ALBERT

Description: After some brief comments on the measurement of temperature and electrical conductivity in oceanography, the measuring probes suitable for in situ measurements are reviewed. Then the method of measurement is described using an improved model of the so-called bathysonde. This makes possible a continuous recording of temperature, conductivity, and pressure with high accuracy in great depths. Measurements from the Skagerrak and from the Mediterranean are considered. Finally, problems are discussed which arise when evaluating electrical conductivity and temperature from in situ measurements.

Description: Observations of temperature and electrical conductivity by a recording in situ salinometer are discussed in respect oo the physical processes connected with the renewal of North Atlantic deep water. The measured fine structure of the layering suggests that the downward movement of cooled surface water is combined with horizontal mixing down to more than 1000 m depth. This is confirmed by the existence of water elements which have slightly different temperature and salinity. Curves of temperature, conductivity, and salinity and T-S diagrams are shown.

Description: Reviews the major deep-sea expeditions from that of HMS Challenger in 1873 to 1960. Emphasis is on the increasing sophistication of vessels and equipment used, the growth of international cooperation and the proliferation of branches of oceanographic studies. Arctic work by Nansen, Sverdrup, recent Soviet scientists, the Scripps Institution and the Norpac program are mentioned (maps). Vessels used during the period and their activities are tabulated. Two maps show cruises of the Atlantic Polar Front Program Jan-Dec 1958 in the Greenland and Barents Seas

Description: This chapter throws the attention on the methods of sampling the benthos, which has been directed mainly to the operation of the gear at sea and to such other factors as may influence sampling methods. This chapter briefly traces the history of benthos investigations, and then considers how far the instruments now available provide with the quantitative samples. It also shows how advances in other fields, such as radio-position finding, sonar and electronic equipment have increased the precision of our sampling methods. Moreover, sorting and sieving on board ship can be considered and brief mention made of methods of soil analysis and biomass determination. This chapter discusses the two possible approaches for the development of satisfactory quantitative collecting methods. First the improvement of the grab-type of instrument, with particular reference to increasing penetration and the perfection of release gear for the open sea, and second; the development of a wide-core sampler, like the Knudsen sampler, which works satisfactorily in the open sea. Moreover, statistics need to be even more fully applied, where collecting methods justify them, to such problems as the degree and scale of dispersion of individuals.

Description: The larvae of the Japanese commercial octopod, Octopus (Octopus) vulgare CUVIER, were successfully reared from the swimming larvae just after hatching to the benthic young octopus in 33 to 40 days on a diet of the zoea larvae of the shrimp, Palaemon serrifer. The rearing experiments were carried out at the Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries Experimantal Station from June to September, 1962. At a start of experiments 200 individuals of the octopus larvae were kept in a glass vessel containing about 8 litre of sea-water. During the early 20 days period the sea-water of each vessel was aerated and renewed every 3rd or 4th day, and after this period the method was changed for the use of running water. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) From just after hatching, the larvae of the octopus were fed on the larvae of Paleamon of 2 to 4mm body-length. (See table 1) After transforming into benthic stage, they were given a small piece of ovaries, tests and hepatic glands of the crab, Charybdis japoniea. Three or four days after transforming, they were fed on small shripms and young crabs, Gaetice depressus (DE HAAN) of 5 to 7mm carapace-width. It was observed that the young octopus of 30mm total-length ate 4 or 5 young crabs in a day. 2) The survival rate of the octopus larvae was found as low as 9 percent through the free-swimming stage. However, it would be conceivably possible to raise this survival rate much higher if sufficient food supply is secured during the rearing experiments. 3) The growth of the octopus larvae in 90 days after hatching at water temperature 24.7°C (23.0~26.7°C) can be seen in Table 4 and Fig. 1. It was found that the larvae settled on the bottom 33 to 40 days after hatching, when they attained a size ranging 10~15mm in total-length (3.8~5.7mm in body-length). Once the swimming larvae transformed into the benthic young octopus, they bcame nocternal and fed on foods mainly at night. A considerable mortality occured among the young octopus, which was caused by cannibalism and creeping out of the rearing water. 4) The numbers of suckers found on each arm were 3 at the hatching, 5 (4~6) at 10 days, 9 (6~12) at 20 days, 19 (16~22) at 30 days, 24 (21~27) at 40 days and 22~23 when a majority of octopus larvae grew to the benthic stage.

Description: Three textural features seem especially useful in classifying those carbonate rocks that retain their depositional texture (1) Presence or absence of carbonate mud, which differentiates muddy carbonate from grainstone; (2) abundance of grains, which allows muddy carbonates to be subdivided into mudstone, wackestone, and packstone; and (3) presence of signs of binding during deposition, which characterizes boundstone. The distinction between grain-support and mud-support differentiates packstone from wackestone—packstone is full of its particular mixture of grains, wackestone is not. Rocks retaining too little of their depositional texture to be classified are set aside as crystalline carbonates.

Description: Fecal excretion of calcium of endogenous origin has been measured in 52 studies in 33 adult human subjects, under full metabolic balance conditions. Endogenous fecal calcium averaged .130 ± .047 Gm. per day, was positively correlated with both fecal calcium and dietary calcium and was inversely correlated with fractional calcium absorption. The regression line relating endogenous fecal calcium with fractional absorption allowed estimates for total intestinal calcium secretion at both zero and 100 per cent absorption; from these estimates it was calculated that approximately 15 per cent of the total intestinal calcium secretion was nonabsorbable even under conditions when dietary calcium was completely absorbed (presumably because it enters the gut caudad of the absorption sites). Total intestinal calcium secretion, calculated so as to allow for this nonabsorbable fraction, averaged .194 ± .073 Gm. per day, and could not be correlated with age, sex, dietary calcium intake, caloric intake, urine calcium, or plasma calcium. A weak correlation with body size (weight, surface area) was observed. The conditions studied were principally disorders of bone, calcium, and parathyroid metabolism, and in most of them total intestinal calcium secretion appeared identical. The sole exception was seen in two studies on a patient with acromegaly, in which total intestinal calcium secretion was over twice the mean value for the remainder of the group.