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  • Articles  (5,736)
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  • Springer  (5,736)
  • 1965-1969  (5,736)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,724)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,012)
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  • Articles  (5,736)
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  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume. Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit. Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt. Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
    Abstract: Résumé Problèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale). Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes. La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif. L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite. L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
    Notes: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 198-206 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung der Spannung in Gesteinen mit linearen oder nichtlinearen Elastizitätskennlinien Ein nichtlineares Elastizitätsgesetz wird vorgeschlagen, in dem jede der Hauptspannungen als die Summation von zwei Reihen ausgedrückt wird, von denen die eine eine Funktion der dilatorischen (hydrostatischen) oder oktaedrischen Normalspannung und die andere eine Funktion der deviatorischen oder oktaedrischen Schubspannung ist. Die Konstanten in diesen Reihen können durch einen einfachen einachsigen Druck- oder Zugversuch an dem Werkstoff ermittelt werden. Mittels dieser so gewonnenen Ausdrücke kann die Spannung aus Dehnungsmessungen ermittelt werden, die an Gesteinen mit nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungskennlinien durchgeführt wurden; ferner wird die Anwendung dieser Ausdrücke erläutert, wenn das dreiachsiale Dehnungsmeßgerät des CSIR zur Untersuchung dieser Gesteine benutzt wird.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination des contraintes dans une roche à caractéristiques élastiques linéaires ou non-linéaires Cet exposé propose une loi non-linéaire d'élasticité d'après laquelle chaque effort principal s'exprime comme la sommation de deux séries, l'une étant fonction de la déformation dilatoire (hydrostatique) ou octaédrique normale, et l'autre, fonction de la déformation de cisaillement déviatrice ou octaédrique. Les constantes dans les séries peuvent être obtenues par un simple essai de compression ou de traction uniaxiales sur le matériau. On peut employer ces fonctions pour déterminer l'effort d'après les lectures de déformation dans une roche caractérisée par des déformations non-linéaires sous contrainte. On démontre l'application de ces fonctions en utilisant la cellule tensimétrique à trois axes du CSIR.
    Notes: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 241-248 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rock Fabric Analysis and Its Importance for the Solution of Rock Mechanical Problems Rock fabric analysis enables the identification of mechanically important mineral orientations, which usually are invisible for the naked eye. It may be used to solve problems in rock mechanics and for the analysis of residual stresses.
    Abstract: Résumé Analyse structurale des roches et son importance pour la solution des problèmes de la mécanique des roches Des études concernant l'analyse structurale des roches ignées permettent à recenser le réglage de ces roches qui n'est pas perceptible macrocoscopiquement mais du point de vue de mécanique des roches très efficace. On peut utiliser les résultats de ces études pour la solution de problèmes de mécanique des roches et pour des conclusions sur l'état de contraintes résiduelles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 249-249 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 252-256 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An attempt has been made to investigate the fundamental physical mechanisms which cause creep in cement paste and in particular, to provide experimental evidence which will indicate which of the many theories of creep is most likely to be correct. The method used was to oven dry, load, and then resaturate cement paste and concrete specimens at different temperatures. Only one type of test clearly differentiated between proposed creep mechanisms. This test indicated that the shear or sliding of submicroscopic gel particles over one another, lubricated by water, must be a predominant factor. Existing theories regarding the size of the critical spaces in the cement gel which cause dimensional instability in concrete structures have been confirmed by the use of organic liquids of varying molecular size.
    Notes: Résumé L’étude qu’on décrit ici est une tentative d’élucider les mécanismes physiques fondamentaux qui déterminent le fluage dans la pâte de ciment et, en particulier, d’apporter une preuve expérimentale qui indique laquelle des nombreuses théories du fluage peut être considérée comme étant correcte. Il a été procédé par séchage à l’étuve, chargement, puis resaturation de la pâte de ciment et des éprouvettes de béton à différentes températures. Un seul type d’essai a permis de reconnaître clairement les mécanismes de fluage proposés. Cet essai indique que le cisaillement ou le glissement les unes sur les autres des particules de gèle sub-microscopiques lubrifiées par l’eau doit être un facteur prédominant. Les théories sur les dimensions des espaces critiques dans le gèle de ciment, qui provoquent une instabilité dimensionnelle dans les ouvrages en béton, ont été confirmées avec des liquides organiques aux molécules de diverses dimensions.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 411-424 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the field of concrete dynamics the knowledge so far available has been too disjointed and scanty. To enable a sound analytical arrangement of rheological bonds, we have therefore carried out a vast experimental work, devised to allow simultaneous and cross controls of the several quantities in play: velocity of strains, amplitude of stress excursions, stress gradients, average stresses, physical state, metallic reinforcement, etc. This investigation has given us a general, yet detailed, picture of the dynamic behaviour of concrete, or non-fissured reinforced concrete, clearing up some aspects and correlations that until now seemed to be confused, or did not appear at all. The adoption of special techniques to reveal parasitic energy dissipations, has further shown us how easily certain behaviour in a dynamic system can be confused, and perhaps it has at times happened, for a peculiarity of the material.
