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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (172)
  • Niederschlag  (38)
  • Getreide  (26)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Animals
  • 1925-1929  (222)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch 64:241-296
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlag, Temperatur und Erträgen. Untersucht wurden Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Sommergerste, Sommerroggen, Kartoffeln, Futterpflanzen und Wiesen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag und Temperatur auf die Ernteerträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Erträge (Halmfrüchte und Kartoffeln) + und später -; Delta T -, dann Erträge +,
    Keywords: Deutsches Reich (östl. u. westl. Provinzen, Hannover, Sachsen, Rheinland) ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Abhängigkeit der Getreideerträge von Witterungseinflüssen mithilfe der Korrelationsmethode in 11 orographisch abgegrenzen Gebieten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelation zwischen der Abweichung vom 11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel (April-Juli) der Niederschläge und dem Ertrag von Getreidearten (Weizen, Dinkel, Roggen, Gerste, Hafer) KATASTER-DETAIL: Nied 〉 (11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel von 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 im Monat Mai, je nach Region 55-158mm), dann höchste Übereinstimmung der Korrelationskoeffienten für die Ertragszunahme über alle Kulturen
    Keywords: Baden ; 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 3
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    In:  Vereinigten Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Ertragsrelevante Korrelationen bei Winterweizen und -gerste mit der Temperatur, bei allen übrigen Kulturen war Niederschlag entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Saalkreis, Kreis Bitterfeld, Kreis Delitzsch, Kreis Wittenberg, südl. Teil Kreis Köthen ; 1900-26 ; Kartoffeln ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Ergebnisse (Rangordungs- und Korrelationsmethode) der Beziehung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag folgender Kulturpflanzen: Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Dinkel, Sommerweizen, Sommerroggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Hopfen, Luzerne, Rotklee, Wiesen, Kartoffeln) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vegetationszeit) -, dann Ertrag (Winter- und Sommergetreide) +; Delta T (Winter, Juni und Juli) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Ertrag (Getreide) -; Delta T (September) - und Delta Nied (Vegetationszeit) +, dann Ertrag (Futterpflanzen) +; Details für einzelne Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel
    Keywords: Württemberg ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 5
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    In:  Wisss.Arch. Landw. Abt. A, Pflanzenbau 1:273-329.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Landwirtschaft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschlag und Wind auf das Pflanzenwachstum KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -, dann Ertrag -; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, dann Zuckergehalt (Rüben) +; Delta Nied - und Delta T +, Roggenanbaufläche 〉 Haferanbaufläche; Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Qualität Getreide -; Delta Nied (Juni, Juli) +, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta T (Frühjahr) -, dann Saatkartoffeln +; Delta Nied +, dann Umfang Kleeflächen +;
    Keywords: Schlesien ; 1910-1914 ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 6
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    In:  Hannov. land- und forstw. Zeitg.:93-95
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Beschreibung der Witterungsverläufe der Winter und Empfehlungen für die Bodenbearbeitung und Bestandesführung von Winterkulturen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Niederschlag und Temperatur) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Vorjahr) ++, dann Ertrag -; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Bodenfeuchte + und somit Ertrag +; Delta T (November) -, dann Ertrag -; Delta T (Winter) +, dann Ertrag +; Delta T (Frühling) +, dann Ertrag -;
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1924-26 ; Insekten ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Weizen ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 7
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    In:  Landwirtschaftliche Wochenschrift der Provinz Sachsen und Anhalt 29; p.668-670
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Der Autor führt aufgrund von Beobachtungen das Auftreten der Weißährigkeit auf Fußkrankheiten und Fusariumpilze, sowie landwirtschaftliche Praktiken zurück. In einem kleinen Abschnitt wird auch auf den Einfluß von Witterung und Bodenverhältnissen eingegangen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1926-1927 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Weizen
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  • 8
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    In:  Georgine, Königsberg 104 (10):65-66
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Einluß von Temperatur und Niederschlag in bestimmten Zeiträumen auf das Tausendkorngewicht (TKG) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Niederschlag, Temperatur und Sonnenscheinstunden zum Tausendkorngewicht (Ertrag) von Weizen, Roggen und Gerste KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (0,48-1,9°C während der Vegetationszeit April-August über dem Mittel der Jahre 1921-26) und Delta Nied (-25- +52% vom Schossen bis zur Ernte über dem Mittel der Jahre 1921-26), dann höhreres TKG um 11,6-21,4%
    Keywords: Pommern ; 1921-1926 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gerste
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  • 9
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    In:  Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse, Jahrgang 52, Nr. 38, p. 450
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Rostbefall von Weizen im Jahr 1925 trotz langer Trockenperioden KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf die Infektion; auch kurze starke Niederschläge zwischen langen Trockenperioden sind ausreichend um einen großflächigen Befall zu bewirken. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Infektion +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1925 ; Anbautermine ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Trockenheit ; Weizen
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  • 10
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    In:  Die kranke Pflanze 2, p. 117-119
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Wanderung des Getreidelaufkäfers und dessen Larven; Nennung von Möglichkeiten zur Bekämpfung des Insekts KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit der Stärke des Auftretens von der Temperatur KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+, dann Auftreten der Larven +
    Keywords: Sachsen ; Beginn 20. Jahrhundert ; Insekten ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: vgl. Neustädt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Witterungsfaktoren in wachstumsrelevanten Zeitspannen mit dem Ertrag verschiedener Kulturen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; (Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf die Qualität von Weizen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Witterungsverhältnisse der letzten 5 bis höchstens 10 Tage vor der Gelbreife sind von entscheidendem Einfluss, Backqualität nimmt von kontinentalem zum maritimen Klima ab KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+, Sonn+, Nied-, dann gute Qualität Nied+, dann Tausendkorngewicht + aber Nied**, dann Tausendkorngewicht - und N-Gehalt +
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 13
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv, Berlin, Band XX, Seite 223-301
