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  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
  • Physics
  • Strong Interactions
  • 1960-1964  (29)
Collection
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Astrogeologic Studies. Part a - Lunar and Planetary Investigations Annual Progress Report, Aug. 25, 1962 - Jul. 1, 1963 (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-31
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-CR-77951
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  • 2
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    Space Flight Handbooks. Volume 3- Planetary Flight Handbook (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-21
    Description: Parts 2 and 3 present tabulations of trajectory data for scheduling flights to and from Venus and Mars during the period 1960-2000. Part 2 contains information for outbound flights to these planets; Part 3 contains information for trajectories returning from the planets to Earth. Each Part contains data for single-plane transfers, as well as for broken-plane transfers which employ a midcourse plane-change to eliminate the high speed "ridges." The mathematical analyses employed for all calculations are described in Part 1 of this handbook. To facilitate the construction of round-trip trajectories, the date at the target planet is held fixed while the trip duration is varied in 10-day increments from zero days to the length of that planet's synodic period with Earth. Dates of arrival at the target planet are presented in the extreme right-hand column of Part 2, and dates of departure from the target planet are presented in the extreme left-hand column of Part 3. Thus, by holding Part 2 directly to the left of Part 3, the analyst may easily and rapidly scan all trip possibilities which involve any desired stopover time at the target planet. Within approximately 200 days of each conjunction or opposition, data are presented in 10-day increments at the target planet. Only those trips are listed for which the hyperbolic excess speeds at either or both ends of the trajectory do not exceed 0.6 EMOS (Earth Mean Orbital Speed). For the remaining mission regions, the requirements are so smoothly varying that a 50-day interval in dates at the target planet may be employed; the 10-day interval in trip times is, however, preserved here. In these regions, only those trips are listed for which either or both speeds do not exceed 0.3 EMOS.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-SP-35-VOL. 3-PT. 2
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  • 3
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    Summary of Apollo and Lunar Logistics System Plans (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: The basic mission objective of Project Apollo is to land men on the Moon and return them to Earth at the earliest practicable date. The Apollo crew will consist of three men, two of whom will land on the surface of the Moon, conduct surface operations for up to 24 hr, and then rejoin the third crew member in lunar orbit for return to Earth. Initial Apollo spacecraft capabilities will require the early landings to be within +or-lO deg of the lunar equator on the visible side of the Moon, with preference for landing sites in the leading quadrant (between 270 and 360 deg lunar longitude). As presently planned, the Apollo spacecraft will be capable of carrying approximately 200 lb of scientific equipment to the lunar surface and of bringing approximately 80 lb of lunar material back to Earth. A detailed plan for utilization of crew capabilities while on the lunar surface is not expected to be complete for some time. The first Apollo lunar mission is now scheduled for the late 1960's with additional launches planned at reasonable intervals. i
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 4
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    Lunar Rocks as a Source of Oxygen (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: A thermodynamic study of the thermal stability of conventional terrestrial minerals in a hypothetical lunar atmosphere has opened some interesting speculation. Much of the Earth's crust is composed of oxides of silicon, aluminum, magnesium, and related compounds. These crust components may be as much a product of the Earth's atmosphere as vegetation and animal life. Though inanimate and long considered imperishable, these materials are stable under conditions of an atmosphere equivalent to 34 ft of water at sea level and persist under adverse conditions of moisture and temperature to altitudes of roughly 29,000 ft above sea level. The oxygen content averages 21% ) and the oxygen partial pressure would be roughly 1/5 atm.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 5
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    Water in Lunar Materials (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Two lines of evidence, suggest independently that materials which formed the Moon were not anhydrous: 1. Meteorites, our only sample of extraterrestrial material, contain water in varying amounts. Chondrites average about 0.25% water by weight. Carbonaceous chondrites, however, contain up to 20% water; and, although much of this water may be adsorbed atmospheric and surface water, the abundance of silicate hydrates in these objects indicates that considerable water existed in these meteorites before Earth impact. 2. The gas emission from Alphonsus observed by Kosyrev indicates that volatiles are diffusing out of the Moon. The observed emission was a C, band. Analyses of presumably juvenile gases reaching the Earth's surface show that water generally composes 95% or more of the gas. By analogy, it is suggested that water must be reaching the lunar surface. Consequently, it is reasonable to conclude that water existed in the materials which formed the Moon as well as those which formed the Earth or meteorites (or their source object). An estimate of the water content of the primordial Earth is 0.03%.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 6
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    Proceedings of the Conference on Lunar Exploration, August 12-17, 1962 (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 7
