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  • Articles  (223)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (223)
  • 1960-1964  (223)
  • 1925-1929
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  • Articles  (223)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial degradation of asphaltPresented at the 142nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September, 1962. (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It would appear from these data that indeed asphalt degradation by bacteria does occur and can be rather rapid under laboratory conditions. The types of bacteria capable of degrading asphalt are diverse. The effects of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension on asphalt degradation are important but not always critical. The optimum conditions vary for different organisms. There are differences in the mechanisms of asphalt assimilation and degradation. There is a specificity of action by different bacteria which most likely involves the chemical components of the asphalts and the enzymatic action of the microorganism.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040403
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of cell constituents of Bacillus megaterium in a polymer two-phase system (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of various cell constituents of Bacillus megaterium has been studied in an aqueous two-phase system containing the two polymers dextran and polythylene glycol. The difference in behaviour between cell walls, lipid granules and soluble cell material are such that a considerable fractionation of a suspension of disrupted cells may be obtained after a few counter-current distributions. A mixture of whole cells and protoplasts can also be fractionated in this phase system. If sodium chloride is added to the phase system, vegetative cells and spores can be separated from each other.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040406
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    A ventilated germ-free cabinet for the microbiological laboratory (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a cabinet for the aseptic manipulation of material is described. The interior surfaces of the cabinet are sterilized by swabbing with a germicide. Germ-free conditions are maintained during operation by means of a positive pressure of sterile air. A fan and filter unit attached to the cabinet is used to blow sterile air into the cabinet in sufficient quantity so as to flow out of the hand ports at a velocity of 50 ft./min. In the design, careful consideration was given to the ease of manipulations in the cabinet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050109
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  • 104
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    Enzymatic process for mustard seed to produce oil, meal, and allyl isothiocyanatePresented at the 141st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., March 30, 1962. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of the pungent factor, allyl isothiocyanate, will partly determine whether mustard seed can become a commerical source for oil and meal in the United States. In processing studies at the Northern Laboratory, the mustard glucoside was converted enzymatically and the pungent oil was removed. This process has now been extended to pilot-plant scale by using filtration-extraction equipment at the Southern Laboratory. After desolventization and further steam stripping, the extracted meal had a residual content of 2.9% crude fat and 0.004% allyl isothiocyanate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050106
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Resistance to oxygen transfer in fermentation broths (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of dissolved oxygen in agitated, sparger-aerated aqueous solutions has been investigated by polarographic techniques. The results of the investigations are discussed in relation to earlier studies in bubble distribution in such systems. Liquid-phase mixing is good at agitation intensities well below that necessary to disperse bubbles throughout the liquid.Suspended solids interfere with the transfer of oxygen unless they are freely suspended. Discrete fibers (paper-pulp) are much easier to suspend than molds in either filamentous or pellet forms. Mass-transfer at the cell-liquid interface appears to be unaffected, in both bacterial and mold suspensions, by the intensity of agitation, provided that the organisms are freely suspended.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050110
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemical properties of crystalline N-methylethyloxytetracycline (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 83-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inclusion of ethionine in Streptomyces rimosus fermentation resulted in the production of N-methylethyloxytetracycline. The compound has been isolated, crystallized, and a number of its chemical properties determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050203
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  • 107
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    Evaluation of dead cell fractions in suspensions of Penicillium chrysogenum (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An adsorption colorimetric method is proposed for the determination of the percentage of dead cells in suspensions of Penicillium chrysogenum, based on the observed fact that a linear relation exists between that percentage and the dye concentration at the equilibrium point.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050206
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Pilot-plant process for the isolation of a microbial polysaccharide with a quaternary ammonium compound (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial polysaccharides which have many potential industrial applications are receiving more and more attention. One of the economic obstacles to the commercialization of these polysaccharides has been the cost of isolating them from fermented broth. To reduce this cost a recycling process was developed. The polyanionic polysaccharide synthesized from glucose by the activity of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 is precipitated from the fermented broth with a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC).QAC is removed from the precipitate with methanol leaving the water-soluble polysaccharide. Evaporation of the methanol wash removed the methanol and substantially all the QAC was recovered in the concentrate. This was recycled for subsequent precipitations. Chemical assay and the viscosity of water solutions of the isolated polysaccharide indicate no adverse effects on it from recycled QAC. The cost to make this polysaccharide by the described procedure is estimated to be $1.14/lb. This cost estimate includes land, buildings, raw materials, equipment, labor and supervision, utilities, factory supplies, working capital, and plant overhead.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050205
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  • 109
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    Vitamins (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 82-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060124
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  • 110
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    Separation of cells from fluids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 87-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060202
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  • 111
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    Resistance to oxygen transfer in fermentation broths (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060212
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  • 112
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    Disposable shaker flasks (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A disposable plastic tetrahedron bag is described which is suitable for holding a 50 ml. culture on a shaker table. Bags can be made out of polypropylene or Teflon and they are quite simple and inexpensive. The tetrahedrons make excellent use of the shaker table space and they give a threefold increase in aeration efficiency over Erlenmeyer flasks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050306
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  • 113
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    Kinetic study of the salicylic acid fermentation (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The metabolic pathway of degradation of naphthalene to salicylic acid has been studied by several investigators. The rates of conversion and of cell growth are the basis for the present study. In the early phase of the fermentation, the salicylic acid accumulation followed an exponential curve, as did the bacterial cell accumulation. In the second phase, most of the salicylic acid was produced according to a linear or zero reaction, at rates of 0.3 to 0.5 g./l./hr. A linear accumulation of microbial cell weight accompanied the linear salicylic acid formation. Despite the correlation of growth and salicylic acid production, the type or amount of nitrogen supplied for growth had only a small effect on yield over broad limits. The optimum pH for salicylic acid accumulation was approximately 6.5. Below this value a slower rate of production and lower final yield was seen. Above pH 6.5, a rapid degradation of salicylic acid was observed. A temperature range from 25 to 30°C. was optimum. At 35°C., no growth occurred, while at 20°C. very slow salicylic acid accumulation resulted.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050309
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  • 114