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Auswertung von 27 Versuchsjahren, Bestimmung einer kritischen Periode für die Mindestniederschlagshöhe durch Auswertung der Klimaparmeter in einzelnen Bezirken mittels Rangkorrelationskoeffizienten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen der Niederschlagshöhe und dem Ertrag von Zuckerrüben, Zusammenhang zwischen der Sonnenscheindauer und dem Zuckergehalt von Zuckerrüben KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied+: Nied 〉 175 mm (Juli-September), dann Ertragssteigerung bei ZR; Delta Sonn +: Sonn〉 4.43 h (September -Oktober), dann hohe Zuckergehalte bei ZR
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1900-1926 ; Zuckerrüben ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 14
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    In:  Artikel; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 213(402-410): 89-142.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Langjährige Feldversuche und Wetteraufzeichnungen der Versuchstation, Korrelationen zwischen Niederschlag und Ernteerträgen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied -, dann Erträge +
    Keywords: Rothamsted (England) ; 1854-1918 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Weizen ; Düngung
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  • 15
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    In:  Buch von: Höhne, E., (1919): Landwirtschaftlich-klimatologische Untersuchung des Gebietes zwiwchen mittlerer Saale und Pleiße und Einteilung in klimatische Unterbezirke auf Grund der Beziehungen zwischen Witterungsfaktoren und Ernteerträgen
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchung zur Beziehung zwischen Witterungsfaktoren und Ernteerträgen in verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten mittels Rangordnungsdifferenzen. Betrachtet wurden die Erträge von Roggen, Winterweizen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Sommerweizen, Zuckerrübe, Kartoffel und Erbse KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Niederschlag, Temperatur, Sonnenschein) auf die Erträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; Köthen (Nied 15-30mm im März), (Delta T- im April/Juni, besonders im Mai), dann Winterweizenertrag++ (weitere Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen und Regionen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Sachsen und Thüringen ; 1899-1926 ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Globalstrahlung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 16
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    In:  Vol. Band 2, No. 3, pp. 1-95-137.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Einfluss der Temperatur, des Niederschlags, des Lichtes, Windes, Donner und Hagel auf das Pflanzenleben und Wachstum KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wachstum ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 17
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 8:425-458
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Auswirkungen über gestaffelte Stickstoff-Düngung auf den Ertrag von Weizen, Gerste, Roggen und Hafer. Angaben zu Temperatur und Niederschlag während der Vegetationszeit, Hinweise auf Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung und Ertrag und Wirkung der Düngung, Bedeutung eines längeren Zeitraums für die Beobachtungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Hafer KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (nach der Saat) +, dann t(Aufgang) - (später); Delta Nied (Ende des Wachstum) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) -; Delta T (20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) +: T 〉 11°C, dann Ertrag (Hafer) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1924-28 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 18
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    In:  Arb. der Biol. Reichsanstalt Land. und Forstwissenschaft 17:423-434.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer und Niederschlag und die Auswirkungen auf Parasiten im Obstbau KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niederelbe ; 1896-1928 ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Obst ; Parasit
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  • 19
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    In:  Pflanzenbau, Halbmonatsschrift für Saatwesen, Anbau und Pflege der Kulturpflanzen. II. Jahrgang 1925/26 S.106-108.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einfluss der Trockenheit im Sommer auf Getreide, Leguminosen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Pflanzenschädlinge (Erbsenwickler, Fritfliege) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergerste) -;
    Keywords: Pommern ; 1925 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 20
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    In:  Zeitschr. Zuckerindus Chechsolovak Republic 49:299-305, 307-312.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Korrelation von 6200 Proben zum Zuckergehalt (6200 Proben) und der Niederschlagshöhe an verschiedenen Standorten über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 5 Jahren KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Tschechien ; 1918-23 ; Zuckerrüben ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Versuche auf 13 Versuchsstationen, Einfluss des Wetters auf die Entwicklung, den etwaigen Krankheitsbefall, den Knollenertrag und den Stärkegehalt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Temperaturen während des Aufgangs für die Dauer des Aufgangs entscheidend, Verzögerung der Blüte bei nasser und kalter Witterung, insbesondere bei den frühen Sorten, Sonnenscheindauer für den Stärkegehalt entscheidend KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+ (〉5°C während des Aufgangs), dann Aufgang innerhalb von 3 Wochen, ansonsten bis 5.5 Wochen;
    Keywords: Deutschland, Versuchsstationen ; 1924-26 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 22
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    In:  Met. Zeitschr. 43:352-355.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Einfluss von Temperatur und Niederschlag auf die Vegetation KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
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  • 23
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    In:  Pflanzenbau, Halbmonatsschr. Saatwesen, Anbau und Pflege der Kultur-Pflanzen 2 (7):109-110.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Beobachtungen zu Ertragsausfällen verschiednener Kulturen aufgrund von Trockenheit, Auswertung von Versuchen mit unterschiedlichem Reihenabstand in Hafer, Bedeutung von wasserkonservierender Bodenbearbeitung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: negativer Einfluss von Trockenheit auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (April, Mai, Juni) -, dann Ertrag -;
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1925 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Untersuchungen über die Gründe für die schlechte Getreideernte im Donau-Einzugsgebiet des Jahres 1924, Zusammenhang zwischen der Luft- und Bodentemperatur, dem Pflanzenwachtum und dem Ertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korn-Stroh-Verhältnis wird beeinflusst von dem Verhältnis der Boden- zur Lufttemperatur, KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Diff. Boden zu Luft im Mai) 〈 0, dann ertragsrelevant
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1913-15, 1924-26 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Temperatur ; Frost
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  • 25
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    In:  Deut. Landwirtschaflt. Presse 55:94-95.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Übersicht über die Literatur zum Einfluss des Wetters auf die Kulturpflanzen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Milder und trockener Winter wirkt positiv auf die Weizenerträge, kalter und niederschlagsreicher Winter eher negativ, Betrachung für Norddeutschland KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gerste
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  • 26
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 6:490-496.
