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  • Articles  (921)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (921)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1950-1954  (921)
  • Physics  (921)
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  • Articles  (921)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (921)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 287-300 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acid-base titration curves of crystalline insulin in 0.1 N KCl have been measured from pH 2 to 11 by means of a glass electrode. In the alkaline range, the titration is not reversible. The solubility between pH 7 and 9 increases very much when the protein has first been dissolved in acid or in alkali. The amount of liberated hydrogen ions depends upon the foregoing treatment.Two fractions have been separated according to their solubility at pH 8. The more soluble fraction shows a reversible titration curve in homogeneous medium; in the precipitation range of insulin (pH 4 to 6.5) the curve depends upon the directions of titration. The less soluble fraction dissociates a smaller number of hydrogen ions in alkaline solution. This number increases by staying at pH above 10.5. The changes undergone by the dissociable groups have been interpreted as indicating the presence of special bonds in which phenolic and imidazole groups would be implicated.Titration curves were computed according to classical theory and to the Debye-Hückel treatment. Experimental results could be accounted for by assigning a single titration constant to each kind of groups deduced from chemical analysis except for phenolic groups. The theory of electrostatic interactions affords an interpretation of these facts. The pK′0 values deduced from the curves agree with those obtained for other proteins. The pK′0 of imidazole, α-amino, phenolic, and ε-amino are respectively 6.6, 7.8, 9.9, and 10.0.By using 40% dioxane in 0.4 N aqueous KCl as a solvent, it was possible to maintain insulin soluble throughout the whole pH range. The titration curve has been measured in this medium and theoretically interpreted by the effect of the lowering of the dielectric constant on the titration constants.
    Notes: On a mesuré au moyen d'une électrode de verre les courbes d'électrotitration de l'insuline cristalline dans KCl 0,1 N, depuis pH 2 jusque pH 11. Dans la région alcaline les courbes ne sont pas réversibles. La solubilité de l'insuline entre pH 7 et pH 9 augmente beaucoup lorsque la protéine a été préalablement dissoute en milieu acide ou alcalin. Les quantités d'ions H libérées dépendent aussi du traitement subi antérieurement.On a séparé l'insuline en deux fractions suivant leur solubilité à pH 8. La fraction la plus soluble a une courbe de titration réversible en milieu homogène; dans le domaine d'insolubilité de l'insuline (pH 4 à 6,5), la courbe dépend du sens de la titration. La fraction la moins soluble révèle un nombre inférieur de groupes titrables en milieu alcalin. Ce nombre augmente par séjour à pH supérieur à 10. Les changements survenus dans les groupes dissociables ont été interprétés comme indiquant la présence de liaisons spéciales dans lesquelles seraient impliqués des groupes phénoliques et des groupes imidazole.On a calculé des courbes de titration suivant la théorie classique et suivant la théorie de Debye-Hückel. On a pu rendre compte des résultats expérimentaux en assignant une seule constante de titration aux groupes de měme espèce déduits de l'analyse chimique, sauf pour les groupes phénoliques. La théorie des interactions électrostatiques permet d'interpréter ces faits. Elle fournit des valeurs de pK′0 en bon accord avec les données obtenues avec d'autres protéines. Les pK′0 sont respectivement de 6,6, 7,8, 9,9 et 10,0 pour les groupes imidazole, α-aminé, phénolique et ε-aminé.En utilisant comme solvant du dioxane à 40% dans une solution aqueuse 0,4 N en KCl, on a pu maintenir l'insuline en solution dans tout le domaine de pH. La courbe de titration a été mesurée dans ce milieu et interprétée théoriquement par l'effet de l'abaissement de la constante diélectrique sur les constantes de titration.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The irreversible fixation of vegetable tannins (mimosa) by collagen and esterified collagen, as well as by a hydrated polyamide, has been investigated. The polyamide possesses a marked affinity for the vegetable tannins and binds them irreversibly, proving that the peptide linkages function as binding sites for vegetable tannins. This fixation is independent of pH value of the system in the pH range 2-8. The same independence is shown in the fixation of tannins by collagen from solutions containing sodium chloride which prevents the swelling of collagen. The typical fixation curve of vegetable tannins by intact collagen is highly pH-dependent. In this instance the tannin fixation is directly related to the degree of swelling of collagen as a function of the pH value of the system. This is due to the fact that the degree of swelling of the protein governs the number of coordination-active peptide bonds present in collagen for the fixation of tannins. Esterified collagen, in which the major part of the potential hydrogen binding sites are free to react, fixes large amounts of tannins independently of the hydrogen-ion concentration of the system in the pH range 2-7. The rapid drop in fixation of tannins at pH values 〉8 is due to the ionization of phenolic groups, leaving fewer hydrogen bonds available on the tannin molecule. Evidence is presented in support of the view that the main reaction of polyphenolic tannins of the major type represented by mimosa tannins consists in coordination of a polyphenolic molecule to peptide bonds of adjacent protein chains, probably by means of hydrogen bonds. This multipoint attachment will explain the stabilization of the protein lattice effected by the tanning agent.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method for fractionating gelatin based on the solubility behavior of gelatin/detergent complexes is described. The method is practical and convenient both for determining molecular weight distributions and for preparing gelatin fractions. It is shown that fractions of equal reduced viscosity, and hence molecular weight, derived from gelatins of similar isoelectric points may still differ in important respects, thus confirming the conclusions of Pouradier and Venet, who prepared fractions by a different method of fractionation. It is established that the rigidity of gels formed from the gelatin fractions is independent of molecular weight, at least at 5.5 g./100 ml. concentration. There is some indication that, for the lowest molecular weight fraction, a slight variation of rigidity with molecular weight is occurring. Some other structural feature, at present unidentified, must be associated with the mechanism of gel formation.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In a radical polymerization in which initiation is solely by the addition of an initiator fragment to a monomer molecule, there must be in the polymer one combined initiator fragment for each kinetic chain; analysis of the polymer therefore can lead to a determination of the kinetic chain length. The rate of initiation is equal to the over-all rate of polymerization divided by the kinetic chain length, and so it can be calculated. This new method for calculating rates of initiation is not subject to the uncertainties associated with older methods. Analysis for initiator fragments can be performed accurately if the initiator is labeled with a radioactive isotope; in the work described here C14-α,α′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile was used. An essential requirement is that the polymer molecules of low molecular weight must not be lost during precipitation of the polymer. Tests are described showing that loss of low molecular weight materials is negligible in most cases and that even when the average molecular weight of the polymer is low and there is an appreciable loss a correction can be made. A correction can also be made for the consumption of initiator during the reaction. The results presented in this paper refer to the copolymerization of butyl acrylate and styrene in benzene solution at 60°. It is shown that for a given monomer mixture the rate of initiation is proportional to the concentration of initiator, and that for each initiator molecule decomposed approximately one reaction chain is started.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In the course of the alkaline condensation of epichlorhydrine with bivalent phenols, aliphatic-aromatic polyethers containing hydroxy- and terminal oxido groups are formed. The reaction of products of this kind with dicarboxylic acid anhydride yields highly crosslinked, valuable resins. The hardening mechanism is analytically followed on a technical product in its initial phase and during the entire reaction by suitable model reactions. It is observed that diester as well as ether bridges appear as crosslinking elements.
    Notes: Bei der alkalischen Kondensation von Epichlorhydrin mit zweiwertigen Phenolen entstehen Hydroxyl- und endständige Oxydogruppen enthaltende aliphatisch-aro-matische Polyäther. Die Umsetzung derartiger Reaktionsprodukte mit Dikarbonsäureanhydriden führt zu hochvernetzten wertvollen Massen. Der Härtungsmechanismus wird in der Anfangsphase an einem technischen Produkt und über den ganzen Reaktionsverlauf an geeigneten Modellreaktionen analytisch verfolgt. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl Diester- wie auch Ätherbrücken als Vernetzungselemente auftreten.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The addition of ethylene oxide to phenol is described quantitatively. The reaction takes place by the anion chain: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Step 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} etc. As long as phenol is still present, the polymerization is interrupted on step 2 and glycol monophenyl ether only is formed.