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    Waste stabilization ponds: Use, function, and biota (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stabilization ponds have been widely accepted in recent years, following studies that established deeper understanding of the phenomena associated with the stabilization process. A compilation of information on the use of both sewage and industrial ponds is presented showing types and geographical location in the United States. A total of 1,304 stabilization ponds currently are used as the principal method of sewage treatment serving a population of 2,138,085. Ponds are used for tertiary treatment serving a population of 2,146,951, in 343 instances. Use of 827 industrial ponds by 31 industries in 44 States is also indicated. Indiana ranks first in usage with 159 ponds and Callfornia second with 140. Ponds were classed as effective by 66 percent of the 455 users who reported on this item. Of 149 reports on odors, 73% indicated nuisances. Insect problems were reported in only a small number of instances. Data are presented on design considerations and the mechanism of waste stabilization ponds. Aerobic ponds are given greatest emphasis. Photosynthesis and its dependence upon the algal mass, suitable temperature, incident light penetration, nutrient supply, and induced vertical mixing by wind are of prime importance in the stabilization mechanism. Odors are associated with prolonged anaerobic conditions, and these may persist up to 4 weeks following extended ice cover in cold climates, if BOD loadings are 25 lbs. per acre per day or greater. Nitrogen and carbon may be limiting factors in the development of an algal mass. Coliform, BOD, and nutrient removals are presented for various physical, chemical, and climatic conditions. Although fecal streptococci removal averaged 97% in a study pond, they were still discharged in the effluent at a rate of 700,000 per second in winter and 70,000 per second in summer. A striking similarity exists generally among the algal speciation in stabilization ponds, regardless of geographic location. The algal mass is, however, dependent upon unique pond conditions and location, and may vary upwards to nearly 5 million algal cells per milliliter, 34,000 p.p.m. by volume, or 30-35 tons per acre per year. The problem of blue-green algal mats and resultant pigpen odors in extremely localized areas is duscussed. Midges and midge larvae may have an impact on the nutrient cycle in a stabilization pond, and may pose a potential localized nuisance in some areas. Mosquito problems have usually been associated with growth of aquatic vegetation. Suggestions for minimizing the potential problem are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260050403
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  • 115
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    Product isolation and recovery (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 23-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060111
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  • 116
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    Growth of a yeast of normal alkanesSupported in part by grant AI 02967-05 from the National Institutes of Health. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060305
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  • 117
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    Studies on the purification of vaccinia virusIn conducting the research reported herein, the investigators adhered to “Principles of Laboratory Animal Care,” as established by the National Society for Medical Research. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various methods for the removal of extraneous matter from vaccinia virus suspensions are described and compared. Of ten procedures tested, differential centrifugation and Freon extraction were the most successful. Both the partially purified suspensions and the dried products prepared from them had high virus titers in embryonated eggs and high infectivity for mice. Although both processes resulted in products with the same titers, the differentially centrifuged product was approximately tenfold more purified as shown by the percentage solids of the suspensions before freeze drying.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060307
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  • 118
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060401
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  • 119
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    Oxygen transfer mechanisms in the gluconic acid fermentation by Pseudomonas ovalis (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate to suspended cells of Pseudomonas ovalis was measured in two ways using the same cell suspension. Initially the rate was found by measuring the rate of production of gluconic acid by cells suspended in a nitrogenfree, aerated medium. Then, an oxygen electrode was used to measure the rate of transfer of dissolved oxygen to cells suspended in a liquid that was being agitated but not sparged. These rates were markedly different. It was found that agitation affected the oxygen transfer rates in aerated solutions at dissolved oxygen concentrations well above the critical level, but had no affect on the oxygen uptake rates by cells suspended in an unsparged but agitated medium. The data suggested that an additional path existed for oxygen transfer. This alternate route, parallel to the conventional pathway of oxygen transfer, becomes operative when the liquid films surrounding the cells and bubbles merge. The resulting shorter path presents a mechanism for direct transfer of oxygen which increases in importance as the gas-liquid interfacial area increases.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060309
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  • 120
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    The “Bilthoven unit” for submerged cultivation of microorganisms (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 381-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unit of four fermentors, which is specially designed for batch and continuous cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms in vaccine preparation, is described. Each unit consists of a panel with controls and recorders. The fermentor itself consists of a stainless steel lid, to which a spherical or cylindrical glass vessel is attached. Holding volumes are from 1 to 100 l. (3 and 7 l. being mostly used) and can be obtained by simply exchanging the vessels which have similar flanges.Interchangeability, not only of the glass vessels, but also of the stirrers, pipes, pH electrodes, etc., together with variable control of temperature, stirrer speed, air or gas flow, and pH value gives the unit a maximum of versatility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060403
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  • 121
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    Composting conversion of solid wastes for mushroom growing (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060404
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  • 122
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    Design of a laboratory spray dryer for biological materials (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 473-490 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060409
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  • 123
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    Microbial production of amino acids. I. The synthesis of lysine and threonine by ustilago species (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 23-36 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of a number of Ustilago species, especially Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda., to produce lysine and threonine was investigated. The organisms were grown in shake flasks or in 10-l. fermentors. Lysine and threonine were found to be excreted into the medium both in the free and bound form. The bound amino acids could be released by acid hydrolysis or by enzymes from autolyzed cells. The optimal conditions for the release by autolysis were, in the case of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda., pH 4.3 and 45°C. An enzyme that could liberate lysine from the bound form(s) occurring in the broth was extracted from cells of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. It exhibited an apparent pH optimum near 4.0. The effect of pH and temperature during the growth phase on the yield of lysine and threonine was studied in 10-l. fermentations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040105
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  • 124
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    Microbial production of amino acids. II. The influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and metal ions on growth of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. and on lysine and threonine production (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 37-52 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. to grow and to produce lysine and threonine was investigated in shake flask cultures. Growth and production of lysine and threonine increased markedly when aeration was increased. The optimal ratio of glucose to diammonium phosphate in the medium seemed to be approximately 10:1. Ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, urea, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine were readily used as nitrogen sources. Growth and amino acid production was poor on ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, trimethylamine, and betaine.U. maydis (DC.) Cda. was found to grow on a number of different carbohydrates. Besides D-glucose the organism could utilize D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose, sucrose, maltose, and the polyalcoholes D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, and i-inositol. Pectin, dextrin, and corn starch treated with α-amylase could also be used but not untreated corn starch or lactose, cellobiose, D-sedoheptulose, glycerol, or D-glucosamine. The formation of lysine and threonine was better with disaccharides and hexoses than with pentoses.No specific effects on the formation of lysine and threonine could be observed from changes in the concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, or molybdenum. The requirement of metal ions for growth is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040106
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  • 125
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    Kinetics of 1-dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 65-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models for the kinetics of 1-dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis are considered. A model providing for product inhibition fits experimental data best. Product inhibition was also demonstrated directly.
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    Effect of UV-irradiated nitrogen gas on biological nitrogen fixation in batch cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In batch cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii exposed to air and ultraviolet-irradiated nitrogen, an increases in nitrogen fixation, compared to that of cultures exposed to air and non-irradiated nitrogen, has been noted. This supports the hypothesis that an ionized nitrogen molecule is important for the biological nitrogen fixation.
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    Masthead (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040201
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    Introductory remarks on symposium on fermentation waste disposal (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 127-128 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040202
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    An application of the discrete maximum principle to a stagewise biochemical reactor system (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is a well-known fact that choosing a sequence of optimal control variables in each reactor tank of a multistage reactor system can result in a considerable increase of the desired product for a consecutive reaction system. The discrete maximum principle is applied to a generalized optimization problem of first order consecutive biochemical reaction system. A detailed numerical solution as an example is also presented for illustration.