    Notes: Résumé Il apparaît que les connaissances que nous possédons sur le comportement dynamique du béton sont encore insuffisantes et trop fragmentaires. Afin d’obtenir une représentation analytique correcte des liaisons rhéologiques, il a été entrepris un important travail expérimental conçu pour fournir le contrôle simultané et combiné des différents facteurs en jeu: vitesse des déformations, amplitude des variations de contrainte, gradients des contraintes, contraintes moyennes, état physique, armatures métalliques, etc.. Cette étude nous a donné une vue générale, et cependant détaillée, du comportement dynamique du béton comme du béton armé exempt de fissures, mettant en lumière ainsi certains aspects et corrélations qui jusqu’alors semblaient être obscurs ou qui n’apparaissaient pas. L’adoption de techniques spéciales pour révéler les pertes d’énergie parasites a, en outre, montré la facilité avec laquelle certains phénomènes dans un système dynamique pouvaient se dérober à l’observation, ce qui a pu peut-être aussi, se produire parfois, pour des caractéristiques du matériau.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 472-472 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 475-477 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 487-507 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1 With some exceptions, early observers of creep of concrete assumed that time-dependent strain is due to plastic flow or viscous flow. It is now becoming understood that creep, like shrinkage, is a phenomenon depending on adsorption and desorption of water and related phenomena. Understanding shrinking and swelling is prerequisite to understanding creep. An analysis of these phenomena based on thermodynamics is especially instructive and reliable because in general it does not depend on the correctness of the model of structure adopted for the discussion. 2 Spontaneous volume change is due to a change in the balance of forces and counterforces within the specimen. It cannot be due to the removal or addition, per se, of water molecules. 3 The volume of a porous body will vary with the density of the material of which it is made. Material density will vary with hydrostatic pressure, with temperature, or with change in surface tension of the material. 4 Change of surface tension presumably affects both the inner part and the outer tension shell of particulate material, and oppositely. 5 Surface tension, which is the same as surface free energy, varies with the amount of water adsorbed, and that is a function of ambient vapor pressure at constant temperature. The change in solid surface tension can be calculated from the concomitant change in ambient humidity. 6 The volume change of the body corresponding to a given change in surface tension is the resultant of the change of the inner and outer parts, is at present indeterminate, and is in any case a small fraction of the amount of volume change to be accounted for. 7 Data on paste structure show that adsorbed water must produce disjoining pressure in the narrowest places between solid bodies, where adsorption is hindered.
    Notes: Résumé 1 A quelques exceptions près, les premiers observateurs du fluage du béton supposaient que la déformation en fonction du temps était due à l'écoulement plastique ou visqueux. On en, vient maintenant à penser que le fluage, de même que le retrait est un phénomène qui dépend de l'adsorption et de la désorption de l'eau et des phénomènes en relation. Pour comprendre le fluage, il faut d'abord comprendre le retrait et le gonflement. Une analyse de ces phénomènes à partir de la thermodynamique est particulièrement instructive et sûre, car en général elle ne dépend pas de la conformité du modèle de structure adopté pour la discussion. 2 Un changement spontané de volume est dû à une modification de l'équilibre des forces et des réactions dans l'éprouvette il ne peut être dû aux seuls départs ou additions de molécules d'eau. 3 Le volume d'un corps poreux varie avec la densité du matériau qui le constitue. La densité du matériau varie avec la pression hydrostatique, la température, ou encore avec une modification de la tension superficielle du matériau. 4 Les modifications de tension superficielle affectent probablement à la fois la composante interne et la composante externe de la tension de courbure d'un matériau spécifique et inversement. 5 La tension superficielle, qui n'est autre que l'énergie libre superficielle, varie avec la quantité d'eau adsorbée, et ce phénomène est fonction de la pression de vapeur ambiante à température constante. La modification de la tension superficielle d'un solide peut être calculée d'après la modification concomitante de l'humidité ambiante. 6 Le changement de volume d'un corps correspondant à une modification donnée de la tension superficielle découle de la modification des composantes internes et externes; il est actuellement indéterminé et, dans tous les cas, c'est une petite fraction du volume total qu'on a à considérer. 7 Les observations de la structure de la pâte montrent que l'eau adsorbée doit produire une pression disjonctive dans les espaces les plus étroits entre les solides o\`u l'adsorption est empêchée.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 535-546 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some properties of adsorbed water in hardened cement paste and in the three completely hydrated main constituents of portland cement have been examined by means of differential thermoanalysis, thermo-gravimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance. When a dried specimen is re-wetted, the adsorbed water first contributes to the build-up of a mono-layer. Only in the higher humidity range is the sorbed water partly bound as inter-layer hydrate water and as hydrate water. According to the first results of the nuclear magnetic resonance measurements the water adsorbed in the monolayer behaves like a two-dimensiional Van-der-Waals-gas.
    Notes: Résumé Quelques propriétés de l'eau adsorbée dans la pâte de ciment durcie et dans les trois constituants principaux complètement hydratés du ciment Portland ont été étudiées avec l'analyse thermique différentielle, la thermo-gravimétrie et la résonance magnétique nucléaire. Lorsqu'une éprouvette séchée est réhumidifiée, l'eau adsorbée contribe d'abord à la formation d'une mono-couche. L'eau adsorbée, en tant qu'eau d'hydratation, n'est partiellement liée dans la structure du sel que pour les humidités les plus élevées. Selon les tout premiers résultats fournis par les mesures de la résonance magnétique nucléaire, l'eau adsorbée dans la mono-couche se comporte comme un gaz bi-dimensionnel de Van-der-Waals.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 553-559 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper serves to direct attention to the important role played by water in spaces where adsorption is restricted. Creep in saturated and drying specimens, drying shrinkage and swelling accompanying gain of moisture can be explained in terms of the movement of adsorbed water in and out of areas of restricted adsorption. Both creep and shrinkage involve closure of spaces of molecular dimensions in cement hydrate and the exclusion of water from such spaces. The molecular sieve effect affords a potentially useful tool for investigating change of structure in cement hydrate.