    Notes: Die Anlagerung von Äthylenoxyd an Phenol wird quantitativ beschrieben. Die Reaktion geht über die “Anion”-kette. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Stufe 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} u.s.w. So lange noch Phenol vorhanden ist, wird die Polymerisation bei Stufe 2 unterbrochen und nur Glykolmonophenyläther gebildet.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 543-546 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experiments are described made with the object of measuring the alleged catalytic effect of HCl on PVC decomposition. The conclusion is that this effect does not exist.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the osmotic pressure of polystyrene fractions in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone at 25, 50, and 55°. The results can be accurately represented by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \pi = RT\left[ {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {M_2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {M_2 }}} \right) + A_2 c^2 + A_3 c^3 } \right] $$\end{document} The virial coefficients have been evaluated and it is shown in agreement with theory that A2αM-ε where ε = 0.15 or 0.33 according to method of derivation of A2. The results are compared, and shown to be in general agreement with other reported measurements. The heat of dilution of polystyrene in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone was determined from measurements of the temperature coefficient of the osmotic pressure. In the concentration range 3 to 9 × 10-3 g./cc. ΔH/φ22 where φ2 is the volume fraction of polymer was approximately zero in toluene and -20 ± 5 cal./mole in methyl ethyl ketone. In part III vapor pressure measurement of polystyrene fractions in acetone, chloroform, and propyl acetate solutions are summarized and the heat of dilution in these solvents derived. The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of the free energy and entropy of dilution of polymers and it is shown that the results cannot be explained in terms of theories based on the lattice model of solutions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight, the size, and the second virial coefficient have been determined for a series of styrene polymers prepared under high pressure (0 to 4000 atmospheres) using light scattering techniques. The intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship, the size-molecular weight relationship, and the magnitude of the second virial coefficient reveal no significant differences when compared to similar data of regular polystyrene. Structural differences due to the method of polymerization do not exist to the extent that they can be revealed by such measurements.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 159-184 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews some aspects of the present state of research in the field of polyelectrolyte solutions. It deals mainly with synthetic polyelectrolytes with special attention to their electrostatic potentials, the colligative properties of their solutions and molecular shape changes.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sedimentation constants and diffusion coefficients of sodium polymethacrylate and of polymethacrylic acid have been determined at various concentrations of polymer and of added electrolyte and the nature of the charge effects is considered. A ratio y = (molarity of added electrolyte)/(grundmolarity of polymer) is used to obtain S20 at y = ∞ when the polyelectrolyte is assumed to be uncharged. The variation of the effective radius with y is considered not to be due to asymmetry but to the open network nature of the polyelectrolyte coil.The sedimentation constant of unionized polymethacrylic acid is determined and also the variation of sedimentation constant with degree of ionization.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 237-252 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are used in large quantities to improve the dirt-suspending power of synthetic detergents and soaps. Hardly any attention has been given to the question as to which properties they should have to obtain the greatest suspending power. They exert their specific influence because they are adsorbed by cellulose fibers from their solutions in water. Theoretical considerations are given, showing that: (1) The degree of substitution (DS) should probably be about 0.5. (2) The substitution should be as uniform as possible. (3) The cellulose chains should be neither too short nor too long. Normally only the average degree of substitution, DS, is determined. The fiber contents, FC, i.e., the percentage of insoluble and partly swollen fibers in 1/20 N NaOH can be taken as a measure of the uniformity of the substitution. Technical products differ greatly in pH and salt contents; therefore the viscosity of solutions of the technical products containing 1% of the cellulose ether, to which 2.5% Na2CO3 and 2.5% NaHCO3 have been added, is taken as a measure of the length of the cellulose chains. The easiest way to obtain uniformly substituted products is by dispersing cellulose and reagents in a suspending liquid, e.g., an alcohol or a hydrocarbon. FC's smaller than 2 to 4% are obtained. Then the dirt-suspending power was greatest with a DS between 0.48 and 0.53; and a viscosity measured as above with a Hoeppler standard viscometer between 11 and 29 c.p.s. The substitution in general is much less uniform when CMC is prepared according to the customary method by mixing cellulose, NaOH, and ClCH2COONa or ClCH2COOH and a little water. Then the results were best with an average DS between 0.51 and 0.60, and an FC between 6 and 16%, said viscosity being 20 to 30 c.p.s.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Semipermeable membranes used for osmotic pressure measurements are usually made from collodion or from regenerated cellulose or from other cellulosic materials. Such membranes are readily attacked by corrosive solvents, they are easily oxidized, and they can be used for only a few hours at high temperatures. To overcome these difficulties new noncellulosic membranes have been developed. The preparation of a polyvinyl butyral membrane and of a Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene)membrane is described. The data for typical osmotic pressure measurements using the new membranes are presented. The Kel-F membrane can be used for measurements in all common organic solvents as well as for solutions of cellulose in solvents such as cupriethylene diamine and cuprammonium hydroxide. It is also suitable for high-temperature osmotic pressure measurements.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Styrene and methyl methacrylate have been polymerized at 25° using α,α′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile labeled with C14 as initiator. The numbers of initiator fragments per polymer molecule have been determined by measurements of the average molecular weights of the polymers by osmometry and the specific activities of the polymers and the initiator by gas counting. It is found that polystyrene radicals combine at 25° and that for polymethyl methacrylate radicals at this temperature disproportionation occurs about twice as frequently as combination.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 481-487 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Olefins can only be polymerized by metal halides if a third substance, the cocatalyst, is present. The function of this is to provide the cation which starts the carbonium ion chain reaction. In most systems the catalyst is not used up, but at any rate part of the cocatalyst molecule is necessarily incorporated in the polymer. Whereas the initiation and propagation of cationic polymerizations are now fairly well understood, termination and transfer reactions are still obscure. A distinction is made between true kinetic termination reactions in which the propagating ion is destroyed, and transfer reactions in which only the molecular chain is broken off. It is shown that the kinetic termination may take place by several different types of reaction, and that in some systems there is no termination at all. Since the molecular weight is generally quite low, transfer must be dominant. According to the circumstances many different types of transfer are possible, including proton transfer, hydride ion transfer, and transfer reactions involving monomer, catalyst, or solvent.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane may be polymerized in the presence of powerful electrophilic catalysts, e.g., boron trifluoride; minute traces of water are also necessary for polymerization to proceed. The resulting polyether, poly-3,3-bis(chloromethyl)-oxabutene, is an inert, highly crystalline and insoluble polymer, m.p. 180°, capable of forming oriented films and fibers. The high crystallinity and strong interchain forces are reflected by the complete inconsistency of solution viscosity values measured at 100°. The molecular weights could only be compared by determining melt viscosity values.
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: High molecular weight polymethacrylic acid in aqueous solution is rapidly broken down by ultrasonics (250 kc.). The rate of degradation varies as the shape of the molecule in solution is altered and is greatest when most asymmetric.It is concluded that cavitation is essential for the breakdown of the polymer molecules and that the reaction proceeds by two mechanisms. The major part of the reaction is due to mechanical forces produced on the collapse of the cavity but chemical degradation by HO2 radicals also occurs. Polymerization experiments confirm that free radicals are formed during cavitation. The quantity of H2O2 formed by ultrasonics is much greater than the number of free radicals produced and a separate mechanism for its formation must be postulated. High-speed propellers, e.g., in a “Waring Blendor,” bring about cavitation and degradation of polymethacrylic acid.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of activated fibrinogen takes place in two stages. First, the monomer units form intermediate polymers with twice the original cross-section area and about eight times the original length. The polymers have been detected under a variety of conditions between pH 6.1 and 10. The polymerization geometry is believed to be lateral dimerization with a staggered configuration, determined by a pattern of electrical charges. The negatively charged groups, though unidentified, appear to be near histidine residues, as deduced from the dependence of polymerization on pH. The positively charged groups, from this and other evidence, appear to be α-amino groups. Second, the intermediate polymers unite to form the strands of the fibrin network. This association appears to involve nonpolar groups, and the width of the final strands, unlike that of the intermediate polymer, depends markedly on the net charge as determined by the pH.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 559-564 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: When treated with liquid ammonia for 24 hours under pressure at 16°C., methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid of varying degree of esterfication form the corresponding amides. The latter dissolve in water with difficulty giving solutions of low viscosities. These solutions can easily be coagulated by electrolytes. Derivatives containing more than 70% of amide groups are water insoluble. An increase in the content of amide groups causes, e.g., an increase in stability toward polygalacturonase and an increase in gelling tendency. The amides, however, yield but weak gels. The properties of the amides may be highly influenced by their ability to form inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bridges.
    Notes: Polygalakturonsäuremethylester verschiedener Veresterungsgrade können durch Behandlung mit flüssigem Ammoniak im Autoklaven bei 16°C. während 24 Stunden annähernd quantitativ in die entsprechenden Amide übergeführt werden. Die Amide sind in Wasser schwer löslich und ergeben Lösungen geringer Viskosität. Sie können aus ihren Lösungen durch Elektrolyte leicht koaguliert werden. Derivate mit einem Amidierungsgrad von über 70% sind wasserunlöslich. Mit steigendem Amidierungsgrad können eine Erhöhung der Stabilität gegenüber dem Enzym Polygalakturonase. sowie eine Zunahme der Geliertendenz festgestellt werden. Die Amide bilden keine festen Gele. Die Eigenschaften der Amide werden stark durch ihre Fähigkeit zur Bildung inter- und intramolekularer Wasserstoffbrücken beeinflusst.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 577-581 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The best methods for the synthesis of carbohydrate-protein compounds, in which both components are linked to each other by covalent forces in a biologically possible manner, are as follow: (1) Monosaccharide or polysaccharide carboxylic acids are linked by means of their azids in a peptid-like manner to the ε-amino-groups of the lysine residues in proteins. (2) 1-Cyanamido-compounds of monosaccharides condense with the free amino groups (see (1)) of the proteins to glyco-guanyl-proteins. (3) 1-Alkyl-iso-thiourea derivatives of monosaccharides with proteins yield glyco-guanyl-proteins (as in (2)). In method (2) and (3) less than 50% of the ε-amino-groups of the lysine residues in the proteins undergo reaction. This may be due to a blocking of amino groups by carboxylic and other groups. Reaction of polysaccharide-protein-compounds (obtained by method (1)) with oleyl chloride synthesizes carbohydrate-oleyl-proteins, in which the oleyl residues are bound to the protein residues and not to the carbohydrate residues. They contain the basic units of lipids in covalent linkages. - Salt-like carbohydrate-protein-compounds are obtained from D-glucose-6-sulfuric acid and xylan-sulfuric acid with proteins. The composition of the salts corresponds to the equivalence ratio of the sulfuric acid residues of the carbohydrates and the basic amino acids of the corresponding proteins. The equivalent weights of the proteins calculated from these data are of the same magnitude as those found by other methods.
