder (plaster; “Goldband”, Knauf), kaolin clay powder, garnet sand, and mixtures of quartz sand and gypsum powder, used at the Analogue Laboratory of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (Poppe et al., 2019). The measured properties are density ρ, tensile strength T0, shear strength σ, obtained by density measurements, ring-shear tests (RST; at Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany), direct shear tests, traction tests (at University of Maine, Le Mans, France) and extension tests. The obtained tensile strengths and shear strengths reconstruct two-dimensional failure envelopes for each material. By fitting linear Coulomb and non-linear combined Griffith failure criteria to the characterised failure envelopes (Jaeger et al., 2007), the internal friction coefficient µC, Coulomb cohesion CC and Griffith cohesion CG are obtained. The influence of the material emplacement technique has been investigated in Poppe et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary, by repeat characterisation of the above physical parameters under three emplacement conditions, i.e. sieving, pouring (non-dried state) and compaction after pouring (oven-dried state). We find that densities of the materials and mixtures range from ~1600 kg.m³ (sieved) and ~1700 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure quartz sand to ~600 kg.m³ (poured) to ~900 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure plaster. Tensile strengths range from ~166 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster). Velocity ring-shear tests on a 90 wt% quartz sand – 10 wt% plaster mixture show a minor shear rate-weakening of 〈2% per ten-fold increase in shear velocity. The materials show a behavior ranging from Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the materials with coarser grain size (sands) to combined Griffith-Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the powder materials (plaster, kaolin), with the sand-plaster mixtures occupying a spectrum between both end-members. Peak friction coefficients range from ~0.5 (sand) to ~0.6 (plaster) with a maximum of ~0.9 (80:20 wt% sand:plaster), peak Coulomb cohesions range from 13 Pa (sand) to 248 Pa (plaster), peak Griffith cohesions range from ~10 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster).

Beschreibung: The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. It was compiled to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools (e.g. Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a). The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and various databases and data compilations, and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates, with different precision standard) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. We defined categories associated with the sample location, the type of sample, the sedimentary fraction measured, or the deposition age (as given in the original publication). This dataset consists of one spreadsheet: "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.txt", which contains the assembled dataset of marine and terrestrial Nd and/or Sr concentration and isotopes, together with sorting criteria and geographical locations. A full reference list is provided in the file “References_Database_Nd_Sr_isotopes_V3.pdf”. R code for mapping the data and running statistical analyses is also available for this dataset (Blanchet, 2018b, 2018a).

Beschreibung: This data publication contains global maps of the vertical total electron content (VTEC) of the Earth's ionosphere. They are computed at GFZ from ground GNSS data and provided on an operational basis. The dataset covers the period since the beginning of 2000 and is published in daily files.

Beschreibung: In the frame of the EU-project COSEISMIQ (COntrol SEISmicity and Manage Induced earthQuakes) natural and induced seismic events were monitored in Iceland. A temporary seismic network has been deployed in the Hengill geothermal region in Iceland, where the two largest geothermal power plants of the country are currently in operation. The GFZ contribution was the installation and operation of a small-scale seismic array in 2019-2021 in the vicinity of the broadband station MEI05 (ETH), in cooperation with ISOR (Iceland), ETH (Zurich) and DIAS (Dublin). This dataset is particularly valuable since a very dense network was deployed in a seismically active region where both induced and natural seismicity are occurring. For this reason, the collected COSEISMIQ-dataset can be used within a broad range of research topics in seismology ranging from the development and testing of new data analysis methods to induced seismicity and seismo-tectonics studies.

Beschreibung: This repository contains spatially distributed ground motion fields (GMF) for six determinist subduction earthquake scenarios for Metropolitan Lima and Callao (Peru). They have moment magnitudes between Mw 8.5 to 9.0 and emulate the historical earthquake that occurred in 1746 and caused extensive damage to that area. 1000 ground motion realisations in .XML format are generated using a single ground motion prediction equation per earthquake rupture with uncorrelated and cross-correlated residuals.

Beschreibung: The data set contains LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) emission spectra of 18 lithium-bearing minerals and their corresponding hyperspectral reflectance spectra. The data were collected within the research project LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solutions, http://lights.univ-lorraine.fr/) which aims at developing a new exploration process for Li targets combining drone-borne hyperspectral data and field observations. Hyperspectral data were acquired with the HySpex system in a wavelength range of 414 - 2498 nm and are presented in a spectral library. Detailed information about the samples and area of spectral retrieval is presented in the data sheet below. The spectral library presented here expands the collection of spectral libraries including samples from rare-earth minerals, rare-earth-oxides (Koerting et al., 2019a) and copper-bearing minerals (Koellner et al., 2019) which are fully described in Koerting et al. (2021). These libraries aim to give a spectral overview of important resources and deposit mineralizations. 18 samples taken partly from the collections of the University of Potsdam (UP) and the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and partly in the field during previous measurement campaigns were hyperspectrally measured and geochemically analysed by using a LIBS handheld analyzer. A description of the HySpex system in lab use can be found in Koerting et al. (2021). The lithium-bearing mineral samples were measured without prior sample preparation as the surface of the minerals and the influence of the mineral structure were of interest (Figure 1). Figure 1 shows one HySpex scan of four lepidolite samples (Lep1, Lep2, Lep3, Lep4) displayed as a true color RGB image in order to show the untreated samples and the white reflectance (WR) panel needed for the hyperspectral measurements (WR 90%).

Beschreibung: This data publication is composed by two main folders: (1) “Top-down_exposure_modelling_Lima” and (2) “Vulnerability_models_Lima/”. The first one contains a complete collection of data models used to represent the residential building portfolio of Lima and Callao (Peru) using a top-down approach (census-based desktop study). Therein, the reader can find a comprehensive description of the procedure of how the exposure models were constructed. This includes python scripts and postprocessed geodatasets to represent these building stock into predefined and separate classes for earthquake and tsunami physical vulnerabilities. The second folder contains sets of fragility functions for these building classes and the assumed economic consequence model. These models are suplement material of a submitted paper (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021b). Please note it is an unpublished preprint version at the time of writing this document. The reader is strongly advised to look for the definitive version once (if so) it is accepted and published.

Beschreibung: A sprinkling experiment was conducted at the geodetic observatory Wettzell (Bavaria, Germany) with the intention to combine classical hydrological field observations of soil moisture with gravity data and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The setup consisted of 8 sprinkling units installed around a gravimeter in field enclosure. Artificial rainfall was applied for 6 hours. The sprinkling area of 15 x 15 m was equipped with 3 vertical soil moisture sensor profiles, 1 horizontal soil moisture transect, near-surface soil moisture sensors and 3 ERT profiles. The non-invasive gravity data and the ancillary monitoring data were used to infer water transport processes in the subsurface during the sprinkling experiment. To this end, the gravity data were used to identify the structure and the parameters of a subsurface flow model in an inverse modelling approach by optimizing the simulated gravity response with respect to the observations. The ancillary soil moisture and ERT data were used to evaluate the model outputs in terms of adequacy and dominant subsurface flow processes. Model data cover the following subtopics: • virtual experiments to show the theoretical relationships between subsurface water re-distribution processes and their corresponding gravity responses • an uncertainty analysis of the sprinkling experiment, e.g., with respect to water volumes and their spatial distribution, and the impact on the expected gravity response • inverse modelling to identify dominant subsurface water re-distribution processes • a synthetical model setup based on the ancillary datasets of soil moisture and ERT Monitoring and model output data used for this investigation is provided within this data repository. A detailed description and discussion can be found in Reich et al. (2021). The inverse modelling was carried out using the R-package gravityInf (Reich, 2021).

Beschreibung: This data repository contains the spatial distribution of the direct financial loss computed expected for the residential building stock of Metropolitan Lima (Peru) after the occurrence of six decoupled earthquake and tsunami risk scenarios (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a; Harig and Rakowsky, 2021). These risk scenarios were independently calculated making use of the DEUS (Damage Exposure Update Service) available in https://github.com/gfzriesgos/deus. The reader can find documentation about this programme in (Brinckmann et al, 2021) where the input files required by DEUS and outputs are comprehensively described. Besides the spatially distributed hazard intensity measures (IM), other inputs required by DEUS to computed the decoupled risk loss estimates comprise: spatially aggregated building exposure models classified in every hazard-dependent scheme. Each class must be accompanied by their respective fragility functions, and financial consequence model (with loss ratios per involved damage state). The collection of inputs is presented in Gomez-Zapata et al. (2021b). The risk estimates are computed for each spatial aggregation areas of the exposure model. For such a purpose, the initial damage state of the buildings is upgraded from undamaged (D0) to any progressive damage state permissible by the fragility functions. The resultant outputs are spatially explicit .JSON files that use the same spatial aggregation boundaries of the initial building exposure models. An aggregated direct financial loss estimate is reported for each cell after every hazard scenario. It is reported one seismic risk loss distribution outcome for each of the 2000 seismic ground motion fields (GMF) per earthquake magnitude (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a). Therefore, 1000 seismic risk estimates from uncorrelated GMF are stored in “Clip_Mwi_uncorrelated” and 1000 seismic risk estimates from spatially cross-correlated GMF (using the model proposed by Markhvida et al. (2018)) are stored in “Clip_ Mwi_correlated”. It is worth noting that the prefix “clip” of these folders refers to the fact that, all of the seismic risk estimates were clipped with respect to the geocells were direct tsunami risk losses were obtained. This spatial compatibility in the losses obtained for similar areas and Mw allowed the construction of the boxplots that are presented in Figure 16 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021). The reader should note that folder “All_exposure_models_Clip_8.8_uncorrelated_and_correlated” also contains another folder entitled “SARA_entire_Lima_Mw8.8” where the two realisations (with and without correlation model) selected to produce Figure 10 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) are stored. Moreover, the data to produce Figure 9 (boxplots comparing the variability in the seismic risk loss estimates for this specific Mw 8.8, are presented in the following .CSV file: “Lima_Mw_8.8_direct_finantial_loss_distributions_all_spatial_aggregations_Corr_and_NoCorr.csv”. Naturally, 1000 values emulating the 1000 realisations are the values that compose the variability expressed in that figure. Since that is a preliminary study (preprint version), the reader is invited to track the latest version of the actually published (if so) journal paper and check the actual the definitive numeration of the aforementioned figures.

Beschreibung: The software component DEUS (Damage-Exposure-Update-Service) is a Python3 script to evaluate/ update the physical damage and the structural vulnerability of a given building stock classified in terms of hazard-dependent classes (i.e. exposure model). This is obtained by estimating the damage evolution of the building stock given their initial damage state; the location of the scenario-based IM; and the use of selected fragility functions that must be compatible with the predefined building classes and IM. It can be run locally on your computer as well as a WPS (Web Processing Service). This version can handle single or consecutive deterministic hazard scenarios with spatially distributed Intensity Measures (IM). For single hazard scenarios, the process requires a single execution. In the case of consecutive deterministic hazard scenarios, the executions are proportional to the number of consecutive risk scenario (events) of interest.

Beschreibung: This data publication is composed by two main folders: (1) “Focus_map_construction” and (2) “CVT_models”. The first one contains the individual raster inputs (tsunami inundation and population distribution) that are combined to construct two different focus maps for the cities of Lima and Callao (Peru). The reader can find a more complete description about the focus map concept in Pittore (2015). These raster focus maps are used as inputs to generate variable-resolution CVT (Central Voronoi Tessellation) geocells following the method presented in Pittore et al., (2020). They are vector-based data (ESRI shapefiles) that are stored in the second folder. These resultant CVT-geocells are used by Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) as spatial aggregation boundaries to represent the residential building portfolio for the cities of Lima and Callao (Peru).

