ALBERT

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens.\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9cInleiding\xe2\x80\x9d the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora of Suriname\xe2\x80\x9d; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: Penaeopsis Lysianassa (de Man).\nPenaeus Lysianassa J. Gr. de Man, in: Journal Linnean Soc. London, Zoology, XXII, 1888, p. 290, PI. 19, figs. 1\xe2\x80\x9411. 1 young male collected 1892 by Mr. Herbst at Bagan Api Api, Sumatra. 2 young males and 2 young females collected October 1911 by Dr. P.\nBuitendijk in the road of Samarang.\nThe specimens were compared by me with three full-grown cotypes from the Mergui Archipelago, 2 males and 1 female, preserved in my private collection. The examination revealed the remarkable fact, still unknown, that, like in Penaeopsis spinulicauda Stebb. from Durban Bay, the lateral margins of the telson are armed with numerous little spines up to a short distance from the acuminate tip; they seem to be 20\xe2\x80\x9425 in number in the adult species, on the posterior half of the telson, and to increase in length from before backward, the posterior being 1/4 to 1/3 mm. long.\nPenaeopsis intermedia (Kish.) var. anchista n.1) Penaeus intermedius K. Kishinouye, Journal of the Fisheries Bureau, Vol. VIII, N\xc2\xb0. 1, Tokyo, 1900, p. 21. 1 male and 1 female from the Kei-islands, Wertheim Expedition. females from Ternate. 1 very young specimen, collected by Mr. Rutten at Balikpapan, East Borneo. 1 young female from Sangkapoera-roads, Bawean-island, collected by the Siboga Expedition at a depth of 12 m. Bottom mud. (Stat. 323). 1 young male collected July 1915 by Dr. P. Buitendijk at Pulu Weh.

Description: In 1898 a shot-hole borer, identified as X. perforans (Woll.) appeared in an experimental plantation of sugar-cane varieties at Kagok, near Tegal, West Java. Zehntner, the Swiss entomologist on the staff of the Sugar-cane Experimental Station at Kagok, used the opportunity to study the borer extensively in the laboratory as well as in the field. The borer was already notorious at the time by its boring into the bung and staves of wine-casks in Madeira and beercasks in India, which caused leakages \xc2\xb2).\nZehntner published the very important results of his investigations in an extensive paper written for the planters in the Dutch language, in 1900. A summary of this paper on \xe2\x80\x9dDe riet-schorskever\xe2\x80\x9d (the cane bark-borer) was inserted in an annual report for 1900. An excerpt of the paper, quoting some parts verbatim but wanting several of the most interesting biological details, appeared in 1906 in VAN DEVENTER\xe2\x80\x99S volume on \xe2\x80\x9eDe dierlijke vijanden van het suikerriet en hunne parasieten\xe2\x80\x9d (= The enemies of sugar-cane and their parasites).

Description: In dem inhaltreichen Buche \xe2\x80\x9eDer Mensch. Sein Ursprung und seine Entwicklung\xe2\x80\x9d von W. LECHE \xc2\xb9) finden sich die sehr merkw\xc3\xbcrdigen Abbildungen zweier \xe2\x80\x9eSkeletten von nahezu derselben Gr\xc3\xb6sse, das eine von einem zahmen Hund, das andere von einer wilden Hundeart\xe2\x80\x9d, nach der Meinung des Autors \xe2\x80\x9eschlagende Beispiele\xe2\x80\x9d daf\xc3\xbcr \xe2\x80\x9edass auch innerhalb der Tierwelt h\xc3\xb6here Kultur mit gr\xc3\xb6sserer Gehirnmasse und demnach mit gr\xc3\xb6sserer Hirnschale vereinigt ist als im Naturzustande.\xe2\x80\x9d Denn: \xe2\x80\x9eEin Blick auf diese Skelette \xc3\xbcberzeugt uns ohne weiteres davon, dass der Hirnsch\xc3\xa4del und demnach auch das Gehirn bei dem seit Jahrtausenden zum Begleiter des Menschen erhobenen Haushunde eine viel gr\xc3\xb6ssere Ausbildung erhalten hat als bei der auf der Naturstufe stehengebliebenen Hundeart.\xe2\x80\x9d In der zweiten Auflage des Werkes folgt nun noch dieser Passus: \xe2\x80\x9eSelbstverst\xc3\xa4ndlich kann dies nicht von denjenigen Haushunden gelten, deren F\xc3\xa4higkeiten durch die Domestikation herabgesetzt werden, oder \xc3\xbcberhaupt von solchen gez\xc3\xa4hmten Tieren, welche wie viele Hausschweinrassen von der Kultur nichts anderes als die vier W\xc3\xa4nde ihres Stalles kennen lernen.\xe2\x80\x9d