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag, Temperatur und Sonnenscheindauer auf die Erträge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einteilung der Temperatur in Klassen (stark, mittel, gering) und die Beurteilung auf die Erträge in den 6 Provinzen des deutschen Reiches, mit Vermehrung der Niederschlage wahrend der Vegetationszeit Zunahme der Halmfrüchte und der Kartoffeln im gröBten Teile des PreuBischen Staates anfangs, jedoch nd spater wieder abnehmender Trend KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+ (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge + in OstpreuBen, Brandenburg und Sachsen Delte T++ (April-August), dann Winterweizenerträge ++ in Ostpreußen, aber - in Brandenburg und Sachsen Delta T- (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge - in Hannover und der Rheinprovinz Delta T+ (+0.1° Erhöhung Temperaturmittel der Monate April bis September), dann Kartoffel+ in OstpreuBen und Schlesien
    Keywords: Deutschland, teilw. einzelne Regionen ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 27
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    In:  Arb. deut. Landw. Gesell. 354:66
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ertrag von Kartoffeln, Hafer und Luzerne und dem Niederschlag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelationen zwischen dem Ertrag von Kartoffeln und Hafer und dem jährlichen Niederschlag, bzw. der jährlichen Anzahl nasser Monate (〉50mm pro Monat); stärkerer Zusammenhang mit jährlichem Niederschlag als mit Anzahl nasser Monate und umso schwächer, je niederschlagsreicher das Jahr, am ausgeprägtesten in Mitteldeutschland selbst auf schweren Böden KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1904-1914, 1922-1924 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Ergebnisse 5-jähriger Freilandversuche und 9-jähriger Laborversuche zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen klimatischen und anderen Umweltfaktoren und dem Auftreten verschiedener physiologischer Formen des Schwarzrostes an unterschiedlichen Weizensorten in den USA und Kanada. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: USA, Kanada ; 1919-1923 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Weizen
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  • 29
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    In:  Hess. Landw. Zeitschr. 96, p.346
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Der Autor äußert die Vermutung, daß strenge Winter den Rostbefall vermindern und erwähnt das starke Befallsjahr 1926. Er klagt über ein noch zu geringes Wissen über die beeinflussenden Klimafaktoren. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Wetterau, Hessen ; 1926 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Diskussion über die Geschichte, Entwicklung und Anwendbarkeit von phänologischen Studien, Zusammenfassung, teilweise Details über den Einfluss der Sorte, der Düngung, des Bodens, Klimas, Längengrades, Krankheiten und anderer Faktoren auf die Erträge von Winterroggen in Bayern KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1917-1923 ; Botanik ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Roggen ; Düngung ; Frost
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  • 31
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt für den deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst, Jahrgang 6, Nr. 4, p. 27
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Auftreten der gelben Halmfliege in Schleswig-Holstein und deren Auswirkungen auf bestimmte Getreidearten (Sommerweizen und Sommergerste) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf das Auftreten der Fliege KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Sommerflug -
    Keywords: Schleswig-Holstein ; 1926 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Weizen ; Gerste
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf das Auftreten von Rübenaaskäfer, Zwergzikade, Ackerschnecke, Weizenhalmfliege, Getreideblumenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland, regional aufgelöst ; 1893-1927 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 33
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv 20:140-222.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen an Ernteergebnissen mittels Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode zur Abhängigkeit von den Witterungsfaktoren. Untersucht wurden die Erträge von Weizen, Roggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Erbsen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf die Erträge der Kurlturpflanzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Oktober, November) - und Delta T (Januar, Februar) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (April, Mai) + und Delta Nied (Februar, März) -, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Sonn (März) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai - Zeit des Schossens) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta T (November) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (April, Juni) + und Delta T (April, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Nied (April, Juni) 〉 180mm, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) -; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (April bis Juni) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (März, April) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Juni, September) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Nied (August) +, Zuckergehalt +; Delta T (Juni) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, Qualität der Ernte +; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Getreide) +;
    Keywords: Mansfelder See- und Saalkreis, Kreis Querfurt, Kreis Merseburg ; 1900-1925 ; Zuckerrüben ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gerste ; Erbsen
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  • 34
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    In:  Jllustr. Landw. Zeitg. 46; p.551-552
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Schilderung des Rostbefalls (insbesondere Gelbrost)in der Region Kassel im Jahre 1926. Der Autor beklagt das bisher fehlende Wissen der Wissenschaftler und präsentiert eine Umfrage unter Landwirten zu den Einflußfaktoren (u.a. klimatische) auf den Rostbefall. Zudem werden Vorbeugungsmaßnahmen vorgestellt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kassel ; 1926 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Weizen
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  • 35
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    In:  Prakt. Blätter. Bayer. Landesanst. Pflanzenbau und Schutz 4 (5): 103-111
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beobachtungen zu den Auswirkungen der Witterung im Jahr 1926 auf Getreide, Futterpflanzen und Kartoffeln sowie ihrer Schädigungen durch verschiedene Schaderreger, wie z.B. Roste, Fusarien, Phytophthora, etc. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenschein) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Februar) +, dann Auswinterungsschäden +; Delta T (März, April) + und Delta Nied (März) +, dann Entwicklung + (früher); Delta T (Mai, Juni) -: T 〈 0 °C (Frost), dann Kälteschäden +; Delta Sonn (Juni, Juli) -, dann Entwicklung -; Delta T (Frühjahr) +, dann Ertrag (Wintergetreide - außer Winterroggen) +; Delta T (Mai) - : T 〈 0 °C, dann Wachstum (Winterweizen) - und Auftreten von Gelbrost +, dadurch Ertrag (Winterweizen) -; Delta T(Frühjahr) +, dann Saat + (früher) und Entwicklung +, dadurch Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Entwicklung (Rüben) +; Delta Nied (Sommer) + und Delta T (Sommer) -, dann Entwicklung (Pferdebohnen) -; Delta Nied (Sommer) + und Delta T (Sommer) -, dann Entwicklung (Kartoffeln) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 36
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    In:  Der Kulturtechniker 29: 191-202
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beschreibung der Niederschläge von 66 Stationen während der Vegetationszeit (April-September), Bestimmung der Dürremonate im Rahmen der vom Deutschen Ausschuß für Kulturbauwesen in Auftrag gegebene Untersuchungen auch für alle anderen Regionen Deutschlands KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Wahrscheinlichste Häufigkeit von nassen Monaten an der Küste und im Südwesten Preußens am geringsten, größte Häufikeit von hintereinanderfolgenden Dürremonaten im Küstenland mit Niederschlägen 〈 50mm pro Monat KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Ostpreußen ; 1886-1925 ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 37
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    In:  Métérologie 2: 412-414
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Diskussion über den Zusammenhang von Niederschlag, Temperatur und Ertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Frankreich ; 1900-1925 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
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  • 38
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    In:  Nature 122:258.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Berechnung partieller Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenschein und Feuchte, in einzelnen Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Erträge sind abhängig von Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschlag und Feuchte in der Zeit von April bis Juli in Norddakota und von April bis September in Ohio KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Norddakota und Ohio ; 1920? ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Globalstrahlung
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  • 39
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv:53-78.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einführung der Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode anhand langjähriger Beobachtungen, Einfluss des Niederschlages und der Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Erbsen, Kartoffeln, Weizen, Hafer und Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März und April) + und Delta Nied (März und April) -, dann Erträge (Erbsen) +; Delta T (Mai und Juni) - und Delta Nied (Mai und Juni) +, dann Erträge (Erbse) +; Delta T (Oktober Vorjahr) +, dann Erträge (Kartoffel) +; Delta T (März) + und Delta T (Mai und Juni) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Winterroggen) +;