Beschreibung: As a supplement to Huang et al. (2021) “Anelasticity and lateral heterogeneities in Earth’s upper mantle: impact on surface displacements, self-attraction and loading and ocean tide dynamics”, the global amplitude and root-mean-square fields of surface vertical displacement and self-attraction and loading due to ocean tide loading - the M2 tide derived from model TiME (Sulzbach et al., 2021), and the root-mean-square fields of M2 tide are presented here. The fields have been calculated for the 1D elastic solid Earth model PREM and 3D and 1D anelastic models. Figures 4-7, S1 and S2, and tables 1-2 in Huang et al. (2021) can be easily reproduced from these data fields applying the calculus discussed in the paper. The anelastic Earth models can be constructed with the methodology outlined in Huang et al. (2021) by making use of the elastic and attenuation tomography models from the University of California, Berkeley (Karaoğlu, H. & Romanowicz, B., 2018) and the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon (Debayle et al., 2020), respectively. All response fields (U and SAL) are calculated with the spectral-finite element method (Martinec 2000, Tanaka et al. 2019).

Beschreibung: The data set contains chemical analyses of 32 different surface materials from the Bajoca feldspar mine in Portugal and their corresponding hyperspectral reflectance spectra. The field samples were collected in May 2019 within the LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solutions) project. The goal in this project is to develop tools for hybrid data analysis of remote sensing data from different scales, geochemical and geological data for Li target area exploration (LIGHTS; Cardoso-Fernandes et al. (2020a,b & 2021) & Fabre et al. (in prep.)). The hyperspectral data were acquired in the laboratory with the HySpex system in a range of 414 – 2498nm and on-site with the Spectral Evolution PSR+ 3500 handheld spectroradiometer (short “PSR+”) in a range of 350 – 2500nm. The sample spectra of 32 different surface samples are presented for both sensors systems. The resulting HySpex reflectance data are scaled from 0 – 10000, the PSR+ reflectance data are scaled from 0-1. Detailed information about the samples and geochemistry is presented in the data sheets.

Beschreibung: Carbon dioxide is the most abundant, non-condensable gas in volcanic systems, released into the atmosphere through either diffuse or advective fluid flow. The emission of substantial amounts of CO2 at Earth’s surface is not only controlled by volcanic plumes during periods of eruptive activity or fumaroles, but also by soil degassing along permeable structures in the subsurface. Monitoring of these processes is of utmost importance for volcanic hazard analyses, and is also relevant for managing geothermal resources. Fluid-bearing faults are key elements of economic value for geothermal power generation. Here, we describe for the first time how sensitively and quickly natural gas emissions react to changes within a deep hydrothermal system due to geothermal fluid reinjection. For this purpose, we deployed an automated, multi-chamber CO2 flux monitoring system within the damage zone of a deep-rooted major normal fault in the Los Humeros Volcanic Complex (LHVC) in Mexico and recorded data over a period of five months. After removing the atmospheric effects on variations in CO2 flux, we calculated correlation coefficients between residual CO2 emissions and reinjection rates, identifying an inverse correlation of ρ = -0.51 to -0.66. Our results indicate that gas emissions respond to changes in reinjection rates within 24 hours, proving an active hydraulic communication between the hydrothermal system and Earth’s surface. This finding is a promising indication not only for geothermal reservoir monitoring but also for advanced long-term volcanic risk analysis. Response times allow for estimation of fluid migration velocities, which is a key constraint for conceptual and numerical modelling of fluid flow in fracture-dominated systems.

Beschreibung: We provide strontium isotope data (for both the "radiogenic" isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr, and the "stable" isotope ratio 88Sr/86Sr, expressed as delta88Sr) for critical zone compartments (rock, saprolite, soil, plants, and river dissolved loads) at three sites along a global transect of mountain landscapes that differ in erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of Sri Lanka. Key metrics for strontium elemental partitioning (strontium concentrations and ratios to the major elements sodium and calcium) are also provided. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description. Further details on sampling and locations are provided in von Blanckenburg et al (2021). The IGSN data can be accessed by adding the IGSN after igsn.org, e.g. igsn.org/GFFB1005U The dataset consist of 8 Tables that are provided as Excel and printable PDF versions: Table A1. Swiss Alps analyses of soil, saprolite, rock Table A2. Swiss Alps analyses of water samples Table A3. Swiss Alps analyses of plant samples Table SN1. Sierra Nevada analyses of soil, saprolite, rock, bedload sediment and suspended stream load Table SN2. Sierra Nevada analyses of water samples Table SN3. Sierra Nevada analyses of plant samples Table SL1. Sri Lanka analyses of soil, saprolite, rock Table E. Relative elemental amounts (compared to bulk) present in the different extraction pools

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for mixtures of quartz sand and sili-cate cenospheres, which are used for analog experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geo-physics of the Czech Academy of Science (IG CAS) (Warsitzka et al., 2021). The mixtures have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested materials range between 0.55 and 0.75, dynamic friction coefficients µD between 0.47 and 0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR be-tween 0.52 and 0.65. Cohesions of the materials vary between 20 and 120 Pa. The materials show a minor rate-weakening of 〈1.2% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.

Beschreibung: These datasets were used to evaluate the main controls on last ~6 million years erosion rate variability of the northwestern Himalaya. The Earth’s climate has been cooling during the last ~15 million years and started fluctuating between cold and warm periods since ~2-3 million years ago. Many researchers think that these long-term climatic changes were accompanied by changes in continental erosion. However, quantifying erosion rates in the geological past is challenging, and previous studies reached contrasting conclusions. In this study, we quantified erosion rates in the north-western Indian Himalaya over the past 6 million years by measuring in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be in exhumed older foreland basin sediments. The 10Be is produced by cosmic rays in minerals at the Earth's surface, and its abundance indicates erosion rates. Our reconstructed erosion rates show a quasi-cyclic pattern with a periodicity of ~1 million year and a gradual increase towards the present. We suggest that both patterns—cyclicity and gradual increase—are unrelated to climatic changes. Instead, we propose that the growth of the Himalaya by repeatedly scraping off rocks from the Indian plate (basal accretion), resulted in changes of its topography that were accompanied by changes in erosion rates. In this scenario, basal accretion episodically changes rock-uplift patterns, which brings landscapes out of equilibrium and results in quasi-cyclic variations in erosion rates. We used numerical landscape evolution simulations to demonstrate that this hypothesis is physically plausible. Datasets provided here includes summary of the location, depositional age, and stratigraphic position of 41 Siwalik sandstone samples collected from the Haripur section in Himachal Pradesh, India (Dataset S1); 10Be analysis results of Siwalik samples (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S1); sample location and 10Be analysis results of modern river sands from the Yamuna River and its tributaries near the Dehradun Basin (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S2); input parameters for the calculation of paleoerosion rates (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S3); and reconstructed 10Be paleoconcentrations and paleoerosion rates (Dataset S4). Moreover, the data include a compilation of published magnetostratigraphy-derived sediment accumulation rates in the late Cenozoic Himalayan foreland basin (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Dataset-S5). We also include a movie (2021-006_Mandal-et-al_Movie-S1) that is a complete numerical landscape evolution model run with four consecutive accretion cycles of equal magnitude. For more information (for e.g., sampling method, analytical procedure, and data processing) please refer to the associated data description file and the main article (Mandal et al., 2021).

Beschreibung: The fiber optic cable was installed down to 832 m behind the production casing of a 9 5/8" (445-2932 m) and 9 7/8" (0 - 445 m) production casing in well RN-15/DEEPEGS/IDDP-2 in the Reykjanes geothermal field, SW Iceland (depth reference: surface). Fiber optic distributed temperature data was acquired (campaign based) during cementation (09/2016) of the production casing, at the end of the cold fluid injection (09/2018) as well during the onset of well stimulation (10/2019-04/2020).

Beschreibung: This data set is the 1st part of a mini-series assembling whole-rock chemical data for late-Variscan granites of the Erzgebirge-Vogtland metallogenic province in the German Erzgebirge, in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Orogen, which is dedicated to the group of P-F-rich Li-mica granites. Listed are data from the massifs/plutons of Eibenstock in the western Erzgebirge and Annaberg, Geyer, Pobershau, and Seiffen in the central Erzgebirge (Figure 1). All these occurrences represent composite bodies made-up of texturally and geochemically distinct, but cogenetic sub-intrusions, which are associated with intra- und perigranitic aplitic dykes, pegmatitic schlieren, and frequently mineralized quartz veins and greisens (Tables 1-3). These granites exhibit moderately to strongly elevated concentrations of P, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Ta, Sn, W and U, but are low to very low in Ti, Mg, V, Sc, Co, Ni, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Hf, Th, and the REEs. Crystal-melt fractionation was the dominant process controlling the evolution of bulk composition in the course of massif/pluton formation. However, metasomatic processes involving late-stage residual melts and high-T late- to postmagmatic fluids became increasingly more important in highly evolved units and have variably modified the abundances of mobile elements (P, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr). Interaction with the various country rocks and infiltration of meteoric low-T fluids have further disturbed the initial chemical patterns. The data set reports whole-rock geochemical analyses for granites, aplites, and endocontact rocks obtained for the massifs/plutons of Eibenstock, Pobershau, Satzung, Annaberg, and Geyer. Data are provided as separate excel and csv files. The content of the excel sheet and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: We provide geochemical data for three sites that define a gradient of erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of central Sri Lanka. Specifically, we provide silicon isotope ratios and germanium/silicon ratios and the major element composition of 1) rock, 2) saprolite, 3) soil, 4) plants, 5) river dissolved loads, 6) the soil and saprolite amorphous silica fraction (accessed with a NaOH leach), and 7) the soil and saprolite clay-size fraction (isolated with a differential settling protocol). These data serve two purposes. First, they allow us to improve understanding of the controls on silicon isotopes and germanium/silicon ratios in the 'Critical Zone'. Specifically, we can quantify the fractionation factors (for silicon isotopes) and the exchange coefficients (for germanium/silicon ratios), for secondary mineral precipitation and for biological uptake. Secondly, we can use mass-balance approaches to quantify the partitioning of silicon - a nutrient, and a major rock-forming element - among secondary minerals, plant material, and solutes. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description. This dataset consists of five tables: S1. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Swiss Alps study site S2. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Sierra Nevada study site S3. Analyses of soil, saprolite, and rock from the Sri Lanka study site S4. Analyses of stream water from the Swiss Alps, Sierra Nevada, and Sri Lanka study sites S5. Analyses of plant material from the Swiss Alps, Sierra Nevada, and Sri Lanka study sites

Beschreibung: We provide geochemical background data on the partitioning and cycling of elements between rock, saprolite, soil, plants, and river dissolved and solid loads from at three sites along a global transect of mountain landscapes that differ in erosion rates – an “erodosequence”. These sites are the Swiss Central Alps, a rapidly-eroding post-glacial mountain belt; the Southern Sierra Nevada, USA, eroding at moderate rates; and the slowly-eroding tropical Highlands of Sri Lanka. The backbone of this analysis is an extensive data set of rock, saprolite, soil, water, and plant geochemical data. This set of elemental concentrations is converted into process rates by using regolith production and weathering rates from cosmogenic nuclides, and estimates of biomass growth. Combined, they allow us to derive elemental fluxes through regolith and vegetation. The main findings are: 1) the rates of weathering are set locally in regolith, and not by the rate at which entire landscapes erode; 2) the degree of weathering is mainly controlled by regolith thickness. This results in supply-limited weathering in Sri Lanka where weathering runs to completion, and kinetically-limited weathering in the Alps and Sierra Nevada where soluble primary minerals persist; 3) these weathering characteristics are reflected in the sites’ ecosystem processes, namely in that nutritive elements are intensely recycled in the supply-limited setting, and directly taken up from soil and rock in the kinetically settings; 4) contrary to common paradigms, the weathering rates are not controlled by biomass growth; 5) at all sites we find a deficit in river solute export when compared to solute production in regolith, the extent of which differs between elements but not between erosion rates. Plant uptake followed by litter erosion might explain this deficit for biologically utilized elements of high solubility, and rare, high-discharge flushing events for colloidal-bound elements of low solubility. Our data and the new metrics have begun to serve for calibrating metal isotope systems in the weathering zone, the isotope ratios of which depend on the flux partitioning between the compartments of the Critical Zone. We demonstrate this application in several isotope geochemical companion papers with associated datasets from the same samples. All samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples. The IGSNs are provided in the data tables and link to a comprehensive sample description in the internet.

