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  • Articles  (4,119)
  • Springer  (4,119)
  • 1950-1954  (2,942)
  • 1945-1949  (1,177)
  • Geosciences  (4,119)
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  • Articles  (4,119)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 69-89 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. In using fibre-galvanometers for the measurement of Inclination with the earthinductor oscillations can be observed that do not appear at the use of mirrorgalvanometers, more muted. These relations can not be explained very well with the help of the known simple formulas, as the latter state only the means of EMF. Through the triple-product of the three vectors, i.e. total magnetic force, rotation-axis, vector in the plane of the coil, the general formula can be figured for the induced EMF at any possible positions of the axis. Small deviations from the nullposition show — according to the formula — some dependance of the sensibilities in changing the position of axis from the degree of Inclination. The commutation is taken into very careful consideration, the amplitudes of oscillations are calculated byFourier-Analysis. The current of the induction is computed according to the well known differential-equation. The possibility to fixH orZ in using two earthinductors will be described at the end of the first chapter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung von Saitengalvanometern für Inklinationsmessungen mit dem Erdinduktor sind Schwingungen zu beobachten, die bei den viel stärker gedämpften Spiegelgalvanometern nicht auftreten. Die Erklärung dieser Zusammenhänge ist mit den bekannten einfachen Induktionsformeln nicht möglich, weil sie nur Angaben über die Mittelwerte der EMK geben. Ueber das Spatprodukt von drei Vektoren: Totalfeldstärke, Drehachse und Vektor in der Windungsebene, lässt sich die allgemeinste Formel für die induzierte EMK bei beliebiger Achsenstellung berechnen. Kleine Winkelabweichungen aus der Nullage zeigen gemäss Formel Abhängigkeit der Verstellempfindlichkeiten von der Grösse der Inklination. Die Kommutierung wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen; die Amplituden der Schwingungen mit Hilfe derFourier-Analyse berechnet. Der Induktionsstrom wird nach der bekannten Differentialgleichung bestimmt. Eine Möglichkeit der Messung vonH aderZ unter Verwendung von zwei Erdinduktoren wird am Schluss betrachtet. In dem zweiten Teil werden die Korrekturen, welche auf die Spulenkonstante anzuwenden sind, bestimmt. Die Grösse der Windungsflächen hängt von der Drahtstärke und der Konstruktionsart des Induktors ab (Einfach- oder Doppelspule). Der Einfluss des Rahmes auf die Spule wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen. MittelsFourier-Analyse kann die Grössenordnung der Fehler von schlechtjustierten Kommutatoren bestimmt werden. Eine Uebersicht alter und neuer Indikationsmethoden bei Inklinationsmessungen beschliesst den Text.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the distribution of gravity at the Earth's surface the main features are already discernible. So the isostatically corrected gravity is greater than the normal gravity at the area of the ocean, but it is smaller than this on the continent. The difference between both amounts to ca. 60 milligal. One has explained this by the assumption of areal deviation from equilibrium. This hypothesis leads to geologically unsatisfyng conclusions. On the other hand a perfectly equilibrated mass — distribution of the Earth may furnish values of gravity at the sea-level, which are systematically deviating from the normal gravity, and — after careful consideration — such calculated «anomalies» must be almost a rule. In the common model of a 2-layers-isostasy the attraction of the irregularities in the surface-layer outweighs that of the compensation-masses, which are situated in a depth up to 60 (respectively 120) km, in theAiry-Pratt-zone. Therefore positive anomalies must appear on a continent floating in a perfect isostatic equilibrium and negative ones on the ocean. The difference between the two regions is not great (approximately 10 milligal) but has just the opposite sign as it is observed. On the other hand we propose a 3-layers-model of isostasy, in which the mass-irregularities of the surface (layer I.) are intensively (almost up to the double value) overcompensated in theAiry-zone (layer II.), whereupon only then at the layer III. (zone of deep-shocks: −50 to −500 km) the perfect equipoised hydrostatic equilibrium is brought about. Thereform results — with plausible assumptions concerning the densities of the layers etc. — positive anomaly on the ocean and a negative one on the continent; and if we assume the dimensions like that one of the Pacific (respetively Asia), the difference between both amounts in round numbers to 60 milligal — exactly as it has been observed! The new zone of isostatic adjustement was chosen in −500 km, because there is a zone of yielding at this depth. This results from the distribution of thedeep