    Notes: Die besten Methoden zur Synthese von Kohlenhydrat-Eiweissverbindungen, in denen beide Komponenten in biologisch möglicher Art kovalent miteinander verbunden sind: (1) Mono-saccharid- oder Poly-saccharid-carbonsäuren werden über ihre Azide peptidartig an die ε-Aminogruppen der Lysinreste in Proteinen gebunden. (2) 1-Cyanamidoverbindungen von Monosacchariden kondensieren sich mit den freien Aminogruppen (siehe 1) der Proteine zu Zucker-guanyl-proteinen. (3) 1-Alkyl-iso-thioharnstoffderivate von Mono-sacchariden geben (wie bei 2) mit Proteinen Zucker-guanyl-proteine. Es reagieren nach Verfahren (2) und (3) weniger als 50% der ε-Aminogruppen der Lysinreste in den Proteinen. Dies dürfte auf eine Blockierung der Aminogruppen durch Carboxyl- u.a. Gruppen zurückzuführen sein. Durch Umsetzung von Poly-saccharidproteinverbindungen (nach Methode 1 erhalten) mit Ölsäurechlorid werden Kohlenhydrat-oleyl-proteine synthetisiert, in denen die Oleyl-reste an die Protein-reste, nicht an die Kohlenhydratreste, gebunden sind. Sie enthalten die Bausteine von Lipoiden in kovalenter Bindung. Salzartige Kohlenhydrat-Eiweissverbindungen werden aus D-Glucose-6-schwefelsäure und Xylan-schwefelsäure mit Proteinen erhalten. Die Zusammensetzung der Salze entspricht dem Äquivalenzverhältnis zwischen den Schwefelsäure-resten der Kohlenhydrate und den basischen Aminosäuren der betreffenden Proteine. Die sich daraus errechnenden Äquivalentgewichte der Proteine sind von der gleichen Grösse wie die nach anderen Methoden gefundenen.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 621-632 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A radial distribution method for interpreting diffuse x-ray diagrams of liquids has been utilized and further developed for an approach to the solution of structural problems of unoriented specimens of chain polymer substances. The principles of the technique have been given. Experimental distribution curves, indicating the atomic distance distributions have been calculated for the following chain polymers: polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polymethyl methacrylate, regenerated cellulose, and alginic acid. For the structure interpretation some of the experimental distribution curves are directly compared with theoretical distribution curves calculated from the atomic distances in measured out structure models, which have been built up on a scale of 1 A. equal to 10 cm. by means of a molecular model building set. From the results obtained, the technique seems to be well suited for structure investigations of unoriented samples of polymer substances.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A pyrolytic dehydrogenation technique originally proposed by Szwarc has been employed for the preparation of polyhydrocarbons from p-xylylene, pseudocumene, and durene. With particular emphasis on poly-p-xylylene, the structure and physical properties of the polymers were investigated. Poly-p-xylylene may be obtained in two modifications: a transparent form and opaque form. The transparent form of poly-p-xylylene exhibits uniaxial, negative birefringence. The opaque form on purification by chloroform extraction melts at 412°C. Heat treatment of either modification appears to result in an irreversible, polymorphic transition. Poly-p-xylylene may be stretched at temeratures above 150°C. to reveal a well-defined x-ray fiber diagram, having an identity period of one. Sulfonation of poly-p-xylylene yields a product having one sulfonic acid group per benzene ring. The product swells anisotropically but does not dissolve in water. This observation, as well as the observation that the rate of dissolution of poly-p-xylylene in high boiling solvents is dependent upon the presence of oxygen, suggest that the polymer is crosslinked to a small but finite extent. The polymer derived from pseudocumene is also crosslinked but contains up to ca. 21% of a chloroform-extractable component. The number-average molecular weight of the chloroform soluble component is 23,900.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: (1) The electrostatic internal energy of a solution of rodlike, ionized polymolecules is calculated by an integration which makes use of the molecular potentials evaluated previously. (2) The electrostatic free energy is calculated by a charging process for which the reference state is a discharged solution of the same concentration as that of the charged solution. (3) A series of graphs is presented for the numerical evaluation of the internal and free energies of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions as a function of concentration, degree of ionization, and temperature. (4) The osmotic pressure of stretched polyelectrolytes is calculated from the free energy expression. The calculated osmotic coefficients are practically independent of molecular weight and polyelectrolyte concentration, and are determined by the degree of ionization. A comparison with the measurements of Kern on salt-free polyacrylic acid at higher degrees of ionization (for which the macromolecules are stretched) gives a very satisfactory agreement. (5) An expression for the light scattering by polyelectrolyte solutions is derived from the equation for osmotic pressure and discussed briefly.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity of a partially (60.8%) quaternized polyvinylpyridine with n-butyl bromide has been investigated in dilute-water and sodium chloride solutions, in a rotation (Couette) viscometer, at low gradients of flow. It was possible to extrapolate the ηsp/c against concentration plot in water by working at very low concentrations of the polymer. At about 5 × 10-5 g./ml. the curve reaches a maximum and decreases sharply upon dilution to about one-sixth the value at the maximum. The shape and size of the equivalent ellipsoid corresponding to the 60.8% polyvinylpyridinium bromide (DP = 7660) ions was estimated from the limiting viscosity number ([η] = 9500 ml./g.) and birefringence (extinction angle) data. The length of the stretched molecule was estimated to be 7420 A., corresponding to 〈 half the hydrodynamic length of the extended macromolecule. Extrapolations in sodium chloride solutions have been obtained at constant concentrations (up to 10-3 M) of the simple electrolyte. Small amounts of added simple electrolyte decrease the viscosity numbers in solutions at finite concentrations of the polymer to a large extent, whereas the limiting viscosity numbers are affected to a far smaller degree. This phenomenon has qualitatively been attributed to the pronounced decrease in the intermacromolecular electrostatic interactions at finite concentration of the polymer upon the addition of a relatively small amount of mobile electrolyte; at the same time the intramacromolecular interactions are affected to a much smaller extent.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sorption isotherms proposed by Barrer have been modified in two ways. First, the theory has been extended to apply to the sorption behavior of crosslinked polymers by including a contribution to the free energy of the elastic stretching of the network in accordance with the findings of Flory and Rehner. Second, the effect on the sorption isotherm of a concentration dependent heat of dilution has been investigated. Both these corrections may lead to the appearance of a two-valued sorption isotherm.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The second order transition temperatures of three different cures of natural rubber have been studied as functions of elongation by observing length dependence on temperature. This transition temperature (Tm) decreases with increasing applied force, and at any given force increases with increased crosslinking; moreover the slopes of the Tm vs. force curves become less steep with increased crosslinking. The results are in agreement with the following propositions: (1) that transitions are caused by the onset of rotations; (2) that extension of the polymer makes the onset of such rotations easier, thus lowering Tm; (3) that increased crosslinking hinders rotation so as to increase Tm; and (4) that increased crosslinking diminishes the effect of a given force on Tm. The hypothesis of rotation is also discussed in connection with the effect of swelling agents on the second order transition.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of acetone and water by cellulose nitrate from mixtures of the two solvents was studied by allowing the solid cellulose nitrate to come to equilibrium with aqueous solutions of acetone and measuring the change in concentration of the liquid phase. Changes in concentration were determined by measuring the index of refraction using a dipping refractometer. The values calculated for acetone sorbed per (C6) mole of cellulose nitrate are a function of the acetone concentration of the equilibrium solvent. Moles of water sorbed by one (C6) mole of cellulose nitrate depend inversely on the equilibrium acetone concentration of solvent.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When a solution of natural rubber hydrocarbon is cold vulcanized with sulfur monochloride, a gel is formed. The rate of gel formation is used to characterize the rate of reaction between rubber and sulfur monochloride and a preliminary kinetic investigation is described. It is shown that the reaction is accelerated by compounds normally used for speeding up sulfur (hot) vulcanization, and it is suggested that these function by virtue of their possessing an active hydrogen atom. Several series of simple compounds, containing the groups —SH, —OH, and —NH2, are shown to function as effective accelerators and their activity is attributed to the presence of a labile hydrogen atom in the molecule R—X—H, where R = organic radical and X = S, O, or N. The absence of a direct relationship between accelerating power and basic or acidic strength suggests a free radical mechanism of accelerator action, based upon the process ${\rm R} - {\rm X} - {\rm H } \to {\rm R} - \mathop {{\rm X }}\limits^ * {\rm + }\mathop {{\rm H }}\limits^ * $.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The second order rate constant of the alkaline hydrolysis of pectinic acid salts decreases rapidly with the progress of the reaction and shows a pronounced positive salt effect. This behavior is interpreted in terms of an electrostatic repulsion factor and an “intrinsic” rate constant characteristic of the hydrolyzable groups. It was found that the calculated potentials (ψ) of the charged pectinic acid molecules, based on potentiometric titrations, account for the kinetic behavior as determined experimentally under controlled conditions. The intrinsic rate constant is k = 23.8 1./m. min. at 4°C.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 406-407 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 471-476 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A comparative study of the unit cell parameters a, c, and β of a considerable number of cellulose specimens including samples of the four structure types cellulose I, II, III, and IV has been carried out using an evacuated camera. Small variations were observed as between samples of different origin for cellulose I and cellulose II and were most marked in the monoclinic angle parameter β and in the case of cellulose I (bacterial cellulose β = 98.25°, ramie β = 96.5°). No unit cell parameter differences greater than the experimental error were found for cellulose III, but the intensity of the (020) reflection showed large variations.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 511-512 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study of the dilution effect of four hydrocarbons (biallyl, hexane, 3-methyl-1-butene, and isopentane) on the rate of polymerization of butadiene and on the characteristics of the resulting polymer has shown that chain transfer of the following type is an unimportant reaction in butadiene polymerization: The above result is consistent with the kinetic treatment of crosslinking as developed by Flory. The results of a comparison of the emulsion polymerization of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile- and of persulfate-catalyzed butadiene are adequately accounted for without considering the effect of the catalysts on branching or crosslinking. As previously suggested, the differences noted between 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile- and persulfate-catalyzed polybutadienes are probably due to a different molecular-weight distribution. This difference in molecular-weight distribution is partly produced by a large difference in r values for the two systems. The unmodified emulsion polymerization of butadiene with 2,2,-azobisisobutyronitrile in an oxygen-and peroxide-free system produces a highly crosslinked polymer.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 535-547 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene can be heat-oxidized in air when temperatures in excess of 125°C. are employed or photo-oxidized when exposed to ultraviolet radiation during weathering. Infrared spectrophotometric studies show that during these types of oxidation carbonyl groups are formed and the concentrations of the three types of carbon to carbon double bond groups present are altered. Grating spectra in the 5.6-6.0 micron region reveal that the carbonyl groups formed by heat-oxidation are mainly ketonic (5.81 microns) although some aldehyde (5.77 microns) and acid (5.84 microns) groups are also present. In photo-oxidized samples, the carbonyl groups are rather well distributed among the aldehyde, acid and ketone forms. For oxidized samples showing intense carbonyl absorptions, there is a small increase in the concentration of RHC=CHR groups (10.35 microns) for both types of oxidation. At this same degree of oxidation both the heat-and photo-oxidized samples show decreases in the concentration of RRC=CH2 groups (11.25 microns). However, this decrease is considerably more pronounced in the photo-oxidized samples. Finally, there is a small decrease in the concentration of RHC=CH2 groups (10.07 and 11.00 microns) in the heat-oxidized samples which stands in contrast to a large increase in concentration of RHC=CH2 groups produced by photo-oxidation. The presence of an absorption maximum at 2.81 microns as the heat-oxidation of polyethylene is occuring is indicative of unstable hydroperoxide groups.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 588-588 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that ηsp/c for a polystyrene fraction (M̄v = 250,000) in toluene decreases approximately linearly as the concentration is lowered from 1.0 to 0.1 g./100 ml. and then increases to a maximum at 0.001 g./100 ml. as the concentration is lowered still further. This increase in ηsp/c with dilution is a new effect which we ascribe to the expansion of polymer coils as well as to the disentangling of entire polymer molecules once the concentration is lowered to where there is ample room in the solution for each polymer molecule. The new techniques employ a viscometer with a flow time of 3893 seconds for toluene, special filtering of the solutions, and prolonged agitation of the solutions after each dilution. We present data to show that ηsp/c is time dependent at concentrations below 0.1 g./100 ml.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data for a number of vinyl polymer-solvent systems show that the constant Ks in the relation 1/S = (1/S0) (1 + KsC) (where S and S0 are sedimentation constants at the concentration C and zero respectively) is proportional to the intrinsic viscosity. The average constant of proportionality is 1.6. Assuming the Mandelkern-Flory theory of the relation of frictional coefficient and intrinsic viscosity to root-mean-square end-to-end distance and Burgers' relation for the sedimentation constant of a dilute suspension of spheres, the ratio Ks/[η] is calculated to be 1.66. Molecular weights may be calculated from Ks and the limiting sedimentation constant, S0 without the use of the constants Φ and P, and agree well with molecular weights determined independently. These considerations apparently do not apply to cellulose derivatives, for which Ks is not proportional to [η].