Beschreibung: We have installed 19 new Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) markers in the Hindu Kush (NE-Afghanistan) and the North Pamir front (Alai valley) and measured a total of 25 new and existing markers, if possible annually between 2014 and 2020 in survey mode. The stations are positioned along three profiles crossing the NE-striking Panjsheer fault and N-striking Badakhshan fault in the Hindu Kush, and the E-striking Pamir thrust system at the Trans Alai Range. The Hindu Kush survey data are the first of their kind in Afghanistan. The Pamir profile densifies a 1 Hz-GNSS profile that was installed in the Altyndara valley in 2013-2015; the GNSS time-series are affected by the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, earthquake and probably the 2016 Mw6.4 Sary-Tash earthquake. The data are presented in receiver independent exchange (RNX) format and complemented by logsheets, field photos and a technical report describing the surveys in more detail.

Beschreibung: The differences of atmospheric delays (Atmospheric ties) are theoretically affected by the height differences between antennas at the same site and the meteorological conditions. However, there is often a discrepancy between the expected zenith delay differences and those estimated from geodetic analysis. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the possibility effects that could caused biases on GNSS atmospheric delays at co-location site.

Beschreibung: Following Barker, Pople and Gubbins & Gray, the u-expansion of the perturbation theory, used for developing equations of state for fluids, requires sets of J-, K-, L-, M-, and N-integrals as a function of rho* and T*. These integrals are calculated here from pair and triplet correlation functions, which were derived in a previous communication, using particle configurations from extensive Monte-Carlo simulations of a Lennard-Jones fluid. The pair and triplet correlation functions are based on 27615 state points covering a rho*-T* space from 0.002-1.41 and 0.45-25 in reduced variables, respectively, which is also the range of the calculated integrals. Quadruplet correlation functions, required by the M- and N-integrals, were calculated using the trans-superposition approximation, using pair and triplet correlation functions. Here the unfitted raw data of 597 J-, 90 K-, 256 L-, 4M-, and 4N-integrals are reported. The number of available values at different rho*-T* state points are 27615 for the J-integrals, and in the range of 6999-7053, 6789-7055, 6440-6587, 6544-6751 for the K-, L-, M-, andN-integrals, respectively.

Beschreibung: Faults and fractures form the largest contrast of fluid flow in the subsurface, while their permeability is highly affected by effective pressure changes. In this experimental study, fractured low-permeability Flechtingen (Rotliegend) sandstones were cyclically loaded in a MTS tri-axial compression cell. Two different loading scenarios were considered: “continuous cyclic loading” (CCL) and “progressive cyclic loading” (PCL). During continuous cyclic loading, a displaced tensile fracture was loaded hydrostatically from 2 to 60 MPa in several repeated cycles. During progressive cyclic loading, the load was increased with a step-wise function (15, 30, 45 and 60 MPa) and unloaded after every loading step. For full elasticity of rock matrix deformation each rock sample has been preconditioned up to 65 MPa. After that, an artificial tensile fracture was introduced into the sample using the Brazilian Disk test. The fractured sample was installed into the MTS triaxial cell at a given offset of 0.5 mm and hydrostatic loading was applied accordingly. The fracture permeability was measured continuously using the cubic law calculated from the hydraulic aperture. Fracture closure was measured using LVDT extensometers during the entire experiment and the resulting fracture closure and stiffness was calculated accordingly. The total deformation of the sample was corrected by the amount of elastic deformation of the rock matrix to obtain the fracture closure only. Potential changes to the fracture surface topography before and after the experiments were analysed from high-resolution surface scans obtained by a 3D profilometer using the fringe pattern projection. The scale-independent roughness exponent was calculated using power spectral density method assuming self-affinity. The fracture aperture distribution and contact-area ratio was calculated by matching the best fitting principal planes of the bottom and top surface and applying a grid search algorithm. The results showed a “stress-memory” effect of fracture stiffness during progressive loading that can be used to identify previous stress states in fractures. This effect is characterized by a transition from a non-linear to a linear (reversible to non-reversible) behaviour of specific fracture stiffness when a previous stress-maximum is exceeded. Furthermore, the evolution of fracture permeability shows less reduction during progressive cyclic loading compared to continuous cyclic loading. The data measured during the flow-through experiment under varying effective pressure are provided in the file “MTS_data.zip”. The data are provided as separate text-files as well as in Excel format with different spreadsheets, such that each figure in the paper can be recalculated and that the underlying data is comprehensive. The name of all three rock samples is given in the file name including the type of the experiment (CCL or PCL). The fracture surfaces and the fracture aperture distributions are found within the file “Surface_data.zip”. This file contains the fracture data of each of the three rock samples as point cloud data (text-files), as well the data calculated from the surfaces.

Beschreibung: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1) on the effect of weakness during distributed crustal extension performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Ten generic analogue models made of a layer of Quartz sand (G12, Rosenau et al., 2018) including a weak silicone oil “seed” (PDMS G30M, Rudolf et al., 2016) to localize deformation have been extended on top of a basal foam block. A benchmark experiment (basal foam only) and a reference model (layer of sand without seed) are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Osagiede et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplement. The models have been monitored by means of digital image correlation (DIC) analysis (Adam et al., 2005). DIC analysis yields quantitative information about model surface deformation in 2D and 3D. The data presented here are visualized as finite strain and displacement maps as well as cumulative strain and displacement profiles.

Beschreibung: The 208 km long profile 3B/MVE (West) was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short seismic cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3B/MVE (West) was performed to investigate the deep crustal structure and the transition zone between the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian units with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The results were compared with the results from the surveys DEKORP 1 and DEKORP 2, running nearly parallel to the line 3B/MVE (West). Details of the 3B/MVE (West) experiment, its preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (A) et al. (1994) and DEKORP Research Group (C) et al. (1994). The Technical Report of line 3B/MVE (West) gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The mainly NW-SE running DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) runs perpendicular to the Variscan strike direction and traverses the southern part of the Rhenohercynian unit with the Northern Phyllite Zone and the northern part of the Saxothuringian unit including the Mid-German Crystalline High. Starting in the Kellerwald the profile crosses the Hessian Depression, the Tertiary volcanic Rhoen Mountains and the Mesozoic of the Franconian Basin (DEKORP Research Group (C) et al., 1994). East of Staffelstein the profile turns to the east and ends on the Franconian Line, the southwestern boundary fault zone of the Bohemian Massif. The line 3B/MVE (West) is intersected by ten cross lines along the profile and by DEKORP 3A at its northwestern end. To the east the profile is extended by DEKORP 3B/MVE (East).

Beschreibung: The 128 km long profile 3A was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3A was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the Hessian Depression with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition, and thus to connect DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) to oil industry seismic profiles in the Leinegraben area. Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (A) et al. (1994) and DEKORP Research Group (C) et al. (1994). The Technical Report of line 3A gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The N-S trending DEKORP 3A line aimed at a seismic characterisation of the crust beneath the Permo-Mesozoic to Tertiary Hessian Depression. Running from the Solling Dome in the Rhenohercynian through the Kassel Graben and the late Tertiary volcanic fields of the Reinhardswald and Soehrewald, the 3A line ends in the Northern Phyllite Zone north of the Vogelsberg Volcano, the largest of the Cenozoic volcanoes in Europe (DEKORP Research Group (C) et al., 1994). DEKORP 3A is intersected by six short cross lines along the profile and by DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) at its southern end.

Beschreibung: The data publication contains a dataset for fast assessment of earthquakes based on seismic waveforms. The dataset encompasses Northern Chile. Due to the large scale of the dataset, it is intended for use in machine learning. A similar dataset for chile has been published as Münchmeyer et al. (2020). A similar dataset for Japan can be obtained using the scripts at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM The datasets are provided as a hdf5-file (Folk et al. 2011), a hierachical file format. Source code for reading and processing the data is available at https://github.com/yetinam/TEAM. The hdf5-file contains the two groups “metadata” and “data” that are described below. These groups are the hdf5-analog of folders in a file system.

Beschreibung: We present a compilation and analysis of 1099 Holocene relative shore-level (RSL) indicators including 867 relative sea-level data points and 232 data points from the Ancylus Lake and the following transitional phase from 10.7 to 8.5 ka BP located around the Baltic Sea. The spatial distribution covers the Baltic Sea and near-coastal areas fairly well, but some gaps remain mainly in Sweden. RSL data follow the standardized HOLSEA format and, thus, are ready for spatially comprehensive applications in, e.g., glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling. Sampling method The data set is a compilation of rather different samples from geological, geomorphological and archaeological studies. Most of the data was already published in different formats. In this compilation we homogenized the meta information of the available information according to the HOLSEA database format, https://www.holsea.org/archive-your-data, which is a modification of the recommendations given in Hijma et al. (2015). In addition to the reformatting, the majority of samples with radiocarbon dating were recalibrated with oxcal-software using the calib13 and marine13 curves. Furthermore, all sample descriptions were critically checked for consistency in positioning, levelling and indicative meaning by experts of the respective geographic region see Supplement 2. Analytical method In principle, it is a compilation, recalibration and revision of already published data. Data Processing Data of individual compilations were revised and imported into a relational database system. Therein, the data was transferred into the HOLSEA format by specified rules. By this procedure, a homogeneous categorisation was achieved without losing the original data. Also this is stored in the relational database system allowing for later updates of the transfer procedure or a recalibration of the data. Description of data table HOLSEA-baltic-yymmdd.xlsx The workbook in excel format contains 5 sheets, see https://www.holsea.org/archive-your-data: · Long-form, containing the complete information available for each sample · Short-form, a subset of attributes of the Long-form sheet · Radiocarbon, containing the radiocarbon dating information of the respective samples · U-series, a corresponding table containing the respective information of Uranium dating · References, a complete reference list of the primary publications in which the individual data sampling is described. All online sources for the compilation are included in the metadata. A full list of source references is provided in the data description file.

Beschreibung: KTB Borehole Measurements Data Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetic Field Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. The data report STR 21/03 KTB Borehole logging data contains the full description of the logging data given here. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The Magnetic Susceptibility (MSUS) and Magnetic Field data files comprise data from a magnetic susceptibility sonde from the university of Munich, and two magnetometer sondes from the university of Braunschweig (FML-BS) and of Schlumberger (GPIT). MSUS was only run in the KTB-VB. The Braunschweig magnetometer was run in both KTB boreholes and the GPIT only in the KTB-HB. The MSUS log and the magnetic field log in the KTB-VB are not depth corrected to the reference GR because the sondes had no GR sensor. Both types of magnetic field logs in the KTB-HB are depth corrected to the reference GR. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.