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060101
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    Strain development and maintenance (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 6-7 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060104
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    Agitation and mass transfer (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 14-17 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060108
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    Amino acids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060113
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    Hydrocarbons (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060117
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    Polymers and lipids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 69-70 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060121
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  • 136
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    Some systems for the biological oxidation of phenol-bearing waste waters (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 275-285 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Phenol-bearing waste waters continue to be an area of wide concern for various industries faced with the task of cleaning up effluents containing relatively small amounts of these materials. The microbiological aspects of the degradation of these materials in pure culture and waste treatment plants is reviewed. Actual operating experiences at three plants of The Dow Chemical Company, where phenols are present in combination with other widely varying waste constituents, are discussed.
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    Studies on the removal of alkyl benzene sulfonate by microorganisms (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 331-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: These experiments show that ABS can be adsorbed and desorbed from microbial cell surfaces. The adsorption equilibria between the free and adsorbed phases are primarily influenced by the pH of the system. The effects of ABS upon the biochemical activities of bacteria depended upon the amount of ABS adsorbed and the type of bacteria present. The behaviour of ABS is essentially the same whether in the presence of pure or mixed bacterial cultures. Two desorption experiments with soil from a reclaimed water spreading basin which has received sewage over a six month period showed that at least 82% of the ABS “loss” was recoverable from the soil. In all the experiments carried out in this study no evidence was obtained for the biochemical degradation of ABS.
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    Criteria for biodegradable syndets (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 347-354 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the emphasis being given to the development of biologically soft detergents, it is necessary to establish eriteria defining biodegradability of these materials. It is the authors' opinion that a biologically soft detergent should have the following characteristics: (1) Under normal operations the material should be 85% removable by activated sludge. (2) Normally high discharges of the detergent should not influence biological activity. (3) The detergent should ultimately degrade to carbon dioxide and water.
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    Biodegradation of anionic and nonionic surfactants under aerobic and anaerobic conditionsPublication authorized by Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 367-384 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because branched-chain alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) is well known to create water pollution problems in surface water and ground water, a study was made on the biodegradation of this surfactant along with other anionic and nonionic surfactants in detergents by water bacteria. Biodegradation was evaluated by the conventional river die-away test employing the methylene-blue method or surface-tension techniques as analytical tools. Under anaerobic conditions, sugar detergents (sucrose esters) seem to be an ultimate solution to water problems created by branched-chain ABS; in aerated water, straight-chain ABS, sulfo tallow methyl esters, and nonionic surfactants are preferable to branched-chain ABS to improve water problems.
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    An application of the discrete maximum principle to a stagewise biochemical reactor system (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060213
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    Automatic control of dissolved oxygen levels in fermentations (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 345-356 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dissolved oxygen levels in fermentation systems are affected by (a) gas flow rate, (b) degree of agitation, and (c) oxygen partial pressure in the gas. Since the first two variables cannot easily be separated, a method for dissolved oxygen control has been devised based on the variation of oxygen partial pressure in the gas. Oxygen and nitrogen are fed to a special mixing valve capable of varying the proportions of the two gases while keeping the total flow rate constant. A dissolved oxygen electrode and control system adjust the valve setting to automatically maintain a preset oxygen level. Oxygen analyzers, monitoring the inlet and outlet gas streams, provide additional information from which oxygen absorption and uptake rates may be determined. The system provides a means for the quantitative and independent study of aeration and agitation effects. In addition, it offers a basis for routine control of oxygen levels in plant fermentation equipment.
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    The effect of antimetabolities on the biosynthesis of tetracyclinesPresented at the meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September, 1962. (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 391-402 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Economic definition of continuous fermentation goals (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cost analysis of the continuous fermentation of penicillin G shows that materials cost and product yields are more significant than throughput rate. Number of fermentation stages, productivity, and the implications for research and development are discussed.
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    Clinical-size dextran by direct fermentation (with NRRL B-1351 Streptococcus sp.)This study was supported in part by grant 4395 from the Surgeon General's Office, U.S. Department of Defence. The views or conclusions contained in this paper are not to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views or endorsement of the Department of Defence. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 381-399 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dextran, a polymer of glucose, has been widely used as a blood-plasma volume expander. In whole culture fermentations most dextran-producing organisms elaborate dextrans that have molecular weights of many millions and must be depolymerized and fractionated to obtain a product suitable for clinical use. An exception however is Streptococcus sp. (Strain DS-50) NRRL B-1351. In the work described here, this organism is used to produce clinical-size dextran in high yields, both on a laboratory- and a pilot-plant scale. With this process, fractionation is required but depolymerization is not. Fermentations of media containing 15 per cent sucrose are complete in less than 48 hours with 0·2 per cent inoculum. Yields of native dextran and clinical-size dextran by methanol precipitation are 68 and 43 per cent of the theory, respectively. The structurally heterogeneous dextran formed by NRRL B-1351 has a higher viscosity for a given molecular weight than does NRRL B-512 dextran. The viscosity-molecular weight relationship for the former may be expressed by the equation [η] = 6·51 × 10-4Mw0·554. The high-molecular weight fraction had approximately 75 per cent of 1,6-like linkages, as compared with 87 per cent for the clinical fraction. All fractions had a lower ratio of 1,6 to non-1,6 linkages than did NRRL B-512 dextrans.
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    Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice - III. Effect of hot soaking and mechanical drying on the nutritive value of parboiled rice (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 447-451 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hot soaking of paddy in the parboiling process does not significantly affect the digestibility of rice compared to ‘raw’ rice. Mechanically dried parboiled rice appears to be slightly more digestible in vitro than sun-dried parboiled rice. It is also significantly superior in thiamine value.
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    Control of stock culture preservation and inoculum build-up in bacterial fermentation (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 481-500 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Control of product quality throughout repeated fermentations depends upon maintenance of genetic uniformity from the time of strain selection until the product is harvested. Genetic control, therefore, must be maintained for stock cultures, and during inoculum preparation and growth to produce the product. Theoretical and applied aspects of a procedure that will accomplish this control are discussed. A specific procedure adaptable to situations in which a ‘seed’ is repeatedly increased to produce a larger quantity of a final material is described. The procedure was tested by comparing the product of three bacterial species grown by a standard or usual vs. recommended or experimental procedure comparing product quality and uniformity. Use of the recommended procedure resulted in the high production of a uniform product based on the maintenance of the colony type of Bacillus anthracis, colony colour and type of Serratia marcescens, and uniformity and amount of toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type A.