Description: When the editors of this memorial volume invited me to write a contribution, I was glad to have an opportunity to express my regard and esteem for Prof. MAX WEBER whom I have the privilege to reckon amongst my teachers. When I was a student and afterwards, when I examined material, collected by the Siboga-Expedition, which he led with so much success and the results of which are so exquisitely published, I had plenty of occasion to appreciate WEBER as man, professor and investigator.\nMy colleague, Prof. J. POELS, director of the Rijksseruminrichting at Rotterdam, provided me with the material for this investigation: 5 worms (2 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 3 immature \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80), found in nodules of the wall of the intestine of an orang-outan. They proved to belong to Oesophagostomum apiostomum (Willach), a species of which it is not superfluous to give a somewhat detailed description.

Description: Die Untersuchung des Ems-Estuarium mit dem Dollart und dem anschlie\xc3\x9fenden Wattgebiet wurde u.a. vorgenommen, um durch das Sammeln von \xc3\xb6kologischer Kenntnisse, die pal\xc3\xa4o-\xc3\xb6kologischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse derartiger Regionen aus fr\xc3\xbcheren Epochen der Erdgeschichte besser kennen zu lernen. Deshalb haben diese Schlu\xc3\x9ffolgerungen \xc3\xbcber die \xc3\xb6kologischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse einen etwas anderen Akzent, als wenn sie von einem Biologen stammten.\nDie \xc3\x96kologie der Diatomaceae, Mollusca, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Foraminifera und noch einiger anderer wirbelloser Tiere wurde einer n\xc3\xa4heren Untersuchung unterzogen. Absichtlich war die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Mikrofauna und -flora gerichtet, weil wir besonders unsere mikropal\xc3\xa4ontologische Kenntnis vertiefen wollten.

Description: Mr. C. J. VAN DER HORST has done me the honour to entrust to me for study a very interesting collection of ophiurans, 881 specimens in all, made by himself during April and May, 1920, at Caracas Bay and Spanish Water, Cura\xc3\xa7ao.\nConsidering the importance of Willemstad as a sea-port and therefore its accessibility, and the cleanliness and healthfulness of the little city, it is curious that heretofore no extensive collections of ophiurans have ever been made there, and such material as has been sent to European museums has remained unrecorded.

Description: Many zoologists have attempted to solve this problem which is a complicated one. In one respect the views of almost all agree. It is in the belief that the West Indian islands must have undergone profound alterations in configuration during the past. It is thought that at one time they must all have formed a continuous land surface. At another time, as has been suggested, some of them were attached to a neighbouring mainland of which they formed large promontories. At still another period of their history some at any rate of the islands must have been smaller than they are now. Many botanists and geologists agree with these theories, and these views imply that the animals and plants now living on the Antilles have mainly wandered to the islands from the Continent at a time when the latter were connected with one another.\nOne of the strongest arguments in favour of the former land connection of an island with the neighbouring Continent is the occurrence on the island of such mammals as could not have been transported there by human agency. As regards the Antilles, objections have been raised to this argument on account of the paucity of the mammalian fauna on the islands as compared with the wealth of the mammals on the mainland. Within recent years however, these islands have yielded quite a number of fossil types of mammals thus greatly strengthening the opinion that the West Indies owe their fauna to the fact of their having once been joined to the mainland. Nevertheless as some authorities still maintain that the Antilles have never been connected by land with the adjoining Continents \xe2\x80\x94 at any rate not in Tertiary times \xe2\x80\x94 it may be of interest once more to review this most important aspect of the Antillean problem.

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei fr\xc3\xbcheren programmatischen Systementw\xc3\xbcrfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute f\xc3\xbcr angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorz\xc3\xbcge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, da\xc3\x9f phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, w\xc3\xa4hrend die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, \xc3\x9cberfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbst\xc3\xa4ndige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend.\nDie Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschlie\xc3\x9fen, da sie m\xc3\xb6glicherweise nicht zu den Digenea geh\xc3\xb6rt (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: Im Sommer des Jahres 1953, 1954 und 1956 wurden mit dem von dem Ministerium f\xc3\xbcr Wasserbauverwaltung zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestellten Forschungsschiff \xe2\x80\x9eOns Genoegen\xe2\x80\x9c, insgesamt 8 Wochen hydrographische, chemische und biologische Untersuchungen gemacht auf dem Wasser und auf dem Land.\nVon der Nehrungsinsel Rottumeroog bis Papenburg an der Ems wurden 352 Bodenproben und etwa 160 Wasserproben gesammelt. Weiter wurden viele hydrographische Messungen durchgef\xc3\xbchrt.