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    Aerodynamic Evidence Pertaining to the Entry of Tektites into the Earth's Atmosphere (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Evidence is presented which shows that the Australian and Java tektites entered the earth's atmosphere and experienced ablation by severe aerodynamic heating in hypervelocity flight. The laboratory experiments on hypervelocity ablation have reproduced ring-wave flow ridges and coiled circumferential flanges like those found on certain of these tektites. Systematic striae distortions exhibited in a thin layer beneath the front surface of australites also are reproduced in the laboratory ablation experiments, and are shown to correspond to the calculated distortions for aerodynamic ablation of a glass. About 98 percent of Australian tektites represent aerodynamically stable configurations during the ablative portion of an entry trajectory. Certain meteorites exhibit surface features similar to those on tektites.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-TR-R-134
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  • 8
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    Comet Intercept Study (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: STL (Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.) has been studying, during the past year, the problems of carrying out a comet intercept mission. During the course of this study, the properties of 31 short-term comets have been examined to determine the feasibility of a mission to any of them during the next 15 years. In the process of selecting these comets, injection energies for each of these comets at a suitable launch period were determined. In addition, the distance of the earth at intercept, the transit and flight times, and the guidance requirements were evaluated. Also, to determine the effectiveness of such a mission, possible scientific instruments which could be used to measure the various characteristics of the comets have been studied. Finally, to determine the present feasibility of such a mission, the payload capability of available boosters was examined, and a spacecraft configuration with appropriate subsystems was also studied.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 8668-6002-RU-000
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  • 9
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    Fossil Glasses Produced by Impact of Meteorites, Asteroids and Possibly Comets with the Planet Earth (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: In recent times one of the most intriguing mysteries of geology bas been the occurrence of aerodynamically-shaped glasses on five continents of the earth. These glasses under discussion are obviously not of fulgurite origin. Recent research indicates that these glasses known as tektites are ~he result of meteorite, asteroid, or possibly comet impact. Impact glasses, in general, differ from volcanic glasses in that they are lower in water content, have lower gallium and germanium contents, and are not necessarily in magmatically unstable continental areas.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: HQ-E-DAA-TN70721 , International Congress on Glass; Jul 08, 1962 - Jul 12, 1962; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 10
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    Bubble Distribution in Fused Obsidian and Slide Glass (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: In this report we obtain further data about the distribution of bubbles in glass. It gives the results obtained from the microscopic study of obsidian samples heated with an oxyacetylene torch and from powdered microscopic slide glass re-fused in an electric oven. This report continues our earlier study of the distributions: Badri Aghassi, 1961, B.U. Tektite Project, Research Report No. 11.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: HQ-E-DAA-TN70730
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  • 11
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    The Atmosphere and Haze of Mars (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The 'blue haze' is an absorbing smoke, dark as soot in reflection, red in transmission. Its currently accepted explanation by pure scattering (omnidirectional or forward) is untenable, as it would either increase the surface brightness of fall to obscure the surface details. The limb darkening of Mars is mainly the results of absorption by the smoke. The opacity of the Martian atmosphere increases from the red toward the violet. The extinction by the Martian atmosphere is greater than that by the terrestrial at all wavelengths, but only about 20 per cent of the Martian extinction is due to scattering. Dollfus' polarimeteric estimate, corrected for self-absorption, corresponds to a martian atmospheric pressure of 87 mm Hg. The photochemical breakup of carbon dioxide and the escape of oxygen must lead to considerable concentrations of carbon monoxide in the martian atmosphere.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 41st Annual Meetins, Sessions on Planetary Sciences, American Geophysical Union; Apr 27, 1960 - Apr 30, 1960; Washington, DC; United States|Journal of Geophysical Research; 65; 10; 3057-3063
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  • 12
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    Objectives of the Mariner Venus Microwave Radiometer Experiment (1961)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: At present, there are several models involving the surface, atmosphere (and ionosphere), and cloud conditions of the planet Venus which attempt to account for the observed high brightness temperature of 600 degrees Kelvin in the microwave temperature region. None of these models can be definitely accepted or rejected on the basis of presently available data, and it is the goal of the microwave radiometer experiment planned for the Mariner Venus mission to determine which of the proposed models most nearly approximates Venusian conditions. The disc of the planet will be scanned at 4 wavelengths - 4, 8, 13.5 and 19 millimeters - to measure the temperature distribution across the planet. Measurement accuracy is expected to be to within 2 percent. In addition to the study of gross thermal characteristics of surface and atmosphere (or ionosphere), some information regarding the fine-scale thermal variations will be obtained. Since Venus appears to be continuously covered by clouds, it is obvious that only in the microwave region can one be sure of penetrating clear to the solid surface. Because of the absorbing characteristics of the Earth's atmosphere, and because of the relatively poor resolution obtainable in this region of the spectrum, one is forced to utilize the platform afforded by a planetary flyby or orbiter in order to conduct a reliable high resolution study of the planet. To do so from Earth (neglecting terrestrial atmospheric attenuation ) would require colossal radio telescopes.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JPL-TR-32-156
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  • 13