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    Production of polysaccharide with Xanthomonas campestris (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 51-63 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Industrially important polysaccharides are now primarily obtained from plant sources. One exception is the exocellular bacterial polysaccharide, dextran. A survey at the Northern Laboratory revealed that many other microbial polysaccharides could be synthesized by the action of micro-organisms on starch-derived saccharides. Previous publications from this laboratory describe the production of the microbial polymer, phosphomannan, synthesized by the yeast Hansenula holstii. This paper describes the production of another polysaccharide, synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.Fermentation of media containing 3 per cent dextrose, seeded with 5 per cent inoculum of X. campestris NRRL B-1459 and cultured aerobically at 28°C, is complete in 96 h. A light tan polymer is recovered in yields of 50 per cent, based on commercial dextrose, from the viscous fermentation broth by precipitation with methanol in the presence of an electrolyte. The viscosities of aqueous re-solutions containing 1 and 2 per cent of the polymer were 3,000 cP and 11,000 cP respectively.
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    Ion-exchange chromatography of the streptomycin complex (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 79-85 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various studies have revealed the presence of several maltolproducing compounds in streptomycin preparations. These previous studies have utilized the techniques of counter-current distribution, column chromatography, paper chromatography, and electrophoresis. A system of cation-exchange chromatography has been reported which separates, at least partially, six components of the streptomycin complex. This technique involves the use of a gradient elution procedure.In addition to five maltol-producing compounds, another member of the complex is reported. The possible significance of such a compound is discussed.
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    Percentage estimation of denitrifying bacteria (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 115-117 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Masthead (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961) 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030401
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    The chemical sterilization of liquid media with beta-propiolactone and ethylene oxidePresented at the 138th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York, September 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 311-323 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effectiveness of beta-propiolactone (BPL) and ethylene oxides as sterilants for liquid microbiological media was studied. Preliminary tests against heavy suspensions of B. coagulans in various media confirmed the sterilizing levels found by earlier investigators. In actinomycin fermentation tests, both compounds were found to sterilize effectively at concentrations up to 0·5 per cent without significant effects on the growth-promoting qualities of the medium. At the concentrations required to sterilize large numbers of spores (0·5-1·0 per cent), however, both agents exhibit inhibitory effects on the fermentation. In these cases BPL is less damaging than ethylene oxide.
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    Dihydroxyacetone: Production and usesPresented at the 140th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1961. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on numerous reports in the literature, it appeared that the commerical production of dihydroxyacetone by microbial fermentation was not feasible due to the comparatively long duration of fermentation and the low total yield that could be obtained per fermentor. A new study has indicated that by adjusting environmental conditions and by modifying mash ingredients, commerical production of dihyroxyacetone via microbial oxidation of glycerol is practicable. The effect of these variables on the rate and extent of dihydroxyacetone production is discussed. The commerical and pharmaceutical uses of dihydroxyacetone and its derivatives is presented.
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    Small-scale studies of microbiological oxidation of hydrocarbons to long-chain fatty acids (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 219-233 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several strains of Pseudomonas, Nocardia and incompletely identified soil isolates have been grown in a mineral salts plus hydrocarbon medium, and the fatty acids produced by the organisms have been isolated, identified and estimated. The results of an estimation of the percentage conversion to these acids under varying experimental conditions is discussed in relation to the metabolic systems involved. Some indication has been obtained that the hydrocarbon breakdown pathway by these organisms is that of ω oxidation followed by β oxidation. Preliminary experiments carried out with one strain of organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5940, indicate that there may be some difference in the utilization of odd- and even-chain hydrocarbons by this organism. An improvement of 3 ·8-fold was obtained by using nitrate instead of ammonium nitrogen; 13-fold by using continuous instead of batch operation; and 8-fold by the use of liquid instead of solid paraffins, giving a total improvement of yield of 400-fold.
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    Adsorption method for measuring the specific and average areas of cells (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method for measuring the specific area (area/mass) of micro-organisms and the average area of cells, based on the adsorption of dyes.
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    Redox potential changes in the 2-keto-L-gulonic acid fermentation - I. Correlation between redox potential and dissolved-oxygen concentrationData presented in this paper were taken from a thesis, submitted in June, 1961, to St. John's University, New York, as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 241-253 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The redox potential changes in the oxidative fermentation of L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid were investigated, using a mutant strain of Pseudomonas. The growth medium contained sorbose as the sole carbohydrate source. It was found that the redox potential curve of the fermenting system indicated qualitatively the existing oxygen demand of the culture. Increasing aeration rates led to higher oxygen demand and lower redox potentials. A comparison of the redox potential curves revealed that although the amount of dissolved oxygen directly affected the respiration of the culture, it did not necessarily mean respiratory insufficiency. The redox potential difference between the aerated and the deoxygenated (nitrogen flushed) fermentation broth was found to be linearly proportional to the logarithm of the dissolved-oxygen concentration. This observation served as the basis of a new quantitative method of dissolved-oxygen measurement, for which the name differential redoxymetry was proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030304
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    Inhibition of microbiological breakdown of Δ1,4-androstadienedione with cyclic compounds (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030309
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    Production and isolation of the antibiotic, oligomycin (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 31-48 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of oligomycin has been studied in fermentations ranging from 100 ml in shaken flasks to 1000 gal in agitated and aerated tanks. The yields ranged from nothing to 3675 μ;g per ml. The main factor favouring the production of oligomycin was a medium giving good growth and supplying an abundance of slowly utilized energy. Media meeting these requirements contained yeast extract and/or molasses for growth and lard oil for energy. Glycerol, glucose or starch as the main source of carbon gave poor results. A pH close to 7 favoured oligomycin production. Considerable organic nitrogen was synthesized and excreted by the mycelium during oligomycin production.Under suitable conditions practically all of the oligomycin remained in the mycelium. Extraction of the mycelium with acetone, concentration of the extract, removal of oily material with a low-boiling hydrocarbon, decolourization and final crystallization from methanol or ethanol were the main steps in the recovery process. From pilot plant and tank fermentations about 4500 g of crystalline oligomycin have been prepared.Three oligomycins, A, B and C were found by paper chromatography in even well-crystallized oligomycin. In different lots the proportions varied from 10-75 per cent A, 4-90 per cent B and 0-36 per cent C. High yields and high percentages of A and C were obtained on the neutral, lard-oil medium. Low yields and high proportions of B were given by the glycerol, low-pH medium.
