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  • Artikel  (17.373)
  • Springer  (17.373)
  • 1965-1969  (12.194)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Baugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume. Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit. Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt. Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé Problèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale). Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes. La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif. L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite. L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
    Notizen: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 198-206 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung der Spannung in Gesteinen mit linearen oder nichtlinearen Elastizitätskennlinien Ein nichtlineares Elastizitätsgesetz wird vorgeschlagen, in dem jede der Hauptspannungen als die Summation von zwei Reihen ausgedrückt wird, von denen die eine eine Funktion der dilatorischen (hydrostatischen) oder oktaedrischen Normalspannung und die andere eine Funktion der deviatorischen oder oktaedrischen Schubspannung ist. Die Konstanten in diesen Reihen können durch einen einfachen einachsigen Druck- oder Zugversuch an dem Werkstoff ermittelt werden. Mittels dieser so gewonnenen Ausdrücke kann die Spannung aus Dehnungsmessungen ermittelt werden, die an Gesteinen mit nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungskennlinien durchgeführt wurden; ferner wird die Anwendung dieser Ausdrücke erläutert, wenn das dreiachsiale Dehnungsmeßgerät des CSIR zur Untersuchung dieser Gesteine benutzt wird.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé Détermination des contraintes dans une roche à caractéristiques élastiques linéaires ou non-linéaires Cet exposé propose une loi non-linéaire d'élasticité d'après laquelle chaque effort principal s'exprime comme la sommation de deux séries, l'une étant fonction de la déformation dilatoire (hydrostatique) ou octaédrique normale, et l'autre, fonction de la déformation de cisaillement déviatrice ou octaédrique. Les constantes dans les séries peuvent être obtenues par un simple essai de compression ou de traction uniaxiales sur le matériau. On peut employer ces fonctions pour déterminer l'effort d'après les lectures de déformation dans une roche caractérisée par des déformations non-linéaires sous contrainte. On démontre l'application de ces fonctions en utilisant la cellule tensimétrique à trois axes du CSIR.
    Notizen: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Rock Fabric Analysis and Its Importance for the Solution of Rock Mechanical Problems Rock fabric analysis enables the identification of mechanically important mineral orientations, which usually are invisible for the naked eye. It may be used to solve problems in rock mechanics and for the analysis of residual stresses.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé Analyse structurale des roches et son importance pour la solution des problèmes de la mécanique des roches Des études concernant l'analyse structurale des roches ignées permettent à recenser le réglage de ces roches qui n'est pas perceptible macrocoscopiquement mais du point de vue de mécanique des roches très efficace. On peut utiliser les résultats de ces études pour la solution de problèmes de mécanique des roches et pour des conclusions sur l'état de contraintes résiduelles.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 249-249 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 1 (1969), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The effect of surface irregularities in the form of boundary discontinuous gradients has been studied. It has been shown that certain waves will be attenuated due to passage through such irregularities in internal structure.
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 40-59 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In continuation of Part II, investigations of the lateral variation of group velocity dispersion character of Rayleigh waves were carried out for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and for Africa. Maximum group velocity at such short periods as 25 to 30 seconds is observed in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in agreement with earlier observations from the East Pacific Rise, but was not observed for the Indian Rise. ‘Less continental’ dispersion regions are found in Africa and in the whole of the Arabian Peninsula. Eastern half of the Indian Ocean seems to have a typical oceanic crustal structure. The dispersion patterns were checked in every area by earlier data. All results so far obtained by the present author on the lateral variation of dispersion characteristics have been compiled into a world map.
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Inversion formulae for the operational interpretation of some integral equations, with the exponent of the integrand involving any number of radicals, are given. Equations of the form considered here are of common occurrence to quite a wide variety of impulsive wave propagation problems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Seismicity of a region is defined as a surface integral of the local seismicity in that region divided by its area. Local seismicity results from the assumed scattering of each epicentre according to normal distribution as continuous point function It is represented by the sum of the products of all seismic energies taken into consideration and the distribution functions of the concerned epicentres. For a plane rectangular region a practicable formula for computation of seismicity is given by means of the error integral.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Seismic activity at a point of the surface of the earth up to a given time has to be computed by the total energy per unit area at the point considered in consequence of the earthquakes up to that time. The definition of seismic activity of a region can be developed from that. Seismic activity in a given time-interval results from earthquakes up to the upper limit of that interval. In consequence of a suitable valuation seismic activity is always convergent. For sufficiently large time-intervals a formal relationship between seismic activity and seismicity can be constructed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The stress and displacement throughout a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic quarterspace have been evaluated when the stress is prescribed on one of the plane boundaries and the displacement on the other. The variations of the displacement and stress on the boundaries with time and distance from the origin have been shown graphically.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 68-81 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A direct method has been applied in this paper to find the stresses in some steadily rotating, self-gravitating spherical earth models.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In the prism method of making terrain corrections, the topography is approximated by a model consisting of right rectangular prisms. The vertical component of the gravitational attraction of each prism is calculated and the sum of these components gives the terrain correction. The prism method as programmed has no computational limitations. It can be used on all sizes of computers; it can be applied to a large area with any fine grid interval; it can be processed in a single run and yet provides complete flexibility for both research and routine computations. This has been achieved by breaking up larger areas into regions which fit into the computer memory. The contributions of these regions are automatically summed up for each station. While processing each region, various controls may be used at each station to exclude the contribution of a distant part of the area, to use approximate expressions farther from the station, to print out details around the station. There is also provision to refine the model by using smaller prisms around each computation point. Thus full use of elevation control can be made to calculate the terrain correction, the accuracy of which depends only on the quality of the input data. The prism method has been used to calculate terrain corrections for 130 stations in the New Quebec crater area. For five of these stations terrain corrections were also calculated by usingHammer's template. The two independent sets of values differ by less than four per cent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 82-104 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary An efficient tool in seismic signal analysis is offered by the array data processing techniques which are based upon similarity of pulse shapes between stations. Records at the six Swedish stations in general exhibit the signal resemblance required by the array methods. By applying a simple processing technique, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by a factor of about 2, and the accuracy ofP-wave readings is improved. High similarity is found not only between the same phase (P, pP) at different stations, but also between different phases (P, pP) at the same or different stations. Altogether, records of eleven earthquakes were investigated in detail. The Swedish station network can be considered as a ‘super-large aperture seismic array’ (SLASA), despite some differences in instrumental equipment. A general adaptation of array techniques to SLASA systems is discussed. Such methods will greatly improve the seismological information which can be extracted from ordinary station records, provided the stations are located on geologically homogeneous ground.