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    Survey of the Physical and Environmental Parameters of the Moon (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: This document presents, in summary, a compilation of the physical and environmental parameters of the moon. A determined attempt has been made to be objective at all times. Many of the physical sciences are presented in sufficient depth to adequately identify the basic information available. It is expected that the appropriate references will be consulted when additional detail is required. It is obvious both from the text and the reference material that divergent opinions prevail and uncertainties exist in almost every phase of lunar science; e.g., the existence of the lunar bulge, the thickness of the dust layer, etc. No pretense is made to resolve these differences, but by bringing together many references, it is hoped that some contribution will be made in lunar science. The subject index will be of particular value since it relates the reference section by subject. A glossary of terms used throughout the text is also provided.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 14
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    Processing of Water on the Moon (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The electrolytic dissociation of water into gaseous forms of hydrogen and oxygen is a well known process that can quickly be summarized in a series of illustrations. Table 1 presents some physical properties of hydrogen and oxygen for purposes of reference. Figure 1 illustrates the chemical process and the equipment used in the industrial production of hydrogen and oxygen by the electrolysis of water. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of electrolytic H2-O2 cells used in industrial practice. It is of interest to note that substantial amounts of power are required for the process and that rather heavy equipments are common to the land-based systems now in use. Very little can be done to reduce the power requirements, for the process as now carried out is relatively efficient, but undoubtedly great savings in weight can be realized.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 15
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    Utilization of Extraterrestrial Resources (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Eight state-of-the-art briefings intended to bring members of the Working Group up to date in technical areas relating to future manned expeditions to the Moon and planets were presented at the Meeting of the Working Group on Extraterrestrial Resources held in Washington, D. C., September 25-26, 1962 by recognized authorities in their respective fields. Since it was felt that the material presented at the meeting would be useful for reference purposes, most of the speakers submitted summaries of their remarks for publication. This document is a collection of the material submitted. Contents: Status of Designs of Lunar Surface Vehicles; Hydroponics or Soilless Culture; Processing of Water on the Moon; Lunar Base Construction; Lunar Rocks as a Source of Oxygen; Water in Lunar Materials; Summary of Apollo and Lunar Logistics System Plans.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-CR-88233 , Utilization of Extraterrestrial Resources; Sep 25, 1962 - Sep 26, 1962; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 16
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    Hydroponics or Soilless Culture (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Historically, hydroponics is not a new field; plant physiologists have known and used it for some 100 years. Inevitably, some enthusiasts got carried away.Claims were made of enormous potential yields; skyscraper tops were said to be capable of producing enough food for all of their occupants; and closets, basements, garages, etc. were wishfully converted into fields for hydroponic culture. Numerous publications on the subject appeared during this period. Basic requirements for hydropinc techniques are given along with examples of where soilless culture has been used commercially.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 17
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    Orgueil Meteorite: Organic Nitrogen Contents. (1964)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Purines, amino derivatives of sym-triazine, and substituted guanidines isolated from the Orgueil meteorite were identified by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and other techniques. The presence of large amounts of sym-triazine derivatives is of particular interest, because these compounds have no known biochemical significance.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075) (e-ISSN 1095-9203); 146; 3649; 1291-1293
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  • 18
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    Interpretation of the 3- to 4-Micron Infrared Spectrum of Mars (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Infrared reflection spectra have been recorded for a large number of inorganic and organic samples, including minerals and biological specimens, for the purpose of interpreting the 3- to 4-micron spectrum of Mars. A previous suggestion that the Martian bands indicated the presence of carbohydrates is shown not to be a required conclusion. However, no satisfactory explanation is advanced and the problem remains unresolved.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 19
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    The Lunar Environment (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The NASA lunar exploration program has focused the attention of many scientific and technical groups on such questions as the relative value of lunar experiments, the advantages of manned versus unmanned exploration, and the proper time sequence for the steps to be taken in the exploration program. It is interesting to note that all the approaches to the problem require a definition of the lunar environment at an early stage in the program. The choice of scientific experiments and the design of the required instrumentation is based on our present knowledge of the Moon and on educated guesses as to what data may be obtained. The technical developments required to make possible both a lunar landing and continued operation of scientific equipment on the lunar surface also demand a definition of the lunar environment as a design condition.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JPL Technical Release No. 34-159 , HQ-E-DAA-TN59315
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  • 20