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    Glycerol production: A pilot-plant investigation for continuous fermentation and recoveryPresented at the American Chemical Society meeting in Atlantic City, N.J. September 1959.This report is based on work supported by U.S. Army Ordnance under Ordnance Project No. TA1-3601. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 9-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot plant was built to evaluate the economic potentialities of producing glycerol from sugar by the bisulphite fermentation process. The design of this small unit was based on information collected from bench-scale studies of the fermentation and recovery processes taking advantage of new separation techniques.A beer containing 5 per cent of glycerol is produced in a continuous fermentation in which the free bisulphite level is automatically controlled. The effluent from the fermentor is centrifuged, and the yeast is returned to the fermentation. The dilute clarified beer is acidified; sulphur dioxide, acetaldehyde, and alcohol are removed; and the stripped solution is neutralized and concentrated until it contains 45 per cent of glycerol. This concentrated glycerol stock is purified by using a combination of ion-exclusion and ion-exchange.Good fermentation control results in a beer that has a low solids-to-glycerol ratio, low organic acid content, and low residual sugar. The method of glycerol purification results in a high glycerol recovery, since no distillation of glycerol is involved. The sulphur dioxide removed from the beer is recycled through the fermentation so that the chief raw materials used in the process are sugar, sulphuric acid, and sodium carbonate. The yields of products based on sugar charged are: glycerol, 25 per cent; alcohol, 17 per cent; and acetaldehyde, 11 per cent.The economic success of the process depends to a large extent upon the price of sugar. Under present conditions it is felt that the process is competitive.
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    The disintegration of micro-organisms by shaking with glass beads (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 49-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new vibrator, commercially available as the Sonomec Wave-Pulse Generator, is described, in which micro-organisms may be disrupted by shaking with glass beads. The amplitude and frequency of vibration of the shaker may be varied independently by suitable linkages incorporated in the mechanism. A study has been made of the effect of several variables, particularly the height of the liquid column in the vibrating container, on the rate of disruption. A relation is shown to exist between the acoustic heating produced in the container by the passage of sound waves through the liquid and the rate of disruption of baker's yeast. It is considered that at most depths of the liquid column, the action is similar to that of other shakers, but at a certain depth of liquid, additional forces arise which greatly increase the rapidity of disruption. How these forces act is not known. Factors affecting the rate of disruption of baker's yeast, Corynebacterium xerosis and Bacillus megatherium have been studied and a comparison has been made of the fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of the cell dispersion and compared with similar preparations from the Hughes press.
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    Theoretical aspects of sterilization of tissue culture medium by depth filtration (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 93-112 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to possible application to sterilization by filtration. Of the different devices tested, Seitz asbestos sheets, acid-treated to remove toxic materials, offered most advantages for routine use and scale-up potential. The standard law of Hermans and Bredée best expressed mathematically, the filtration of tissue culture media sterilized by Seitz No. 6 laboratory filters. Data are presented showing the correlation between the performance of the Seitz No. 6 filter, and the Seitz No. 200 plate and frame press (involving a scale-up ratio of up to 400 to 1). An expression: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${{t = 3 \cdot 25 \Delta P^{ - 0 \cdot 627}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{t = 3 \cdot 25\Delta P^{ - 0 \cdot 627} } {{{(A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(A} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{(A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(A} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001{\rm }\Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_f + 0 \cdot 001 \Delta P - 0 \cdot 036)}}}} $$\end{document} derived from experimental data obtained, expressing time in terms of pressure, surface area, and volume of filtrate, enabled prediction of filtration parameters with accuracy acceptable for engineering purposes for unclarified media, and greatly improved for media which had been initially clarified.The influence of streaming potential is discussed with regard to its influence on the course of a filtration.
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    Continuous centrifugation in virus processing (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 71-80 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ambler's Q/Σ relationship between the throughput of a centrifuge and its mechanical characteristics has been translated from batch data in order to predict operating conditions for continuous centrifugation in virus processing. A Sharples Laboratory Supercentrifuge was converted from batch to continuous operation and a slurry feed device was developed. A correlation between operating conditions for continuous centrifugation and amount of test virus recovered from the feed showed that the Q/Σ values at which high concentrations of the virus were recovered were almost identical to the Q/Σ values for significant virus recovery in batch centrifugation. Titration and gravimetric determinations of the sediments recovered from continuous centrifugation operations indicate that product purity might be influenced by operating conditions.
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020201
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    Equipment for the resuspension or redissolving of precipitates in continuous-flow centrifuges (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for resuspending or redissolving protein precipitates separated in a continuous-flow centrifuge without first removing them from the centrifuge bowl. All the components can be sterilised by autoclaving. The equipment has been used successfully in selected stages of a process for the preparation of human plasma fractions.
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    Oxygen transfer in fermentation systems - I. Use of gluconic acid fermentation for determination of instantaneous oxygen transfer ratesPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 129-142 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer has been studied in the Pseudomonas ovalis fermentation that quantitatively converts glucose into gluconic acid. The rate of oxygen uptake by this system was correlated with aeration rates and agitator speeds over wide ranges of these variables, by the introduction of a liquid expansion term. The technique described provides a biological method for studying oxygen transfer in the P. ovalis system; its general principles can be applied to other fermentations.
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    An attempt to determine discriminate use of hydrogen isotopes by bacteria (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 25-29 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenase system of Hydrogenomonas facilis could be induced by either hydrogen or deuterium and the rate of deuterium uptake by the induced cells was the same as that of hydrogen.An attempt has been made to detect discriminate use of hydrogen and deuterium by bacteria. No discrimination could be detected during hydrogenation of methylene blue by Escherichia coli, under the experimental conditions.
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    Effect of antifoam agents on oxygen transfer in deep tank fermentationsIssued as N.R.C. No. 5607 (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Development of a foam breaker which operates on the principle of rapid acceleration of foam through a nozzle has allowed large-scale aerobic fermentations to be run without addition of antifoam agents. Fermentations have been investigated over a wide range of aeration levels in which oxygen supplied to the organisms was the limiting growth factor.With Torulopsis utilis grown in a 5 per cent molasses medium. oxygen utilization followed an exponential pattern during the early phase of growth, with carbon dioxide production equal to the consumption of oxygen. At the point where oxygen supply to the organism became limiting, anaerobic fermentation began, and the consumption of oxygen remained constant. The level of oxygen absorption beyond which the respiratory quotient exceeded unity was used as a measure of limiting oxygen supply.Addition of three types of antifoam compounds to T. utilis fermentations resulted in a marked depression of oxygen consumption, and a decrease in cell production. Incremental addition of small quantities of antifoam to maintain a constant foam level in the fermentor depressed the oxygen absorption rate to a lesser extent. Sulphite oxidation rates did not reflect the true value of oxygen absorption rates found for fermentations without addition of antifoam.
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    Handling of antifoam oils for fermentationsPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 143-155 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Control of foams by oil additions is of large economic importance to the fermentation industry. Excessive foaming causes loss of material and contamination, while excessive oil additions may decrease the product formation. Antifoam oils may be synthetic, such as silicones or polyglycols, or natural, such as lard oil or soybean oil. Either will substantially change the physical structure of foam, principally by reducing surface elasticity.Industrial antifoam systems usually operate automatically from level-sensing devices. Methods for metering of oil under aseptic conditions are: timed delivery through a solenoid, two solenoids with an expansion chamber between, a motor-driven hypodermic syringe, and certain industrial pumps.Distribution devices can improve efficiency over straight-pipe entry. Types described are spray distribution, diverter bars, and wick devices.