    Notes: Résumé Ce rapport a pour but d'attirer l'attention sur le rôle important joué par l'eau dans les zones d'adsorption restreinte. Le fluage d'éprouvettes saturées et en cours de séchage, le retrait de séchage et le gonflement qui accompagne les gains d'humidité peuvent s'expliquer en termes de mouvement de l'eau adsorbée à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des zones d'adsorption restreinte. Tant le fluage que le retrait impliquent l'occlusion d'espaces de dimension moléculaire dans le ciment hydraté et l'exclusion d'eau de ces espaces. L'effet de tamis moléculaire pourrait être un moyen efficace d'étude des modifications de structure du ciment hydraté.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 578-578 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 115-132 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 133-149 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 157-159 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 172-173 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 227-249 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 313-314 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 351-356 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The achievement of free displacements and rotations, necessary for the experimetal determination of the reactions, coupled at the same time with the achievement of perfect built-in, required by structure, seems impossible. The paper describes the way in which the built-in reactions on reinforced concrete frames with two spans were determined with built-in columns subject to uniformly distributed vertical loads and concentrated horizontal force.
    Notes: Résumé La réalisation de déplacements et de rotations libres, nécessaires à la détermination expérimentale des réactions, en même temps que la réalisation d’encastrements parfaits, qui est imposée par la structure, semble impossible. Dans cet article on décrit comment ont été déterminées expérimentalement les réactions d’encastrement dans les portiques encastrés en béton armé à deux travées et soumis à des charges verticales uniformément réparties et à des charges horizontales concentrées.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 396-397 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 187-225 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 306-309 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 357-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper describes a set of experiments on a small-scale polyurethane model of an arch dam in an elastic valley, demonstrating the relation between the elastic behaviour of the dam and the size and mode of support of the foundation block.
    Notes: Résumé Cet article décrit une série d’expériences sur des modèles réduits en polyuréthane d’un barrage-voûte, démontrant la relation qui existe entre le comportement élastique du barrage et la dimension et le mode d’appui de la fondation.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 379-392 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 394-395 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 547-552 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The surface tension and the surface energy of a solid is reduced by the presence of an adsorbed water film. When the surface tension of a porous material with a large interior surface is reduced, the length increases whereas the strength decreases. With the help of Griffith's theory of crack propagation it is possible to calculate the surface energy. For hardened cement paste with a water cement ratio of 0.45 and 0.6 the surface energy is found to be 1370 erg/cm2 and 657 erg/cm2 respectively. The cement paste was allowed to hydrate for 28 days without loss of moisture at a temperature of 20 °C. These results are in agreement with the surface energy of porous glass with a similar interior surface.
    Notes: Résumé La tension superficielle et l'énergie superficielle d'un solide se trouvent diminuées par la présence d'une pellicule d'eau adsorbée. Quand la tension superficielle d'un matériau poreux à grande surface interne est diminuée, la longueur augmente tandis que la résistance diminue. En s'appuyant sur la théorie de la propagation des fissures de Griffith, il est possible de calculer l'énergie superficielle. Pour une pâte de ciment durcie ayant un rapport eau/ciment de 0,45 et de 0,6, l'énergie superficielle se révèle être de 1370 erg/cm2 et de 657 erg/cm2 respectivement. On a laissé la pâte de ciment s'hydrater durant 28 jours sans perdre d'humidité à une température de 20 °C. Ces résultats concordent avec l'énergie superficielle du verre poreux possédant une surface similaire.
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 577-578 
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    Materials and structures 1 (1968), S. 457-465 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The questionnaire was circulated by the R.I.L.E.M Secretariat and by members of the R.I.L.E.M. Working Group for the Nondestructive Testing of Concrete. Sixty-three individual replies were received from 22 countries; there was also one reply from the U.S.S.R. which summarized answers from about 700 users in about 400 organizations. The main conclusions drawn from the answers are as follows: 1. The majority of the replies were from Research and Testing Laboratories, and it was only from countries such as U.S.S.R. and Rumania that a large percentage (40 to 50%) of the answers were from Site Construction Units. 2. More than 80% of the replies were from users with more than 2 years experience. 3. In over 65% of the replies, the method was used as a means of detecting defects (cracks or voids) and to locate weakness or damage in structural concrete. About 75% used the method for establishing the in situ strength of structural concrete, and nearly 50% used it for the quality control of precast units. Other major uses were the quality control of prestressed concrete (28%), establishing the efficiency of localized repair (27%), establishing the efficiency of thermal treatment (22%) and studies of the hardening process (19%). 4. The majority (88%) of users who determine strength use a direct correlation between pulse velocity and strenght as a basis for predicting the strength of in situ concrete. However of these about 22% also used a correlation via the dynamic modulus of elasticity, and a further 10% used this type of correlation alone. 