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    Feasibility of Interstellar Travel (1962)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The feasibility of interstellar flight is discussed. Mathematical equations for single-stage and multistage rocket propulsion are developed; velocity data and transit times are presented. The conclusions indicate that interstellar travel is theoretically feasible by utilizing known staged nuclear-energy systems.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JPL-TR-32-233
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  • 21
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    Meteoritics (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-F-100 , NAS 1.77:F-100 , AD-A276988
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  • 22
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    Studies of the Physical Properties of the Moon and Planets (1961)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: RM-3022-JPL
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  • 23
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    Lunar Base Construction (1963)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A brief discussion of the possibility of establishing a permanent manned lunar base is presented. The greatest difficulty in giving credence to results from lunar base studies lies in the fact that very little is known about the physical and chemical properties of the lunar surface. Meaningful studies of lunar bases were undertaken by making a wide-range of assumptions regarding the nature of the lunar surface. Then, by designing a base that is insensitive to surface features over the range of assumed conditions, feasible base designs could be obtained. Various factors affecting the design of the base are discussed.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 24
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    Status of Designs of Lunar Surface Vehicles (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: This report summarizes the activities of the various organizations that have been giving some thought and design effort to producing a lunar surface traversing vehicle. It is a state-of-the-art rather than a technical report. It's purpose is to show where we are in this effort and to survey the trend of the various designers.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 25
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    Exploration of Mars: Proceedings of the American Astronautical Society Symposium on the Exploration of Mars (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Collection of papers on manned Mars missions, individually abstracted and indexed
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: American Astronautical Society Symposium on the Exploration of Mars; Jun 06, 1963 - Jun 07, 1963; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 26
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    Mariner II Deep Space Telecommunications (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Two major telecommunication activities were in process during the Venus encounter of 1962, the largest, activity involved the two-way communications and tracking of the Mariner spacecraft from the DSIF (Deep Space Instrumentation Facility) stations on the earth. The first, and by far the largest activity involved the two-way communications and tracking of the Mariner spacecraft from the DSIF stations on the earth. The DSIF includes stations at Goldstone, California; Woomera, Australia; and Johannesburg, South Africa. The second activity involved an earth-based radar which reflected signals off the planet Venus during the same month that the Mariner spacecraft was traveling toward the planet.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA News Release No. 63-36-5
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  • 27
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    Space Flight Handbooks. Volume 3 - Planetary Flight Handbook (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This Handbook contains a series of maps, graphs, and tables which will be of use to the preliminary design analyst in scheduling round-trip interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus in the time period 1965-1999. It constitutes the third in a series of space flight manuals prepared for the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA. The present Handbook, denoted as Volume 3 of this series, is divided into three Parts. Part 3-1 presents maps for obtaining departure and arrival speeds for trips to these planets, a listing of useful constants, planetary ephemerides, tables of important occurrences, and a number of auxiliary graphs. Although most of the basic calculations were performed for the period 1965 -1980, much of the information is also applicable to the years 1980- 1999, as is explained in the text.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA-SP-35-VOL. 3-PT. 1
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  • 28
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    Lunar Brightness Variations with Phase at 4.3-MM Wave Length (1961)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: The lunar radio observations and interpretations of Piddington and Minnett (1949) and Gibson (1958) show that the lunar brightness variation with phase at millimeter wave lengths can be used to determine the physical properties of the lunar surface. They found that the millimeter-wave brightness lagged the optical phase, and their interpretation was that the millimeter radiation originates below a surface layer that is a very good thermal insulator. The thickness of this layer could not be determined from observations at one frequency. Observations at different frequencies give different results because of the wave-length dependence of the radio absorption by the surface material. The attenuation in the material increases with decreasing wave length, and therefore it is possible, in principle, to determine surface layer thickness from radio observations at several wave lengths. For this reason, observations of lunar radiation were started at the Naval Research Laboratory at a wave length of 4.3 mm. This is half the wave length used by Gibson (1958) in his earlier studies. The radio telescope used for these observations has been described in detail in a previous publication (Coates 1958). The antenna is a parabolic reflector 10 feet in diameter, and it has a beam width of 6.7 minutes of arc at the wave length of 4.3 mm. This is about one-fifth the diameter of the moon. The receiver was a Dicke-type radiometer.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal; 133; 2; 723-725
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  • 29
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    Astronautics Information Translation No. 13: The Earth's Corona (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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