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    Rheological examination of some fermentation brothsPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 165-175 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The broths of four important industrial fermentations, namely nystatin, penicillin, and streptomycin fermentations, and a fermentation used for steroid hydroxylation, were examined rheologically. Considerable variation in rheological properties was demonstrated among these fermentations as well as throughout the course of the nystatin and streptomycin fermentations. These latter fermentations, employing Streptomyces strains, were mostly Newtonian in behaviour. Departures from this behaviour twice in the streptomycin fermentation resulted in plastic characteristics. The other two fermentations employing moulds were found to be markedly non-Newtonian, either plastic or pseudo-plastic in their behaviour.Rheological properties of most fermentation broths change appreciably during the course of fermentation. These properties influence the nature of the fluid regime in fermentors and, as a consequence, are important factors when considering mass and heat transfer. Therefore, a knowledge of the rheological behaviour of fermentation broths is an important prerequisite for an intelligent understanding of these transport processes. This paper briefly reviews some of the mathematical flow models used to characterize fluids and reports the rheological examination and analysis of several industrially important fermentation broths containing filamentous micro-organisms.
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    Surface culture in the mass growth of bacteriaPresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 177-186 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing bacteria in quantity on solid media in closed vessels. Five techniques were investigated in the laboratory, including growth on agar, growth on packing in beds, growth on solids in a fluidized bed, growth in foamed medium, and growth on semipermeable membranes. Data obtained from the laboratory experiments were used to scale up these techniques on paper and compare the projected plants with a conventional submerged fermentation production. All the techniques compared unfavourably with submerged culture on the basis of plant and operating costs, operating complexity, equipment complexity, and safety. One technique of surface culture, growth on semipermeable membranes, appears to offer a decided advantage over submerged culture, in that the cell product can be recovered directly as a paste. Further work on this technique is recommended.
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    Population dynamics in suspension cultures of an animal cell strainThis work was supported by grants C2539 and C3720, National Cancer Institute, by Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan and by grant 383 Rackham Funds, The University of Michigan. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 253-265 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A composite of several studies by the authors is presented in an attempt to illustrate the use of the suspension culture method to analyze population dynamics of an animal cell strain. On the basis of these studies the nature of the lag and plateau phases is discussed. More extensive discussions of the various studies in relation to the work of others appear elsewhere.
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    Mass algal culture in space operations (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 299-311 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system is described which uses photosynthesis to regenerate oxygen from exhaled carbon dioxide in sealed cabins in the absence of gravity. Design considerations as to choice of algal strain, illumination, nutrients and gas-exchange methods are discussed. Details are given of such an apparatus, of laboratory size, used to evaluate selected semipermeable gas-exchange membranes. Data is presented and extrapolated to estimate size and weight of a possible manned space system.
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    Studies on large-scale methods for propagation of animal cellsPresented to the Fermentation Subdivision Meeting of the American Chemical Society, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 13-18, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new strain of cells, designated as PD-MEK-I, and derived from the kidneys of a rhesus monkey embryo, has been isolated and utilized as a prototype for mass propagation in suspended cell cultures, using techniques similar to those developed for antiobiotic fermentations. The use of the large-volume units for cultivation of tissue cells has been applied. These units are useful for preparing masses of cells for studies of cellular antigens, virus assays, antitumour cytotoxicity studies, and other biologically active materials, as well as seed for continuing cultures. In addition, other methods of roller bottle cultures, shaker flask cultures, spinner cultures, and disposable 1-litre prescription bottles, have been modified so that over 35 different human and animal cell lines are being maintained in continuous culture. Any one of these procedures may be modified for preparing and handling large numbers of replicate cultures as well as for maintaining stock seed cultures. The characteristics of growth of cells utilizing these methods are similar to those encountered in microbial populations and the principles of antibiotic fermentation have been applied appropriately.
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    Process report: Large-scale production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 327-338 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot plant is described for the mass cultivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus, in vitro, on calf kidney cell monolayers. The pilot plant produces up to 400 litres of virus per week; it can be enlarged with ease to a sufficient capacity to meet any requirements.
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    Submerged growth of cells of higher plantsPresented at the Symposium on ‘Mass Propagation of Cells’, sponsored by the Fermentation Subdivision, Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 136th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 15, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 287-297 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The submerged propagation of plant tissue and cell cultures has now reached the stage where mass amounts of material can be produced. In discussing these advances, various aspects of the technology involved are discussed: the methods of isolation and establishment of cultures, the media used for culture and their effects on growth, the systems used for growth and a comparison of their effectiveness.Biochemical differences are shown between cultures grown under in vitro conditions and the organ from which they were derived. These differences are found among amino acids, organic acids, nucleic acids, and sugars. The potential use of the tissue culture approach for the study of the biosynthesis of ‘secondary compounds’ such as alkaloids and steroids is discussed.
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020401
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    Studies on the fermentative production of L-isoleucinePresented at the 1st Symposium on Amino Acid Fermentation, Kyoto, November 4, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several strains of Pseudomonas were selected by the screening test for organisms which are capable of producing L-isoleucine.With these selected bacteria, various cultural conditions suitable for the production and accumulation of L-isoleucine were investigated. As a result, 12-14 mg/ml of L-isoleucine was formed by shake culture in a medium containing α-aminobutyric acid, glucose, cornsteep liquor, urea and inorganic salts.
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    Mass propagation of algae for photosynthetic gas exchange (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 339-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Engineering data on the design and operation of algal culture systems for photosynthetic gas exchange are virtually non-existent. The authors have conducted intermediate and definitive level engineering studies to characterize algal systems - with a view to extrapolating to larger-scale systems for life support in closed spaces.Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and dilution rate were the principal parameters used to control the photosynthetic rate and, consequently, oxygen production. Carbon dioxide absorption rate, equilibrium density, and cellular growth rate were also investigated.It was found that: (1) properly jacketed high intensity, incandescent lamps provided a suitable light source for growing algae; and (2) physiologically safe (0·5 per cent) concentrations of carbon dioxide produced growth comparable to that obtained at higher concentrations.A dilution rate of nearly 0·1 volume change per hour produced the best oxygen yield (2·41 × 10-3 lb/h) for the definitive system. Maximum cell doubling time was 5·1 h. The highest culture density attained was 5·9 mm3/ml, and the maximum dry weight algae yield was 3·0 × 10-3 lb/h.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020309
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    Sewage sludge conditioning with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous research has shown that a reduction in pH of digested sewage sludge considerably improves its filtration characteristics. Experiments with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (thiobacilli) have shown that under aerobic conditions with a supply of elemental sulphur the pH can be reduced by microbial sulphuric acid synthesis. A semi-continuous process of sludge conditioning by this method was evolved, which would continue if the pH did not rise above pH 7 and if sufficient sulphur was supplied. Attempts to substitute sodium thiosulphate, or sulphide-rich sludge, for elemental sulphur were unsuccessful. A note is appended on a method of enumerating the thiobacilli.