5. There was a wide divergence of opinion as to the best way of obtaining the correlation between pulse velocity (or dynamic modulus) and strength from measurements on test-specimens. This arises because it is difficult to produce variations of quality within the test-specimens which reflect accurately the corresponding variations in structural concrete. Variations produced by testing specimens at different ages were preferred by a sligh tmajority (57%) of users in countries other than U.S.S.R. but the method is not used in Rumania and the U.S.S.R. The authors feel that there is now adequate evidence (see part II) to advise against the use of tests at different ages. Between 20 and 30% of the answers dealt with variations produced in strength by variable compaction, or by varying the water-cement ratio: these methods were preferred in Rumania and U.S.S.R. Another method used in the U.S.S.R. and by 50% of the other users was to derive the correlation from specimens cut from the in situ concrete. 6. Graphical and analytical presentations of the correlation between pulse velocity (or dynamic modulus of elasticity) and strength were both used with no preference for either. Where analytical correlations were used, there was a wide divergence of opinion as to the form of the relation. 7. When obtaining their correlation from tests on laboratory prepared specimens, the majority of users considered that there was no need to control accurately the degree of compaction, the watercement ratio or, within certain limits, the age of the testspecimens. On the other hand there was an even firmer opinion that the aggregate-cement ratio, and the type and grading of the aggregate should match as nearly as possible to the structural concrete. There was a conflict of opinion upon the need for very accurate control of the type of cement, the cement additives or the moisture content of the hardened concrete. 8. An accuracy of estimate of in situ strength of ±25% was quoted in just over half of the answers from users who tested structural concrete: these answers were often qualified by remarks implying that it was for average conditions i.e. for a limited amount of information about the in situ concrete and by deriving a correlation from a small number of test-specimens. An accuracy of ±10% was thought to be possible by users in the U.S.S.R. and a small minority (about 16%) of other users under ideal conditions, and when a large number of test-specimens was available. 9. It was generally agreed that either no estimate or a very inaccurate estimate (greater than ±50%) can be made of the strength of in situ concrete from pulse velocity measurements alone when the composition of the concrete is unknown. 10. It was generally agreed that the accuracy of measurement of pulse velocity in structural concrete is significantly influenced by the roughness of the concrete-surface, the size and shape of the received signal, the length of concrete traversed, and the skill of the operator. These answers emphasize the need to ensure a well-defined pulse at the receiver, and the necessity of measuring along an adequate path length (usually greater than 10 cm) to reduce the variations arising from differences of distribution of the coarse aggregate. There was a considerable diversity of opinion concerning the influence on accuracy of measurement of the natural frequency of the transducers, the transversal dimension, and the length to transversal ratio of the test-piece. It seems that there is scope for further comprehensive investigation of these factors to resolve the present uncertainty. 11. There was also a wide divergence of opinion upon the accuracy of measurement of pulse transit time which ranged from ±0.1 microsecond to ±1.0 microsecond in 50 microseconds; the mean accuracy was ±0.4 microseconds. 12. The majority of users consider it desirable to supplement their measurements by other non-destructive tests or by additionalmeasurements on specimens cut from the in situ concrete. Other nondestructive tests which were combined with the ultrasonic pulse method to increase the accuracy of strength prediction were hardness or rebound tests and ratio-active measurements of moisture content or density. 13. Although there is a wide diversity of opinion on the degree of usefulness of the ultrasonic pulse method the majority opinion is favourable, especially in the U.S.S.R. and most Eastern European countries.
    Notes: Abrégé Le questionnaire a été diffusé par le Secrétariat de la RILEM et par les membres du Groupe de Travail sur les Essais nondestructifs du Béton. 63 réponses individuelles de 22 pays ont été reçues; en outre, une réponse de l’U.R.S.S. résumait les opinions d’environ 700 praticiens d’à peu près 400 organisations. Voici les principales conclusions qu’on en a tirées: 1. La majorité des réponses ont été reçues de Laboratoires d’Essais et de Recherches; d’U.R.S.S. et de Roumanie seulement, un fort pourcentage (40–50%) de réponses est venu des chantiers de construction. 2. Plus de 80% des réponses ont été adressées par des praticiens ayant plus de deux ans d’expérience. 3. Dans plus de 65% des réponses, les méthodes décrites servaient à la détection des défauts (fissures ou vides) et à la localisation des points faibles ou des détériorations dans le béton structural. Environ 75% de ces réponses concernent les méthodes de détermination de la résistancein situ du béton structural, et à peu près 50% se rapportent au contrôle de qualité des unités de fabrication. Entre autres applications majeures, citons le contrôle de qualité du béton précontraint (28%), avec la détermination de l’efficacité des réparations locales (27%) et celle du traitement thermique (22%), ainsi que l’étude du durcissement (19%). 4. La majorité des praticiens (88%) qui déterminent la résistance du béton se servent d’une corrélatíon directe entre la vitesse des ultra-sons et la résistance comme d’une base pour prédire la résistance du bétonin situ. Cependant, 22% d’entre eux se servent aussi d’une corrélation qui inclut le module dynamique d’élasticité, et 10%, d’autre part, ne se servent que de ce type de corrélation. 