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: As a consequence of earlier establishment of electrostatic repulsion between nonterminal polar 1,2-disubstituted olefins in polymers and like adding monomer, polar methylenic monomers were examined for such an effect. Acrylonitrile was found to exhibit such behavior in at least three systems: styrene-acrylonitrile, α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile, and α-acetoxystyrene-acrylonitrile. Absence of such an effect was shown for methacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and crotonic acid. A modified copolymerization equation involving r1, r1′, and r2 was presented. A convenient means of estimating r1 and r2 in this equation as well as in the ordinary copolymerization equation was shown.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that a hydrolytic study of the kinetics of chain degradation can be used to detect the presence of acid-labile linkages in cellulose, provided that the amount of ordered or crystalline material in the sample is first reduced by a treatment involving regeneration from alkaline solutions. The results for Egyptian cotton regenerated from benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide in the absence of oxygen show that only a very small fraction of acid-labile linkages - less than one per 2900 glucose residues - can be present in the original chain molecules. It is possible that even this small amount is produced during the alkali treatment. Thus weak bonds of the types proposed by Schulz and Pacsu are definitely absent. Cotton regenerated from cuprammonium and cupriethylenediamine solutions, however, does contain randomly distributed linkages which are approximately 10,000 times more sensitive to acids than the normal glycosidic type. These appear to be formed from a limited number of special sites in the chain molecules, by oxidation in alkaline solution. Assuming the value of P̄n for undegraded cotton to be 2900, the amount of these extranormal linkages is one per 660 glucose residues.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 42
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    Notes: With rhodamine-B used as an indicator, the relative acidities of selected phenols and alcohols as model hydrogen donors have been determined in toluene solution. The method involves measurement of the change from colorless rhodamine to the colored zwitterionic form produced by the hydrogen donor compound. The method has been applied to the determination of equilibrium constants for the interaction of phenol with dimethyl formamide, benzyl acetate and dioxane; the measured constants are in accord with those obtained for the same pairs by Flett (J. Soc. Dyers Colourists, 68, 59-64 (1952)), who employed infrared analysis. Consideration is given to partition of the dye between toluene and water, as influenced by hydrogen bonding and by nonelectrostatic interactions. Forces of interaction which tend to bind the dye in one phase decrease its activity in that phase and consequently reduce its tendency to move from this phase to the other. With incorporation of propiolactone polymer into the wool fiber, the activity of the dye in the fiber is reduced in relation to nonpolar as well as to aqueous solutions, and the modified wool exhibits greatly improved dyeing properties. The dye is useful also for the determination of critical micellar concentration of fatty acid soaps in aqueous solution. It also shows markedly increased binding by heat-denatured as compared with native egg albumin, and by acetylated, as compared with normal, wool.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Relaxation distribution functions for concentrated solutions of six polyisobutylene samples, using three different solvents, have been derived from measurements by the methods of the single transducer, wave propagation, and stress relaxation following cessation of steady-state flow. The ranges of molecular weight, concentration, and temperature were about 0.3 to 2.5 × 106, 5 to 40%, and -5 to 40°C., respectively. When plotted with reduced variables with a reference state of unit density and viscosity at a standard temperature, data at different temperatures superpose; data at different concentrations superpose except for the two samples of highest molecular weight, where there are perceptible deviations. The reduced distribution functions for all the samples lie close together at long times where there is a drop associated with the finite lengths of the molecules. The theory of Rouse for viscoelastic properties of dilute solutions, when modified for concentrated solutions by assuming that all segmental mobilities are equally affected by interlacing of neighboring molecules, agrees with the reduced mechanical properties at long times fairly well. However, it does not predict the plateau region characteristic of distribution functions of polymers of high molecular weight. The existence of this plateau in concentrated solutions and undiluted polymers represents an abnormal prolongation of the longest relaxation times in these systems, which is attributed to molecular coupling by entanglement as discussed by Bueche with respect to steady flow viscosity.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric increment of a specimen of carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous solution has been studied as a function of pH. For the free acid a low increment was obtained which increased with increasing ionization (sodium salt). With excess sodium or hydrogen ions the increment decreased. Similarly there was a marked increase of the increment per gram per liter for the sodium salt with increasing dilution. The dielectic increments obtained for various salts of carboxymethylcellulose followed the order: Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 NH4+ 〉 K+ in agreement with the ion exchange affinities found previously for these ions (reversed order). The data have been interpreted along the lines of current theories for polyelectrolytes, by taking into consideration the net charge of the polyion, and the polyion-counterion association under varying conditions.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 307-309 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 49
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 310-312 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 50
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements are reported for the reversible changes in force with temperature at constant length of wet and dry viscose rayon and wet ramie. It was found that the force was a reversible function of the temperature although the components of its thermodynamic equivalent, the product of modulus and coefficient, are very time dependent. The entropies of stretching obtained as the negative slopes of the force-temperature curves are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of reversible stretching. Completely dry rayon is glasslike and shows no slippage of chains but only deformation of valence bonds and angles on reversible stretching. Wet rayons exhibit a rubberlike slippage of chains above 50°C. but below this temperature chain movement is restricted. This inhibition of the chains produces at low temperatures a yield point in the wet stress-strain curves and poor work recovery. Sodium hydroxide, although speeding up stress relaxation, has no effect on the reversible stretching of the amorphous wet cellulose. In room air, the entropy of stretching is opposite to that of completly dry rayon even up to 92°C. Wet ramie appears to be in the glassy state like the completely dry rayon.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A thermostat for light scattering studies is described in which the glass cell containing the solution under investigation is immersed in water maintained at constant temperature. The construction is such that the phototube used for detection of scattered light is at room temperature whatever the temperature of the sample. The liquid bath about the sample cell minimizes both troublesome reflections of the incident light and errors arising from refraction effects.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 375-384 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Evidence is discussed for and against the existence of a common meeting point when linear plots of ηsp/C against C for polystyrene in a number of solvents are extrapolated to negative concentrations. There is rather more evidence in favor than against, and most of the contrary evidence falls into a category for which exceptional behavior might be anticipated. The ordinate of the common meeting point, unlike the limiting viscosity number, is independent of solvent and is conveniently called the true limiting viscosity number [η]T. [η]T has been identified with the intrinsic configurational character of a polymer chain. The common point of intersection has the coordinates [η]T and C2, where Cx is a negative concentration. The product of [η]T and Cx has been found to be constant over a considerable molecular weight range. This leads to an expression for [η]/[η]T in terms of Huggins' k′. [η]/[η]T represents the ratio of the hydrodynamically equivalent volume of a polymer in an actual solvent to the equivalent volume of the chain in its natural state of extension. [η]T is considered in relation to [η]θ (Flory-Fox) and [η]P (Bawan). The effect of polymer heterogeneity is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 404-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 408-409 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 409-411 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 417-426 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A concentric cylinder rotation viscometer with conical ends was constructed for the measurement of shearing stresses from about 2 × 10-3 to 1.6 dyne-cm.-2 with a precision of 0.3% at rates of shear from 0.2 to 40 sec.-1. The instrument is intended for the study of dilute high polymer and polyelectrolyte solutions. A stable “suspension” having a negligible frictional torque was obtained by freely floating the inner stationary cylinder in the sheared liquid under investigation. The restoring torque was applied by means of an electrostatic system. Preliminary measurements showed that aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (du Pont Elvanol 72-60) showed Newtonian behavior at concentrations from 10-2 to 2 × 10-3 g./ml.; aqueous solutions of methylcellulose (Dow Methocel 4000 cps.) of concentration ranging from 10-3 to 4 × 10-5 g./ml. exhibited structural viscosity below rates of shear of 5 sec.-1.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 60
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 12 (1954), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: On décrit la synthése des polyesters de l'acide acétylènedicarboxylique. La liaison acétylènique est mise en évidence par hydrogénation conservant le degré de polycondensation correspondant; les polyesters d'acide succinique ainsi obtenus sont identiques à ceux préparés précédemment. La rapidité d'hydrogénation dépend du poids moléculaire.La relation entre la viscosité et le nombre de chaînons des polyesters de l'acide acétylènedicarboxylique obéit à la loi exponentielle connue; pour les solvants utilisés, on a trouvé chaque fois un exposant inférieur à celui des polyesters formés des monomèressaturés correspondants.Les polyesters de l'acide acétylènedicarboxylique sont des résines plastiques et ne donnent pas de fils.
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese von Polyestern der Acetylendicarbonsäure beschrieben. Die Acetylenbindung wird durch polymeranaloge Hydrierung nachgewiesen; die so erhaltenen Bernsteinsäure-Polyester sind mit den früber hergestellten Polyestern identisch. Die Hydriergeschwindigkeit ist vom Molekulargewicht abhängig.Der Zusammenhang zwischen Viskositätszahl und Kettengliederzahl der Polyester der Acetylendicarbonsäure entspricht der bekannten Potenzgleichung; für die untersuchten Lösungsmittel ergab sich jeweils ein niedrigerer Exponent als für die Polyester aus entsprechenden gesättigten Monomeren.Die Polyester der Acetylendicarbonsäure sind plastische Harze ohne Faserbildungseigenschaften.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The action of water-soluble polysaccharides and their derivatives on the leucocyte count, the body temperature, and blood sedimentation rate of rabbits was studied in order to determine the relationship of the reaction to the size of the molecule, the shape of the molecule, and the electro-chemical characteristics. The following results were obtained: 1.Homoeopolar unbranched compounds caused a leucocyte decrease and raised the body temperature. Increased chain length extended the time of the leucocyte decrease and raised the fever to an higher temperature. The blood sedimentation rate is accelerated by compounds of a polymer count higher than 200 and inhibited by compounds of less than this value.2.Homoeopolar branched compounds have no effect on the blood count and body temperature. They affect the blood sedimentation rate according to the length of the molecule independent of the molecular weight.3.a)Straight-chain compounds containing a carboxyl have no effect upon blood-count, body temperature, and blood sedimentation rate.b)Unbranched polysaccharide sulfates cause leucocytosis independently of molecular weight, do not influence body temperature, and slow the blood sedimentation rate.