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The concept of comet orbit activity sphere as introduced byD'Alembert and developed byLaplace is modified and applied to the Sun-Earth-Moon system, leading to a new approximate relationship between astronomical constants usually regarded as independent quantities. When Sun-Earth mass ratio, the astronomic unit, and Earth-Moon separation distance are taken as known, an elementary algebraic formula gives the Earth-Moon mass ratio in terms of these. Despite the inherently imprecise character of this type of calculation, surprisingly close numerical agreement with independently determined values is obtained. The great simplicity and directness of the result contrast with ardous orthodox inference procedures for the lunar mass, suggesting that newer methods of general dynamic analysis are required in the study of asymptotic states of the three-body problem.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The standard formulation of the dynamics of physical librations of the Moon is re-examined in the light of currently accepted reduced estimates of the mechanical ellipticity of the lunar equator. It is seen that a more complete mathematical model is required which accounts for centrifugal couples and in which the sum of inclinations of lunar orbit (5°9′) and equator (1°30′) is not regarded as an infinitesimal quantity. Although it remains doubtful whether linearized differential equations can be expected to yield a quantitatively useful theory, a preliminary to more accurate calculation consists in analyzing the motion with fewer restrictions than has been customary. The main features of such a treatment are given which unify the classical analysis by showing how the afore-mentioned inclinations can be used to estimate the two principal mass parameters that affect physical librations. When accurate short-period libration data become available, the constants in question can be evaluated without recourse to orbital data used in the past.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Using the results of spherical harmonic analyses of the geomagnetic field for some fourteen different epochs, includingGauss' first analysis for epoch 1835, and theErman-Petersen analysis for epoch 1829, the strength and axes of geomagnetic multipoles have been computed. In particular, a dipole from the three first order spherical harmonic coefficients, a quadrupole from five second order coefficients, and an octupole from seven third order coefficients. The axes of the quadrupole and octupole have moved quite rapidly when compared with movements of the dipole axis, and show a general movement westwards. Although the strength of the dipole has generally diminished, the strengths of the quadrupole and octupole have generally increased.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Gamma-ray spectra of the samples were measured by standard laboratory multichannel spectrometry. The weighted least squares method was applied to the digital output data in order to determine the concentrations of U238, Th232 and K40 present. U and Th increase towards the rim of the massif (from 4 ppm U and 20 ppm Th in the coarse-grained central facies to 23 ppm U and 42 ppm Th in the fine-grained rim variety), whereas K remains fairly constant at ∼3.85%.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 133-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In palaeomagnetism it is usually assumed that the distribution of directions of natural remanent magnetization at a site is Fisherian. This assumption is used here for an analysis of dispersion on a sphere when only inclination (and not declination) of NRM directions is known. By this method, in spite of the lack of declination data, the mean inclination and precision of the parent Fisherian population are estimated, together with the probable errors in these estimates. The method is tested against known Fisherian populations and is then used for dealing with data from borecores, where the way-up of cores and dip of the hole are known, but the azimuth of cores is not. Uses of the information derived from this analysis include estimations of age of NRM, support for palaeomagnetic data from surface studies, and comparison of dispersion of the palaeomagnetic field with that of the present geomagnetic field.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 172-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A tectonic interpretation of the magnetic anomalies off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington between 40° and 52° north latitude shows that in the area surveyed the oceanic crust is cut by seven major dislocation zones which divide the region in eight areas. For five of these areas the original connection can be reconstructed. The existence of a ‘window’ of young crust surrounded by older crust and of a short, isolated length of active oceanic ridge southwest of Vancouver Island as proposed recently by different authors is not confirmed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 161-171 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die vonWollan undKanamori vorgeschlagenen Austauschmechanismen (letzterer in modifizierter Form) auch zur Erklärung der magnetischen Strukturen der im Nickel-Arsen-Gitter kristallisierenden Verbindungen der 3d-Übergangsmetalle eignen. Unter Berücksichtigung der direkten Wechselwirkungen können Erklärungen für die Unterschiede in der Höhe der magnetischen Umwandlungstemperaturen gegeben werden. Das paramagnetische Verhalten der Titanverbindungen wird auf das Fehlen lokalisierter magnetischer Momente zurückgeführt. Die Abnahme der magnetischen Umwandlungstemperaturen innerhalb der Reihe MeS, MeSe, MeTe (Me=V, Fe, Co, Ni) wird damit erklärt, dass diep-Funktionen der Anionen mit steigender Ordnungszahl an Stabilität verlieren, wodurch die «Richtwirkung» der Anionenfunktionen vermindert wird.
    Notizen: Summary It is shown, that the kinds of superexchange mechanism ofWollan andKanamori are suitable for declaring magnetic structures of nickel-arsen-type compounds of the 3d-metals. Differences of the curie-temperatures are interpreted by change of direct exchange. Paramagnetic behaviour of the titan compounds is declared by lacking of localised magnetic moments. Reduced curie-temperatures within the serie MeS, MeSe, MeTe (Me=V, Fe, Co, Ni) indicate that anion-p-functions with rising ordinal number have decreasing stability.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 179-195 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A layer of a few hundred meters thickness with suspended matter (a nepheloid zone) was discovered byEwing andThorndike [4]3) near the bottom on the continental slope of the North Atlantic. A downward pressure gradient is produced in this layer due to increment of water density with suspensoid. When only the Coriolis force balances with this pressure gradient, a bottom nepheloid current flows southwestward parallel to the depth contours with a velocity of about 10 (cm/sec) for a slope of one degree. The pressure gradient for fluid with locally variable density above a sloping bottom is treated and an extra term due to density gradient along the slope is derived. The vertical profiles of the nepheloid current with an effect on the vertical eddy viscosity are computed. Two kinds of vertical distributions of eddy viscosity are determined from the observed nepheloid distributions and used in the calculations: constant but different values at two layers and those increasing with height. The effect of the change of density along the bottom is treated by introducing dimensionless variables. Rossby number of the nepheloid current becomes about 10−2 indicating inertia terms to be negligible. Rossby number of turbidity currents ranges from 2 (in a decaying area) to 5 (developing area), suggesting that inertia terms are more important than Coriolis terms. The trajectories of turbidity currents are computed from motion of a mass of mud under the Coriolis force and friction, and the results are applied to those inferred byHand andEmery [6] in the San Diego Through off California.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 63 (1966), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The radiation tables byElsasser andCulbertson [1]2) are based upon an integrated form of the radiative transfer equation. Unfortunately, a term dealing with the temperature dependency of the transmission function is left out. This leads to an inconsistency of their analysis. It is the aim of this paper to correct and to modifyElsasser's graphical-numerical procedure such as to make his treatment internally consistent.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Correlations between some group of multipliers in the decomposition of the kernel function in the Stefanescu integral into vulgar fraction and parameters of geoelectrical cross-section are considered. Dependences of this multipliers on resistivities and relative thicknesses of layers (or longitudinals conductivities and transversals resistivities) are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 102-124 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Eine neue Technik ist vorgeschlagen, mit der das dynamische Spektrum der erdmagnetischen Pulsationen mit der Frequenz von 0.002 bis 2.0 Hz fortlaufend aufgenommen wird. Seit April 1964 sind die Beobachtung und die Analyse der Pulsationsspektra in unserem Observatorium durchgeführt worden. Die Hauptresultate der Analyse sind folgende: a) Pc-4 Pulsationen mit durchschnittlicher Frequenz von 0.015 Hz treten fast den ganzen Tag durch auf, mit der stärksten Aktivität um 09 Uhr lokale Zeit. Die Frequenz dieser Pulsationen ist am längsten um 07 Uhr, am kürzesten um 19 Uhr. b) Pi-2 Pulsationen mit geräuschausbruchähnlichen Hochfrequenz-Komponenten zeigen den häufigsten Auftritt gegen Mitternacht. Diese unregelmässigen Pulsationen regen die üblichen pc-4 auf. c) Pc-3 Pulsationen mit der Durchschnittsfrequenz von 0.035 Hz treten nur am Tage mit einer positiven Korrelation mit der erdmagnetischen Unruhe auf. Ihre Frequenz nimmt fast parallel zur Frequenz von pc-4 von Morgen bis Abend ab. d) Die bekannten Pulsationen von pc-1-, pc-2- und pi-1-Gruppen mit kürzeren Perioden werden auch registriert. Ihre Aktivität ist bemerkbar nur in der Nacht, wegen ihrer Verkleinerung durch die Ionosphäre. Ausser den Perlenhalskettenpulsationen treten die Geräuschausbrüche mit Frequenzen von 0.2 bis 2.0 Hz oft merkwürdig auf. Die Wellenfrequenz von pc-2 zeigt einen regel mässigen Tagesgang, der parallel zur Frequenzvariation von pc-4 ist.