Beschreibung: During the transpolar drifting campaign MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) of RV Polarstern (AWI, 2017), GNSS was used among other techniques to monitor variations in atmospheric water vapor. This dataset comprises the RINEX data tracked by a top-side GNSS antenna installed at the compass deck of RV Polarstern. The GNSS equipment was installed on July 4th, 2019. For logistical reasons, the receiver was switched off on October 3rd at a position very close to Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. According to the MOSAiC data guidelines, data for the following periods are not provided in this dataset: - September 12-26, 2019 - June 3-8, 2020 - October 2-3, 2020

Beschreibung: The data set contains stress-strain data of Carrara marble experimentally deformed in triaxial compression at temperatures of 20 – 800°C, confining pressures of 30 – 300 MPa, and strain rates between 10-3 and 10-6 s-1. This range covers conditions, at witch marble deforms in the semi-brittle regime, i.e., strength depends on all parameters, but with different sensitivity. Semi-brittle deformation behavior is expected to be important in the mid continental crust. The experiments were conducted in the Experimental Rock Deformation Laboratory of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The data are separated into 91 individual ASCII files, one for each sample. The corresponding temperature, pressure and strain rate conditions are listed in Tab. 1. of the data description and in the associated work by Rybacki et al. (submitted).

Beschreibung: This data publication includes standard rock magnetic data related to concentration, coercivity and magneto-mineralogy versus depth from six sediment cores (M72/5-22GC3, M72-5-22GC4, M72-5-22GC6, M72-5-22GC8, M72-5-24GC3, M72-5-25GC1), collected at the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the Southeastern Black Sea during the marine expedition M72/5 of the German research vessel RV METEOR (in May 2007). The data are related to publications by Liu et al. (2018, 2019, 2020), Liu (2019) and Nowaczyk et al. (2012, 2013, 2018, 2021a, b). Sediment cores were recovered using gravity corers. For paleo- and rock magnetic analyses clear plastic boxes of 20×20×15 mm were pressed into the split halves of the generally 1 m long sections of the sediment cores. Data are provided as six ASCII files (.dat, one for each core) with metadata header, followed by 12 data columns and are decribed in the associated data description file (pdf).

Beschreibung: This data publication includes standard rock magnetic data related to concentration, coercivity and magneto-mineralogy versus depth from twelve sediment cores recovered from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the Southeastern Black Sea, German RV Maria S. Merian expedition MSM33 in 2013: MSM33-51-3, MSM33-52-1, MSM33-53-1, MSM33-54-3, MSM33-55-1, MSM33-56-1, MSM33-57-1, MSM33-60-1, MSM33-61-1, MSM33-62-2, MSM33-63-1, MSM33-64-1. The data are related to publications by Liu et al. (2018, 2019, 2020), Liu (2019) and Nowaczyk et al. (2012, 2013, 2018, 2021a, b). Sediment cores were recovered using gravitiy and piston corers. For paleo- and rock magnetic analyses clear plastic boxes of 20×20×15 mm were pressed into the split halves of the generally 1 m long sections of the sediment cores. Data are provided as 12 ASCII files (.dat, one for each core) with metadata header and are decribed in the associated data description file (pdf).

Beschreibung: This data publication includes stacked paleomagnetic data, inclinations, declinations, and relative paleointensities, for the time interval 120 to 180 ka, comprising data from twelve sediment cores recovered from the Arkhangelsky Ridge in the Southeastern Black Sea; German RV Meteor expedition M72/5 in 2007: M72/5-22GC6, M72/5-22GC8; German RV Maria S. Merian expedition MSM33 in 2013: MSM33-51-3, MSM33-52-1, MSM33-54-3, MSM33-56-1, MSM33-57-1, MSM33-60-1, MSM33-61-1, MSM33-62-2, MSM33-63-1, MSM33-64-1. The data are also described in Nowaczyk et al. (2021). Sediment cores were recovered using gravitiy and piston corers. For paleo- and mineral-magnetic analyses clear plastic boxes of 20×20×15 mm were pressed into the split halves of the generally 1 m long sections of the sediment cores. Data are provided as six ASCII files (.dat, one for each core) with metadata header, followed by 12 data columns and are decribed in the associated data description file (pdf).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. In 2014 December the Royal Observatory of Belgium installed the iGrav #019 at the surface site of the Rochefort "Lorette" cave laboratory. The Lorette cave is one of several cavities that belong to the Wamme–Lomme karst system, a 10 km long karst area. At the surface of the site, a small and solid building, located at the border of a large sinkhole, hosts the gravity laboratory, which is thermally stabilized at ~25°C by a heater, excepted during a few days each summer when the temperature may increase above that level. The iGrav #019 is installed directly on the bedrock (limestone) in a 1 m deep shaft. Two meters away from the iGrav there is a pillar of cement (60% sand, 40% cement, no iron nor stones) founded 1 meter deep on the bedrock and on which absolute gravity measurements are performed 10 times or more per year with the FG5#202 absolute gravimeter. See description in Fig A7 in Van Camp et al., 2017. As this instrument was installed among others to investigate flash floods in the caves, it regularly monitors sudden changes in gravity reaching 50-100 nm/s², especially during the winter (Watlet et al., 2020). This should be considered when performing e.g. tidal analyses.

Beschreibung: In geosciences 3D geomechanical-numerical models are used to estimate the in-situ stress state. In such a model each geological unit is populated with the rock properties Young’s module, Poisson ratio, and density. Usually, each unit is assigned a single set of homogene-ous properties. However, variable rock properties are observed and expected within the same geological unit. Even within small volumes large variabilities may occur.

Beschreibung: This data publication provides supplementary data to the X9_2015 network that was operated from 2015 until 2016 within the KISS experiment in the area of the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group. In addition, the associated seismic waveform data are archived in the GFZ GEOFON archive with the https://doi.org/10.14470/K47560642124 (Shapiro et al., 2015) and the associated Scientific Technical Report – Data (Green et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.48440/GFZ.B103-21019). Please refer to this site for any further information. Data in the KISS experiment was mainly recorded by Cube3 digitizers which requires a conversion into standard seismological formats including a resampling to adjust the timing of the data to the GPS signals. The data in the GEOFON archive does therefore already include some degree of processing and some loss of information contained in the GPS tags of the raw data. We therefore provide a copy of the raw data as it was retrieved from the Cube digitizers (www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp → Instruments). Additionally, we provide raw data from the Baikal digitizers and photographs of the sites from the station collection.

Beschreibung: The dataset is supplementary material to the Solid Earth research article of Leonhardt et al. (2021). The dataset is a high-resolution catalog of seismicity framing the stimulation campaign of a 6.1 km deep Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) in Helsinki suburban area, Finland. Within the St1 Deep Heat project, a total of 18,160 m3 of fresh water was injected into crystalline rocks during 49 days in summer 2018. The seismicity was monitored by a 12-level seismometer array at 〉2km depth and a seismic network of near-surface borehole sensors surrounding the EGS site. We expanded and refined the original catalog of Kwiatek et al. (2019) including detected seismic events and earthquakes that occurred two month after the end of injection and determining new locations and relocations on the basis of a new velocity model derived from a post-stimulation vertical seismic profiling campaign. A detailed description of the catalog reprocessing as well as a description of basic statistical and spatio-temporal properties of the catalog can be find in the data description file. Definition of columns in the data table (also in the header of the data): event ID, event class, datenumber [integer part = day since year 0], year, month, day, hour, minute, seconds, local magnitude MLHEL, moment magnitude MW, absolute location in local cartesian coordinates [easting (m), northing (m), altitude (m)], relocated location in local cartesian coordinates [easting (m), northing (m), altitude (m)], fault plane solutions of estimated focal mechnisms [strike (°), dip (°), rake(°)] and root mean square fault plane uncertainty of estimated focal mechanisms.

Beschreibung: The 3D geomechanical-numerical modelling aims at a continuous description of the stress state in a subsurface volume. The model is fitted to the model-independent stress data records by adaptation of the displacement boundary conditions. This process is herein referred to as model calibration. Depending on the amount of available stress data records and the complexity of the model the calibration can be a lengthy process of trial-and-error to estimate the best-fit boundary conditions. The tool FAST Calibration (Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Calibration) is a Matlab script that facilitates and speeds up this calibration process. By using a linear regression it requires only three test model scenarios with different displacement boundary conditions to calibrate a geomechanical-numerical model on available stress data records. The differences between the modelled and observed stresses are used for the linear regression that allows to compute the displacement boundary conditions required for the best-fit estimation. The influence of observed stress data records on the best-fit displacement boundary conditions can be weighted. Furthermore, FAST Calibration provides a cross checking of the best-fit estimate against indirect stress information that cannot be used for the calibration process, such as the observation of borehole breakouts or drilling induced fractures.

Beschreibung: Surface deformation in the continental interior, away from active tectonic margins, is enigmatic, with the underlying mechanisms responsible not fully understood. Therefore, it is considered an open and important question in continental dynamics. The Hangai Dome, central Mongolia, is a natural laboratory to explore this question. It is a high-elevation, low-relief, intra-continental region within the Mongolian plateau. It is located between the Siberian and North China cratons and lies within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Central Mongolia has a complex tectonic history that is not well understood. It consists of several lithotectonic units that have influenced the formation and development of the region. The Hangai region has a long history of volcanic activity, including Cenozoic episodes of intraplate volcanism, which occurred as recently as the Holocene. It is characterized by dispersed, low-volume, alkali basaltic volcanism. Furthermore, major fault systems bound the Hangai region and large parts of central Mongolia. The processes and driving mechanisms responsible for creating the Hangai region remain largely unexplained. Therefore, we aim to collect high-resolution magnetotelluric data to image the electrical conductivity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Hangai Dome in order to better understand the mechanisms responsible for intracontinental uplift and intraplate volcanism in this unique region. To achieve this objective a project was created, titled “Crust-mantle interactions beneath the Hangai Mountains in western Mongolia - Insights from 3-D magnetotelluric studies and 4-D thermo-mechanical modelling”. The first phase of the project was completed in 2016. Magnetotelluric data were recorded across the Hangai Dome in a grid (~400 by ~200 km), with a nominal site spacing of 50 km. Broadband measurements were acquired at each grid node and, additionally, long period measurements were acquired along two profiles. This data report provides details on the data collection, the measurement site locations, the instrumentation, and the data format. This data publication (https://doi.org/10.5880/GIPP-MT.201613.1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: Surface deformation in the continental interior, away from active tectonic margins, is enigmatic, with the underlying mechanisms responsible not fully understood. Therefore, it is considered an open and important question in continental dynamics. The Hangai Dome, central Mongolia, is an ideal location to explore this because it is a high-elevation, low-relief, intra-continental region within the Mongolian plateau, between the Siberian and North China cratons, and within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The tectonic history of Central Mongolia is not well understood. It consists of several lithotectonic units that have influenced the formation and development of the region. The Hangai region has had intraplate volcanism throughout the Cenozoic, including as recently as the Holocene, in addition to older Mesozoic volcanic activity. It is characterized by dispersed, low-volume, alkali basaltic volcanism. Furthermore, major shear fault systems bound the Hangai region and central Mongolia. Our objective is to collect high-resolution magnetotelluric data to image the electrical resistivity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Hangai Dome in order to better understand the processes and mechanisms responsible for intracontinental uplift and intraplate volcanism in this unique region, helping shed light on the Hangai region. Building on the successful first phase of the project (2016), a second phase was completed in 2017. We expanded our magnetotelluric measurement array: to the west along four new profiles; to the south, across the Gobi-Altai mountains; to the north, across the Bulnay fault segments; filling in the previous profiles for denser site spacing. This new grid of data is ~650 km long and ~400 km wide, with a nominal site spacing of 50 km for broadband measurements. In addition, we completed a small profile across the Tariat/Khorgo region and a reconnaissance profile in Zavkhan. This data report provides details on the data collection, the measurement site locations, the instrumentation, and the data format. This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT.201706.1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: Following a sequence of seismic events detected by the National Geographic Institute (IGN Spain), on 13.09.2021 the new volcano Cumbre Vieja initiated an eruption, located on the mid-western flank at a location just to the north of the 1949 eruption site. The eruption fed a lava flow that buried already some hundreds of houses, with a high economic estimated loss. Previous studies have shown that La Palma was the source of 3 or 4 large sector collapses associated with avalanches under see and tsunami generation. This volcanic activity is accompanied with an increased seismic activity. The GFZ contributes to the monitoring of the seismic activity by sending experts in the frame of a Hazard and Risk Team (HART). Our partner is the National Geographic Institute. Besides tiltmeters, a temporary 4 station seismic network with TrilliumCompact 20 sec posthole seismometers, D-Cube digitisers (100 sample/sec) and C-Cubes LTE communication for real-time data transmission is being deployed near the Cumbre Vieja volcano, increasing the station density of the IGN network. Data access is being restricted for some time.