    Notes: Es wurde die Wirkung wasserlöslicher Polysaccharide und ihrer Derivate auf das weiße Blutbild, die Körpertemperatur und die Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit von Kaninchen untersucht, um Zusammenhänge zwischen Molekülgröße, Molekülgestalt und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften aufzufinden. Dabei wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten: 1.Homöopolare unverzweigte Substanzen rufen eine Leukopenie hervor und steigern die Körpertemperatur. Bei erhöhter Kettenlänge nimmt die Dauer der Leukopenie und die Höhe des Fiebers zu. Die Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit wird oberhalb eines Polymerisationsgrades von 200 beschleunigt, unterhalb dieses Wertes gehemmt.2.Homöopolare verzweigte Substanzen haben keinen Einfluß auf Blutbild und Körpertemperatur. Auf die Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit wirken sie entsprechend der Länge der Moleküle unabhängig vom Molekulargewicht.3.a)Carboxylhaltige unverzweigte Substanzen beeinflussen weder Blutbild noch Körpertemperatur, noch Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit.b)Unverzweigte Polysaccharidschwefelsäureester bewirken unabhängig vom Molekulargewicht eine Leukocytose. Die Körpertemperatur wird nicht beeinflußt. Die Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit wird verlangsamt.
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  • 62
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 12 (1954), S. 127-144 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Viscosity measurements on diluted cellulose nitrate solutions in acetone at different shear rates indicate a significant shear dependence effect above molecular weights of 300 000 with shear rates as employed in ordinary viscometers. This effect is mainly caused by molecular interactions, the contributions of the single molecules only play the role of a minor correction. The intrinsic viscosities are found to be shear dependent too, for e. g. a cellulose nitrate sample with a molecular weight of 700 000 the intrinsic viscosity is raised by 10% if the rate of shear is decreased from 1000 to 0 sec-1.
    Notes: Strukturviskositätsmessungen an verdünnten Cellulosenitrat-Lösungen in Azeton ergaben, daß dieser Effekt bei Strömungsgradienten, wie sie in den üblicherweise verwendeten Viskosimetern herrschen, sich bei Molekulargewichten über 300 000 bemerkbar zu machen beginnt. Er wird in der Hauptsache durch Wechselwirkungen der Moleküle hervorgerufen; die Effekte der Einzelmoleküle spielen bei den leicht zugänglichen Konzentrationen nur die Rolle einer kleinen Korrektur. Die Viskositätszahl ist ebenfalls eine Funktion des Strömungsgradienten und nimmt z. B. für ein Cellulosenitrat vom Molekulargewicht 700 000 um 10% zu, wenn der Strömungsgradient von 1000 auf 0 sek-1 sinkt.
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  • 63
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 12 (1954), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By means of an Al2O3-column it is possible to establish chromatographicaly in a plain way, whether the amylopectin - the part of starch which gives with iodine a violet complex - isolated from the total starch, is free of amylose, as both these basal components of starch exhibit very different adsorption-circumstances. In case that amylopectin as a part of starch - pasted under mild conditions - has been chromatographed, a violet zone, faded at the end, can be observed on the acid part of an acid-basic Al2O3-column. The chromatogram of an isolated amylopectinpreparation, separated from amylose, shows on the contrary violet zones as well on the acid as on the basic part of the column too. According to that one has to do it by amylopectin with a constitutiv inhomogeneous product, more easy changeable by foreign influences than amylose, expressed by a different ability of adsorption on Al2O3. In consequence of very high concentrate lowerings there are also variations in amylopectinchromatograms, which points to the fact that also in dilute solutions there are no plain circumstances present.
    Notes: Durch eine Al2O3-Säule läßt sich chromatographisch in einfacher Weise feststellen, ob das aus dem Stärkeverbande isolierte Amylopektin, der mit Jod einen violetten Komplex gebende Teil der Stärke, frei von Amylose ist, da diese beiden Grundkomponenten der Stärke ganz verschiedene Adsorptionsverhältnisse auf weisen. Falls das Amylopektin als Teil einer unter milden Bedingungen verkleisterten Kartoffelstärke chromatographiert wird, beobachtet man auf dem sauren Teil einer sauer-basischen Al2O3-Säule eine violette nach unten abblassende Zone. Das Chromatogramm eines von der Amylose abgetrennten, isolierten Amylopektinpräparates dagegen zeigt außer auf dem sauren auch auf dem basischen Säulenteil violette Zonen. Demnach hat man es beim Amylopektin mit einem konstitutiv uneinheitlichen, durch äußere Einflüsse auch leichter als Amylose veränderlichen Produkt zu tun, was sich durch eine verschiedene Adsorptionsfähigkeit am Al2O3 zu erkennen gibt. Auch starke Konzentrationserniedrigungen bedingen Veränderungen im Amylopektinchromatogramm, was darauf hinweist, daß auch in verdünnten Lösungen noch keine einfachen Verhältnisse vorliegen.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The condensation of AlaGlyGly methylester was studied. By paper chromatography all reaction products could be identified. The molecular weights of the polypeptides were determined by spectroscopical methods using DNP-derivates. By heating the tripeptidmethylester without a solvent peptides with 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 amino-acid units were formed. The highest polymer contained 42 units. Along with the condensation a degradation takes place forming diketopiperazines. The degradation is enhanced by continued heating and cannot be avoided by condesnation in solution.The AlaGlyGly thiophenyl ester is more reactive than the methylester, but offers no advantage for the preparation of higher peptides.
    Notes: Die Kondensation des AlaGlyGly-Methylesters wurde untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Pa-pierchromatographie gelang es, alle entstehenden Reaktionsprodukte einderutig zu identifizieren. Die Molgewichte der Polypeptide wurden auf spektroskopischem Wege an den DNP-Derivaten bestimmt. Beim Erwärmen des Tripeptidesters ohne Lösungsmittle entstehen offene Peptide mit 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 usw. Aminosäure-Resten. Das höchstmolekulare Produkt enthielt 42 Aminosäurereste. Neben diesem Aufbau findet gleichzeitig ein Abbau statt, bei dem Diketopiperazine aus der Peptidkette abgespalten werden. Dieser Abbau tritte besonders bei längerer Kondensationsdauer in Erscheinung.Auch bei der Kondensation in Lösung läßt sich ein Abbau nicht vermeiden. Der AlaGlyGly-Thiophenylester ist wesentlich reaktionsfähiger als der Methylester, beitet aber keine präparativen Vorteile bei der Darstellung der Polypeptide.
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  • 66
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 76-89 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In suspension or pearl polymerization monomers are dispersed by mechanical agitation into droplets suspended in a second liquid phase in which monomer and polymer are essentially insoluble. The monomer droplets are polymerized while maintaining dispersion by continuous agitation. Pearl polymerization is an important industrial process, but scientific aspects have been little explored. Polymerization kinetic of pearl polymerization is the same as kinetic of mass polymerization of undiluted monomer. It is a watercooled mass polymerization. There are other types of polymerizations carried out in aqueous medium which must be distinguished from pearl polymerization, which have other courses of reaction and give different end products. These other types are emulsion polymerization, dispersion polymerization and precipitation polymerization. In pearl polymerization the aqueous phase contains agents which hinder the coalescence of the droplets during polymerization. They have been called suspending agents, granulating agents or suspension stabilizers. The most important of these agents are: highmolecular watersoluble substances such as gelatin, watersoluble cellulose esters, polyvinylalcohol, polyacrylic acid salts and on the other hand inorganic pulverulent agents or precipitations such as talcum, magnesium carbonate, bentonite, calcium phosphate etc. The suspending agents are only very weak surface-active substances. High surface tension gives droplets of good stability similar to billiard balls. The lower the interfacial tension, the easier deformed are the monomer droplets which easily blend with one another. Suspending agents stabilize the water layer which exists between colliding droplets. This mechanism of the action of suspending agents and troubles in pearl polymerization are discussed.
    Notes: Verteilt man in Wasser schwerlösliche Monomere durch mechanische Bewegung in Wasser, so bilden sich Tröpfchen. Durch Polymerisation der in Bewegung gehaltenen Tröpfechen kann man Polymerisatkugeln erhalten. Dieser Vorgang liegt der Perl- oder Suspensionspolymerisation zugrunde, die eine nicht geringe technische Bedeutung besitzt, bisher aber wissenschaftlich wenig bearbeitet ist. Reaktionskinetisch unterscheidet sich die Perlpolymerisation nicht von der Polymerisation des unverdünnten Monomeren. Sie ist zutreffend als „wassergekühlte Blockpolymerisation“ gekennzeichnet worden. Hinsichtlich des Reaktionsablaufs und der Art der Reaktionsprodukte unterscheidet sie sich von anderen in heterogener Phase in Wasser ablauenden Polymerisationsmethoden, nämlich der Emulsions-, Dispersions- und Fällungspolymerisation. Die wäßrige Phase bei der Perlpolymerisation enthält Suspensionsstabilisatoren oder Verteilungsmittel. Diese haben die Aufgabe, das Ineinanderfließen der polymerisierenden Masse und das Verkleben der Polymerisatkügelchen zu verhindern. Die wichtigsten Verteilungsmittel sind: Wasserlösliche makromolekulare Verbindungen wie Gelatine, wasserlösliche Cellulose-Derivate, Polyvinylalkohol, polyacrylsaure Salze sowie anorganische Pulver oder Niederschläge wie Talkum, Magnesiumcarbonat, Betonit, Calciumphosphat.Die Verteiler dürfen die Grenzflächenspannung zwischen Wasser und Monomerem nicht stark heruntersetzen. Die Stabilität der Tröpfchen ist bei höherer Grenzflächenspannung groß, so daß sie sich ähnlich wie elastische Bälle verhalten.Bei Erniedrigung der Grenzflächenspannung kommt es leicht zu Deformationen sowie einem Zusammenfließen der Tröpfchen. Die Wirkung der Suspensionsstabilisatoren beruht weiter auf der Stabilisierung der Wasserhaut zwischen den Tröpfchen, die sich nicht bis zur Berührung nähern können.Vorstellungen dieser Art werden zur Verständlichmachung der Verteilerwirkung entwickelt und die bei der Perpolymerisation auftretenden Fehlermöglichkeiten diskutiert.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By subjecting succinic acid polyesters to the conditions of the Claisen ester condensation the polyesters decompose to from monomeric cleavage products of an entirely new constitution. A diol of the formula is obtained in a yield of about 60%, the yield being independent of the molecular weight of the polyester.By condensing this diol in solution linear polyesters with good fibre forming properties can be obtained.The new reactive polyesters react with aliphatic and aromatic amines quantitatively to give polyesters of the formula By suitable selection of the amines the most varied side chains can be incorporated into the polyester. Thus, it is possible to study the influence of different substituents on the physical properties of the diol, such as its fibre forming properties, rubber-elastic properties, softening point and solubility. The viscosity and molecular weight (by osmosis) of a large number of the compound obtained have been determined.