    Keywords: Halle ; 1893-25 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Fichte ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 40
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    In:  Diss., Göttingen
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Ergebnisse ( Korrelationsmethode) der Bezeihung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (erste 10 Blütetage) -, dann Ertrag (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Beginn der Blüte bis 10 tage nach Ende der Blüte)-, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Sommerweizen) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Tmin (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Gerste) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta Nied (vom Aufgang bis zum Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Erbsen) +; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Vietsbohnen) +;
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Erbsen
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  • 41
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    In:  Landw. Wochenschrift für die Provinz Sachsen und Anhalt, Hallle 18:428ff.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung in Monaten und Gerstenertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen und Anhalt ; 1920 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 42
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    In:  Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell. 40:950-55.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Weizenqualität und den klimatischen Verhältnissen, Schwerpunkt auf die Physiologie des Samens und Qualität (Backfähigkeit) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; letzten100 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Beziehung zwischen Witterung (unterteilt in einzelne Monate) und Ertragshöhe mithilfe der Rangordnungs- und der Korrelationsmethode KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Winterweizen, Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben auf dem Versuchsfeld (wasserundurchlässiger Boden) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Sonn (Oktober bis November)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Sonn (Dezember bis März)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) -; Delta Sonn (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (April) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai, Juni und Juli) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (August bis Oktober) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta T (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; (Details sowie Informationen für Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Hohenheim (Baden-Württemberg) ; 1914-25 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 44
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    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch Berlin 63(1):1-81
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Auszug aus der Diss. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 45
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Acker- und Pflanzenbau 3:330-334.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Angabe von Niederschlagsmengen und Durchschnittstemperaturen für das ökologische Optimum bestimmter Sorten, kritische Zeiten (vor und nach der Blüte) sind hierfür entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Wasser und Wärme, bzw. Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Roggen, Weizen: Delta Nied (Beginn Blütezeit)-, dann Ertrag +; Hafer, Gerste, Kartoffel: Delta T (Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag +; Bohne: Delta T (gesamte Wachstumszeit)+ und Delta Nied (gesamte Wachstumszeit) +, dann Ertrag +
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-22 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 46
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    In:  Sächs. Landw. Zeitschr. 73, p.614
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Beschreibung der Schäden und Erscheinungsformen des Weizenhalmtöters und der Weizenhalmfliege im Jahre 1926 in Sachsen. Nur bedingte Verknüpfung mit klimatischen Parametern. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen ; 1926 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Weizen
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 48
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    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 49
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    In:  Nassauer Land 108, p. 185
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Gelbrostbefall von Weizen, Roggen und Gerste KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1926 ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Roggen ; Weizen ; Gerste
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simple, systematic, optimized vortex-lattice approach is developed for application to lifting-surface problems. It affords a significant reduction in computational costs when compared to current methods. Extensive numerical experiments have been carried out on a wide variety of configurations, including wings with camber and single or multiple flaps, as well as high-lift jetflap systems. Rapid convergence as the number of spanwise or chordwise lattices are increased is assured, along with accurate answers. The results from this model should be useful not only in preliminary aircraft design but also, for example, as input for wake vortex roll-up studies and transonic flow calculations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Vortex-Lattice Utilization; p 325-342
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 111-167 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of both living and stained forms indicates that the so-called ‘multivacuolate’ and ‘amicronucleate races of Paramecium caudatum’ belong to the species Paramecium multimicronucleata. The published accounts of the morphology and cultural characteristics of the various forms are compared and provide additional evidence. A more complete description is given, including distinctive characters previously omitted.The conjugation process of P. multimicronucleata in general resembles that of P. caudatum, most of the differences being due to the presence of four micronuclei instead of one. These each divide twice with characteristic figures, twelve of the sixteen daughter nuclei then degenerating. One of the remaining four splits to form a single pair of functional pronuclei in each cell. The two migratory pronuclei interchange as in P. caudatum. The synkaryon divides three times, and probably seven of these nuclei degenerate. The remaining one apparently undergoes two divisions. In most cases by six to eight hours after the conjugants separate two micronuclei of the four thus produced form enlarged macronuclear anlagen, the other two remaining as micronuclei. Each anlage divides within the next two or four hours, producing four macronuclear and four micronuclear analagen. Two fissions, each preceded by a division of the micronuclei, restore vegetative conditions.The process described above is compared with conjugation in P. bursaria, P. caudatum, and P. putrinum.
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 261-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parasynaptic union of chromosomes associated with the formation of a karyosphere is demonstrated in the spermatocytes of Phanaeus.The twelve V-shaped leptotene threads are polarized with their apices embedded in one plasmosome-like body, their distal ends in another (primary and secondary caps, respectively), and undergo a conjugation of the parasynaptic type. The distal ends of the chromosomes are freed from their attachment in the secondary cap. The six pachytene loops retain their polarized configuration.The basichromatin of the pachytene chromosomes appears ultimately to be withdrawn to form the karyosphere comprising six chromatic bodies within an oxychromatic «plasmosome,» the latter probably derived from the primary cap. The two caps are believed to arise from the chromosomes. The primary cap apparently becomes incorporated again in the chromosomes; the secondary cap, together with linin remnants of the pachytene chromosomes, disintegrates in the nucleus as residual chromatin.In the dissolution of the karyosphere six ring-shaped tetrads emerge arranged in a temporarily connected chain, giving under certain conditions, the misleading impression of twelve components arranged end to end. The entire content of the karyosphere appears to be employed in the formation of the chromosomes; no visible plasmosome remains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 417-459 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development and cytology of cartilage and bone in the limbs from the fifty-second hour of incubation to the first day after hatching are described.The chief points of interest arising from this study are: (1) Chondroblasts when liberated during cartilage resorption die and disintegrate. (2) All the long bones possess structures which, though not undergoing independent ossification, are homologous with the mammalian epiphyses. (3) Endochondral ossification occurs only in the epiphyses and ends of the diaphyses. (4) The marrow cavity contains multinucleated giant cells which appear to be formed by the fusion of degenerating cells.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood of Perophora viridis is found to contain six types of cells: (1) Green cells, which have green-colored fatty bodies embedded in clear cytoplasm. (2) Orange cells, with orange-colored bodies of unknown composition in the cytoplasm. (3) Colorless berry-like cells, with fluid-filled vesicles in the cytoplasm. (4) Granular amoeboid cells. (5) Compartmental amoeboid cells, which have box-like vacuoles containing brownian granules of a fatty substance. (6) Vesicular, signet-ring type of cell having a single large vacuole. The cytological structure of these cells and their reaction to various dyes are described.An effort has been made to homologize the types of cells found in the blood of other ascidians with those found in Perophora.It is concluded that the variety of colors found in the cells of ascidian blood is due to the varying chemical states of the vanadium-containing chromogen present in the cells.