    Notizen: Summary A special technique is introduced to observe continuously dynamic spectra of geomagnetic pulsations from 0.002 to 2.0 cps in frequency. Observation and analyses of these spectra have been continued on semi-routine basis in the authors' observatory since April 1964. Main observed results are as follows: a) Pc-4 pulsations of 0.015 cps in average frequency appear almost throughout a day, being the most active around 09 h LT; their frequency is maximum about 07 h and minimum about 19 h. b) Pi-2 pulsations with noise-burst-like high frequency components are the most active around the midnight; these irregular pulsations excite the regular pc-4 band. c) Pc-3 pulsations of 0.035 cps in average frequency appear only in the daytime with a positive correlation with the geomagnetic activity; their frequency decreases almost parallel to that of pc-4 from the morning to the evening. d) The well-known pulsations of pc-1, pc-2 and pi-1 ranges are also observed. Owing to the attenuation by the ionosphere, their activity is dominant only in the night time. In addition to the pearl-necklace type, noise bursts of 0.2 to 2.0 cps are particularly characteristic in this rauge. The frequency of pc-2 has a regular daily variation which is parallel to that of pc-4.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 160-163 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Recently, a new theory of the subsidence of rock masses has been advanced byLitwiniszyn and coworkers, which is based on the notion that the individual rock particles perform random walks. It is shown in the present paper that the final equations of the random walk theory can be justified from general principles of statistical mechanics in which no specific theoretical model of particle behaviour has to be made. The theory appears to account appropriately for subsidence phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 168-179 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In order to throw light on the mechanics of the cellular patterns of clouds observed from satellites we have applied classical methods to a new class of convection problems, namely a system consisting of two superposed layers with different properties heated from below, and have considered specially the case in which fluid may pass from one layer to the other and change its properties as it does so. A means is provided for computing the critical Rayleigh number and cell width to height ratio when the physical properties of the two layers are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary This investigation concerns itself with the determination of infrared radiative flux divergence along the symmetry line of a cone. Such a cone, imbedded in the plane earth, is thought to idealize a large valley. The radiative transfer equations were set up in such a manner as to deal with the special geometry involved. It was found that radiative temperature changes within the valley are a strong function of the steepness of the valley walls.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass für ein Gasgemisch, das geladene Komponenten enthält und von einem divergenzfreien und stationären Magnetfeld durchsetzt wird, für eine geladene Komponente (Ionen oder freie Elektronen) näherungsweise der Ertelsche Erhaltungssatz gilt, falls unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen das Verhältnis der Reibungskraft (innere) zur magnetischen Feldkraft sehr klein verbleibt. Weiter wurde nachgewiesen, dass derselbe Erhaltungssatz näherungsweise auch für ein viskoses Medium gilt, falls die Reynoldszahl (Verhältnis der Trägheitskraft zur Reibungskraft (innere)) sehr gross ist. Dies ist bei einem turbulenten Medium der Fall.
    Notizen: Summary It is shown that in a gas mixture containing charged constituents (ions and free electrons) the conservation theorem of Ertel is valid on certain conditions for one of the charged constituent if the ratio of the friction force between the neutral and charged constituents to the magnetic force is small. The same conservation theorem is also valid for a viscous fluid if the Reynoldsnumber (ratio of inertial force to the viscous force) is large.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 196-215 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In a coordinate system in which the ground is always a coordinate surface, climatic equations for axially asymmetric and symmetric atmospheric motions are derived. These are compared with their counterparts in the pressure coordinate system. Some qualitative predictions regarding solutions are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 216-216 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 5-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary After showing the possible definitions of the fictioious anomalies of local gravitational maps derived from Bouguer-maps, in the first part is discussed that $$\frac{{\smallint G dF}}{{\smallint |G |dF}} = 0$$ is the better fulfilled, the greater the map is in comparison with the horizontal dimensions of the anomalies (it is to integrate for the whole map;G is the derived quantity, e.g. residual org zz , obtained with method which are applying linear combinations of mean values on circles). It means that ficitious anomalies appear necessarily by such residual methods in general.—Because of the dependency of theG-values ons (radius of the smallest circle) applying such methods, in the second part is proposed the deduction ofs-independent formula for computing ofG, to diminish the disturbing effect of the fictitious anomalies. It is shown that the expression $$8.9\mathop \smallint \limits_0^\infty Res(s)/s^3 ds$$ gives satisfactoryg zz -approximations by pointmass [Res(s) is the residual-value as a function ofs obtained by the surface interpolation formula, [3] (7), usingd 1 2 =d 2=2].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Numerous observations of teleseismicPn phases have been made on short-period seismograph records in Sweden. The observations now cover the distance range of 2360 to 4670 km, that is about six times the distance range reported in an earlier paper. The propagation paths are exclusively confined to the Russian platform, which means that a very homogeneous structure is required for the propagation ofPn to large distances. The relation between travel-timet (sec) and distance Δ along the earth's surface (km) ist=Δ: (8.20±0.12)+(0±6), based on 30 observations. The real velocity ofPn (underneath Moho) is 8.15±0.12 km/sec and the corresponding Poisson's ratio, obtained by combination with the teleseismicSn velocity (4.72 km/sec), is 0.248. These are averages for the Russian platform. The problem of the relative occurrence ofPn andSn in teleseismic records is briefly discussed.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The displacement due to vertical impulsive load has been obtained by function theoretic method. Graphs have been drawn for horizontal as well as for vertical displacement. It has been shown thatPekeris's [12]2) method is easier to apply than that ofCagniard [2] for the same purpose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary An up to date (1965) collection of the geometric parameters of the eccentric dipole is given and a new approach to the theory is introduced visualising the eccentric dipole as a superposition of multipoles. Formulae are also given for the determination of the theoretical north and south dip-poles.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Systematic and extensive investigations on the magnetic and mineralogical properties of samples from basaltic lavas and doleritic dykes have been made. The results obtained lead to several interesting conclusions. Rocks giving Curie temperatures of around 250°C exhibit a high degree of magnetic stability, yield largeQn values (〉40) and often contain ore minerals possessing skeletal crystal structure. Also, such rocks can be saturated in low fields of the order of 1000 Oe, and give a value of around 0.5 for the ratioR of saturation remanence to the saturation intensity of magnetization. In contrast to this, rocks giving Curie temperatures of about 580°C are comparatively less stable, give smaller values ofQn, require higher fields for saturation and yield values ofR less than 0.2. Rocks with Curie temperatures ranging from 250°C to 550°C show general magnetic properties intermediate to those of the above two categories.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 87-89 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Some of the cases of reverse magnetic polarity of rocks might be explained by the influence of pre-existent normal magnetized surrounding rocks.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Processes representable by Newtonian cooling models are found to be of importance for tides in various planetary atmospheres. The equations of tidal theory are, therefore, rederived to include a rather general Newtonian cooling, and some of the effects of this inclusion are investigated.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 103-125 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une situation d'hiver abnormale en Afrique du Sud pendant le mois de juin 1964 a été analysée. Deux de trois sévères vagues de froid ont traversé le pays. Un tourbillon froid profond restait stationnaire pendant quelques jours sur la région de Transvaal et Orange Free State.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Eine abnormale Winterwetterlage, die mit zwei von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Kaltluftausbrüchen Südafrika während des Monats Juni 1964 in Mitleidenschaft gezogen hat, wird analysiert. Ein tiefer Kaltluftwirbel hielt sich einige Tage lang im Gebiet von Transvaal und Oranje-Freistaat stationär.