    Notes: Unterwirft man einen Bernsteinsäurepolyester den Bedingungen einer Claisen schen Esterkondensation, so zerfällt er in monomere Spaltstücke völlig neuer Konstitution. Es entsteht ein Diol der Formel in etwa 60%iger Ausbeute, wobei die Ausbeute vom Molekulargewicht des Polyesters unabhängig ist.Aus diesem Diol lassen sich durch Kondensation in Lösung erneut lineare Polyester herstellen, die ein gutes Faserbildungsvermögen besitzen.Mit aliphatischen und aromatischen Aminen setzen sich die neuen, reaktionsfähigen Polyester quantitativ zu substituierten Polyestern der Formel um. Durch Wahl der Amine lassen sich so die verschiedensten Seitenketten in den Polyester einführen. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, den Einfluß verschiedener Substituenten auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften wie Faserbildungsvermögen, kautschukelastisches Verhalten, Erweichungspunkt, Löslichkeit usw. zu studieren. An einigen Produkten werden Viskositätsmessungen und osmotische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen durchgeführt.
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  • 68
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reciprocal action of dimethylsilanediol on monosilicic acid in aquous solution induces the reaction products with the PH-value of the solution and the concentration of the reacting substances.In the acid region, for each ratio of concentration one obtains separations, which consist of insoluble polysiloxanes, at best with relatibly few silicic acid molecules inserted in between the molecule.At PH = 7, there is formed a transparent jelly, when the 8 hydroxylgroups of monosilicic acid, which react with one another, come in contact with one or less hydroxyl group of the dimethylsilanediol. When this hydroxyl-groups ratio is smaller, the jelly becomes turbid. The smaller is the hydroxyl-groups ratio, the more is the turbidity.
    Notes: Bei der Wechselwirkung von Dimethylsilandiol mit Monokiesclsäure in wässeringer Lösung hängen die Reaktionsprodukte vom PH-Wert der Lösung und der Konzentration der reagierenden Stoffe ab.Im sauren Gebiet erhält man für jedes Konzentrationsverhältnis weiß Abseheidungen. die aus unlöslichen Polysiloxanen - bestenfalls mit relativ wenigen intramolekulare zwischengeschalterten Kieselsäuremolekülen - bestehen.Ben pH = 7 bildet sich ein klar durchsichtiges Gel, wenn auf die miteinander reagierenden OH-Gruppen der Monokieselsäure ≤ 1 OH-Gruppe des Dimethylsilandiols kommt. Wird lieses Hydroxylgruppenverhältnis kleiner, tritt zunehmende Trübung des Gels auf.
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  • 69
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction product of diethylchloracetamide and cellulosexanthate - the diethylacetamido-cellulosexanthate - is investigated by means of rheological measurements, X-ray analysis and UV-spectrophotometry. The flow-curve, the X-ray diagram and the UV-spectrum of the compound are communicated. Furthermore it is shown, that diethylchloroacetamide reacts with trithiocarbonate too in that it forms bis-diethylacetamido-trithiocarbonic acid. This compound is described and its UV-spectrum is given.
    Notes: Das Reaktionsprodukt von Diäthylchloracetamid und Cellulosexanthogenat - das Diäthylacetamido-Cellulosexanthat - wurde rheologisch, röntgenographisch und UV- spektrophotometrisch untersucht. Es wird die Fließkurve, das Röntgendiagramm sowie das UV- Absorptionspektrum dieser Verbindung mitgeteilt. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß Diäthylchloracetamid auch mit Trithiocarbonat reagiert unter Bildung von Bis-Diäthylacetamido-Trithiokohlensäure. Diese Verbindung wird beschrieben und ihr UV- Spektrum wird angegeben.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kryoscopic molecular weight determinations are performed on especially purified polystyrene fractions in the range of 1 000 up to 40 000. The results are controled with other methods. The viscosity numbers of the same fractions are determined and it is found, that they do not depend on the polymerisation mechanism (radical chain or ionic chain). The slope of the log Zη-log M function is - in contradiction to the most predictions - in the low polymer range lower than at the heigher polymers.
    Notes: An fraktionierten und besonders gereinigten Polystyrolen werden kryoskopische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen im Molekulargewichtsbereich von 1 000 bis 40 000 duchargeführt. Die Meßergebnisse werden durch andere Methoden nachkontrolliert und bestätigt. Von denselben Präparaten wird die Viskositätszahl bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß diese unabhängig von dem Mechanismus der Polymerisation (Radikalketten oder Ionenketten) ist. Die log Zη-log M-Funktion verläuft entgegen der voraussage der bisher aufgestellten Theorien im untersuchten Bereich flacher als bei hohen Polymerisationsgraden (vgl. Abb.3).
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  • 71
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue, faserbildende Polyamide, die heterocyclische Gruppen enthalten, wurden aus Furan-2,5- dipropionsäure und der entsprechenden Tetrahydrofuranverbindung, welche leicht aus Furfural und Lävulinsäure zugänglich sind, hergestellt. Z. B. wurden aus Poly-decamethylen-tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dipropionamid (Grenzviskositätszahl 0,74) Fasern erhalten, die nach Kaltverstreckung bis zu 350% eine Reißfestigkeit von 3,1 g/den, und eine Dehnung von 25% hatten.
    Notes: New fiber-forming polyamides containing heterocyclic groups were prepared form furan 2,5-dipropionic acid and the corresponding tetrahydrofuran compound which were found to be prepared easily from furfural and levulinic acid. For example, poly-decamethylenetetrahydrofuran 2,5-dipropionamide (intrinsic viscosity 0.74) gave a fiber having, when cold drawn to 350%, tensile strength 3.1 g./denier and elongation 25%.
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  • 72
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 40-51 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: We have investigated two samples of polyvinyl acetates of a different degree of branching. The relation between viscosity number and concentration was found both linear and independent from branching. Results of H. Batzer which are different from ours are discussed.
    Notes: An zwei Polyvinylacetatproben verschiedenen Verzweigungsgrades haben wir die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Größe ηspec/c (Viskositätszahl) bis zu kleinsten Konzentrationen verfolgt und linear und unabhängig vom Verzweigungsgrad gefunden. Anders lautende Befunde H. Batzers an Polyestern und Polyvinylchloriden werden diskutiert.
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  • 73
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 115-117 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An arrangement and applications are described to spray solutions of macromolecules into the precipitating agent. The new method can be used also for freezing drying.
    Notes: Es wird eine Anordnung beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe Lösungen makromolekulares Stoffe in Form eines Nebels in die Fällungsmittel gesprüht werden. Die gleiche Anordnung kann auch zur Gefriertrocknung von Lösungen benutzt werden.
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  • 74
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 122-127 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Insertion of bromine-marked benzoylperoxide in dependence of the temperature of polymerisation in the peroxidic solvent-polymerisation of styrene and vinyl-acetate has been investigated. Exclusively hydrolysable bromine-marked estergroups were found at 50°C and at lower temperatures. Besides one observes nonhydrolysable bromophenylendgroups at 100°C. Inserted endgroups in polyacrylnitrile are very thermolabile and are easily split by slightwarming.
    Notes: Bei der peroxydischen Lösungspolymerisation von Styrol und Vinylacetat wird der Einbau von brom-markiertem Benzoylperoxyd in Abhängigkeit von der Polymerisationstemperatur untersucht. Bei 50°C und darunter werden ausschließlich verseifbare, brommarkierte Estergruppen gefunden. Bei 100°C beobachtet man außerdem nichtverseifbare Bromphenyl-Endgruppen. Beim Polyacrylnitril sind die eingebauten Endgruppen thermisch sehr labil und werden beim Erwärmen leicht abgespalten.
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  • 75
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The intrinsic viscosity, diffusion, and sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge of 7 polyacrylamid fractions in aqueous solution were determined.The corresponding molecular weights were then computed by means of Svedberg's formula.The dependence upon concentration may be described in the usual way.The relation between intrinsic viscosity, diffusion-, and sedimentation constants and the molecular weight for a range from 10000-1000000 leads to the following formulas: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {[\eta ] = 6,31 \cdot 10^{ - 5} \cdot {\rm M}^{{\rm 0,80}} } \\ {{\rm s}_{\rm o} = 8,17 \cdot 10^{ - 15} \cdot {\rm M}^{{\rm 0,31}} } \\ {{\rm D}_{\rm o} = 8,46 \cdot 10^{ - 4} \cdot {\rm M}^{ - 0,69} } \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}The validity for the viscosity-molecular weight relation may be extended to 5000000 by an additional molecular weight, determined by Cantow by light scattering.It may be concluded from the numerical value for the exponent of M, that the polyacrylamid molecules are present in aqueous sulution as randomly kinked chains encompassing partially “immobilized” solvent.
    Notes: Von 7 Polyacrylamid-Fraktionen wurde in wäßriger Lösung die Viskosität, die Diffusion und in der Ultrazentrifuge die Sedimentation gemessen. Daraus wurden nach der Svedbergschen Formal die Molekulargewichte berechnet.Die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit dieser Größen läßt sich durch bekannte Gesetze beschreiben.Der funktionelle Zusammenhang zwischen den Viskositätszahlen, Sedimentationskonstanten, Diffusionskonstanten und den Molekulargewichten läßt sich für einem Molekulargewichtsbereich von 10000 bis 1000000 durch die folgenden Formeln wiedergeben: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Z}\eta = 6,31 \cdot 10^{ - 6} \cdot {\rm M}^{{\rm 0,80}} } \\ {{\rm s}_{\rm o} = 8,17 \cdot 10^{ - 15} \cdot {\rm M}^{{\rm 0,31}} } \\ {{\rm D}_{\rm o} = 8,46 \cdot 10^{ - 4} \cdot {\rm M}^{ - 0,69} } \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}Die Gültigkeit der Viskositäts-Molekulargewichtsbeziehung wird durch die Hinzunahme eines durch Lichtstreuungsversuche von Cantow ermittelten Meßwertes bis zu einem Molekulargewichtsbereich von 5000000 erweitert.Aus der Größe der Exponenten dieser Gleichungen wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die Polyacrylamidmoleküle in wäßriger Lösung als halbdurchspülte Knäuel vorliegen.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: From the close correlation between viscosity increment and streaming birefringence in dilute solution the parallelity of both effects in concentrated solutions is deduced and proved by the results on nitrocellulose, polystyrene, and polyisobutylene samples. By plotting birefringence vs. (η - ηl)q and the extinction angle vs. (η - ηl)q/c, the optical anisotropy and the stiffness of the single macromolecule can be obtained from measurements at fairly high concentrations, where the effects are large and therefore easily accessible.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 69-95 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In this communication, which is a brief critical review, the author summarizes the classical results of the theory of light scattering by dilute solutions of macromolecules and stresses the simplified hypothesis for carrying out the calculations. He examines particularly the case in which the dipoles are no longer isotropic and shows the important consequences of the newly obtained results.He attaches special importance to the case in which the solution contains chain macromolecules and recapitulates the most recent attempts made to treat the true configurations of the molecule and not those of a fictive “random flight”.