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926), S. 441-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryological study of bullfrog tadpoles collected from various parts of the United States has shown the existence of local races which differ markedly in regard to the time of occurrence and character of the developmental processes involved in the formation of the definitive testis of the male individuals. Those races in which the gonads of the two sexes are easily distinguished in early larval stages are called differentiated. Other local races show a peculiar gonadic development chiefly affecting the males, the definitive testis sometimes not appearing until near the end of the second year of larval life. Such races are called undifferentiated, because the morphological features of the definitive testes are not established until late. The larvae first develop a peculiar gonad (progonad) which later degenerates and is replaced by the definitive testis. All male animals of the undifferentiated strains exhibit the gonad cycle.The progonad varies among the local frog races in regard to the length of persistence and degree of differentiation attained before undergoing degeneration. Its germ cells may exhibit a typical male maturation cycle ending in degeneration, or the cells may differentiate along both male and female lines or remain sexually neutral.The development and differentiation of the progonad in the various races are described and a detailed account given of the origin of the definitive testis. The problems of sex differentiation and continuity of the Keimbahn in anurans are discussed.
    Additional Material: 100 Ill.
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 111-141 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Disintegration in killing agents was studied throughout development. In the unfertilized egg and cleavage stages the death gradient runs from animal to vegetal pole. In the late blastula stage the future dorsal surface and future point of gastrulation show heightened susceptibility. The gastrula has a gradient from anterior to posterior end along its dorsal surface, with a slight reverse gradient around the blastopore; lateral and ventral regions are least susceptible.Before and after the appearance of the neural groove, the dorsal surface shows increased susceptibility with gradient in it from anterior to posterior end. The neural tube is highly susceptible, with a death gradient from anterior to posterior end and a slight reverse gradient at its posterior end.During late stages and in the larva the double gradient is present; death begins at the two ends and progresses backward from head, forward from anus; from the former most rapidly. The least susceptible place is near the posterior end. The posterior reverse gradient is less developed in the lamprey than in other vertebrate embryos, due, probably, to its lack of a tail bud.Assuming that death differences indicate differences in rate of activity, it appears that such differences in activity may be causes and not results of developmental processes, for the development of certain parts (dorsal surface, blastopore, central nervous system) is indicated by heightened activity before it is evident morphologically.
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    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 371-439 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The prochordal plate in the chick is a thickening of the entoderm in the anterior part of the area pellucida. It consists at first of several layers of yolk-charged cells, which finally lose their yolk and form a thin layer of entoderm.The prechordal plate (an area of mesodermal proliferation immediately anterior to the notochord) arises immediately anterior to the primitive streak (and head process when the latter appears) in a part of the region once occupied by the prochordal plate. Later the prechordal plate comes to lie upon the dorsal wall of the foregut.The premandibular cavities arise in condensations of the prechordal mesoderm. The cavities seem to appear during the rapid expansion of the prechordal mesoderm which occurs in response to a release from constraint imposed by surrounding structures. They are connected with one another across the midline by a usually solid bridge of mesoderm.Later, the cavities are replaced by a mesodermal condensation which serves as a mold, on the surface of which the oculomotor muscles appear, arising before the disappearance of the premandibular head cavities.Differences in the relations of notochord and hypophysis in the chick and robin may be explained by an analysis of the growth of the two forms. The analysis furnishes a basis for understanding the relations of the anterior end of the notochord in the mammal.
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926) 
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium trichium varies from 50 μ to 105 μ long with most individuals between 80 μ and 90 μ. The width varies from one-third to one-half the length. It is somewhat depressed dorsoventrally. The broad buccal groove extends from the anterior left border diagonally across the ventral surface to the mouth, which is usually slightly anterior to the middle and to the right side of the median line. The mouth leads into a relatively long cytopharynx containing an undulating membrane. The cytopyge is subterminal and the small caudal tuft of longer cilia is subapical. The plastic ectosarc contains numerous trichocysts. A contractile vacuole apparatus occurs near either end. Each is deeply located and stains more intensely than surrounding protoplasm. In life there appear to be two alternately contracting vacuoles with smaller ones adjacent. Contractions are from fifteen to twenty-five per minute. The macronucleus is medium in size and the single micronucleus is of the ‘caudatum’ type.Binary fission appears to be initiated by a metaphase-like condition of the micronucleus. This is followed by great enlargement and the eventual separation of the chromatin threads into two anaphase groups. The metaphase thus appears to precede the changes which correspond to a prophase in other cases. During division of the body, the two old contractile vacuoles persist as the posterior ones for the daughters, new anterior ones being developed.
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927) 
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 299-345 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes are first recognizable as two clusters in contact with the nuclear wall. Beneath each cluster lies a chromosome. This relationship is constant and indicates that these two chromosomes play a part in the growth and development of the chondriosomes. The two masses fuse and the single mass grows considerably during the early growth period. Later it breaks up into a number of threads which become rings in the late growth period. The rings fuse into the large nebenkern which plays the usual rôle in the formation of the tail.The Golgi material is first seen outside of the chondriosomal cap. Early in the growth period, it breaks up into Golgi bodies which remain distributed in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. About the midgrowth period a large number of spheres suddenly arise. Since they later fuse to form the idiosome, they are called the proidiosomal spheres. These spheres, which may originate in the Golgi bodies, remain scattered in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. In the spermatid the Golgi bodies collect about the idiosome to form the acroblast. The Golgi remnants pass into the cytoplasm of the tail, while the acrosome elongates into a tail-like structure at the anterior end.The centriole was followed with unbroken continuity from the midgrowth period into the middle-piece of the sperm.