    Notizen: Summary An abnormal winter situation in South Africa during the month of June 1964 when two of three subsequent cold spells swept across the country has been analyzed. A deep cold vortex became stationary for a couple of days in the Transvaal and Orange Free State areas.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The results of an investigation of the deposition of nuclear weapon debris from the third Chinese test explosion are discussed.t −(1+x )-curves were measured and the values of the parameterx are presented. The dry and precipitation fallout samples and a hot particle were gammaspectrometrically examined. Fractionation phenomena were studied.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Am 9. Mai wurde der dritte chinesische Kernwaffenversuch durchgeführt. Als Folge konnte etwa vierzehn Tage nach dem Explosionszeitpunkt in Stuttgart-Hohenheim eine deutliche Zunahme des radioaktiven Befalls festgestellt werden. Für die gewonneuen Niederschlags-, Staub- und Luftfilterproben, sowie für ein Heisses Teilchen wurdent −(1+x )-Kurven gemessen, diex-Werte bestimmt und gammaspektrometrisch die Nuklidzusammensetzung untersucht. An den aufgefundenen Nukliddiskriminierungen ist bemerkenswert, dass das Heisse Teilchen eine deutliche95Zr-95 Nb-Anreicherung aufwies.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary General as well as quantitative details of reasons of the variations of the density of condensation nuclei is mentioned. Based on one year's records of observations in the morning and at noon in Vienna, executed by menas of a Pollak-condensation nucleus counter especially the effects of sedimentation, washout, rainout, exchange, wind advection, annual and weekly variation is discussed.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Nach allgemeinen und quantitativen Angaben über die Ursachen der Zu-und Abnahmen der Kondensationskerndichte wird auf die natürliche und industrielle Kernproduktion verwiesen. Auf Grund einjähriger Morgen- und Mittagsbeobachtungen in Wien mit einem Pollak-Kondensationskernzähler wird besonders die Sedimentation, der Washout- und Rainouteffekt, der Einfluss von Austausch und Windadvektion sowie der Jahres- und Wochengang besprochen.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 156-168 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Based upon the hitherto available results of the American Rocket Network (MRN), the effect of the twenty-six months' oscillation on the spring transition in the mesosphere is investigated. Lack of the possibility to construct circumpolar charts for the mesosphere proves the major disadvantage. Whether the asymmetry in the March pressure distribution of certain years found byScherhag extends up into the mesosphere has not yet been determined owing the scarcity of rocket material in previous years. The date of the vernal transition is — apart from its automatically depending on geographical location — found to be strongly height-dependent. Several examples illustrating the mesospheric spring transition over the MRN area are given.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung An Hand der bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse des amerikanischen Raketennetze (MRN) wird der Auswirkung der sechsundzwanzigmonatigen Schwingung bei der Frühjahrsumstellung in der Mesosphäre nachgegangen. Das Fehlen der Möglichkeit zur Zeichnung zirkumpolarer Mesosphärenkarten erweist sich als Hauptnachteil. Ob die Asymmetrie der Märzdruckverteilung in gewissen Jahren, dieScherhag fand, bis in die Mesosphäre reicht, kann auf Grund des spärlichen Raketenmaterials früherer Jahre noch nicht entschieden werden. Der Zeitpunkt der Frühjahrsumstellung erweist sich — neben der selbstverständlichen Abhängigkeit von der geographischen Lage — stark höhenabhängig. Mehrere Beispiele zur Illustration der mesosphärischen Frühjahrsumstellung über dem Gebiet des MRN werden gegeben.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 54-64 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The potential functions caused due to anSH-torque pulse from a point source in any of the layers of a three-layered solid half-space have been evaluated in terms of definite integrals, usingCagniard's method. The solution is given as a double infinite series, of which only a finite number of terms contribute to the disturbance at a definite time, and the number of such terms increases with time.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 140-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung und langwellige Ausstrahlung für wolkenfreien Himmel wurden für den Bereich des Amerikanischen Mittelmeers berechnet, auf Grund herkömmlicher Radiosondenaufstiege im Jahre 1960. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hinblick auf die in der Literatur verfügbaren Breitenkreismittelwerte diskutiert. Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung und langwellige Ausstrahlung ändern sich mit der geographischen Breite besonders stark im Winter, wogegen horizontale Unterschiede im Sommer weniger ausgeprägt sind. Eine relativ starke Absorption von Sonnenstrahlung scheint in den unteren Schichten über der Karibischen See stattzufinden. Die langwellige Ausstrahlung ist besonders stark um 700 mb und unterhalb des 950 mb-Niveaus, und zwar sowohl im Sommer wie im Winter. Das steht im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen vonLondon, stimmt aber mit einer neueren Studie vonDavis überein. Die für wolkenfreien Himmel berechnete langwellige Ausstrahlung bis hinauf zum 500 mb-Niveau ist etwas grösser als die aus Aufstiegen von Radiometersonden im Herbst 1960 gewonnenen Werte vonRiehl. Unterschiede zwischen den Daten vonRiehl und den Breitenkreismittelwerten vonLondon scheinen im wesentlichen aus unterschiedlichen Bewölkungsverhältnissen herzurühren. Die aus Absorption und langwelliger Ausstrahlung resultierenden Abkühlungsbeträge entsprechen im allgemeinen den vonLondon für mittlere Bewölkungsverhältnisse mitgeteilten mittleren Vertikalschnitten. Die effektive Ausstrahlung der Erdoberfläche zeigt im Winter eine Abnahme von der Karibischen See auf den dann kalten Nordamerikanischen Kontinent hin; Unterschiede mit der geographischen Breite verschwinden hingegen im Sommer. Die Berechnungen entsprechen den Tabellenwerten vonBudyko und den Abschätzungen vonRiehl für den Herbst 1960;London's Daten sowie Abschätzungen nach dem Nomogramm vonSverdrup hingegen sind deutlich höher.