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020101
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    Combined irradiation-heat processing of canned foods: Green peas inoculated with anaerobic bacterial spores (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined irradiation-heat processing is shown to be syner-gistic for killing anaerobic bacterial spores inoculated into canned green peas. Following 1·2 megarad of gamma irradiation an F0 of 0·5 sterilized green peas inoculated with either 5,000,000 Clostridium botulinum 213 B or 300 PA 3679 spores per can. This processing schedule must be considered a minimum since it is based on a limited number of cans. Because sterilization by either irradiation or heat alone can damage the organoleptic properties of canned foods, the lowered schedules possible with combined processing may prove to be of value for preserving vegetables as well as meats.
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    Disruption of frozen bacteria as a consequence of changes in the crystal structure of iceThe research reported in this paper was supported by a grant from the Wallenberg Foundation. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that at -25°C alterations in the crystal structure of ice caused by repeated pressure changes in the regions of 2000 and 3500 kg/cm2 are accompanied by a disruption of E. coli cells suspended in the ice.
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    Electronic computer solution for the MPN equation used in the determination of bacterial populations (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The utility and the practical precision of the Most Probable Number method for determining bacterial populations is currently restricted by a lack of adequate tables of solved examples or alternatively by an easy and quick solution to individual problems. Where an electronic computer is available, these restrictions need not apply. A computer programme and example solution for tabulated data and individual problems are presented in this paper.
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  • 183
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    Polarographic measurement of oxygen supply and demand during aerobic propagation of a bacterial culturePresented at the Fermentation Subdivision Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, September 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sampling method of polarographic analysis for dissolved oxygen in culture medium is unaffected by the presence of viable micro-organisms. This method allows measurement of peak oxygen demand, critical oxygen concentration, and oxygen supply during actual mass propagation of an aerobic culture. Fermentation operating conditions may be adjusted to supply the oxygen required by the aerobic culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020210
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    Continuous culture experiments with saccharomyces rouxiiPresented at the American Chemical Society meeting in Atlantic City, N.J. September, 1959.Issued as N.R.C. No. 5690. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 227-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces rouxii, an osmophilic yeast that produces glycerol and arabitol, was investigated using chemically defined media in continuous culture. Total polyol production increased with increasing aeration and growth rate. At very low aeration levels ethanol was produced but as aeration levels were increased ethanol could not be detected, formation of d-arabitol remained constant and formation of glycerol increased.In fully aerobic cultures with a replacement time of twelve hours, nitrogen-limited growth resulted in accumulation of glycerol in the medium. In glucose-limited growth glycerol tended to decrease. It was probably metabolized as a secondary carbon source. The optimum temperature for polyol production was 30°C while that for cell growth was 27°C.
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    Masthead (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020301
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  • 186
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    A conductance bridge method for the amperometric estimation of low oxygen tension (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen tension in aqueous media of the order of 10-6 to 10-9 molar is measured amperometrically by means of a stationary inert metal electrode. The electrolytic cell is connected into a high resistance bridge circuit, which is energized from a low resistance d.c. source of voltage adjusted to give a potential difference across the cell corresponding to a position on the diffusion current plateau of the first oxygen wave. This cell potential is monitored by means of a vacuum tube millivoltmeter and maintained constant. A vacuum tube millivoltmeter measures the bridge output. The bridge is initially balanced with the medium deoxygenated; subsequent introduction of low concentrations of oxygen dissolved in the medium unbalance the bridge. Either the resulting bridge output voltage, as read on the millivoltmeter, or the resistance change in the bridge arm opposite the cell, is related to the oxygen tension by means of a previous calibration. Both quantities are directly proportional to oxygen concentration, at least over limited ranges of such concentration changes. The method is also applicable to the estimation of other substances which can be discharged under amperometric conditions at a stationary electrode.
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    The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage effluents through the use of algal culturePresented before the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1959.This research has been supported by a National Institute of Health Research Grant. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is designed to establish fundamental data which will permit the eventual application of algal culture to the removal of nutrients from sewage plant effluents. A test cell is described which gives reproducible data when environmental parameters are varied. The effect of changes in temperature, light intensity and culture density as reflected in the growth rate, are shown, and the influence of these parameters on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus under the test conditions indicated. The importance of an adequate carbon source and proper pH control is demonstrated. The organisms used were Scenedesmus and Chlorella in mixed or unialgal cultures.
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    Developments in the production of mushroom mycelium in submerged liquid culture (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process for the production of mushroom mycelium for food purposes has great potentiality. It would offer a simple, mechanized, inexpensive method for producing a nutritious food. Mushroom mycelium can be cultivated in submerged liquid culture on simple carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds with mineral salts. Yields are high and no special production problems are involved. Those species reported to have flavour are Agaricus campestris, Morchella crassipes, Lepiota rachodes, and Coprinus comatus. The mycelial growth is usually either in ball form or dispersed. The dispersed form, characterized by fine mycelium and secondary spores, may be a physiological mutation which gives greater yield but less flavour. Mycelium grown on solid media is said to have greater flavour than mycelium grown in submerged culture. Several methods for enhancing the flavour of the mycelium have been investigated. The taste of the mycelium has been variously reported from flavourless to equivalent or even preferable to that of the fruiting bodies. The fact remains, however, that it is only the problem of taste that has kept the process from commercial exploitation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020302
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    Studies and observations on the growth of mammalian cells in agitated fluid medium (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fourteen mammalian cell strains were studied in the ‘stirrer culture’. Fair to excellent growth was obtained with twelve of these strains while two strains failed to show evidence of proliferation. Growth curves, maximal population densities, and recovery following subculture of various cell strains, cultivated in this system, were described. Factors effecting the growth of cells under these conditions were outlined. Growth of cells in methods other than the ‘stirrer culture’ were reported. The practical importance of fluid suspension culture of mammalian cells, the potentialities and the problems involved in scaling such cultures to industrial size were discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Analytical control of the biological oxidation in the production of Δ1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rapid method for the assay of Δ1,4-androstadiene-3, 17-dione has been worked out for use in the control of its production by biological oxidation. The method consists of a single selective extraction step, a specific colour reaction and a photometric measurement. Based upon the analyses of samples taken at frequent intervals, the oxidative process can be stopped at its optimum production level. Thus insufficient transformation and over-oxidation can both be avoided. The time needed for one analysis is 20 minutes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020404
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  • 191
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    Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice - II. Dehydration (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2 (1960), S. 439-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compact dryer for the parboiling of paddy has been described. The use of steam tubes along the circumference of the shell has made high drying rates possible. The rate of water removal is dependent on steam pressure in the tubes. Blowing of pre-heated air through the dryer shell is necessary. The optimum drying conditions for parboiled paddy as observed in the experimental rotary dryer are: (a) the steam pressure in the tubes should be about 45 lb/in2 gauge; (b) the feed rate should be 150 lb/h, approximately; (c) the rotation should be about 5 rev/min; (d) the inclination of the shell should be nearly 2° to the horizontal and (e) air at a rate of 100 ft3/min should be blown parallel to the feed, pre-heated to a temperature of 90°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390020407
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    Mathematical models for the product accumulation in microbiolgical processes (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 95-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A production model consisting of one or more exponential decay functions is proposed to represent the rate of accumulation of a product per unit weight of cell. This, together with a cell age distribution function, is used to describe the product accumulation in a fermentation process.This postulate offers a unified concept applicable to both batch and continuous processes as well as problems arising from environmental changes. The idea is compatible with the current understanding of microbial physiology. It offers an interpretation for the controversy over cell-product ratios observed in some batch and continuous fermentations when treated as conventional chemical reaction. The proposed postulate fits reasonably well with the lysine and lactic acid processes.