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
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    Notes: The results of the study of certain factors which affect encystment in Didinium nasutum indicate the following: Absence of food constitutes an adverse environmental condition which induces encystment in approximately 50 per cent of the didinia subjected to it, though the presence of a certain amount of food in the cell body is requisite for encystment. The prevention of encystment for 750 generations does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food, and hence Didinium does not become progressively more disposed to encystment as generations pass. Conjugation does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food. Metabolic by-products of Paramecium inhibit encystment to a striking degree when didinia are deprived of food in the presence of these products. Metabolic waste of Didinium markedly facilitates its encystment in the absence of food. Hay-infusion culture fluids of different ages have singularly diverse effects on the encystment of didinia in the absence of food; recently prepared infusions inhibit encystment; infusions four to six days old induce encystment in 90 to 100 per cent of the specimens, and infusions seven to fourteen days old, in approximately half of the specimens.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 89-115 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 29-87 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the abducens musculature appears first at 24-25 somites as a condensation situated dorsal to the mandibular arch.The anlage of the superior oblique grows forward from a mesodermal condensation situated in the maxillomandibular region, termed for convenience the maxillomandibular condensation. This last consists of three parts: (1) the anlage of the superior oblique: (2) the anlage of the abducens musculature, and, (3) an intermediate region.The intermediate portion of the maxillomandibular mass forms a condensation with which the anlage of the abducens musculature fuses. Its fate is, therefore, similar to that of the so-called ‘muscle E’ of elasmobranchs, which has been described as fusing with the lateral rectus. How much muscle is formed from the intermediate condensation in the chick has not been determined.The development of the pyramidalis and quadratus nictitans muscles, derivatives of the abducens complex, is described.The premandibular head cavities are replaced by solid mesodermal condensations, on the surface of which the anlagen of the oculomotor muscles appear. The premandibular mass expands laterally and anteriorly over the bulbus, carrying the oculomotor muscles to their respective positions on the bulbus.Portions of the premandibular and maxillomandibular condensations not involved in eye-muscle formation take part in the formation of choroid and sclera.The growth shiftings of the eye muscles are analyzed. The order of their appearance is commented upon.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 127-216 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study represents the first critical investigation on the development of the embryonic skull of the porcupine. A complete series of stages makes it possible to trace the developing chondrocranium from its first formation in precartilage to its later transformation into cartilage bone. Concurrent with this growth is the investment of the cartilaginous cranium by membrane bone.The very primitive nature of the chondrocranium offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the existing problems of the embryonic skull from a new angle. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the ala temporalis is the homologue of the cynodont epipterygoid. The lamina parietalis develops from a single chondrifying center, thus producing a different arrangement of parietal elements from that found in most mammals. New evidence as to the relationship of the dens epistrophei and basal plate is presented. The position of the internal carotid artery on entering the cranium is different from the condition found in most mammals and throws new light on the interpretation of surrounding structures. The presence of a structure comparable with the crista longitudinalis of Lacerta shows close affinity to the solum nasi of more primitive forms.The great specialization of the face is seen in the early and rapid growth of the membrane bones. The chondrocranium is long persistent and cartilage bone appears late in embryonic life.
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 417-465 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations indicate that this Balantidium from the guinea-pig is Balantidium coli, the form found in the pig and man. The lengths and breadths of this Balantidium and the ratios of length to breadth are very close to the measurements and ratios given by McDonald for B. coli. When plotted, the body lengths of the guinea-pig parasites appear in two groups, the smaller individuals being the exconjugants. Many of these exconjugants resemble Neiva's B. caviae. The structure of the Balantidium from the guinea-pig is essentially identical with that of B. coli as given by McDonald.Fission and conjugation of this ciliate follow the general course found in a number of other ciliates. During fission the micronucleus divides and the daughter micronuclei migrate to each end of the macronucleus before the latter divides. In conjugation there are two divisions of the micronucleus, one of these nuclei dividing to form the pronuclei. Pronuclear exchange and fusion are followed by a heteropolar division of the synkaryon, resulting in the formation of the new macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen.The parasite was found in the intestinal tissue of the host. No reproductive stages were found in the cysts. New hosts are invaded through contamination of the food and drink with the cysts.
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    Notes: By the use of a satisfactory technique, excellently preserved spermatogenetic tissue was had both for Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. The careful examination of twelve spermatogonial cells of the former species and of twenty in the latter species shows that R. rattus has forty diploid chromosomes and R. norvegicus, forty-two. A careful examination of the haploid cells of both species, both in the first and in the second spermatocyte divisions, confirms the diploid determinations.Both species have an unequal pair in the spermatogonial divisions and the finding of a similar unequal pair in the first spermatocyte division constitutes the evidence for an X-Y mechanism in each. A comparison of the morphology of the first spermatocyte tetrads in the two species reveals the presence of a large K-shaped chromosome in R. norvegicus which is not present in R. rattus. Furthermore, a comparison of the X-Y complex in both the spermatogonial and first spermatocyte divisions shows that these are morphologically different in the two species, the Y in particular being markedly dissimilar in size. A short discussion as to the bearing of these findings on the questions of the origins of the two species and their known intersterility is presented. The marked similarity of the tetrads of the black rat to those described for the mouse is noted.
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    Notes: A technique is developed whereby the large heavily yolk-laden grasshopper egg may be sectioned for cytological study. Eggs of Chortophaga viridifasciata and Circotettix verruculatus were examined.In C. viridifasciata the structure of the late ovarian nucleus and the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and early cleavage are described. In the first maturation twelve rod-shaped tetrads are found. Near the caudal end of the egg a polar body is given off, and in the second maturation division there are twelve dyads. At fertilization, twelve separated vesicles of the female pronucleus are seen scattered about a male pronucleus in which the chromosomes are in prophase.In early cleavage the chromosome numbers in the metaphase are found to differentiate the male- and female-producing eggs. In the former there are twenty-three and in the latter twenty-four chromosomes. A vesicular condition in which the chromosomes retain their boundaries in interkinesis is indicative of chromosome individuality.A comparison of the first and second maturation metaphase chromosomes of the oocyte with those of the spermatocyte shows a similar compact group on the spindle, a likeness in size seriation, and a similarity of form. They differ in that in the spermatocyte complex there are eleven tetrads and one dyad. This latter, the unpaired sex chromosome, falls among the large chromosomes.A comparison of the chromosome complex of Chortophaga viridifasciata with that of Circotettix verruculatus indicates constancy of generic differences in form, size, number, and behavior of the chromosomes.