5. On constate que les opinions sont très divergentes sur le meilleur moyen d’obtenir la corrélation entre la vitesse des ultra-sons (ou module dynamique) et la résistance déterminée par l’essai sur éprouvette. La cause en est la difficulté de produire des variations de qualité dans les éprouvettes qui reflètent exactement les variations correspondantes dans le béton structural. Une faible majorité (57%) des praticiens des pays autres que l’U.R.S.S. préfèrent se servir des variations produites dans les éprouvettes à différents âges, mais la méthode n’est pas employée en Roumanie et en U.R.S.S. Les auteurs estiment qu’il s’impose à présent (voir la deuxième partie) de mettre en garde contre la pratique des essais à différents âges. De 20 à 30% des réponses traitent des variations de résistance dues à des variations de compactage ou du rapport eau-ciment: ces méthodes ont la préférence en Roumanie et en U.R.S.S. Une autre méthode utilisée en U.R.S.S. et par 50% des autres praticiens est celle qui consiste à déduire la corrélation à partir d’éprouvettes découpées dans le bétonin situ. 6. Les représentations graphique et analytique de la corrélation entre la vitesse des ultra-sons (ou module dynamique) et la résistance sont également utilisées sans qu’il y ait de préférence pour l’une ou pour l’autre. L’emploi des corrélations analytiques s’accompagne d’opinions très divergentes quant à la forme de la relation. 7. Quand ils obtiennent leur corrélation à partir d’essais en laboratoire sur des éprouvettes préparées, la majorité des praticiens considèrent qu’il n’est pas indispensable de vérifier avec précision le degré de compactage, le rapport eau-ciment ou, dans certaines limites, l’âge des éprouvettes au moment de l’essai. D’autre part, on affirme avec encore plus d’assurance que le rapport agrégat-ciment, et le type et la granulométrie de l’agrégat doivent se rapprocher autant que possible de ceux du béton structural. Il apparaît un conflit d’opinion sur l’utilité d’un contrôle très précis du type de ciment, des adjuvants et de la teneur en eau du béton durci. 8. On donne une précision de +ou−25% pour l’estimation de la résistancein situ dans seulement un peu plus de la majorité des réponses des praticiens qui font des essais sur le béton structural; ces réponses sont souvent accompagnées de remarques qui indiquent qu’on se réfère à des conditions moyennes, c’est-àdire impliquant un nombre limité d’informations sur le bétonin situ, la corrélation étant déduite à partir d’un petit nombre d’éprouvettes. Les praticiens d’U.R.S.S. et une petite minorité (environ 16%) des autres estiment qu’il est possible d’obtenir une précision de +ou−10% dans des conditions idéales et si l’on dispose d’un grand nombre d’éprouvettes. 9. On admet généralement qu’on ne peut obtenir d’estimation, ou n’avoir qu’une estimation très imprécise (au-dessus de+ou−5%) de la résistance du bétonin situ d’après les seules mesures de la vitesse des ultra-sons lorsque la composition du béton est inconnue. 10. On admet généralement que la précision des mesures de la vitesse des ultra-sons dans le béton structural est largement influencée par l’irrégularité de la surface du béton, la dimension et la forme du signal reçu, la longueur du béton parcouru par l’impulsion et l’habitude de l’opérateur. Ces réponses soulignent l’utilité d’obtenir une impulsion bien définie au récepteur et la nécessité de mesurer une longueur de parcours adéquate (d’ordinaire plus de 10 cm) afin de réduire les variations dues aux différences de répartition des gros agrégats. Il apparaît une très grande diversité d’opinions au sujet de l’influence de la précision des mesures de la fréquence propre des traducteurs de mesure, de la dimension transversale et du rapport longueur/dimension transversale de l’éprouvette d’essai. Il semble qu’il y ait là un champ pour une étude plus complète ultérieure de ces facteurs afin d’éliminer la présente incertitude. 11. On constate aussi qu’il existe des opinions très divergentes sur la précision des mesures du temps transitoire d’impulsion qui va de+ou−0,1 microseconde à 1 microseconde pour 50 microsecondes; la précision moyenne est de+ou−0,4 microseconde. 12. La majorité des praticiens considèrent qu’il est souhaitable de compléter leurs mesures par d’autres essais non destructifs ou par des mesures supplémentaires sur les éprouvettes découpées dans le bétonin situ. Les autres essais non destructifs qu’on combine avec la méthode des ultra-sons, afin d’accroître la précision des prédictions sur la résistance sont les essais de dureté, ou le scléromètre à rebondissement et les méthodes radio-actives de détermination de la teneur en eau et de la densité. 13. Quoiqu’il apparaisse une grande diversité d’opinions sur le degré d’utilité de la méthode d’essai aux ultra-sons, une majorité lui est favorable, en particulier en U.R.S.S. et dans la plupart des pays de l’Europe de l’Est.
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 32-40 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 76-85 
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    The annals of regional science 3 (1969), S. 211-220 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 299-314 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 320-330 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Computing methods for determining optimum conditions in thermal interconnected power system operation are constantly undergoing refinement and improvement. In the course of this process new methods have been developed which take into account practical inequality conditions for the representation of limitations. Additionally, steps have been taken to improve convergence. From the standpoint of experience for future programming of digital process computers, these methods are of considerable importance. The conditions equivalent to the Kuhn-Tucker-conditions were introduced intuitively [9] by the author in an carlier article. The engineer is given easily comprehensible reason for these.
    Notes: Übersicht Im Zuge der Verfeinerung und Verbesserung der Rechenmethoden zur Ermittlung des optimalen thermischen Verbundbetriebes sind neue Verfahren zur Berücksichtigung der in der Praxis auftretenden Ungleichungsbedingungen zur Darstellung von Begrenzungen, wie auch Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Konvergenz entwickelt worden. Sie sind im Hinblick auf Erfahrungen für eine spätere Programmierung digitaler Prozeßrechner von großer Bedeutung. Die den Kuhn-Tucker-Bedingungen äquivalenten Bedingungen sind seinerzeit [9] vom Verfasser intuitiv eingeführt worden. Für sie wird eine dem Ingenieur leicht verständliche Begründung gegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 376-397 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For coreless induction furnaces with conductive crucibles formulae are evaluatet for the electrical quantities, for the allotment of the power to the coil, crucible and pool and for the pressure in the pool. The calculations are examplified and compared with practice.