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    Masthead (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030201
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    Masthead (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030101
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    Cation exchangers on a sugar-beet pulp base. Application for decontaminating radioactive waste water (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 7-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cation exchanger suitable for decontaminating low and medium radioactive waste water was sought. Regeneration being considered undesirable, the exchange material had to be cheap and readily obtainable. Sugar-beet pulp, a weakly acidic cation exchanger, satisfies these conditions. Its capacity is about 0·62 mg eq. per gram of dry matter. In order to study the selectivity of the sugar-beet pulp exchanger, the equilibrium curve of the reaction was determined.This curve was found to have the shape of the hyperbola proposed by Waterman and Weber for the characterization of the course of simultaneous reactions. Sugar-beet pulp adsorbs the salts of the alkaline earth metals selectively in the presence of both Na+ and La+++. Sugar-beet pulp was used to decontaminate a solution containing 140BaCl2 and 140LaCl3 and having an activity of about 10-2 μc/ml. The results were satisfactory.By treating sugar-beet pulp with formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid, the amount of water bound to the pulp is very much decreased. By this treatment a cation exchanger is produced having a capacity per unit volume about six times greater than that of sugar-beet pulp. The capacity of this exchanger is about 0·5 mg eq. per gram of dry matter. The selective behaviour of sugar-beet pulp treated with formaldehyde is similar to that of unmodified sugar-beet pulp.By treating sugar-beet pulp with formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid, a cation exchanger with very good mechanical and filtration properties is obtained. This exchanger has a capacity of about 1·3 mg eq. per gram of dry matter.It seems possible to employ the cation exchangers obtained by treatment of sugar-beet pulp with either formaldehyde and HCl or formaldehyde, HCl and H2SO4 also for purposes other than the removal of radioactive cations from water.
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    The prediction of oxygen transfer rates in the presence of mould mycelium (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical relationship of oxygen transfer rate and mould viscosity is discussed, which leads to equations for predicting the OTR of mould fermentations.
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    The disintegration of bacteria and other micro-organisms by the M.S.E.-Mullard Ultrasonic disintegrator (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 405-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two commercially available ultrasonic instruments are described, in which micro-organisms and other cells may be disintegrated.Sound waves (20 kc/s) are generated in the cell suspension by means of titanium velocity transformers (probes) coupled to a magnetostriction transducer. One instrument operating at 500 W will disintegrate from 2 to 500 ml, the other operating at 50 W from 1 ml to 30 ml.Yeast was used as a test organism but results on some other organisms are also given. Cell rupture is shown to be independent of sonically generated free radicals, but enzyme inactivation (alcohol dehydrogenase) is accelerated by free radicals. Increasing the viscosity, decreasing surface tension of the suspending medium, or the presence of CO2 decreases disintegration. The addition of solid nuclei such as powdered glass, as well as small air bubbles, increases disintegration.This is consistent with disintegration being due to cavitation, but does not indicate the precise mechanism of cell rupture. Some effects of sonic disruption are compared with disruption by other methods.
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    An improved pH electrode assembly for pilot plant and plant fermentorsPresented 138th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York, N.Y., September, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 125-137 
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    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified pH electrode assembly is desccribed which is capable of steam sterilization and which can be installed in steel fermentors of all sizes in a variety of ways. Its design is such that electrode life is prolonged and contamination hazards are reduced.
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    A method for the preparation of undigested bacterial cell wallsThe work reported in this paper was made possible through Research Grant (E-2690) from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, to the University of Pennsylvania. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combination of low-temperature disintegration with gradient and pile centrifugation makes possible the preparation of bacterial cell walls under conditions preventing digestion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030205
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    Bacterial sulphide production from sulphate-enriched spent distillery liquor - II (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 3 (1961), S. 181-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accumulation of volatile acids produced during anaerobic fermentation of distillery-spent liquor decreased the activity of Desulphovibrio desulphuricans employed in previously communicated studies; this caused a decrease in the reduction of sulphates to sulphides. An enriched strain of Desulphovibrio rubentschikii made in a synthetic mineral medium (NH4Cl, 1·0 g; MgSO4·7H2O, 2·0 g; NaCl, 10·0 g; CaSO4, 1·0 g; calcium acetate, 1·0 g; K2HPO4, 0·5 g; Mohrs' salt, trace in 1 l.) using calcium acetate as the substrate and carbon from the tap-water was gradually built up to a 3-1. volume. The amount of hydrogen sulphide in this medium was found to be 225 mg/l. The fermentation was next carried out in a synthetic medium containing volatile acids from distillery-spent liquor as the only substrate. A 3-1. fermentation set up with diluted distillery-spent liquor (300 ml or raw liquor in 3,000 ml of water), neutralized with NaOH to pH 7·2 and supplemented with calcium sulphate and 0·1 per cent urea, showed sulphide productions (calculated as milligrams of hydrogen sulphide per litre of raw distillery-spent liquid) of 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 with 0·1, 1·0 and 2·0 per cent calcium sulphate in the charge respectively. The volatile acid content, expressed as acetic acid, was 18,564 mg/litre of raw distillery-spent liquor on an average throughout the study. The ratio of hydrogen sulphide produced per litre of raw distillery-spent liquor to the amount of volatile acids developed expressed in milliequivalents per litre of raw liquor during fermentation increased gradually from 0·1367 to 0·5567 in the presence of 0·1 to 2·0 per cent of calcium sulphate in the charge.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmte.390030208
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