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 233-257 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytological and histochemical evidence presented in this paper shows the following facts: (1) The mitochondria are not directly transformed into yolk. They may be concerned in its synthesis in so far as they are a factor in the interacting cytoplasmic system, but there are no visible morphological expressions of this functioning. (2) The accumulations of aequeous substances in the cytoplasm in the form of droplets stainable vitally by neutral red, ‘vacuoles,’ are the forerunners of the first yolk. During the building up of the yolk the aequeous droplets become more and more dehydrated and lose their capacity for being vitally stained. (3) These aequeous vacuoles give the impregnation results commonly ascribed to the Golgi apparatus and are interpreted as such. Special emphasis is laid on the question of the identification of the Golgi apparatus. (4) The fat arises de novo in the cell independently of the mitochondria or the vacuoles. It becomes dispersed throughout the cell among the yolk plates, and the lipoidal content of the latter increases at the end of vitellogenesis, when the fatty globules are intimately pressed in among the yolk plates. (5) At a late stage in the growth of the yolk plates there is the sudden appearance of large quantities of glycogen in the perinuclear zone and throughout the cytoplasm.
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 441-471 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The septomaxillary bone is described in the various families of the urodeles in which it occurs. Its identity as a hitherto unrecognized cartilage bone of the skull is established and its close relationship with the nasal muscles followed through the group. Its presence or absence, which is found to be another criterion for the recent classification of the urodeles as proposed by Dunn and Higgins, is correlated with the development of the accessory dilatator muscle, since it occurs only in groups where this muscle attains an appreciable size.
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 537-554 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Modifications of the gastro-intestinal tract of Nereis virens are two dorsolateral esophageal cecums, directed anteriorly and posteriorly from the point of attachment. The cecal and esophageal lumina are continuous. Each cecum is composed of acini, possessing a row of elongated cells, basement membrane, and intima. Fibro-elastic tissue is present. The elongated cells contain glycogen and fat.The hepatopancreas of Asterias vulgaris consists of two lobes in each ray, and the numerous acini empty into the bifurcated hepatopancreatic duct which leads into the pyloric stomach. The hepatic cells are columnar and contain glycogen and fat. Pancreatic cells lie in the midregion of the acini.The lobulate liver of Loligo pealii lies on the ventral surface of the duodenum. A capsular membrane envelops the organ. The acini possess basement membrane, columnar cells, and intima; their lumina anastomose, forming a common duct, which leads into the blind sac. The hepatic cells contain fat.The hepatopancreas of Melanoplus femur-rubrum consists of six cecums histologically continuous with the digestive epithelium of the pyloric stomach. Each cecum consists of simple and compound acini which empty into a duct leading to the pyloric stomach. Each acinus possesses basement membrane, columnar hepatic cells, pancreatic cells, and intima. The pancreatic cells occur in islets, usually adjacent to the basement membrane. The hepatic cells contain glycogen and fat.
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
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    Notes: Fetuses from forty-three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten-day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
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    Notes: This study deals with the seasonal distribution of protozoa (February, 1927, to February, 1928) in correlation with seasonal fluctuations of temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the relative amounts of dissolved oxygen and other gases in a small fresh-water pond. Twenty-seven species of Sarcodina, thirty-one species of Mastigophora, and 109 species of Infusoria were recorded in the surface water of the pond.As found especially for Mastigophora and Infusoria, the number of species is inversely correlated with the abundance of individuals in the seasonal distribution.Higher temperatures probably accelerated the rate of reproduction, since the seasonal maxima for most of the species were recorded in warmer weather.Colonial flagellates and Zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates seemed to be favored by higher oxygen content, with a simultaneous abundance of volatile acids, especially CO2. Although hydrogen-ion concentration was limited between 6.2 and 7.05, it was probably one of the factors influencing protozoan distribution, since several species disappeared when the lowest pH was recorded. Sunlight is one of the important factors in bringing certain heliotropic protozoa to the surface.The seasonal maxima of many of the protozoa occurred during September and October, 1927, when most of the observed physical environments seemed much more favorable than in other months.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 563-583 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The urinogenital organs of Myrmecobius fasciatus conform to the marsupial type in both their anatomical characters and histological details. The external genitalia indicate a close relationship with the Dasyuridae.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 135-199 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Definite information concerning the time of development and location of the different imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was needed in order to interpret especially the gynandromorphs, mosaics, and intersexes that have been extensively reported in cultures of this fly. This information was also desirable for many of the mutant types. It was not known, for example, when an organ was reduced or absent, whether its imaginal disc showed a corresponding reduction, or whether it was full size in the larvae and pupae, and failed to carry through to the later stages.Three mutant types with eyes smaller than those of the wild type, namely, lozenge, bar, and eyeless, were examined. It was found that there is a corresponding difference in size as far back as the imaginal disc could be detected. Similarly for the two mutants, vestigial and no-wing. Conversely for the mutant, bithorax, in which the metathorax is larger than the normal and has assumed many of the characters of the normal mesothorax, the imaginal disc was correspondingly enlarged.It follows that the effects of the mutant genes for these characters can be observed in the very earliest condition of the imaginal disc.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 201-225 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eleven pairs of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the opossum.The sex chromosomes are of the x-x type in the female and the x-y type in the male.The number and type of the chromosomes are constant in the wide variety of tissues and organs studied, except that one dividing giant cell of the spleen showed an 8n number of chromosomes.The arrangement of the chromosomes in equatorial plates is that of an autosomal ring surrounding the centrally located sex chromosomes.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 45-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 123-151 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Technique. This work is based not only on the fixed preparations, but also on fresh cover-slip preparations treated with neutral red or 2 per cent osmic acid for a short time.Golgi elements and fatty yolk. The Golgi elements are hollow vesicular bodies with a distinct osmiophilic rim and a central osmiophobic substance. In the youngest oocyte they form a circumnuclear ring. Gradually the vesicles spread out, grow in size, store up fat in their interior, and give rise to the fatty yolk. On account of their higher refractive index, due to the presence of fat, the Golgi vesicles can be occasionally seen even in the young oocytes without any treatment.Mitochondria. The mitochondrial granules also form a circumnuclear ring and are later distributed uniformly.Albuminous yolk. The albuminous yolk is nucleolar in origin. Early in oogenesis, the nucleous buds off small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic particles in the cytoplasm, which sooner or later disappear. Subsequently, the nucleolus becomes less chromatic and develops vacuolar bodies in its interior, which, becoming vacuolated exactly like the parent nucleolus, migrate into the the cytoplasm. These bodies become more and more chromatic and travel toward the periphery of the egg, where they grow in size. Ultimately they break down into small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic bodies which are the definitive albuminous yolk spheres and which subsequently grow enormously in size.