    Notizen: Summary Computations of solar heating and infrared cooling for clear sky conditions in the area of the Central American Seas are presented, as based on conventional radiosondes in 1960. Results are discussed with regard to latitude mean data available in the literature. Both solar heating and infrared cooling display the most pronounced latitudinal variation in winter, while the distribution is rather uniform in summer. Large heating rates are found in the lower layers over the Caribbean Sea. The infrared cooling shows maxima around 700 mb and below the 950 mb level, in both summer and winter. This contrasts withLondon's result, but agrees with a more recent study byDavis. Infrared cooling rates computed for clear sky conditions up to 500 mb are somewhat larger than the results form radiometer soundings in fall 1960 as reported byRiehl. Discrepancies betweenRiehl's data andLondon's latitude mean values appear to result essentially from different cloud conditions. The pattern of net cooling is in general consistent withLondon's latitude mean cross-sections for average cloudiness. Effective outgoing radiation in winter displays a decrease from the Caribbean Sea towards the cold interior of the North American Continent, while latitudinal contrasts vanish during the summer season. Computations compare well withBudyko's table andRiehl's estimate for fall 1960, while they are substantially lower thanLondon's data and estimates fromSverdrup's graph.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Regional variations have been indicated in the slope of theP travel-time curve in the shadow zone of the earth's core. Further study is needed since the uncertainties of the slope are large, especially for the observations from North American stations. There is no significant difference between themean slope of theP travel-time curve in the 95°≦Δ≦102.9 range and those obtained byJeffreys, andJeffreys andBullen. However, there is a significant difference between themean slope in the 103° to 135° range as obtained in this study, and those obtained byJeffreys andBullen, and in a later revision byJeffreys. Themean travel-time curve ofP in the shadow zone of the earth's core should be lowered. A trial travel-time table is given with amean slope of 4.41 sec/deg. This table is in close agreement with the times obtained byGutenberg andRichter, and with the trial travel-times ofLehmann. Under the assumption of diffraction the longitudinal wave velocity has been determined to be 13.7 km/sec at the core-mantle boundary.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 66 (1967), S. 183-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé De juin 1961 à décembre 1964, le rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde du soleil et du ciel (rayonnement global) a été enregistré à Locarno-Monti, au pied sud des Alpes, au moyen de surfaces réceptrices disposées suivant les faces d'un cube orienté vers le sud. Le matériel de mesure recueilli permet d'établir les variations journalières et saisonnières moyennes du rayonnement global lors de conditions extrêmes et moyennes de rayonnement. Rapportée à l'énergie rayonnante totale interceptée par le cube, la fraction de rayonnement reçue par une certaine face verticale dépend de l'orientation de cette face et de la durée relative d'insolation. On étudie l'influence de cette dernière sur l'éclairement dont jouissent les différentes faces du cube. A l'aide des relations trouvées, on calcule des moyennes climatologiques du rayonnement global à partir de moyennes tirées des longues séries d'enregistrements de la durée relative d'insolation à Locarno-Monti. En donnant encore le rapport des rayonnements du soleil et du ciel reçus respectivement par une surface verticale et par l'horizontale, on rend possible l'évaluation du rayonnement global tombant sur une paroi verticale aux stations où seuls des récepteurs horizontaux sont mis en œuvre.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung In Locarno-Monti am Alpensüdfuss wurde von Juni 1961 bis Dezember 1964 die kurzwellige Strahlung von Sonne und Himmel (Globalstrahlung) auf die Flächen eines nach Süden orientierten Würfels registriert. An Hand dieses Materials konnten mittlere Tages- und Jahresgänge der Globalstrahlung für extreme und mittlere Strahlungsbedingungen gewonnen werden. Der Anteil der Strahlungsenergie, die auf eine senkrechte Fläche fällt, an der gesamten Strahlung auf den Würfel, wird von der Orientierung der Wand und der relativen Sonnenscheindauer beeinflusst. Es wurde die Abhängigkeit des Strahlungsgenusses der verschieden orientierten Wände von der relativen Sonnenscheindauer untersucht. Mit Hilfe dieser Zusammenhänge wurden klimatologische Mittelwerte der Globalstrahlung aus langjährigen Mittelwerten der relativen Sonnenscheindauer in Locarno-Monti abgeleitet. Um auch für Stationen, an denen die Globalstrahlung nur auf die horizontale Fläche gemessen wird, jene auf senkrechte Flächen berechnen zu können, werden die Verhältnisse der Strahlung von Sonne und Himmel auf eine Wand zu der auf die horizontale Fläche angegeben.
    Notizen: Summary Measurements of the short wave radiation of sund and sky (global radiation) on surfaces of a cube orientated to the south have been carried out at Locarno-Monti (Switzerland) from June 1961 to December 1964. These data were used for deducing the annual and daily variations of the global radiation under extreme and average conditions. The percentage of the radiation energy on a vertical surface on the entire radiation on the cube depends on the orientation of the surface and on the relative duration of sunshine. Further researches involve the dependence of the radiation on vertical walls of different orientation on the duration of sunshine. With the aid of these relations and the climatological means of the relative duration of sunshine at Locarno-Monti average values of the global radiation could be determined. In order to calculate the radiation on vertical surfaces for those stations, for which only measurements of the global radiation on a horizontal surface are available, the relations between the radiation on a wall to that on a horizontal surface must be known.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In this investigation, a method is developed which allows the determination of the distribution of the intrinsic attenuation with depth in the earth's mantle using single body wave observations. Focal mechanism, geometrical spreading and the source function are not involved in the proposed method. Several examples are presented obeying different laws of the quality factor decreasing or increasing with depth. A case is shown where a first order discontinuity is present, and also when the hypocenter varies with depth.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The displacements on the free surface of a homogeneous isotropic semi-infinite medium has been obtained assuming a moving normal stress on the surface. It has been studied how the displacements behave with (1) the direction of propagation of the source with respect to the recording station and (2) the velocity of the source.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The expression of the travel timet of bodily waves propagating in a layered earth, as a function of the emerging angle is obtained, to complement the one given in a previous paper [1]2) of the epicentral distance θ. The waves velocityV is again assumed to vary linearly with the depth. Having both expressions it becomes possible to construct a theoretical functiont=t(θ) and to explore the true values ofV by adjusting it to the experimental travel time tables.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The possibility of propagation of Love-waves in a non-homogeneous internal stratum internal stratum of finite depth sandwitched between two semi-infinite isotropic media has been studied in this paper. The density and rigidity both are considered to be variable, density being taken as $$\varrho 2 = \frac{{\varrho 0}}{{\left( {1 + \alpha z} \right)}} and rigidity \mu 2 = \frac{{\mu 0}}{{\left( {1 + \alpha z} \right)}},$$ ϱ0 and μ0 are constants. The velocity β=c2 is taken here as constant $$ = \surd \overline {\mu 2} /\varrho 2 = \surd \overline {\mu 0} /\varrho 0$$ . It is found that the phase velocityc exists between the limitc 2〈c≦(1.121c 2). The variability ofKH (whereK, the wave number andH, the depth of the internal medium) with the change ofc/c 2 andC/c 2 (whereC is the group velocity) is shown graphically.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The problem of a point source in an isotropic, inhomogeneous fluid medium is discussed. It is assumed that the density of the fluid is constant and the acoustic velocity varies with depth asc=c 0(1 +m z) wherem is a constant andc 0 is, the velocity at the level of the origin. An approximate expression for the field due to a point source in such a medium is obtained when the medium is infinite as well as when it is semi-infinite. It is found that the results obtained agree with the WKB solution of the problem.
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  • 52
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible crust of constant density and rigidity varying exponentially with depth lying on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic base has been discussed in this paper. Frequency equation has been derived and numerical calculations are made. The result obtained in this case is compared with that ofNewlands [3]2) andDutta [4].
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The records at Athens of 85 earthquakes with epicenters in several regions on the earth were used to determine group velocities along thirty five paths. The mean crustal thickness along each path has been estimated by comparing the observations withPress's standard curves. A linear relation has been found between the mean crustal thickness and mean elevation along each path. This relation is in agreement with Airy's isostatic hypothesis. Determination of Love wave dispersion along five paths and Rayleigh wave dispersion along two paths in southeastern Europe and northern Asia Minor gave values from 35 to 45 km for the crustal thickness in this region.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 112-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The nine coefficients of fourth order spherical harmonic functions in the expression for the potential of the main geomagnetic field are used to derive the nine parameters of a fourth order multipole. These nine parameters consist of the strength of the multipole, and four unit vectors or axes. The points of intersection of the axes with the surface of the Earth are called poles. Although movements of the poles over the period 1829 to 1965 are masked by random errors in the spherical harmonic coefficients, all of the axes show eastward components of drift since 1829, but two have drifted westward in later years to return almost to their initial 1829 positions. The strength of the fourth order multipole has shown a general increase, amounting to some 30 per cent of the 1829 value.
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  • 55
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary It has examined theoretically the question of the influence of Brownian motion of rotation upon the orientation of small ferromagnetic particles, settling in a liquid in the presence of the Earth's magnetic field. It has given a criterion of this influence depending on the particle's size and their magnetic momert.