focus earthquakes, the mere occurrence of which already proofs that under the zone of isostatic adjustement assumed byPratt orAiry great deviations from equilibrium take place in contradiction to their fundamental assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium in this depth and still deeper. This is also supported by other geophysical evidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Verteilung der Schwere an der Erdoberfläche sind gewisse grosse Züge bereits kenntlich geworden. So sind allgemein die (wie gebräuchlich) isostatisch reduzierten Schwerewerte im Ozeangebiet grösser, im Kontinent kleiner als die Normalschwere, u.z. beträgt Unterschied zwischen beiden ca. 60 mgal. Man hat das dahin gedeutet, dass wirklich eineAbweichung vom Zustand isostatischen Gleichgewichtes vorliege. Das führt zu geologisch unbefriedigenden Folgerungen. Andrerseits kann eine isostatisch vollkommen ausbalanzierte Massenverteilung der Erde im Meeresniveau Schwerewerte liefern, die von der Normalschwere systematisch abweichen, ja — genau besehen — müssen solche rechnungsmässige «Anomalien» die Regel sein. In dem gebräuchlichen Modell der 2-Schichten-Isostasie überwiegt die Gravitationswirkung der Unregelmässigkeiten in der Oberflächenschicht jene der Kompensationsmassen, die in derAiry-(Pratt-) Zone bis 60 (bezw. 120) km tief liegen. Daher muss über einem in vollkommenem isostatischen Gleichgewicht flottierenden Kontinent positive, über dem Ozean negative «Anomalie» aufscheinen. Der Unterschied zwischen beiden Bereichen ist nicht gross (ca. 10 mgal), aber dem Vorzeichen nach das Gegenteil des Beobachteten. Wir schlagen dagegen ein 3-Schichten-Modell vor, in dem die Massenunregelmässigkeiten der Oberfläche (Schicht 1) durch Massen entgegengesetzten Vorzeichens, die in derAiry-Zone (2) liegen, stark — fast bis ans doppelte — überkompensiert werden, worauf erst in Schicht 3 (Tiefherd-Zone, −50 bis −500 km) die vollständige Ausbalanzierung zum hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht herbeigeführt wird. Das ergibt sich — mit plausibeln Annahmen über die Dichten — im Ozean positive, im Kontinent negative «Anomalie», und wenn man die Dimensionen wie die des Pazifik, bezw. Asiens annimmt, beträgt der Unterschied zwischen beiden rund 60 mgal—genau wie beobachtet! Die neue Ausgleichszone wurde in −500 km gewählt, weil in dieser Tiefe eine Sprungschicht von grösserer Nachgiebigkeit liegt. Das ergibt sich aus der Verbreitung der Tiefherdbeben, deren Vorkommen allein schon beweist, dass unter derAiry-(Pratt)schen Ausgleichszone, gegen die Grundannahme von hydrostatischem Gleichgewicht dortselbst und tiefer, grosse Gleichgewichtsstörungen noch viel tiefer auftreten und das recht häufig. Diese Wahl der Ausgleichstiefe wird auch durch andere geophysikalische Ueberlegungen gestützt.
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of charts of distribution of amplitude and phase of the first term of harmonic series of the annual pressure variation in the Alps it is shown that it represents a wave which by increasing her amplitude progresses from the outside to the central part of the mountains. Essentially it illustrates the annual process of heating. In renewing earlier studies byConrad about the average change of the annual pressure variation with height illustrated by harmonic dial the altitude of reversing of the sign of this variation is found surprisingly smaller in the Alps than in other regions of the earth probably on account of the maritime influence.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The discussion about the observed vertical ozone distribution and the factors by which it is influenced requires a possibly definite knowledge of the photochemical formation and destruction of the ozone in the atmosphere. Therefore we examine the factors decisive for the photochemical theory (oxygen- and ozone absorption), constants of reaction, spectral distribution of intensity of sunlight etc. in respect of their present certainty and discuss their influence on the resulting ozone distribution. According to the examination and discussion we can realise the ozone distribution resulting from the photochemical theory with the present basis only with comparative uncertainty. The height of the ozone maximum as well as the total ozone amount are no suitable criterion for the examination of the photochemical hypothesis for which reason the observed ozone distributions in greater altitudes — above 25–30 km — must be considered too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Diskussion der beobachteten vertikalen Ozonverteilung und der sie beeinflussenden Faktoren ist eine möglichst sichere Kenntnis der photochemischen Bildung und Zerstörung des Ozons in der Atmosphäre erforderlich. Dazu werden die für die photochemische Theorie massgeblichen Faktoren (Sauerstoff- und Ozonabsorption) Reaktionskonstanten, spektrale Intensitätsverteilung des Sonnenlichtes usw. in Bezug auf ihre heutige Sicherheit untersucht und ihr Einfluss auf die resultierende Ozonverteilung diskutiert. Danach kann die aus der photochemischen Theorie folgende Ozonverteilung mit den heutigen Grundlagen erst verhältnismässig unsicher erfasst werden. Für die Prüfung der photochemischen Voraussetzungen stellen die Höhe des Ozonmaximums sowie der totale Ozonbetrag keine geeigneten Kriterien dar, so dass die beobachteten Ozonverteilungen in grösseren Höhen — oberhalb von 25–30 km — herangezogen werden müssen.