    Notes: Dans cet exposé qui constitue simplement une brève revue critique l'auteur résume rapidement les résultats classiques de la théorie de la diffusion de la lumière par les solutions macromoléculaires étendues et souligne les hypothèses simplificatrices qui ont permis les calculs. Il examine en particulier le cas où les dipǒles élémentaires ne sont plus isotropes et montre les conséquences importantes des nouveaux résultats obtenus.Il s'attache en particulier à l'examen du cas important où la solution contient des macromolécules en chaǐne linéaire et résume les plus récentes tentatives qui tendent à traiter les configurations réelles de la molécule et non plus celles d'un “random flight” fictif.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In this paper we have reported the most important results of a study in which we measured by means of the electron microscope the size of rigid colloid particles used as models, and calculated from the size the intrinsic viscosity [η], the free diffusion constant Δ, and the rotation diffusion constant D, as well as the sedimentation s. These calculated parameters are then compared to experimental values obtained by the use of appropriate methods. The comparison of the two sets of results should permit a decision as to the validity of the theories under consideration. Computing the theoretical values we have taken into account the effect of polydispersity and we have indicated how we compute the average values of [η], \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm \bar \Delta}, and {\rm \bar D} $\end{document}, and D̄. The viscosity, free diffusion, and sedimentation measurements made with V2O5 sol have given results which do not compare quantitatively with theoretical values computed from the size of particles, but the simultaneous use of measured [η], Δ, and s, leads to the conclusion that V2O5 sols have the same behavior as a monodispersed sol of rigid ellipsoids with 1692 A. length and 44 A. diameter. It should be pointed out that 40.3% of sol particles have a length of 1670 A. and a cross-section of 100 by 50 A. The measurement of D by flow birefringence shows a notable disagreement with the computed value of D̄. This disagreement is likely to arise from the presence in the solvent of vanadic acids disturbing the rod orientation. Measurements with a T.M.V. sol give a good agreement between experimental (D = 260 c.g.s. ± 20%) and calculated values (D̄ = 205 c.g.s. ± 20%). This result is the first to establish experimentally the quantitative validity of the theory of Peterlin and Stuart. Values for the refractive index of T.M.V. particles are also obtained (n1 = 1.58 and n2 = 1.59). These values are in agreement with those given by other authors using indirect methods. Measurements with a carbon black sol show a satisfactory agreement between the calculated value \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \Delta = 1.10 \times 10^{ - 7} $\end{document} c.g.s. ± 15% and the measured Δ = 1.37 × 10-7 c.g.s. ± 10%. This shows the validity of Stokes' law for spherical particles with about 1 to 200 A. diameter. On the other hand, the carbon black sol shows a “viscoelectric” effect; and Einstein's constant, which in absence of this effect is K = 2.5, is found here to be K = 7.8 ± 0.5. Several results concerning the viscoelectric effect of this sol are also reported.
    Notes: Nous avons groupé dans cet article les principaux résultats d'un travail, dont le principe consiste à mesurer au microscope électronique les dimensions des particules colloïdales rigides utilisées comme modèles, puis à calculer à partir des dimensions la viscosité intrinsèque [η], les constantes de diffusion de translation Δ et de rotation D ainsi que la constante de sédimentation s. Ces paramètres calculés à l'aide des théories fondamentales sont ensuite comparés aux valeurs expérimentales mesurées par les techniques correspondantes et la comparaison des deux groupes de résultats doit permettre de juger de la validité des théories mises en jeu. Dans le calcul des valeurs théoriques nous avons tenu compte de la polydispersité et nous indiquons comment nous avons calculé les valeurs moyennes apparentes de \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$[\bar \eta ], {\rm \bar \Delta}, {\rm \bar D} $\end{document}. Les mesures de viscosité, de diffusion de translation et de sédimentation effectuées sur un sol de V2O5 donnent des résultats dont la comparaison avec les valeurs théoriques calculées à partir des dimensions n'est guère possible de manière quantitative en raison de l'imprécision de celles-ci. Mais l'utilisation simultanée des valeurs expérimentales de [η], Δ, s, nous conduit à la conclusion que le sol de V2O5 se comporte comme un sol monodispersé d'ellipsoïdes de révolution rigides de 1692 Å de longueur et de 44 Å de diamètre, or 40,3% des particules de sol étudié ont pour dimensions 1607 Å de longueur et une section rectangulaire de 100 sur 50 Å. La détermination de D par birefringence d'écoulement conduit à un désaccord considérable avec la valeur calculée de D̄ et ce désaccord semble dǔ à la présence dans le solvant d'acides vanadiques qui perturbent l'orientation des bǎtonnets. L'étude d'un sol de virus de la mosaïque du tabac a donné un bon accord entre la valeur calculée D̄ = 205 c.g.s. ± 20% et la valeur mesurée D = 260 c.g.s. ± 20% ce qui constitue la première vérification expérimentale de la théorie de Peterlin et Stuart. Cette étude a permis de calculer l'indice de réfraction de la particule de V.M.T., on trouve n1 = 1,58, n2 = 1,59, ce qui corrobore les valeurs trouvées par d'autres employant des méthodes indirectes. Enfin l'étude d'un sol aqueux de noir de carbone a permis d'observer un accord convenable entre \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \Delta $\end{document} calculé = 1,10 · 10-7 c.g.s. ± 15% et Δ mesuré = 1,37 · 10-7 c.g.s. ± 10%, ce qui montre la validité de la loi de Stokes pour des sphères dont le diamètre est de l'ordre de 1 à 200 Å. Ce sol présente d'autre part de l'effet électro-visqueux et la constante d'Einstein K = 2,5 est trouvée égale à K = 7,8 ± 0,5. On donne quelques résultats concernant l'étude de l'effet électro-visqueux de ce sol.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Methyl methacrylate was copolymerized with small amounts of methacrylic acid or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. The molecular weight of the basic copolymer calculated from osmotic pressure data in butanone and benzene gave consistent results. The molecular weight of the acidic copolymer was obtained from osmotic pressures of pyridine solutions, but in butanone and particularly in benzene strong molecular association was observed. Osmotic pressures of mixtures of the two copolymers in butanone at 30.2 and 50.1 and in benzene at 49.7°C. were determined. The reduced osmotic pressure plots were linear but indicated the persistence of molecular associations to the highest dilutions at which osmotic pressures could be measured. A thermodynamic analysis of the data showed that under certain conditions the activity of one or the other polymer component decreases with increasing concentration of the mixture.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive indices of five polythene samples, previously studied by Bryant and Franta and by Muthana and Mark, who determined their densities, degrees of branching, osmotic molecular weights and μ-values in xylene solutions, have been measured by the immersion method in suitable liquid mixtures. Powdered samples have been prepared from xylene solutions by cooling and by evaporation of the solvent under identical conditions. They appear, under the microscope, as transparent radial and weakly birefringent spherulites; refractive index values are higher than those of the amorphous polythene and decrease as the degree of branching increases. The refractive index lowering is to be ascribed to the change both of the molecular structure (branching) and of the ratio between the amount of amorphous and of crystalline material, the latter strictly depending on the former when samples are prepared under identical conditions. Measurement of the refractive index may therefore be suitable for the empirical determination of the degree of branching in polythenes; it seems to be simpler and more significant than the measurement of the density, the latter also being affected by relatively large microvoids, while the refractive index may be affected only by those microvoids the sizes of which are not larger than the wave length of the light used. Refractive index measurement may also be suitable for the determination of the degree of branching and of the degree of crystallinity in other polymeric substances.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With the development of the ultracentrifuge by Svedberg there was provided a group of methods for the determination of solute molecular weight and of distribution of molecular weights in proper solutions. In addition to the sedimentation equilibrium and the sedimentation velocity experiments, there are other closely related molecular kinetic phenomena which, when taken together, form a collection of very useful tools in an area of macromolecular chemistry.The principal past use of the ultracentrifuge has been in the determination of the molecular weight and the homogeneity of proteins. In this report the attempt has been made to point the way for concerted action in the return to the original problem-that of investigating the dispersity of macromolecular and other colloidal solutions. Among other things, there is proposed in outline a combination of the sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments to provide mass distribution data in macromolecular systems. While the main emphasis is devoted to the theory of the sedimentation methods and their unique usefulness to this end, there have been presented shorter discussions of diffusion and osmotic pressure as such and in their relationships to the sedimentation problems.Recognition is also made of the fact that the optical systems for the study of the redistribution of the components in the diffusion and sedimentation cells are now in a state of change, with a rapid adaptation of several interference methods to take the place of the more classical refractometric schemes. The change is being made in the interest of a greatly enhanced accuracy, even to the point that diffusion behavior in systems which contain two solutes can properly be observed.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 337-350 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of reaction between amino acids and lower aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propylaldehyde) was followed by the Van Slyke technique and a quantitative chromatographic method. In a narrow range of pH (pH 6-7), the reaction was found to be bimolecular. Graphically computed bimolecular kinetic constants are presented for a certain number of amino acids reacting with acetaldehyde. Under certain conditions (for instance, tryptophane in acetic acid solution with acetaldehyde) the reaction rate was slowed down to trimolecular. At some acid or alkaline pH values the exact order of the reaction could not be determined (it was not of the first, second, or third order). Except for tryptophane, which reacted more rapidly in acid media, the amine-aldehyde combination rate was accelerated by rising pH. The combination rate of histidine is directly proportional to the acetaldehyde concentration, the proportionality factor being unchanged with increasing the pH from 3.00 to 6.20. In some cases (for example, propylaldehyde with lysine) the amino nitrogen content reached a minimum after 10-20 minutes, and then rose to attain even the initial value. Specific viscosity did not change (tryptophane), or else decreased (lysine, arginine, histidine) during the acetaldehyde-amino acid reaction. In acetaldehyde-NaOH or acetaldehyde-morpholine mixtures the viscosity was unaltered even when the solution became rapidly turbid and aldehyde-resin precipitated. It was possible to separate the reaction products obtained during the formation of aldehyde-resin and aldehyde-amino acid interaction by the method of paper electrophoresis. The fluorescent patterns were characteristic for each amino acid. Most of the amino acids showed 3-6 spots of different fluorescent color. This rendered probable the hypothesis that the same aldehyde condensation products are formed in amino acidaldehyde mixtures as in alkali-acetaldehyde solution.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This report presents some general applications of a new type of ultracentrifuge cell, called a synthetic boundary cell, in which a sharp, stable boundary is obtained by layering one solution over another more dense solution while the ultracentrifuge is in operation. Since such a boundary between a solvent and a dilute solution of a low molecular weight solute can be formed in the center of the cell, the complications encountered at the meniscus in conventional ultracentrifugation by the high diffusion and low sedimentation rate of the solute are obviated. By this technique the sedimentation velocity method has been extended to substances with molecular weights as low as 350. Sedimentation constants of a number of low molecular weight materials such as fraction A of insulin (molecular weight 3000), vitamin B12 (molecular weight about 1500), β-dextrin (molecular weight 1134), and sucrose (molecular weight 342) have been determined. The cell has also been used to form a boundary between solutions of two different concentrations of the same macromolecule and differential sedimentation constants have been obtained. The relationship between these differential sedimentation constants and those obtained for either of the two solutions when studied alone is discussed. Application of the cell to the determination of hydrodynamic volumes of sedimenting components is described. Measurements are made of the backward flow of solvent by the use of an indicator boundary formed by layering a virus solution over another virus solution containing an additional component, such as sucrose or a protein, which acts as an indicator. In addition, the cell was used in a preliminary investigation of some fundamental problems in ultracentrifugation such as the sedimentation of slowly sedimenting materials in the presence of more rapidly sedimenting components, the analysis of equilibrium systems such as insulin and chymotrypsin, and the role of convection.