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  • 56
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary This paper considers the propagation of a progressive tidal wave along a canal of uniform width, in which the depth increases linearly from one side to the other. The linearised tidal equations are solved firstly by a perturbation procedure for small inclinations of the bed to the horizontal, and secondly by a numerical method from the exact solution, for some particular values of the parameters.
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  • 57
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    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Latest measurements of terrestrial heat flow in the Hungarian and Russian parts of the Carpathian basin confirm previously measured high flow values between 2.0–3.3 μcal/cm2 sec. Recent measurement in the Permian anticline structure of the Mecseck. Mts. in Hungary gave 2.4 μcal/cm2sec, whereas in the Russian part of the basin, near to the Hungarian border 2.6 μcal/cm2 sec was measured in Miocene sediments. For more than 100000 km2 surface of the Carpathian basin covered by Hungary and parts of Slovakia and Russian the high heat flow is an established fact.
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  • 58
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    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 143-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Bathythermograms just off the northern edge of the Gulf Stream often show temperature inversions, while those in the Gulf Stream and the Sargasso Sea do not show such features. A similar situation was found in the Kuroshio area. TheT-S curve obtained off Cape Hatteras with a bathysalinograph and a bathythermograph indicates that the temperature inversions correspond to high salinity and less stable density stratification. Sequential surface temperature charts suggest that the inversions may be caused by sinking of the warm and saline Gulf Stream water. When such water is driven into the slope water region, it is cooled by mixing or heat transfer to the atmosphere, but retains its high salinity and sinks. A simple mathematical model is developed based on an assumption that an isolated water mass is enclosed in a parcel with a flexible and permeable membrane. The initial density inside the parcel is different from the one outside and the water mixes with the surrounding water. When it is assumed that mixing of temperature occurs faster than that of salinity, the isolated Gulf Stream water sinks to an equilibrium depth, causing temperature peaks and inversions in the subsurface layer.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 156-165 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The annual mean distribution of the surface stress curl over the Northern Hemisphere has been estimated from the horizontal vorticity advection in the atmosphere by using the upper-wind statistics as published byCrutcher [2]3). The results are used to compute the wind-driven mass transport (Sverdrup transport) in North Atlantic and North Pacific. The calculated intensity of the Gulf Stream is largest at the latitude 35°N, where a mass transport of 45×106 tons sec−1 is obtained; for the maximum intensity of the Kuroshio current a value of 60×106 tons sec−1 is obtained.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 166-172 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The discrepancy between the observed values off 0 E and those computed on the basis of theChapman theory was examined. Taking monthly mean values of stations in various latitudes for the year 1958 it was shown, that the diurnal variation of indexn changes in higher latitudes becoming similar to that in the neighbourhood of the equator. This phenomenon may be attributed to the effect of a vertical drift produced by an overhead current system in that part of the dayside ionosphere. Further it was shown, that the variation of indexn with increasing solar activity is largely due to the increase of the recombination coefficient and that of the scale height.
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  • 61
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    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Calculations of the Heisenberg parameter and Strouhal number, for mesoscale vortex streets in the atmosphere, support the analogy with the classical Kármán vortex wake. Revised estimates of the horizontal coefficient of eddy diffusion are obtained.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 186-192 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A new radiometer has been designed which employs a black plate whose radiation towards the night sky is balanced by infrared radiation transferred in vacuo. The instrumental characteristics are described by a simplified theory and by laboratory tests making use of large surfaces with known emissivities. The instrument allows ‘the incoming’ IR atmospheric flux to be measured with a high degree of accuracy and independently of the ventilation rate.
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  • 63
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    Digitale Medien
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary This study deals with the conditions of radio wave propagation in the link between the islands Chios and Lemnos and especially with the influence of weather situations upon this propagation. The field fading forms have been classified into three typesA, B andC which have an annual course of large amplitude. TypesA andB show their maximum frequency during the cold months of the year and their minimum during the warm months, while the typeC shows an annual course inverse to the courses of the typesA andB. This can be explained if it is taken into consideration that in the eastern Mediterranean the weather situations during the warm season are absolutely different from those of the cold season. Finally for the months January, April, July and October a correlation between the prevailing weather situations and the occurence of theA, B, C fading forms has been attempted, the main results of which were that the typeC occurs with weak winds, or with clear and calm weather as well as under the blowing of the Etesian winds, while the typeA is almost certainly due to the anticyclonic extensions during the cold season of the year and generally to the strong winds of the north sector.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Objective criteria are obtained for irrotational frictionless flow in the case of pure geostrophic, isallobaric and thermal wind flow. For rotational flow, a criterion is obtained in the case of non-permanent barotropic conditions, by introducing the concept ofabsolute potential vorticity. These criteria permit practical discrimination of conditions related to rotational or irrotational motion in the atmosphere, in an objective way.
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  • 65
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary the possibility of the fine structure wave form of noctilucent clouds being due solely to variations in the dust density arising from the wave motions of the dust particles is discussed, with the conclusion that this state of affairs is unlikely.
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  • 66
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary It is proposed that gravitational torques can furnish a mechanism for the radial outward transport of angular momentum in the solar nebula. For this effect to be present the disc of the nebula must have a spiral structure with trailing arms. A mathematical model is constructed with the main object of seeing whether purely advective inward eddy transports of angular momentum could offset the gravitational torques. It is found that for a protosun much more massive than the disc the eddy transport is small, allowing the gravitational effects of predominate. In such a case convergence of angular momentum is to be expected at the outer edge of the disc. The possibility exists that matter could be shed to large distances perhaps giving rise to the cloud of comets surrounding the solar system as proposed byJ. H. Oort.
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  • 67
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 239-265 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The author gives the results obtained by means of nine years (1957–1965 inclusive) of recordings of the potential gradient and two years (1964–1965 inclusive) of the current density. Some general aspects of these registrations are discussed.
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  • 68
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 266-268 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
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    Pure and applied geophysics 67 (1967), S. 197-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Mit zwei Infrarot-Radiometern für Oberflächentemperaturmessungen, dem IT 1 und dem PRT 4 wurden Meßflüge von Hubschraubern bzw. von Flächenflugzeugen aus durchgeführt: 1. Ein Meßflug über eine größere Strecke in der Ostsee, von Kiel bis Göteborg und zurück (IT 1). Er ergab eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Wassertemperaturmessungen der Feuerschiffe, während größere Abweichungen zu denen von Küstenstationen auftraten. 2. Vergleichende Messungen zwischen verschiedenen unbewachsenen und bewachsenen Oberflächen (IT 1), die den starken Einfluß der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit und hier insbesondere des Bewuchses auf die mit Radiometern gemessenen Oberflächentemperaturen zeigen. Bewachsene Oberflächen wiesen um bis zu 8°C und unbewachsene bis zu 15°C höhere Meßwerte auf als die Lufttemperatur zur gleichen Zeit. 3. Messungen verschiedener Meßobjekte, wobei sowohl senkrecht von oben gemessen wurde, wie bei allen anderen Meßprogrammen, als auch schräg unter einem Winkel von 30–45° zur Horizontalen (PRT 4). Damit konnte die Vermutung bestätigt werden, daß Schrägmessungen Ergebnisse liefern, die nicht so stark von der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit abhängen wie Senkrechtmessungen und so bei bewachsenen Oberflächen Werte liefern, die besser der wahren Oberflächentemperatur entsprechen. Bei direkter Sonneneinstrahlung muß dabei allerdings die Meßrichtung mit der Einfallsrichtung der Sonnenstrahlung übereinstimmen. 4. Messungen über dem Stadtrandgebiet von Frankfurt/Main (IT 1), das bei einer Lufttemperatur zwischen 25°C und 26°C Spitzen der Oberflächentemperatur bis über 45°C aufwies, während die mittleren Oberflächentemperaturen der einzelnen Meßstreckenabschnitte sich zwischen 29°C und 36°C bewegten.