Beschreibung: The ca. 60 km long seismic line DEKORP 2Q was recorded in 1986 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The survey was carried out to investigate possible NW-SE trending crustal structure of the Muensterland Basin with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. A detailed description of seismic results is provided by Franke et al. (1990) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 2Q gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The W-E directed DEKORP 2Q crosses line 2N nearly perpendicularly and together with its northern part reveals the Upper Cretaceous of the Muensterland Basin, which belongs to the sub-Variscan Foredeep, and the underlying folded Palaeozoic rocks. Towards the south, the Muensterland Basin passes into the Rhenish Massif, a part of the Rhenohercynian Zone. DEKORP 2Q connects the Muensterland 1 borehole in the west with the other drilling Versmold 1 in the east, thus permitting the correlation of the DEKORP data with the industrial seismic network of northern Germany (Franke et al., 1990).

Beschreibung: The profile 2N was recorded in 1986 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The seismic survey of the ca. 220 km long line 2N was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the eastern Rhenish Massif and the Muensterland Basin with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The objectives of the survey were to image the Variscan structures in detail with respect to their specific transitions, to obtain evidence about vertical tectonic processes during the Variscan orogenesis, to understand the causes of observed gravity and magnetic anomalies and to recognize and define the Variscan front to the north. In addition, the line contributed to the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) and the former European Geotraverse (EGT). The first outcomes of the survey were presented by Reichert (1988). A detailed description of seismic results is provided by Franke et al. (1990) as well as by DEKORP Research Group (1990) and supplemented by many other researches. The Technical Report of line 2N gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The nearly S-N striking DEKORP 2N line reveals an almost complete cross-section through the Rhenohercynian Zone. The profile runs from the Taunus Mountains, i.e. the southeastern rim of the Rhenish Massif over the Lahn-Dill Trough, through the Ebbe Mountains to the borehole Muensterland 1 in the Muensterland Basin, which belongs to the sub-Variscan Foredeep. The profile is the northern prolongation of DEKORP 2S. Line DEKORP 2Q crosses line 2N perpendicularly in its northern part extending northeastwards to the borehole Versmold 1.

Beschreibung: A network of 400 continuously running, digital, short-period seismic stations was deployed for a time period of approximately 2 weeks in an area of ~1 x 1.7 km in the Geyer region (Saxony, Germany). The network is part of a feasibility study to check whether and to which extent passive seismic methods, i.e. ambient noise techniques with a large number of stations (LARGE-N) can be used in a mineral exploration context. The project is attached to the INFACT project („Innovative, Non-invasive and Fully Acceptable Exploration Technologies“) funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. At the same time it serves as a first field test for newly acquired LARGE-N instrumentation of the GIPP instrument pool.

Beschreibung: The profile 9N was recorded in 1988 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at lower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2019). The profile 9N was reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessed DEKORP-9N survey comprises all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019)), i.e. (1) as unstacked data the raw data, the CRS processed data and the migrated image gathers, and (2) as stacked data the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion as well as (5) several attribute analyses (RMS amplitude, instantaneous frequency and phase, Q-factor and others) are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 9 survey was shot across the Tertiary Upper Rhine Graben, which intersects both the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian regions obliquely. Since the Eocene the Rhine Graben represents an active rift system. The 92 km long, E-W trending DEKORP'88-9N profile crosses the northern part of the Upper Rhine Graben. It starts in the crystalline Odenwald, crosses the Tertiary and Quarternary fill of the Rhine Graben and ends in the late Palaeozoic sequences of the Saar-Nahe Basin in the west. There it crosses the Permian rhyolitic Donnersberg intrusion. The DEKORP'88-9N profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the base of the cenozoic graben fill, the prolongation of faults in the sediments of the Northern Upper Rhine Graben, the transition to the crystalline Odenwald at the eastern border fault, the transition to the Saar-Nahe basin in the west and the transition from the crystalline Odenwald to the Buntsandstein Odenwald in the east of the profile. The additional attribute analyses were carried out to possibly detect previously unknown faults or fracture zones. The seismic sections of 9N show different crustal structures on both sides of the graben and some indications of dipping reflections in the mantle on the western side, which could refer to the genesis of the Upper Rhine Graben. An important new feature is the presence of a Permo-Triassic layer in the Upper Rhine Graben, which is significantly thicker than previously mapped (〉 600 m) and thus the upper edge of the basement is situated over 600 m deeper than in the original data. The reprocessing of the DEKORP'88-9N profile was funded by the HLNUG in cooperation with the Agency for Geology and Mining of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Beschreibung: This dataset is composed of three-season simulated EnMAP mosaics for the Lake Tahoe region, USA. HyspIRI Airborne Campaign AVIRIS imagery from spring, summer and fall formed the basis for simulating EnMAP data with 30 m spatial resolution and 195 spectral bands ranging from 420 to 2450 nm. The mosaics are provided as Analysis-Ready-Datasets (tiled surface reflectance products) to be used for regional-scale and multi-season hyperspectral image analysis of California’s diverse ecoregions. The dataset primarily intends to support the development of processing algorithms and to demonstrate spaceborne hyperspectral data capabilities during the pre-launch activities of the forthcoming EnMAP mission. This dataset was processed in line with companion simulated EnMAP mosaics for the San Francisco Bay Area and for the Santa Barbara region.

Beschreibung: This dataset is composed of three-season simulated EnMAP mosaics for the Lake Tahoe region, USA. HyspIRI Airborne Campaign AVIRIS imagery from spring, summer and fall formed the basis for simulating EnMAP data with 30 m spatial resolution and 195 spectral bands ranging from 420 to 2450 nm. The mosaics are provided as Analysis-Ready-Datasets (tiled surface reflectance products) to be used for regional-scale and multi-season hyperspectral image analysis of California’s diverse ecoregions. The dataset primarily intends to support the development of processing algorithms and to demonstrate spaceborne hyperspectral data capabilities during the pre-launch activities of the forthcoming EnMAP mission. This dataset was processed in line with companion simulated EnMAP mosaics for the San Francisco Bay Area (Cooper et al. 2020a) and for the Santa Barbara region (Okujeni et al. 2021a).

Beschreibung: This dataset is composed of three-season simulated EnMAP mosaics for the Santa Barbara region, USA. HyspIRI Airborne Campaign AVIRIS imagery from spring, summer and fall formed the basis for simulating EnMAP data with 30 m spatial resolution and 195 spectral bands ranging from 420 to 2450 nm. The mosaics are provided as Analysis-Ready-Datasets (tiled surface reflectance products) to be used for regional-scale and multi-season hyperspectral image analysis of California’s diverse ecoregions. The dataset primarily intends to support the development of processing algorithms and to demonstrate spaceborne hyperspectral data capabilities during the pre-launch activities of the forthcoming EnMAP mission. This dataset was processed in line with companion simulated EnMAP mosaics for the San Francisco Bay Area (Cooper et al. 2020a) and for the Lake Tahoe region (Okujeni et al. 2021a).

Beschreibung: Convert and downsample distribute acoustic sensing (DAS) data acquired by Silixa iDAS or ASN OptoDAS to seismological data formats. Main purpose is to quickly convert and downsample massive amounts of high-resolution DAS data to MiniSEED and other seismological data formats. To handle the massive amount of data generated by DAS interrogators, the conversion tool is leveraging parallel I/O and multi-threaded signal-processing. A high throughput can be archived while converting and downsampling data in parallel threads. The tool can interact with tape storage systems and messaging bots to monitor the conversion process. The signal processing routines are based on Pyrocko, a mature and well tested seismological framework.

Beschreibung: The aim of this software is to assess the influence of water well production rates to the measured water level data dependent on the reservoir properties. Daily abstraction rates can be used for this production rate well test analysis. For the analysis, a modified deconvolution algorithm is implemented in the code. The algorithm derives the reservoir response function by solving a least square problem with the unique feature of imposing only implicit constraints on the solution space.

Beschreibung: The Ethiopian rift is a unique natural environment to study the different stages of evolution from initial continental rifting to embryonic sea-floor spreading. We study the crust and uppermost mantle of the Afar, Main Ethiopian Rift and the adjoining plateaus using hierarchical Bayesian ambient seismic noise tomography. A shear wave velocity model of the crust is produced based on the point-wise linearized inversion of the dispersion curves extracted from the group velocity maps. This dataset provides 3-D shear velocity results from Eshetu et al. (2021). The file “3dmod.dat” contains the shear wave velocity model for the Ethiopian rift, sampled onto a regular grid. Poorly imaged cells are set to “nan”, see the main text for details. Note that the model primarly resolves S wave structure (Vs). P wave velocity (Vp) is not independently constrained but, during the inversion, calculated from Vs using empirical relations (Brocher, 2005).

Beschreibung: We provide the model results of the manuscript "Glacial-isostatic adjustment models using geodynamically constrained 3D Earth structures" (Bagge et al. 2020, Paper) including the (1) predicted relative sea-level and (2) applied sea-level data. The predicted relative-sea level is calculated with the VIscoelastic Lithosphere and MAntle model VILMA (Klemann et al. 2008, 2015, Martinec et al. 2018, Hagedoorn et al. 2007, Martinec & Hagedoorn 2005, Kendall et al. 2005). The glacial-isostatic adjustment models uses different Earth structures (3D, 1D global mean and 1D regionally adapted; Bagge et al. 2020, Paper; Bagge et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.3.2020.004) and ice histories (ICE-5G, Peltier 2004; ICE-6G, Peltier et al. 2015, Argus et al. 2014; NAICE, Gowan et al. 2016) resulting in 44 3D models, 54 1D global mean models and 162 1D regionally adapted models. For more information on model description and input data see Bagge et al. (2020, Paper) and Bagge at al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.3.2020.004). The provided output data include (1a) the global distribution of predicted relative-sea level at 14 kilo years before present as ensemble range of the 3D GIA models for three ice histories as netCDF files, (1b) the predicted relative-sea level at eight locations at 14 kilo years before present for all models as ASCII file and (1c) the predicted relative sea-level for the deglaciation period for all models as ASCII files. Eight locations include Churchill, Angermanland, Ross Sea (Antarctica), San Jorge Gulf (Patagonia), Central Oregon Coast, Rao-Gandon Area (Senegal), Singapore and Pioneer Bay (Queensland, Australia). (2) The about 520 applied sea-level data provide information on time, relative sea-level and type of sea-level data. They are extracted for the eight locations from the GFZ database using SLIVisu (Unger et al. 2012, 2018) and provided as ACSII files.