    Notes: Übersicht Für kernlose Induktionsöfen mit elektrisch leitendem Tiegel wird ein Berechnungsverfahren für die elektrischen Größen, für die Aufteilung der Ofenleistung auf Spule, Tiegel und Schmelzgut und für die Größe des Baddruckes abgeleitet. Das Verfahren wird anhand von Beispielen erläutert.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 8-18 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown how the original function of a component describing function can be expressed in the form of a series, thus eliminating the laborious determination of the roots of the denominator polynomial. Equations are derived for the evaluation of the extrema of the transfer functions. In an example the convergence of a series is examined.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, wie die Originalfunktionen von gebrochen rationalen Bildfunktionen in Form von Reihenentwicklungen gefunden werden können, ohne daß die mühsame Bestimmung der Wurzeln des Nennerpolynoms erforderlich ist. Zur Abschätzung der Höchstwerte von Übergangsfunktionen werden Formeln abgeleitet. Anhand eines Beispiels wird das Konvergenzverhalten einer Reihenentwicklung untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 85-90 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modern “iron-clad” plates of lead-acid accumulators (type PzS) consist of tubular shaped elements of about 8 mm diameter. In the axis of these tubes, thin lead spines of 3 mm diameter serve as electron collectors. Nowadays, tubes (and plates) are longer as 500 mm and even tubes of greater length as planned. The current distribution along the length of the tube is calculated in the following publication. In particular it can be shown, that it is of no use to manufacture plates exceeding 1000 mm in length.
    Notes: Übersicht Die neuen Panzerplatten (PzS) sind aus rohrförmigen Elementen von etwa 8 mm Durchmesser aufgebaut, die als Elektronenanschluß eine achsiale Bleiseele von 3 mm Durchmesser haben. Die Länge der Röhrchen übersteigt bei den heutigen Konstruktionen bereits 500 mm, noch längere Platten sind geplant. In der nachstehenden Arbeit wird die Stromverteilung entlang der Achse dieser Röhrchen untersucht. Insbesondere zeigt sich, daß es nicht sinnvoll sein dürfte, über eine Plattenlänge von 1 m hinauszugehen.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 101-104 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper shows how a lattice network and its equivalent networks allow to form constant resistance separating networks in a simple manner. The networks that give the double frequency channels work independently from one another. The network known as Darlington-bridge also can be used as a constant resistance separating network.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, daß sich aus einer Brücke und deren äquivalenten Schaltungen in einfacher Weise strenge Weichen bilden lassen. Die die Frequenzaufteilung erzeugenden Vierpole wirken voneinander unabhängig. Die als Darlington-Brücke bekannte Anordnung läßt sich ebenfalls als strenge Weiche anwenden.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 105-111 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In view of the overwhelming importance of the magnetic non-linearity in the theory and application of electrical engineering, a more thorough-going treatment of inductances seems to be desirable. The paper deals at first with the definitions, the variation and the application of basic inductances at d. c. which are considered as an upper concept. These are the flux, the incremental and the energy inductances. Then the three usual possibilities for using the inductances for periodic current are discussed. The incremental inductance includes in the whole the relatively small variations of the variables current and flux. The inductances for harmonics are valid over the whole period, but only for a definitecouple of harmonics, without being associated with the flux as a whole. Which physical definition of inductance is valid for periodic current for the nonlinear part of the saturation characteristic, seems hitherto not to be investigated.
    Notes: Übersicht Angesichts der entscheidenden Bedeutung der magnetischen Nichtlinearität in der Theorie und Anwendung der Elektrotechnik scheint eine gründlichere Behandlung der Induktivitäten angebracht. Die Arbeit erläutert zuerst die Definitionen, die Änderung und die Anwendung der als Oberbegriff genommenen “Grundinduktivitäten” bei Gleichstrom. Diese sind die Fluß-, die Differential- und die Energieinduktivität. Dann kommen die drei herkömmlichen Möglichkeiten für die Verwendung der Induktivitäten bei periodischem Strom zur Sprache. Mit der Differentialinduktivität kann man die verhältnismäßig kleinen Änderungen der Variablen Strom und Fluß im ganzen erfassen. Die “Schwingungsinduktivitäten” sind über die ganze Periode, jedoch nur für eine bestimmte Harmonische gültig. Welche physikalische Definition der Induktivität bei periodischem Strom im nichtlinearen Teil der magnetischen Kennlinie gilt, scheint bisher nicht untersucht zu sein.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 128-132 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application of the Laplace Transformation for the system of equations describing a heatsource network gives in a simple way expression for the time-dependent temperatures of each source, the number of exponential functions being equal to the number of sources.
    Notes: Übersicht Die auf das Gleichungssystem des Netzes verwendeteLaplace-Transformation ergibt in einfacher Weise Ausdrücke für die zeitabhängigen Quellentemperaturen, wobei die Anzahl von Exponenten gleich der Quellenzahl ist.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 144-153 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It has been investigated when the expression, which depicts the asymptotic response of the electron flow at the cathode of a Townsend-Discharge in a homogeneous field, is useful as a basis for an approximate calculation.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird untersucht, wann der Ausdruck, der das asymptotische Verhalten des Elektronenstromes an der Kathode einer Townsend-Entladung im homogene Feld darstellt, als Grundlage für eine angenäherte Berechnung brauchbar ist.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 271-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is reported on details of a new effect discovered some time ago with positive and negative gliding discharges occurring at the same time on both sides of a plate insulator the surfaces of which are only partly covered by coaxial electrodes. The effect is characterized by the fact that the positive and negative discharges on different plate sides take themselves with one another. Therefore it is named as „Mitnahmeeffekt”. Measurements constituted that the spreading of both side discharges is very regular and obeys in principle equal laws as for one side gliding discharges.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird über Einzelheiten eines vor einiger Zeit gefundenen neuen Effekts berichter, der auftritt, wenn gleichzeitig positive und negative Gleitentladungen auf den beiden, nur teilweise von koaxialen Elektroden bedeckten Seiten eines plattenförmigen Isolators zustande kommen. Der Effekt ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die positiven und negativen Entladungen auf den verschiedenen Plattensciten gegenseitig mitnchmen. Er wird deshalb als Mitnahmeeffekt bezeichnet. Durch Messungen wurde festgestellt daß die Ausbreitung der beiderseitigen Entladungen sehr regelmäßig ist und im Prinzip gleichen Gesetzen wie für einseitige Gleitentladungen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 315-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sumary A. Baelde, H. Groendijk andM. T. Vlaardingerbroek[1] have give the relation between the noise figure and stability of an amplifier with a negative conductance in its circuit From (II.4) follows that stability is proportional to bandwithB for large values of |Gt| (Gt= available power gain byFriis The noise figureF tot of the complete is after [1] a monotonously increasing function ofBandwidth B In figure 6,F tot is given as a function ofB of a 1150 Mc/s triodeamplifier preceded by a tunnel diode. It appears that the measurements agree with the theory after [1].