    Notizen: Summary By use of two different models of infrared radiometers, the IT 1, and the PRT 4, measurements were conducted from helicopters and airplanes, respectively: 1. Flight measurements conducted over a long distance over the Baltic Sea, from Kiel to Goeteborg (Sweden) and return (IT 1). The results obtained agreed well with the measurements of water-temperature made by lightships, while they differed considerably from those made by coast stations. 2. Measurements of different types of surfaces (IT 1) for the purpose of comparison which showed the strong influence exerted by the type of surface, particularly if covered with vegetation. Surfaces covered with vegetation measured up to 8°C and plain surfaces as much as 15°C higher than air temperature at the same time. 3. Measurements of various targets accomplished perpendicular from above (all other measurements were carried out in this manner) as well as inclined under an angle of 30... 45° to the horizontal level (PRT 4). This experiment verified the assumption that measurements performed with inclined mounted instruments are yielding results which are more independent on the type of vegetation and thereby agree better with the true surface temperature of the tips of the plants. However, sunshine requires such measurements to be made in the direction of the direct sun radiation. 4. Measurements over a suburban area of Frankfurt/Main (IT 1) which, at an air temperature of 25°C–26°C, yielded maximum values of surface temperature of more than 45°C, while mean values for sections of the path ranged from 29°C to 36°C.
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  • 70
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    Pure and applied geophysics 68 (1967), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetische Energie-Bilanz über dem Amerikanischen Mittelmeer während der Winter-(November–April) und Sommerhälfte (Mai-Oktober) des Jahres 1960 wird für die Schichten 1000/350, 850/700, 700/500 und 500/300 mb untersucht. Vertikaltransporte, seitlicher Export und die Produktion von kinetischer Energie werden direkt von den zweimal täglichen Radiosondenaufstiegen berechnet, während die Vernichtung kinetischer Energie als Restglied der Energiegleichung bestimmt wird. Der Energieverbrauch in der Grenzschicht wird unabhängig auf Grund von Schiffsbeobachtungen des Jahres 1960 abgeschätzt. Die Vernichtung kinetischer Energie hat in der Schicht 1000/850 mb die Grössenordnung von 1·103 ergs·cm−2·sec−1, und nimmt nach den höheren Schichten zu ab. Das Restglied der Energiegleichung zeigt eine Produktion kinetischer Energie vor allem für die Schicht 500/300 mb im Winter an. Das erscheint verträglich mit den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren. Wegen der in den Berechnungsverfahren liegenden Unsicherheiten kommt den Absolutwerten nur begrenzte Gültigkeit zu.
    Notizen: Summary The budget of kinetic energy over the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico during the winter (November–April) and Summer (May–October) half-years of 1960 is established for the finite atmospheric layers 1000/850, 850/700, 700/500, and 500/300 mb. Vertical transports, lateral outflow, and generation of kinetic energy are computed directly from twice-daily aerological soundings, while the ‘dissipation’ term is obtained as a residual. The frictional dissipation in the boundary layer is independently computed from 1960 ship observations. Kinetic energy dissipation is of the order of 1·103 ergs·cm−2 in the layer 1000/850 mb, decreasing in the higher layers. The residual ‘dissipation’ term would indicate a production of kinetic energy, particularly for the layer 500/300 mb in winter. This would appear consistent with results by other authors. Due to the uncertainties inherent in the computational procedures, however, only limited confidence can be given to the absolute values.
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  • 71
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A calculation of the slip angle and an analysis of the type of faulting associated with earthquakes was made from the presently available fault-plane solutions in the same fashion as this was done six years ago for the then available fault plane solutions. Most of the earlier results were confirmed: It was found that there exist certain large scale areas in the world which can now be much more specifically defined than previously, with a predominance of either strike-slip or dip-slip faulting. There is no evidence of a level of no strain from seismic data since there is no indication of a distinct decrease of pressure type faulting with increasing depth.
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  • 72
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A portable solid state device designed and constructed for the measurement of temperature variation with depth inside a borehole is described. Saturation current (which is highly dependent on ambient temperature) in a reverse biased PN junction has been utilised for the purpose of measurement. The equipment is inexpensive and possesses several advantages over other types of instruments for geothermal measurement regarding simplicity in construction and operation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
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    Pure and applied geophysics 68 (1967), S. 214-228 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The present paper contains studies of the nocturnal radiation at some Indian Stations (Madras, Waltair, Nagpur, New Delhi and Poona) with the help of the Ångström compensation Pyrgeometer. The technique of measurement is also described briefly. A study of the mean monthly variation of sky radiation during clear as well as all nights has been discussed. A comparitive study of mean monthly values of sky and other nocturnal radiation components at these stations is also presented. Ångström, [4]2) expressed the dependence of sky radiationS—on water vapour pressuree (mm of mercury) at the earth's surface and air temperatureT (degrees absolute), near the instrument to be given byS=σT 4 (0.75–0.32×10−0.069e ) cal/cm2/min. According to this semi-empirical relationship, the calculated values of sky radiation for clear nights are smaller than the observed values of sky radiation at all the above stations. It is for this reason the authors obtained a new formula with different constants using nine years observed data at all the stations. To investigate the value of the constant, the mean annual observations presented for nine years from clear skies were analysed for correlations betweenB (black body radiation) versesS (sky radiation),N (net radiation) andE (absolute error) and obtained a good correlation co-efficients 0.90, 1 and 0.98 respectively. The new suggested formula isS=σT 4 (0.88–0.32×10−0.069e ) cal/cm2/min, 267° A〈T〈313° A. It is also verified using with observed data of different years of the stations. The agreement between the computed values with the new formula of sky radiation and observed sky radiation is found to be good.
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  • 74
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    Pure and applied geophysics 68 (1967), S. 247-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
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    Pure and applied geophysics 68 (1967), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Für die Interpretation von Radarechos in Niederschlagsgebieten wurde ein Ombrograph nach dem Waageprinzip konstruiert. Aufgrund von theoretischen Überlegungen und Versuchen im Laboratorium hat eine Wippe mit einem Nenninhalt von 2 cm3 unsere Anforderungen am besten erfüllt. Diese Anforderungen sind: 1) Mit der gleichen Wippe Messung von sehr schwachen und sehr starken Regenintensitäten mit einer Genauigkeit von 10%. 2) Automatisches Drucken der Niederschlagsmengen pro Minute, pro Stunde und pro Tag. 3) Unmittelbare Übertragung der Messresultate an einen beliebgiben Ort mit der Möglichkeit einer automatischen Weiterverarbeitung der Messwerte nach beliebigen Gesichtspunkten.
    Notizen: Summary A tipping bucket rain gauge was developed for the interpretation of measurements with the radar. Theoretical considerations and experimental results show that our demands are best met with a bucket having a nominal content of 2 cm3. These demands are: 1. To be able to measure very weak as well as very strong rain intensities with an accuracy better than 10%. 2. To print automatically the amount of rain fallen in a minute, an hour and a day. 3. To be able to transmit the results immediately to any desirable point.
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  • 76
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 246-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The wave velocity equation in the form of a ninth order determinantal expression is derived appropriate to Rayleigh type waves in a granular half-space supporting a different granular layer. The calssical frequency equation when both media are elastic has been deduced as a particular case by limiting process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A computational scheme has been derived to generateHeuman's Lambda function. This has been applied to compute the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder. Test computations show that the error introduced by assuming a semifinite cylinder in place of a finite one of depth 30 times its radius is 1.77%.