Beschreibung: GRACE/GRACE-FO Level-3 product based on GFZ RL06 Level-2B products (Dahle & Murböck, 2019) and ITSG-Grace2018/ITSG-Grace_operational VDK3 filtered (citation) representing Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) anomalies provided at 1° latitude-longitude grids as defined over all continental regions except Greenland and Antarctica. The TWS anomaly grids are provided in NetCDF format. The files each contain two different variables: 1) 'tws': gravity-based TWS 2) 'std_tws': gravity-based TWS uncertainties This data set is basis of Boergens and Kvas (2021) and have been used in Boergens et al. (2021) to produce regional time series and their uncertainties, which can be reproduced with the code provided by Boergens (2021).

Beschreibung: The region of Geyer in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) of Germany, situated approximately 110 kilometres south of Leipzig, has a long history of ore mining. The region is known for its deposits of tin, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, iron, silver, and indium. Due to this long history and known reservoir potential, this area was selected as a test site for the Innovative, Non-invasive and Fully Acceptable Exploration Technologies (INFACT) project. INFACT is a EU funded project aiming to foster new and innovative non-invasive methods for the exploration of new mineral deposits and is coordinated by the Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). Within the framework of this project, the GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, acquired magnetotelluric (MT) and radiomagnetotelluric (RMT) data near Geyer. The main objectives of these measurements were to map the shallow subsurface for mineral deposits and to evaluate the potential of these methods in densely populated areas with high levels of anthropogenic noise. This data publication (10.5880/GIPP-MT.201933.1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: Filtered GRACE/GRACE-FO spherical harmonic coefficients of ITSG-Grace2018/ITSG-Grace_operational Level-2 GSM products representing an estimate of Earth's gravity field variations during the specified timespan. The spherical harmonic coefficients are filtered with VDK3 filter (anisotropic filter taking the actual error covariance information of the underlying GSM coefficients into account, see Horvath et al. (2018)). The filtered spherical harmonic coefficients are accompanied by their variance-covariance matrices which are gained via variance propagation from the variance-covariance matrices of the unfiltered coefficients. This data set is basis of Boergens and Kvas (2021) and have been used in Boergens et al. (2021) to produce regional time series and their uncertainties, which can be reproduced with the code provided by Boergens (2021).

Beschreibung: We provide 18 3D Earth structures on a global grid. This supplementary material of the manuscript includes (1) 18 netcdf files of the 3D Earth structures and (2) 72 figures that visualize the lithospheric thickness, lateral average viscosity of the asthenosphere, transition zone and upper mantle for all 18 3D Earth structures. The Earth structures were derived from seismic tomography models (Schaeffer & Lebedev 2013, 2010 update of Grand 2002) and, under consideration of geodynamic constrains, transferred to viscosity (Steinberger 2016, Steinberger & Calderwood 2006). The 18 Earth structures vary in conversion from seismic velocity to viscosity. Detailed description of the procedure can be found in the corresponding manuscript (Bagge et al. 2020a), where the Earth structure data were applied to the glacial-isostatic adjustment model VILMA (Klemann et al. 2008, 2015, Martinec et al. 2018) to predict the relative sea-level during the last deglaciation. The netCDF files are provided on a Gaussian grid of 256x512 grid points. Each Earth structure consist of 167 layers, while lateral variations in Earth structure are considered for 114 layers between surface and 870 km depth and radially symmetric layers are considered for 50 layers from 870 km to the Earth’s core. The Earth structure is given as logarithmic viscosity in log10[Viscosity(Pa s)]. To visualize the global 3D structures, we calculated the lithospheric thickness and average viscosity of the asthenosphere, upper mantle and transition zone. The lithospheric thickness is defined as minimum depth with a viscosity 〈 10^23.5 Pa s, the asthenosphere is defined between the base of the lithosphere and 225 km depth, the upper mantle between 225 km and 410 km and the transition zone between 410 km and 670 km depth.

Beschreibung: The interactive web page contains supplementary information to Fast and robust earthquake source spectra and moment magnitudes from envelope inversion, Eulenfeld et al. 2021, submitted. It aggregates centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion results for selected events from the mid-crustal earthquake swarm in the granitic Bohemian massive near Nový Kostel in 2018. Magnitudes of the events are in the range Mw 1.8 - 3.6. The analysis has been performed using the Grond software package (Heimann et al., 2018).

Beschreibung: Python tool box, which allows the user to calculate mean TWS time series, their uncertainties, and regional covariance matrices for arbitrary regions. This tool box has been used to produce the results presented in Boergens et al. (2021) based on the TWS data of Boergens and Kvas (2021).

Beschreibung: Interferometric East and Up rate maps based on time-series analysis of ~5 years of Sentinel-1 radar data provide an unprecedented spatial (~400 m) resolution of the recend surface deformation of the Tajik fold-and-thrust-belt and the greater Pamir area. Among other the data exhibit E-W shortening in the fold-thrust-belt, slip activity of the Babadag thrust fault and the Ilyak strike-slip fault, westward Pamir escape tectonics, halokinesis and near-surface, water-driven effects. Observations and methodology are discussed at length in Metzger et al., 2021 (under Review). The zip-folder contains 1) the framewise rates and uncertainties and corresponding line-of-sight (LOS) information, all labelled by frame numbers, 2) the interpolated north rates based on Eurasian-fixed GNSS and 3) the concatenated and decomposed east and up rates in a Eurasian-fixed reference frame. A GMT script (Wessel & Smith, 2013, v6.0.0) and corresponding Figures serve as an example on how to plot the data.

Beschreibung: This compilation contains definitive digital values of the Earth's magnetic field recorded from 1991 to 2016 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive file (gzipped tar format) available from this landing page. Beginning with the publication of the definitive data for 2015, INTERMAGNET stopped publishing individual years of data and started publishing the entire, cumulative definitive data set since INTERMAGNET’s first recorded definitive data in 1991. This data set is known as the "INTERMAGNET Reference Data Set" (IRDS). The IRDS comprises all INTERMAGNET one-minute definitive data since 1991 and is annually updated with a new year and occasional corrections to previous releases. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted". File names for IRDS data are formatted in the form mag〈year〉_def〈year〉.zip. The mag〈year〉 section of the filename describes the year in which the data was recorded. The def〈year〉 section of the filename describes the most recent annual INTERMAGNET publication in which the data was updated. Files where mag〈year〉 = def〈year〉 have had no corrections since their original publication. For example, "mag2015_def2016" indicates that this file is different from the first release "mag2015_def2015". For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Manual.

Beschreibung: The 100 km wide Mérida Andes extend from the Colombian/Venezuelan border to the Caribbean coast. To the north and south, the Mérida Andes are bound by hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basins. This mountain chain and its associated major strike-slip fault systems formed by the oblique convergence of the Caribbean with the South American Plate and the north-eastwards expulsion of the North Andean Block in western Venezuela. In 2013, the Integrated Geoscience of the Mérida Andes Project (the GIAME project) was initiated to image the Mérida Andes on a lithospheric scale and to develop a dynamic model of their evolution by integrating wide-angle seismic, magnetotelluric and potential field data. Magnetotelluric (MT) dataset was acquired in 2015 along a 240 km long profile across the Mérida Andes. MT studies of orogens often reveal complex resistivity structures, typically associated with active deformation and characterized by high electrical conductivity zones. Fluids in fault systems and fluids derived from remineralization reactions of hydrous minerals often characterise high conductivity in active tectonic regimes. Cruces-Zabala et al. (2020) identified conductive zones with up to 10 km depth for the Maracaibo Basin and 5 km for the Barinas - Apure Basin. The Mérida Andes are charaterized by high resistivity separated by several conductive anomalies that corelate spatialy to the fault systems at the surface. A conductive zone a great depth (〉50km) was identified as a projection of the detachment surface of the Trujillo Block to the east. This data publication encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: This compilation contains definitive digital values of the Earth's magnetic field recorded from 1991 to 2017 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive file (gzipped tar format) available from this landing page. Beginning with the publication of the definitive data for 2015, INTERMAGNET stopped publishing individual years of data and started publishing the entire, cumulative definitive data set since INTERMAGNET’s first recorded definitive data in 1991. This data set is known as the "INTERMAGNET Reference Data Set" (IRDS). The IRDS comprises all INTERMAGNET one-minute definitive data since 1991 and is annually updated with a new year and occasional corrections to previous releases. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted". File names for IRDS data are formatted in the form mag〈year〉_def〈year〉.zip. The mag〈year〉 section of the filename describes the year in which the data was recorded. The def〈year〉 section of the filename describes the most recent annual INTERMAGNET publication in which the data was updated. Files where mag〈year〉 = def〈year〉 have had no corrections since their original publication. For example, "mag2015_def2016" indicates that this file is different from the first release "mag2015_def2015". For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Manual.

Beschreibung: Definitive digital values of the Earth's mangetic field recorded during 1991..2018 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive files. This is the 28th annual publication in the series. Beginning with the publication of the definitive data for 2015, INTERMAGNET stopped publishing individual years of data and started publishing the entire, cumulative definitive data set since INTERMAGNET’s first recorded definitive data in 1991. This data set is known as the "INTERMAGNET Reference Data Set" (IRDS). The IRDS comprises all INTERMAGNET one-minute definitive data since 1991 and is annually updated with a new year and occasional corrections to previous releases. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted". File names for IRDS data are formatted in the form mag〈year〉_def〈year〉.zip. The mag〈year〉 section of the filename describes the year in which the data was recorded. The def〈year〉 section of the filename describes the most recent annual INTERMAGNET publication in which the data was updated. Files where mag〈year〉 = def〈year〉 have had no corrections since their original publication. For example, "mag2015_def2016" indicates that this file is different from the first release "mag2015_def2015". For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Reference Manual. This mountain chain and its associated major strike-slip fault systems formed by the oblique convergence of the Caribbean with the South American Plate and the north-eastwards expulsion of the North Andean Block in western Venezuela. In 2013, the Integrated Geoscience of the Mérida Andes Project (the GIAME project) was initiated to image the Mérida Andes on a lithospheric scale and to develop a dynamic model of their evolution by integrating wide-angle seismic, magnetotelluric and potential field data. Magnetotelluric (MT) dataset was acquired in 2015 along a 240 km long profile across the Mérida Andes. MT studies of orogens often reveal complex resistivity structures, typically associated with active deformation and characterized by high electrical conductivity zones. Fluids in fault systems and fluids derived from remineralization reactions of hydrous minerals often characterise high conductivity in active tectonic regimes. Cruces-Zabala et al. (2020) identified conductive zones with up to 10 km depth for the Maracaibo Basin and 5 km for the Barinas - Apure Basin. The Mérida Andes are charaterized by high resistivity separated by several conductive anomalies that corelate spatialy to the fault systems at the surface. A conductive zone a great depth (〉50km) was identified as a projection of the detachment surface of the Trujillo Block to the east. This data publication encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: RST-Stick-Slipy is a software that analyzes the stick-slip characteristics of granular material tested with the ring shear tester RST.pc01 at the Helmholtz Tectonic Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec). This software uses the time series created by the machine to automatically detect slip events and analyses several statistical properties depending on the type of test. Using the detected slip events the reloading stiffness and other properties such as recurrence times and stress drops are calculated. Further statistical properties such as the timing and stress level of slow and fast events are determined. Another segment of the module automatically analyses Slide-Hold-Slide experiments and determines the healing rate and other rate-and-state properties.