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty-one and thirty-one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 493-541 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the blastoderm which are to form the serosa are two- to four-nucleate; the smaller cells of the embryonic rudiment, uninucleate. The band-like embryonic rudiment encircles the yolk at the equator of the egg. The amnion does not begin to form until after the serosa completely covers embryo and yolk. The epithelium of the midgut arises from cells situated at the tips of stomodaeum and proctodaeum. These cells, though not differentiated from adjacent ectoderm at the time of the invagination, are nevertheless interpreted as part of the preprimordium of the endoderm. In the eighty-four-hour stage a fold of amnion grows over the dorsal side of the embryo, entirely covering it in the course of the next few hours. A portion of the amnion thus forms the dorsal wall of the embryo. At the completion of the amnion the embryo rotates so that its ventral side is directed toward the egg center. The amnion raptures just before the larva begins to feed on the yolk which still remains around it. The serosa is consumed before hatching, which takes place about five and one-half days after deposition.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 599-613 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of spermatogenesis was made on four groups of a pedigreed strain of the moth Philosamia cynthia, and the results were compared with spermatogenesis in the wild material.Deviations from the normal number of chromosomes were observed in two groups. In some individuals the haploid number was 12 instead of 13. Giant spermatocytes were also observed with twenty-four chromosomes. In other individuals, two haploid numbers, 13 and 14, occurred in the same testis.The twelve-chromosome condition is due to linkage of two chromosomes during the late prophase of the primary spermatocyte. The double chromosomes thus formed appeared to divide equally in both divisions. The origin of the fourteenth chromosome was not determined.Correlation of the genetic and cytological data indicates the restriction of aberrant chromosome complexes to two of the four groups and the regularity of the twelve-chromosome complex in certain families, suggesting the conclusion that a new strain arose in the pedigreed material with regard to chromosome variability and that the twelve-chromosome condition is a well-defined characteristic, partly established in some families and probably fully established in others.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatogenesis of five guinea-pigs was studied. The spermatogonial chromosome number is approximately sixty-two plus or minus two. The primary spermatocyte number is approximately thirty-one. The spermatogonial number in the early prophase is lower than it is in later stages. This condition is due to late fragmentation of the large chromosomes found in the earlier stage. A possible sex chromosome of the X-Y type may be identified. Its components segregate during the first maturation division.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 543-561 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 169-189 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A review of the literature of the gastric glands of reptiles shows marked differences of opinion concerning the nature and character of the cells composing the gastric glands.The present investigation of the gastric glands of the alligator has been carried out by histochemical and physiological experiments, rather than by the usual morphological methods, but the results can be stated both in terms of structure and function.1The surface epithelial cells and those lining the gland pits in the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric regions of the stomach of the alligator are not strictly comparable functionally to the mucous cells of mammals.2The cells composing the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus, according to histochemical reactions, are parietal cells.3Certain cells lying beneath the columnar epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and the foveolae react to one method of fixation and staining as do the chief cells of mammalian material.4The results of the experiment with the vital dye, neutral red, show that the cells of the gastric pits, the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus of the alligator's stomach, react identically as those of the mammalian stomach.5The gastric juice of the alligator is acid to litmus-paper and contains a free mineral acid.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Systems of fiber-like structures traverse ciliated cells and epithelia in a way to suggest conduction paths for stimuli for coordinating and regulating ciliary movement, and results of microdissection support such an interpretation.Some fibers of the systems in epithelia of the gill terminate on the nuclear membrane, some between nuclei in the basal cytoplasm.The observed double refringency of the fibrillar apparatus places it in the category of irritable and contractile substance.Bipolar cells and nerve-like fibers lie immediately below and parallel with ciliated epithelia of the gill, but direct connections of these fibers with the intracellular system, although suspected, was not demonstrated.Ciliated epithelia of the gill are syncytial in character in the direction of the beat of cilia.Interciliary structures occur in the cuticular portion of ciliated epithelia which are interpreted to function in taking up strains in the gelled cytoplasm caused by the beat of cilia.Cilia occur in pairs in epithelia of the gill, and members of pairs are fused at their distal ends.Each cilium, as seen in dark-field illumination, pierces its basal body, and the fiber that is a continuation of the cilium divides immediately below the basal body into two; one diverging to the right, one to the left.Each cilium is composed of many delicate fibrillae.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The primordial germ cells of urodeles and anurans can occupy comparable positions in the embryo only in very early stages of development, if at all. When first recognizable as reproductive elements, their situation in the two amphibian orders is quite strikingly different.The germ cells first become recognizable in urodeles in the medial edge of the lateral mesoderm; there is no evidence that their position previous to this time is other than mesodermal. In the anura they are entodermal in association during early development; they are finally separated from the dorsal portion of the roof of the archenteron to form a single axial germ-cell cord. No amphibian species studied showed a mode of origin different from that characteristic of its order.The so-called migration of the amphibian germ cells to their definitive situation is interpreted as the result of growth shiftings of related parts. Germ cells do not migrate independently through the tissues. Aberrant or ectopic cells for the most part result from failures or faulty correlations of growth processes. Certain aberrant cells of the caudal portion of the body in urodeles indicate the inclusion of sex elements in the ventral as well as in the lateral mesoderm.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The musculature of the ophidian head is a fairly complex structure, due to the specialization of the skull and the peculiar movements and motions made possible by the high degree of streptostylism.This musculature has been derived from the lacertilian type by a splitting and a shifting of the original elemental muscle masses of this group. Most of the muscles are clearly homologous with those of the Lacertilia. Some cannot be homologized by a study of the mature forms.The greatest differences lie in the separation of the muscle masses in the ophidia, as compared with the undivided masses in the Lacertilia. Since the jaw movements of the Lacertilia are rather simple, there is no need for any subdivision or splitting of the jaw muscles, but with the complex movements of the ophidia this becomes necessary.A few of the ophidian muscles appear to be neomorphs, as no key to their origin could be determined by a comparison with lacertilians.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926), S. 333-345 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a leech infesting the Alaskan codfish germinal masses in the ovary proliferate secondary groups, comprising about forty cells in which a follicle and central supporting cell early differentiate. Active division results in approximately 500 cells which apparently develop ductules extending to a point on the surface of the egg. Granules of unknown origin then appear in each nurse cell, and are drawn down the ductules into the egg which can now be distinguished. Reasons are given for the belief that the nutritive material is drained from the nurse cells by amoeboid activity of the egg. In early stages the nutritive mateiral forms a loose reticulum which gradually becomes transformed into a more extensive network, persisting until the maturation divisions. In this latest period the follicle and nurse cells, which become shrunken as the ovum enlarges, usually are stripped off and soon disintegrate.
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