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 391-400 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are the largest biologically active agents having known dimensions and particle morphology which have been prepared in a homogeneous state. Because all the bacteriophages have an appendage or “tail”, they offer an interesting system for study in the analytical ultracentrifuge in comparison of the results of direct and indirect methods for estimation of particle size and shape. The sedimentation behavior of phages T5, T6, and T7, all differing in size and morphology, has thus been investigated. Although, under certain conditions, the three viruses sediment with a single sharp boundary, T6 appears to undergo aggregation to form a dimer at neutral pH. The sedimentation rate of the phages is little affected by concentration and is uninfluenced by the centrifugal field, thus indicating the absence of interaction or of particle orientation due to the peculiar morphology. A comparison of estimates of the particle size and weight based on molecular-kinetic constants, electron micrograph dimensions, and unit infectivity yields a good correlation among the results of the direct and indirect physical methods for the quasispherical particle of T7, satisfactory agreement for the large tadpole-shaped particle of T6, but considerable discrepancy for the sperm-shaped particle of T5. It is suggested that the dimensions of T5 based on early electron micrographs are in error. Despite their large size and unusual shape the bacteriophages are amenable to physicochemical study, and each type is as uniform in molecular-kinetic properties as are molecular proteins.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: At low pH wool behaves as an anion exchanger. The equilibrium constant for absorption of Cl- and SO4-2 in mixtures has been determined and used for a statistical control of theoretical constants. It is demonstrated that the Donnan theory is not applicable. The reason for this is the existence of a nonvanishing difference in standard thermodynamic potential (Δμ) between liquid and fiber phase. If a theory considering adsorption on localized sites is used (Gilbert-Rideal) and the Δμ-value is associated with adsorption energy it is found that the energy of Cl- and SO4-2 adsorption is comparable to the energy of water absorption on fibers. The consequences for the general application of the Donnan theory are discussed.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formulas used for calculation of diffusion coefficients in free diffusion are stated. The calculations request the 0th, first, and second moments of the curve to be calculated. This is usually made by calculation of moments of segments of the figure between the curve and the base line, followed by summation.It is proposed to replace this rather laborious procedure by the use of an integrator. A survey is given on the theoretical background and the principles for such instruments. Some equations are stated for the type of instrument used in these investigations. From these equations it is possible, by inserting the values in the formulas used for the calculation of diffusion coefficients, to express the latter for a certain curve as a function of the rotation of the three integration rolls in the instrument. The relative influence on the final result for these integration rolls is considered. For one of the rolls this can be shown to be insignificant, when the moment axis is chosen very near the central axis of the curve. Our experience has shown the standard error in a normal measurement to be 2 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-3 of a revolution for the two other integration rolls. Some curves are given which show the requests one must put on the relative number of rotations for these rolls to make certain that the relative standard error, introduced by the integrator, will not exceed certain values on the final result. The curves are drawn for values from 2 to 0.1%.From a known Gaussian distribution a set of diffusion curves is drawn. The diffusion coefficient is calculated from these curves both by the usual method and by the integrator. The results obtained by the integrator compare well with those by the usual method if the peaks are not drawn too narrow.
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  • 88
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: With a view to finding a better method of separating the different components during electrophoresis on paper, we have carried out the electrophoresis in two dimensions, first flowing the current in one direction and then at right angles to that direction. For this purpose we used square paper sheets between two glass plates of the same dimensions. The electrical behavior of the material to be analyzed was tested before electrophoresis, so that it was possible in each instance to establish the duration and the different electrical characteristics of the two periods of electrophoresis and also the best initial position for placing the material. The experiments show that the components are found along a straight line, the position of which is determined in the plane by the characteristics and time flow of the current during the two phases of the process. Referring to the initial position of the material, each individual component is to be found at the extremity of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle, the other sides of which are formed by the paths made by the substance in the two different phases of the process. The obvious advantage of the two-dimensional electrophoresis on paper is that it is possible to trace, on the same sheet of paper, the path taken by the different components under two different electrical conditions.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 317-318 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 90
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A number of polyisoprenes and polybutadienes have been prepared at temperatures between 30° and -78°C. using Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Quantitative analyses for the various types of addition occurring in these polymers have been made from their infrared spectra. It has been found that the linear structures corresponding to 1,4; 1,2 and 3,4 addition are present in about the same ratios as in free radical type polymers. However, in the case of the polyisoprenes (and apparently also the polybutadienes) these structures account for only about 50 to 75% of the material present.
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 329-353 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: As a step toward the better understanding of acrylonitrile polymerization a kinetic study was made in bulk with azo and peroxy catalysts over the range 30 to 60°C. Rates were followed gravimetrically in most cases, and molecular weights were estimated from viscosity measurements. Electron micrographs and nitrogen sorption data were obtained. Following a short induction period (which could not be eliminated) polymer separated as a fine suspension, coagulated to form curds at a few tenths percent polymerization and formed a hard, porous mass at about 60% reaction. Product at 5 to 50% polymerization was in the form of dense particles about 0.5 micron across; these appeared to be aggregates of 400 A. particles. The rate of polymerization accelerated up to 1-3% conversion and was then nearly constant to about 50%, beyond which it could not be measured. Rate increased with the 0.8 power of catalyst concentration and showed an over-all activation energy of 35 to 37 kcal./mole. Molecular weight varied inversely with the 0.2 power of the catalyst concentration, was nearly constant from 5 to 50% conversion and went through a slight maximum with temperature. To account for these observations a kinetic scheme is proposed that involves the possibility of unimolecular chain termination by a process of “burial.” This process is conceived of as a mechanism by which a growing chain may become shielded from further growth by coiling or embedding itself in the solid phase. Equations derived for rate and degree of polymerization fit the data adequately. Consideration is given to the simultaneous effects at high conversion of a small loss in initiator by thermal decomposition, of enrichment of the solution by shrinking liquid volume and of depletion of monomer.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of chain degradation have been studied for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of Egyptian cotton under mild acid conditions. The results have been interpreted to give estimates of accessibilities free from the defects associated with former measurements. The amount of accessible material in the undegraded cotton was found to be 10.8%, but during hydrolysis this is reduced to less than 5%. The recrystallization takes place at an early stage in the degradation, starting at a point when approximately one-eighth of the intercrystalline chain segments have been broken.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 405-406 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 599-610 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 21-42 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The phases which are formed at, e.g., 22°C., when a solution containing, e.g., 1.1% polystyrene and 1.7% ethyl cellulose is made in benzene, are characterized by having a low interfacial tension (⋍10-3 erg/cm.2), which permits droplets of the one phase in the other to be easily deformed and disrupted in a field of flow. The size and shape of the droplets thus formed were determined by an optical method depending upon the statistical addition of the deflections suffered by a beam of light in its passage through the medium. It is found that at intermediate velocity gradients very small and extremely elongated droplets are stable and that, at a given temperature, the phase separation can be reversed by raising the velocity gradient above a definite value. A full discussion of the observations is given and it is shown in particular that the appearance of extremely elongated drops at certain velocity gradients is due to a stationary state equilibrium between processes causing the drops to break up and others causing them to recombine again. The superposition of break-up and recombination is thus responsible for the existence in practice of inherently unstable drop shapes.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 69-84 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electrolytic dissociation of several polymeric acids and bases in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The potentiometric behavior is well described by the following equations, For polyacids: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ p{\rm H} = pK_0 - \log \frac{{1 - \alpha }}{\alpha } + 0.4343\frac{{\varepsilon \psi _0 }}{{kT}} $$\end{document} and for polybases: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ p{\rm H} = pK_0 - \log \frac{\beta }{{1 - \beta }} - 0.4343\frac{{\varepsilon \psi _0 }}{{kT}} $$\end{document} pK0 is the intrinsic dissociation constant of the monomeric unit, α and β are the degrees of ionization of the polyacid and the polybase respectively, ψ0 is the electrostatic surface potential of the polyion. It is shown that ψ0 is equal to (1/∊) (δFe/δv) for polyacids and (1/∊) (δFe/δζ) for polybases where Fe is the electrostatic energy of the polyion and v or ζ the number of negative or positive ionized groups respectively. Equations for the calcualtion of ψ0 in the cases of randamly kinked and stretched polyelectrolytes are given and discussed. As the potential ψ0 can be obtained independently from electrophoretic measurements, the above equations correlate potentiometry and electrophoresis. The potentials of polymethacrylate ions were calculated from theory and obtained from electrophoretic and potentiometric measurements. The potentials obtained by the three methods agree within 3% thus justifying the use of the combined potentiometric and electrophoretic measurements for the evaluation of pK0. Application of this method to the potentiometric analysis of pectic acids gave good agreement with experiment and lead to pK0 = 3.40. Combined potentiometric-electrophoretic analysis for polyaspartic acid gave pK0 = 3.53 and for polylsine pK0 = 10.44.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The persulfate-initiated polymerization of allyl acetate has been studied at 70°C. in the absence and in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. In the absence of the detergent a polymer of molecular weight about 800 is formed from initially homogeneous reaction mixtures at an initial rate approximately proportional to concentration of persulfate and approximately independent of concentration of monomer. The ratio of the initial rates of disappearance of allyl acetate and persulfate is about 14, corresponding to the ratio calculated from the molecular weight. With a separate phase of monomer the molecular weight is about 1000. The addition of the detergent does not increase the rate of initiation or affect the molecular weight of the polymer formed in innitially homogeneous media, although the rate of polymerization is increased somewhat. With a separate phase of monomer the polymer formed in the presence of detergent has a molecular weight of about 1300.
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