Beschreibung: This data set provides two series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on glass beads that are in use at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The main experimental series contains shear experiments to analyse the slip behaviour of the granular material under analogue experiment conditions. Additionally, a series of slide-hold-slide (SHS) tests was used to determine the rate and state friction properties. A basic characterisation and average friction coefficients of the glass beads are found in Pohlenz et al. (2020). The glass beads show a slip behaviour that is depending on loading rate, normal stress and apparatus stiffness which were varied systematically for this study. The apparatus was modified with springs resulting in 4 different stiffnesses. For each stiffness a set of 4 experiments with different normal stresses (5, 10, 15 and 20 kPa) were performed. During each experiment loading rate was decreased from 0.02 to 0.0008 mm/s resulting in 9 subsets of constant velocity for each experiment. We observe a large variety of slip modes that ranges from pure stick-slip to steady state creep. The main characteristics of these slip modes are the slip velocity and the ratio of slip event duration compared to no slip phases. We find that high loading rates promote stable slip, while low loading rates lead to stick-slip cycles. Lowering the normal stress leads to a larger amount of creep which changes the overall shape of a stick-slip curve and extends the time between slip events. Changing stiffness leads to an overall change in slip behaviour switching from simple stick-slip to more complex patterns of slip modes including oscillations and bimodal slip events with large and small events. The SHS tests were done at maximum stiffness and higher loading rates (〉0.05 mm/s) but at the same normal stress intervals as the main series. Using various techniques, we estimate the rate-and-state constitutive parameters. The peak stress after a certain amount of holding increases with a healing rate of b=0.0057±0.0005. From the increase in peak stress compared to the loading rate in slide-hold-slide tests we compute a direct effect a=-0.0076±0.0005 which leads to (a-b)=-0.0130±0.0006. Using a specific subset of the SHS tests, which have an equal ratio of hold time to reloading rate, we estimate (a-b)=-0.0087±0.0029. Both approaches show that the material is velocity weakening with a reduction in friction of 1.30 to 0.87 % per e-fold increase in loading rate. Additionally, the critical slip distance Dc is estimated to be in the range of 200 µm. With these parameters the theoretical critical stiffness kc is estimated and applied to the slip modes found in the main series. We find that the changes in slip mode are in good agreement with the estimated critical stiffness and thus confirm the findings from the SHS tests.

Beschreibung: Matzka et al. (2021) describe the state of the Kp index 70 years after its introduction and serve as a reference for users of the IAGA-endorsed Kp index as well as for the derived indices ap, Ap, Cp and C9 in their definitive and nowcast version as well as for the International Quiet and Disturbed Days. This dataset is provided by GFZ and derived from indices or near real-time geomagnetic observatory data provided by 13 contributing observatories. Please cite this data publication as well as the accompanying publication (Matzka et al., 2021) when using the Kp index or any of the derived indices obtained from this dataset or from its copies provided by GFZ or other institutions. The Kp index The Kp index was introduced by Bartels (1949). We follow here generally the notation of Bartels (1957). A comprehensive list of references on the Kp index is provided in Matzka et al. (2021), which also describes the near real-time distribution of the indices. DOI and versioning With the introduction of the DOI ‘https://doi.org/10.5880/Kp.0001’ for the dataset, the DOI landing page and the associated FTP server linked to this DOI become the dataset's primary archive (while the other established index distribution mechanisms at GFZ will be maintained in parallel). With the DOI, the dataset can grow with time, but a change of the data, once published, is not possible. If necessity arises in the future to correct already published values, then the corrected dataset will be published with a new DOI. Older DOIs and data sets will then still be available. For each DOI, an additional versioning mechanism will be available to document changes to the files such as format changes, which do not affect the integrity of the data. The DOI 10.5880/Kp.0001 identifies the current version.

Beschreibung: Continuous passive seismic monitoring is carried out between September 2017 and December 2021 around the Theistareykir geothermal area located at the intersection between the active Northern Rift Zone and the active Tjörnes Fracture Zone in NE Iceland. This experiment, in addition to an extensive gravimetric monitoring survey, was conducted in the framework of the MicroGraviMoTiS project for a better understanding of the structures and behavior of the local geothermal system under exploitation and for further development of local and regional geothermal resources. 14 broadband stations (Trillium C-120s) recording at 200 Hz comprise the temporary network, that is installed to complement stations of the national seismological network of IMO and stations of Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland. The stations were placed in and around the producing zone to primarily retrieve local natural and/or induced seismicity associated to the injection and production operations. The retrieved seismic data is also used for obtaining a representative 1D velocity model of the region, for computing a seismic ambient noise tomography, and for monitoring the system using coda wave interferometry techniques. Funding for this project is provided by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (MicroGraviMoTiS , BMBF, grant: 03G0858A), the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and Landsvirkjun. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 3P, and are embargoed until December 2025.

Beschreibung: This data publication contains the compilation of global heat-flow data by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; http://www.ihfc-iugg.org/) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). The presented data release 2021 contains data generated between 1939 and 2021 and constitutes an updated and extended version of the 2012 IHFC database release (IHFC 2012; later re-published as PANGAEA release: Global Heat Flow Compilation Group, 2013). The 2021 release contains 74,548 heat-flow data from 1,403 publications. 55% of the reported heat-flow values are from the continental domain (n ~ 40,870), while the remaining 45% are located in the oceanic domain (n ~ 33,678). The data are provided in csv and Excel formats. Compared to earlier compilations, which followed the structure defined by Jessop et al. (1976), the new data release was transformed to the recently redefined structure for reporting and storing heat-flow data in the Global Heat Flow Database (Fuchs et al., 2021). Therefore, the notation and structure of the database was adopted, transforming the database field entries defined after Jessop et al. (1976) to the new field structure. Old code notations are not continued and the dataset was cleaned for entries without reporting any heat-flow value. Although successfully transformed, this release marks an intermediate step as the majority of the newly defined database fields have not been filled yet. Filling these fields, checking the existing entries and assessing the quality of each entry are the aim of the upcoming Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project, for which this data set provides the basis. Consequently, we kindly ask the user to take notice that the current release still suffers similar problems as previously published compilations in terms of data heterogeneity, documentation and quality.

Beschreibung: This data publication contains vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data collected at the Groß Schönebeck site, Germany, from February 15-18, 2017. Energy excitation was performed with vibrator sources. Data was acquired in the two4.3 km deep wells E GrSk3/90 and Gt GrSk4/05 (in the following referred to as GrSk3 and GrSk4) using hybrid wireline fiber-optic sensor cables and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology. In total, data for 61 source positions (VP1-VP76) distributed in a spiral-shaped pattern with offsets between 180 m and 2000 m from the wellheads was collected. The data publication covers selected common source gathers for a zero-offset position and representative examples for three intermediate-and far-offset positions, in the form of full waveform data stored in SEG-Yformat. Both uncorrelated raw data and data for different processing stages described in Henninges et al. (2021)are given. Moreover, the survey geometry data (well trajectories and source point coordinates), the pilot sweep data, records of a conventional three-component borehole geophone, and processing results for the VP10 zero-offset position (vertical one-way travel times, interval velocities, corridor stacks) are included. Further information on the survey design and data acquisition, the overall characteristics of the acquired data, and the zero-offset data processing and evaluation for the VP10 source position are described in Henninges et al. (2021)

Beschreibung: This dataset was used to analyse the link between chemical weathering and erosion rates across the southern tip of Taiwan. The weathering of silicate minerals is a key component of Earth’s long-term carbon cycle, and it stabilises Earth’s climate by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere – thereby balancing CO2-emissions from the mantle. Conversely, the weathering of accessory carbonate and sulphides acts as a CO2 source. Chemical weathering is fundamentally dependent on the exposure of fresh minerals by erosion. With these data we investigated the link between the exposure of rocks by erosion and the chemical weathering of silicates, carbonates, and sulphides across a landscape with a significant erosion-rate gradient and comparatively little variation in runoff and lithology. This dataset includes new major element chemistry and water isotopes of river waters collected from across the southern tip of Taiwan as well as associated topographic and lithologic data (tab 1 in the excel table). Moreover, the data include a compilation of published 10Be-derived erosion rates from a subset of the sampled rivers (tab 2 in the excel file) and available major element chemistry from hotsprings in the region (tab 3 in the excel file). Using a mixing model, we derived the cation contributions from silicate and carbonate weathering as well as from hotspring and cyclic sources. Further, we estimated the erosion rates for each sample from the compiled 10Be data and the steepness of river channels, and we estimated saturation and pH in the weathering zone. For more information please refer to the associated data description file and especially to Bufe et al. (2021).

Beschreibung: gravityInf is a small R-package which aims at supporting the anaylsis of a sprinkling (infiltration) experiment in combination with simultaneous and continious gravity measurements, presented in the above mentioned paper. With this package you can easily walk through the necessary steps in order to set up an infiltration scenario, maybe based on your own sprinkling / irrigation experiment and carry out simple hydrological modelling of water distribution in 3D in the subsurface. An observed gravity time series is needed for the model in order to fit and thus identify the dominant infiltration process for your research area. A model functionality and limitations can be found in Reich et al. (2021), the associtated data was published by Reich et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.4.2021.001).

Beschreibung: This data publication reports results of Monte-Carlo simulations, configurations, pair-, and triplet-correlation functions for a Lennard-Jones fluid. The Lennard-Jones potential (Jones 1924) u^LJ is one of the prototypes of an intermolecular interaction. Gottschalk (2019) performed 32705 NVT Monte-Carlo simulations using 1372 LJ particles (N) for a large number of densities rho a and temperatures T. The simulations range from 0.002 ≤ rho* ≤ 1.41 and 0.45 ≤ T* ≤ 25 using a cut-off of 5.0 for rho* ≤ 1.37 and 4.5 for rho* 〉 1.37, respectively. At each state point, 1372 LJ particles (N = 1372) were equilibrated using 5 x 10^4 cycles and subsequently sampled for 0.75 x 10^6 cycles. One cycle did consist of 1372 trial moves, one for each particle. Every 1000 cycles the thermodynamic properties U* and p* are recorded as well as the current configuration of particles including the pair- and triplet-correlation functions. A total of 27615 of these simulations were in the stable and metastable single fluid phase field which is a necessary requirement. Field boundaries, U*, p* and further details of the Monte-Carlo simulations are given in Gottschalk (2019). Bin widths of 0.005 for pair- and 0.04 in all directions for triplet-correlation functions were used. Further details for the calculations of the pair- and triplet-correlation functions are presented in Gottschalk (2021). All configurations of particles, pair- and triplet-correlation functions of those 27615 simulations are reported here. However, the total amount of data for configurations, pair-, and triplet-configurations is 600, 0.3, and 1170 GB, respectively. The data are provided as zipped files and described in the data description and the associated Read-me.txt. All rho* and T* state points are listed in the file Conditions.txt in the top level of the files.

Beschreibung: We provide seismological data from a huddle test in Fürstenfeldbruck in August 2019 that was realized by University of Potsdam (PI: Eva Eibl) in collaboration with BGR (PI: Stefanie Donner) and LMU (PI: Felix Bernauer). 5 rotational sensors (blueSeis-3A) and 3 seismometers (Trillium Horizon 120s Nanometrics) were installed on a decoupled basement in a building of the Geophysical Observatory Fürstenfeldbruck. The seismometers were isolated with black foam rubber and white cotton. We recorded passive seismological data for one week and recorded noise, coherent noise sources and the August 29, 2019 ML 3.4 Dettingen earthquake. The aim of the seismic experiment is to compare the performance of rotational sensors and seismometers with respect to different coherent and incoherent noise sources. The noise level, spectral content of the coherent noise and back azimuth of the Dettingen earthquake was further investigated for all sensors using correlation, coherence analysis and probabilistic power spectral densities in Izgi et al. (2021). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code X3 under CC-BY 4.0 license.

Beschreibung: This data set includes various laboratory model data derived from analogue rock avalanche experiments on the role of fragmentation on runout behavior. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring and analysis techniques can be found in Haug et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplementary. The data presented here consist of movies showing key avalanche experiments and kinematic data characterizing the runout behavior derived from 157 experiments.