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mean ozone distribution for various geographical latitudes is derived from ozone distributions measured by means of balloon ascents, eclipses of the moon and the «Umkehreffekt» and compared with the theoretically calculated photochemical distributions, whereby the full scope of the latter is considerably limited. —The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured ozone distribution below the ozone maximum at 23 km altitude is a sign of a considerable effect of mass exchange in the troposphere and lower stratosphere which increases towards the equator. In the mean and higher latitudes we find — especially in spring — a second lower ozone maximum at 16 km altitude which cannot be explained photochemically but is probably due to advection, to ozone transported down from polar latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den bei Ballonaufstiegen, bei Mondfinsternissen und durch den Umkehreffekt gemessenen Ozonverteilungen werden für verschiedene geographische Breiten gemittelte Ozonverteilungen abgeleitet und mit den theoretisch photochemisch berechneten Verteilungen verglichen, wodurch der Spielraum der letzten erheblich eingeengt wird. — Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten und der gemessenen Ozonverteilung unterhalb des Ozonmaximums in 23 km Höhe lässt auf eine bedeutende Wirkung des Massenaustausches in der Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre schliessen, der nach den Aequator hin stark zunimmt. — In mittleren und höheren Breiten tritt — vornehmlich im Frühjahr — ein zweites tieferes Ozonmaximum in 16 km Höhe auf, das photochemisch nicht zu erklären ist, sondern advektiv, durch aus polaren Breiten herzugeführtes Ozon bedingt wird.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Numerous investigations have shown that the frequency of lightning strokes also depends on the geological conditions of the ground. In Saxonia most damages caused by lightning did not occur in the higher parts of this country. Damage in areas of primeval rocks was twice as high as in areas of younger formations (Fig. 1 and Table A). It has been observed that some areas were especially frequently struck by lightning (lightning centres). In most cases these are situated above geologic discontinuities (Fig. 2). In Austria lightning statistics were explored. The «danger factor» («Gefährdungszahl») was deducted with the formula $$\ll danger factor \gg = \frac{{damages from lightning \times 1000}}{{area of district in 100 km^2 \times mean number of thunderstorms}}.$$ These figures are registered in a map (Fig. 3). They are small in the Central Alps but in areas of old geologic formations and in some parts of the border of the Alps they reach rather high values.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 214-217 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with some results of the observations on the ablation done on the Sarenne Glacier (Grandes Rousses) in the last two seasons. In June and August's 1950 the effects of the «warmth's share» has been greater than during the same months of 1949.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some regularities in the yearly variation of the air-pressure, as related with the height above the sea level, have been reported byConrad. These regularities are confirmed by the air-pressure data from the meteorological Observatories of the Monte Rosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene esteso agli Osservatori del Monte Rosa lo studio di alcune regolarità quantitative segnalate daConrad nell'andamento annuo della pressione atmosferica in funzione dell'altezza sul mare, con risultati probativi.
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After some general considerations, there are described some particular phenomena noticed about the glacier of Mandrone (Adamello). They are due to the swift retirement of the front and to the diminution of the thickness of the glacier as following: the strangling of the icetongue, glacier rigenerated, glacier dead, lake at the glacier-mouth, round ice-crevices, valley like U. They are done some suppositions on the future alpine-climatical proceeding.
    Notes: Riassunto Premesse alcune considerazioni generali si descrivono alcuni particolari fenomeni osservati al ghiacciaio del Mandrone e dovuti al rapido arretramento della fronte e assottigliamento del ghiaccio come: strozzatura della lingua ghiacciaio di rimpasto, ghiacciaio morto, lago alla bocca, crepacci circolari, valle ad U. Si fanno alcune considerazioni sul futuro andamento climatico alpino.
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