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper is reported on the distribution of an alternating current over the trapezoid crosssection of a metallic and sufficiently long conductor, who ist embedded in an infinitely permeable envelop up to a narrow air slit containing an alternating magnetic field, the feeler of the airgapfield between stator and rotor. The contour of the conductor with the trapezoid cross-section is composed here of two equally long opposite but divergent straight lines. The endpoints of which on the two ends are connected by two concentric circular arcs. The decisive partial differential equation for the field componentE z (ϱ, ϕ) in the direction of the conductor corresponds to the two dimensional wave equation in cylinder coordinates. As in the two other cases which are already counted over conformal with this method, namely in the cases of the rectangular and circular cross-section, the influence of the width of the slit is not exactly to realise. In cases which call for more excit calculations, it would be necessary to have knowledge of the Fourier-components of the magnetic induction in the slits of the grooves.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird in dieser Arbeit die Stromverteilung in einem hinreichend langen, metallischen Stab von trapezförmigem Querschnitt berechnet, der von einem Wechselstrom durchflossen wird und bis auf einen schmalen, von einem magnetischen Wechselfeld erfüllten Luftschlitz von allen Seiten ohne merklichen Luftzwischenraum und isoliert in eine unendlich permeable, metallische Hülle eingebettet liegt. Der Umriß des Leiters mit dem trapezförmigen Querschnitt besteht aus zwei gegenüberliegenden, gleich langen, auseinander-strebenden Geradenstücken, deren Endpunkt oben und unten durch konzentrische Kreisbogen verbunden sind. Die maßgebende partielle Differentialgleichung für die FeldkomponenteE z (ϱ, ϕ) in Richtungz der Längsstreckung eines solchen Nutenleiters entspricht dann der ebenen Wellengleichugn in Zylinderkoordinaten. Nicht streng erfaßbar ist bei Anwendung dieser Methode geradeso wie in den beiden anderen bereits durchgerechneten Fällen, wo es sich um einen rechteckigen oder kreisförmigen Nutenquerschnitt handelt, der Einfluß der Öffnungsweite des Nutenschlitzes in der Oberfläche des Nutenleiters. Ist er hinreichend schmal, so kann die Verteilung der maßgebenden magnetischen Feldkomponente als gleichmäßig angesehen werden. Bei genaueren Rechnungen müßte man über die Fourierkomponenten des Feldes der magnetischen Induktion im Nutenschlitz Bescheid wissen. Diese Annahme wird in der Arbeit gemacht.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1965), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to investigate the transient behaviour of induction machines use is made of differential equations following the cross-field theory which are preferably solved by means of an analogue computer. In many cases it is sufficient to proceed from the simple slip-ring motor representation. With squirrel-cage motors, howerver, the skin effect in the rotor bars may no longer be neglected. In these cases the double-cage approximation is used which is moderate in complexity and reasonable in accuracy.
    Notes: Übersicht Für die Berechnung dynamischer Vorgänge bei Asynchronmaschinen werden nach der Zweiachsentheorie aufgestellte Differentialgleichungen verwendet, die im Einzelfall vorteilhaft mit Hilfe des Analogrechners auszuwerten sind. In vielen Fällen reicht es aus, das einfache, für Schleifringläufermaschinen übliche Ersatzbild zugrundezulegen. Bei den meisten Käfigläufermotoren ist jedoch die Stromverdrängung im Läufer nicht mehr vernachlässigbar. In diesen Fällen wird das Ersatzschaltbild der Doppelkäfigläufermaschine verwendet, das geringen Aufwand mit ausreichender Genauigkeit verbindet.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1965), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The article describes a method of calculating the resistance between two diagonal corners of a square network as a function of the number of meshes. The author defines a potential function, which holds good not only in the knots of the network, but also in the whole plane in which the network lies. This function can be calculated out of the impressed current and the boundary conditions with the help of the two-dimensional Laplace transformation. The boundary conditions of this function are ascertained. They allow the determination of the resistance in question and leads to an exact formula. A numerical estimation of the exact formula concludes the problem.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Aufsatz beschreibt ein Verfahren, nach dem sich der Widerstand zwischen zwei einander gegenüberliegenden Ecken eines quadratischen Gitters abhängig von der Maschenzahl berechnen läßt. Zunächst wird eine Potentialfunktion definiert, die nicht nur in den Knotenpunkten des Gitters erklärt ist, sondern in der ganzen Ebene, in der das Gitter liegt. Diese Funktion läßt sich mit der zweidimensionalen Laplace-Transformation aus den Einströmungen und den Randwerten berechnen. Die Randwerte dieser Funktion werden ermittelt. Sie gestatten, den gesuchten Widerstand zu bestimmen, so daß eine exakte Formel angegeben werden kann. Eine Abschätzung der gefundenen Formel rundet die Untersuchung ab.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper discusses a line whose end is terminated by a capacitor. Let us assume that it is charged to a certain DC voltage. When its input is suddenly short-circuited, transient waves will occur. The variation of the voltage and current across the capacitor is calculated for the two border-line cases in which the attenuation of the line is either small or very high.