Beschreibung: Although the exploitation of strategic important mineral deposits is currently feasible down to a depth of ~ 1000 m, the extension of ore deposits in Germany is poorly known. The BMBF funded DESMEX (Deep Electromagnetic Sounding for Mineral Exploration) project focuses on the development of an electromagnetic exploration system which can be used for the exploration of mineral resources for depths down to 1000 m. The main focus lies in the exploration of potential mineral deposits in Germany. Ore mineralization leads to an increase of electrical conductivity in the host rock. Therefore, innovative methods are developed, which are able to image zones of high conductivity with respect to the intended exploration depth and deliver insights in the geometry of the ore deposit. In order to obtain an high coverage as well as an high resolution, air borne and ground based methods are combined in a semi airborne controlled source EM (CSEM) concept. This concept was tested in an old antimony mining area in eastern Thuringia. In the framework of DESMEX, the University of Cologne carried out ground based (long offset) transient-electromagnetic (LOTEM) measurements. Within the LOTEM validation study, an independent resistivity model of the survey area was derived, which serves as reference model for the semi airborne concept and is integrated in a final mineral deposition model. This data publication (https://doi.org/10.5880/GIPP-MT.201608.1) encompasses a detailed report in pdf format with a description of the project, information on the experimental setup, data collection, instrumentation used, recording configuration and data quality. The folder structure and content of the data repository are described in detail in Ritter et al. (2019). Time-series data are provided in EMERALD format (Ritter et al., 2015).

Beschreibung: Here we present a photogrammetric dataset on the 2018-2019 eruption episode at Shiveluch Volcano, one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka Peninsula. The data were acquired by optical sensors and complemented by thermal sensors. The optical satellite images were tri-stereo panchromatic 1-m resolution imagery acquired on 18 July 2018 with Pléiades satellite PHR1B sensor. We processed the data in Erdas Imagine 2015 v15.1. For the relative orientation of the images, 37 tie points were calculated automatically with further manual correction, and for the interior and exterior orientation, Rational Polynomial Coefficients block adjustment, which is a transformation between pixels to latitude, longitude, and height information, was automatically employed. After the image orientation, we obtained a photogrammetric model with a total root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.2 m. By using the Enhanced Automatic Terrain Extraction module (eATE) with normalized cross correlation algorithm as implemented in the Erdas Imagine software, we were able to extract a 2 m resolution point cloud (PC) referenced to the WGS84 coordinate system UTM57 zone. This PC was filtered with the CloudCompare v2.9.1 noise filter and then manually cleaned with the CloudCompare segmentation tool. As strong volcanic steam emissions caused a large gap in the PC at the NE part of the dome, we used a 5 m resolution DEM constructed from TanDEM-X data to fill the gap and obtain the missing topography. TanDEM-X is a bistatic SAR mission, formed by adding a second, almost identical spacecraft, to TerraSAR-X. Therefore, it allows the acquisition of two simultaneous SAR imageries over the same area, eliminating possible temporal decorrelations between them and maintaining a normal baseline between 250 and 500 m, which is suitable for SAR interferometry for DEM generation. We used the interferometric module in ENVI SARscape to build the interferogram, perform the unwrapping step and finally convert it into height information using forward transformation from radar to geographic coordinates. The RMSE of the generated DEM is evaluated based on the coherence value, i.e. quality of the interferogram, and is estimated to be approximately 5 m.

Beschreibung: Carbonate minerals are ubiquitous in most sediment-hosted mineral deposits. These deposits can contain a variety of carbonate types with complex paragenetic relationships. When normalized to chondritic values (CN), rare-earth elements and yttrium (REE+YCN) can be used to constrain fluid chemistry and fluid-rock interaction processes in both low- and high-temperature settings. Unlike other phases (e.g., pyrite), the application of in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) data to the differentiation of pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonates remains relatively untested. To assess the potential applicability of carbonate in situ REE+Y data, we combined transmitted light and cathodoluminescence (CL) petrography with LA-ICP-MS analysis of carbonate mineral phases from (1) the Proterozoic George Fisher clastic dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposit and from (2) correlative, barren host rock lithologies (Urquhart Shale Formation). The REE+YCN composition of pre-ore calcite suggests it formed during diagenesis from diagenetic pore fluids derived from ferruginous, anoxic seawater. Hydrothermal and hydrothermally altered calcite and dolomite from George Fisher is generally more LREE depleted than the pre-ore calcite, whole-rock REE concentrations, and shale reference values. We suggest this is the result of hydrothermal alteration by saline Cl--rich mineralizing fluids. Furthermore, the presence of both positive and negative Eu/Eu* values in calcite and dolomite indicates that the mineralizing fluids were relatively hot (〉250°C) and cooled below 200-250°C during ore formation. This study confirms the hypothesis that in situ REE+Y data can be used to differentiate between pre-ore and hydrothermal carbonate and provide important constraints on the conditions of ore formation.

Beschreibung: We investigate the anisotropic nature of the mantle in a part of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone where several of the constituent tectonic blocks of Iran come into contact. Our aim is to identify the dominant source of anisotropy in order to infer the pattern of mantle deformation as it responds to the forces of continental convergence. The broadband seismic data used in this study were recorded by 68 seismic stations in three temporary arrays in NW Iran (between 45º00'E - 51º00'E and 35º00'N - 39º00'N) installed and operated non-concurrently between 2008 and 2016 by the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) and the University of Cambridge, and one permanent station of the Iranian National Seismic Network (INSN). The stations were repositioned during deployment and the recording span at individual stations varied between 4 and 31 months. The temporary arrays were mainly linear profiles that traversed the Talesh and western Alborz Mountains, NW Iran, and parts of the central Iran Plateau to the vicinity of the UDMA. Our dataset includes seismic records of S and SK(K)S phases. For the SK(K)S splitting measurements we used teleseismic earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.5 and epicentral distances between 90º and 130º, and for the direct S phase analysis we considered events larger than magnitude 5.5 in the distance range of 40º to 80º.

Beschreibung: This data publication presents global mass variations that are induced by individual ocean partial tides. The data set was produced using the purely-hydrodynamical ocean tide model TiME in the framework of the DFG-project Nerograv\\ (https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and can be used for gravimetric applications. The overall goal of this project is to improve the processing of gravimetric data sets (e.g. GRACE/GRACE-FO) by improving the understanding of sensor data, processing strategies, and background models. The here presented DOI can contribute to this goal as the here described tidally induced mass variations are an important part of the described background models. As ocean tides are usually described as a superposition of so-called partial tides, the presented mass variations can be attributed to single partial tide frequencies and are thus represented for single partial tide frequencies. Here, not only the effect of direct gravitation exerted by the ocean water is included but also gravity variations due to the elastic yielding of the solid earth in response to water mass redistribution (the load tide) are allowed for. The information describing the partial tides has been transformed to fully normalized Stokes Coefficients describing in-phase and quadrature fields as those are especially handy for gravimetric purposes. The next section describes the creation of the data in more detail. As support for the COSC drilling project, an extensive seismic survey took place in 2014 in and around the newly drilled borehole COSC-1. The active seismic survey, among others, consisted of a high-resolution Zero-Offset Vertical Seismic Profiling (ZOVSP) experiment where seismic receivers were placed inside the borehole. For the seismic source signal a hydraulic hammer source (VIBSIST 3000) was used and activated over a period of 20 s as a sequence of impacts with increasing hit frequency. The wavefield was recorded in the borehole by 15 three-component receivers using a Sercel Slimwave geophone chain with an inter-tool spacing of 10 m. The ZOVSP was designed to result in a geophone spacing of 2 m over the whole borehole length. The source was about 30 meters away from the borehole. For component rotation, a check shot position was located about 1.9 km away from the borehole. This data set contains two data sets: (1) the decoded, pre-processed three-component shot gather, and (2) the final-processed shot gather of only the vertical component.

Beschreibung: Natural gas hydrates encase predominantly methane, but also higher hydrocarbons as well as CO2 and H2S. The formation of gas hydrates from a changing gas mixture, either due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase or an inadequate gas supply, may lead to significant changes in the composition of the resulting hydrate phase. To determine the overall composition of a hydrate phase during the hydrate formation process, Raman spectroscopy is regarded as a non-destructive and powerful tool. This technique enables to distinguish between guest molecules in the free gas or liquid phase, encased into a clathrate cavity or dissolved in an aqueous phase, therefore providing time-resolved information about the guest molecules during the hydrate formation process. Experiments were carried out at the Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, GFZ. Mixed gas hydrates were synthesized in a high-pressure cell from pure water and a specific gas flow containing CH4, C2H6, C3H8, iso-C4H10 and n-C4H10 at 274 K and 2.20 MPa. Three potential different gas supply conditions were selected for the formation of mixed gas hydrates, namely an open system (test scenario 1) with a continuous gas supply, a closed system (test scenario 2) with no gas supply after initial pressurization with the gas mixture, and a semi-closed system (test scenario 3) with only an incoming gas but a disrupted outlet. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate compositions over the whole formation period until it reached a steady state. In all three test scenarios, 12 hydrate crystals were selected and continuously characterized for 5 days with single point Raman measurements to record the formation process of mixed gas hydrates. Each test scenario was repeated for 3 times, therefore resulting in 9 separate experimental tests. This dataset encompasses raw Raman spectra of the 9 experimental tests (.txt files) which contained Raman shifts and the respective measured intensities. Each Raman spectrum was fitted to Gauss/Lorentz function after an appropriate background correction to estimate the band areas and positions (Raman shift). The Raman band areas were then corrected with wavelength-independent cross-sections factors for each specific component. The concentration of each guest molecule in the hydrate phase / gas phase was given as mol% in separate spreadsheet for three different test scenarios. Further details on the analytical setup, experimental procedures and composition calculation are provided in the following sections.

Beschreibung: KTB Borehole Measurements Data Borehole Geometry and orientation Logs (BGL) Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. The data report STR 21/03 KTB Borehole logging data contains the full description of the logging data given here. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The Borehole Geometry and orientation Logs files contain data from measurements made with oriented 4-arm caliper sondes. Besides all single BG logs from each borehole also compilations of those BG logs representing the borehole geometry state during the major logging sessions and the derived borehole trajectory and true vertical depth are included here. The many single logs allow to analyze the development of the borehole shape over time. The date when logged is denoted in the file header. Please note that the single Borehole Geometry Logs are not depth corrected to the reference GR but are given here as logged. The BGL compilations and derived data are depth corrected to the reference GR. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.

Beschreibung: KTB Borehole Measurements Data Geochemical Logs (GLT) Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole. All KTB borehole measurements are described in detail in the Scientific Technical Report - Data 21/03 "KTB Borehole Logging Data" (Kück et al. 2021). Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The KTB borehole measurement data files contain the final processed versions of logging data from the two KTB boreholes: • KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) • KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB). Here only the acronyms KTB-VB and KTB-HB are used. In total there are 145 data files from the KTB-VB and 239 data files from the KTB-HB. All logs were run in open hole unless noted otherwise (see the file header). The maximum logging depth was 4001 m in the KTB-VB and 9085 m in the KTB-HB. The files of the Geochemical Logs contain data from measurements made with the Schlumberger GLT sonde. This sonde was a combination of several passive and active nuclear tools yielding the relative abundances of nine elements. The geochemical logs are depth corrected to the reference GR (see Composite Logs) of the respective borehole. The data are provided in ASCII format. Detailed descriptions are provided in the associated data report (STR 21/03, Kueck et al., 2021) and the KTB Borehole Measurements Catalog. Acknkowledgements: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, as successor of the KTB Project Management provides the logging data, which were obtained under grants RG8604, RG8803 and RG 9001 of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology of Germany.