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Leitung betrachtet, die am Ende mit einem Kondensator abgeschlossen ist; sic sei auf eine bestimmte Gleichspannung aufgeladen. Wird sie am Anfang plötzlich kurzgeschlossen, so entstehen Wanderwellen. Der Spannungs-und Strom-Verlauf am Kondensator wird für die beiden Grenzfälle berechnet, daß die Leitung sehr kleine und sehr große Dämpfung hat.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 228-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By values of ship greater than one, moment are developed in induction motors, which may reach values many times that of the rated one. These are due to the eddy currents which are caused in the rotor as a result of improper insulation between laminations. The effects of thuch currents are discussed in the following paper.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Drehmoment von Induktionsmaschinen erreicht im Bremsbereich Werte, die ein Vielfaches des Nennmoments betragen. Diese Momente werden vor allem durch Wirbelströme verursacht, die sich infolge der Überbrückung der Blechisolierung im Läufer ausbilden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß dieser Überbrückung der Blechisolation untersucht.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a brief general view over signal theory, system theory and their relations the behavior of linear systems is characterized by differential equations in the case of stationary stochastic input signals for which there doesn't exist an analytical description. By means of averaging new differential equations are formed which contain the correlation functions instead of the signals. The coefficients of the differential equations are not influenced by this process. As illustrative examples two linear filters as well as a PID-controller are treated.
    Notes: Übersicht Nach einem kurzen Ausblick in die Signaltheorie und die Systemtheorie sowie deren Querverbindungen wird gezeit, wie man das Verhalten linearer Systeme auch dann durch Differentialgleichungen beschreiben kann, wenn stationäre stochastische Prozesse als Eingangssignale Verwendung finden, für die es keinen analytischen Ausdruck gibt. Durch eine geeignete Mittelwertbildung entstehen neue Differentialgleichungen, in welchen anstelle der Signale Korrelationsfunktionen auftreten. Die Koeffizienten der Differentialgleichungen bleiben dabei unverändert. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden ein zweistufiges Filter, ein Allpaß sowie ein PID-Regler mit Verzögerung erster Ordnung behandelt.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Estimating the errors committed by applying the conventional approximative expressions of the transmission line theory (for currents, tensions, short circuit impedance, open circuit admittance etc) simle formulae are derived, by which on may ascertain (using only a slide-rule) a limiting length of the line, upto which a certain accuracy is observed. The considerations are confered on derived quantities (such as input-admittance, transfered power, efficiency.) As an example the limiting lengths for a 220 kV-line are calculated if the error may not exceed 1%.
    Notes: Übersicht Auf grund einer Fehlerabschätzung werden einfache Formeln abgeleitct, die es gestatten mit wenigen Griffen am Rechenschieber festzustellen, bis zu welchen Leitungslängen einige häufig angewendete Näherungsausdrücke der Leitungstheorie (für: Spannung, Strom, Kurzschlußwiderstand, Leerlaufleitwert...) mit einer vorgeschriebenen Genauigkeit benutzt werden können. Die Überlegungen werden auf zusammengesetzte Größen (Eingangsleitwert, Leistungen, Wirkungsgrad) übertragen. Für einc 220 kV-Leitung werden die zulässigen Leitungslängen unter Forderung einer oberen Fehlergrenze von 1% (als Beispiel) angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 238-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summary At non-insulated squirrel-cage rotors stray-currents may be caused through the fundamental wave and the harmonics of the rotor current within the rotor core. It is theoretically proved, that the influence of the stray-currents and their reaction on the air-gap leakage and the primary circuit can be taken into account by using a complex skewing factor χ v * in the known equations of a squirrel-cage motor for the fundamental wave as well as for the harmonics instead of the normal skewing factor χ v . This statement is not only valid for three-phase but also for two-and single-phase motors. The complex skewing factor χ v * (eqn. 23/24) is a mere numerical quantity, which is expressed through the absolute value and the phase angle and which is only dependent from the geometry, the resistance and the slip of the rotor. The effect of the stray-currents is discussed with the help of two galvanic equivalent circuits and is demonstrated by numerical results achieved for a 4 pole 15 kW-motor.
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    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 253-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The forced motion of a rotating, two-pole turbo-alternator due to mechanical unbalance and unbalanced magnetic pull is investigated. The tangential component of the magnetic pull, which is usually neglected, can be the cause of large or even unrestricted growth in the deflection, despite the presence of friction. An exact, particular integral of a linear system of differential equations with harmonic coefficients provides a possible solution to this problem of mechanical stability
    Notes: Übersicht Die erzwungene Bewegung eines rotierenden, zweipoligen Turbogenerators unter dem Einfluß von mechanischer Unwucht und magnetischem Zug wird untersucht. Die meist vernachlässigte Tangentialkomponente des magnetischen Zuges kann trotz vorhandener Reibunskraft Ursache großer, sogar unbeschränkt wachsender Auslenkungen sein. Ein exaktes partikuläres Integral eines linearen Differentialgleichungssystems mit harmonischen Koeffizienten gibt Aufschluß über dieses mechanische Stabilitätsproblem.
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