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  • 80
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    Pure and applied geophysics 69 (1968), S. 320-335 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In this paper the theoretical model of cloud spectrum formation process is built in which spectrum formation and its development are followed by and these observations find no contradictions, beginning with air ascent containing condensation of nuclei and up to large drop formation falling out off the cloud. Both the obtained results of velocity spectrum formation and the form of distribution function corresponds to the direct observations. The model does not use any empirical relations and empirical regularities; it is free from arbitrary suppositions and assumptions which are not examined by experiments, and the number of parameters in it is limited by ones (vertical velocityU z, turbulent diffusion coefficientK z and two parameter distribution function of nucleus condensation with super-saturation). First in the developed theory the principal contradictions not allowing till now to connect together condensational and coagulation stages of cloud spectrum development are overcome.
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  • 81
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    Pure and applied geophysics 69 (1968), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Airborne particulate matter was sampled at Mt. Cimone, Italy, to determine the size distribution of black spherules in the 1–5 μ diameter range. The magnetic fraction of airborne particulate matter was separated by forcing air through a strong magnetic sampling device, where ferromagnetic particles accumulated on microscope slides. Sizes of the black spherules were determined by counting under a microscope. Samples were dissolved and analyzed for iron content. Distribution was found to be in agreement with that of deep-sea sediment and satellite high atmosphere samples. The rate of terrestrial accretion of cosmic matter composed of black spherules appears to be approximately 10−15 g cm−2 sec−1.
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  • 82
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Love waves in a half space with one homogeneous elastic layer overlying a semiinfinite medium having elastic properties varying with depth has been considered. The frequency equation for small wave lengths has been obtained, considering general variation, and has been shown to involve the first three derivatives of the rigidity of the heterogeneous medium at its interface with the homogeneous layer.
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  • 83
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary An analysis is carried out of the Love wave propagation in a system consisting of an anisotropic, inhomogeneous layer bounded on either side by homogeneous, isotropic solid halfspaces. The period equation is obtained, which incorporates in it the effects of a typical variation of directional rigidities and density in the layer on dispersive properties of the Love waves. The conditions for the existence of the real roots of the frequency equation is brought out in the form of limits on phase velocity values. Corresponding to these values, the frequency equation is discussed in different wave length ranges. Numerical computation is done to analyse the variation of (i) Phase and Group velocity and (ii) Amplitudes (at different depths), with wave number. Conclusions on the significant results follow in the end.
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  • 84
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 61-73 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary TheGumbel's theory of largest values has been applied to the estimation of probability of occurrence and of return periods of largest earthquakes in the European area. For this study shallow shocks from the period 1901–1955 and from 15 earthquake zones were used. For each zone the largest magnitudes corresponding to one-year intervals were arranged in order of increasingM, grouped in classes and then the probabilitiesF(x j) were calculated. The data plotted on the probability paper fit a straight line fairly well. The extrapolated lines yield the possibility of estimating large magnitudes which will be exceeded with a given probability, e.g. 1%. Such values were compared with largest magnitudes observed during the period 1901–1955. Their return periods indicate that in most regions the largest probable shock already occurred. Following the procedure ofEpstein-Lomnitz the coefficients α and β were calculated and compared with corresponding values ofa andb of the magnitude-frequency relation.
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  • 85
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Some particular cases of sedimentation of the ferromagnetic particles in the fluid in presence of currents in it are examined. The obtained theoretical conclusions can be checked up easily experimentally.
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  • 86
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 94-104 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The results of recent extensive studies on the low field hysteresis in basalts from India and East Africa and the memory phenomenon observed in some of the rocks have been found to have a direct bearing on the various parameters such asQ n,Q tn, stability by the A.C. field technique etc. which are of great importance in rock-magnetism. It has been found that rocks having low Curie temperature (itθ c ) and not exhibiting memory phenomenon are ideally suited for palaeomagnetic studies. Also, rocks having relatively higher itθ c often exhibit memory phenomenon, given inconsistent NRM directions and show an irregular behaviour on A.C. field cleaning. In using the latter rock types for palaeomagnetic work one has to take a number of precautions which are clearly brought out by the studies described in this paper.
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  • 87
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 110-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Reactions within spinel-type oxides are examined by consideration of (i) the law of mass-action and its limits, (ii) the structural field situation (Mössbaufr) and the (high- or low-) spin state, (iii) the cation site preferences. The conditions for electron transport, cation and vacancy diffusion during oxidation are determined. Effects of defect diffusion on domain-wall mobility and ordering processes during thermal influences are discussed.
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  • 88
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 115-131 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Thermal emission mass spectrometric technique is applied to the determination of the lead isotopic composition of some selected galenas from the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Recent methods of calculations for galena dating are used in determining the geochronological significance of the data. A correlation is made between the data obtained and the modes of occurrences of the deposits to enter any processes that cause their isotopic variations.
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  • 89
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    Pure and applied geophysics 70 (1968), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The electromagnetic equations of Maxwell as well as the equations of fluid dynamics have been used to investigate the hydromagnetic flow due to the transient motion of a plane. The expressions for the velocity and skin-friction have been derived for small values of time by using Laplace transform techniques.
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  • 90
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary For the temperature of the middle ionosphere (100–180 km) variations proportional to the solar height are supposed with a certain inertia. The coefficients of these variations are computed on the basis of some rocket experiments and the asymetry in the daily variations of the electron density in theE-layer, the intermediateE-F region and theF1-layer. The diurnal vairations of the temperature are obtained for different constant heights.
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  • 91
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary On the basis of the exponential approximation for the distribution of the concentration of molecular oxygen and ozone in given parts of the ionosphere, expressions have been derived for the changes of the dissociative velocity rates of the oxygen components in the ionosphere. The numerical calculations made reveal negligible changes of these rates for heights above 100 km and sufficiently strong variations in the low ionosphere.
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  • 92
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resumen Se graficó la variación diurna en la componente horizontal (H) de estaciones sudamericanas bajo y próximas al «electrojetra, durante el A.G.I. Estas sirvieron para inferir una dilatación hacia el sur del «electrojet» en el oeste de América del Sur.
    Notizen: Summary The diurnal variation in the horizontal component (H) of south american stations under and close to the electrojet were plotted during the I.G.Y. Thus a dilatation towards the south of the electrojet in the western part of South America was inferred.
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 51-55 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary An integration device consisting essentially of a simple saw-tooth oscillator is described. The instrument allows to integrate arbitrary voltages variable with time. Thus it is possible to integrate measuring functions variable with time, especially in meteorology and geophysics, that are convertible into a proportional voltage. Examples of measurements and application are represented.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein im wesentlichen aus einem einfachen Kippschwinger bestehender Integrator beschrieben, der es gestattet, zeitlich veränderliche Spannungen digital zu summieren. Er ist somit zur Integration von zeitlich variablen Meßgrößen, insbesondere aus Meteorologie und Geophysik, sie sich in eine der Meßgröße proportionale Spannung umsetzen lassen, geeignet. Es werden Meß- und Anwendungsbeispiele gegeben.
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  • 94
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 118-131 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A formula is derived for the spatial attenuation of the two possible modes of oscilation of a two-layer, rotating system. If the long-wave approximation is made, it is found with reference to the internal mode that this formula disagrees with an earlier result obtained byRattray [8]2).
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  • 95
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 132-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In the atmosphere there may be layers undergoing cellular convection with a much larger heat flux through the base of the layer than through the top. This may be either because there is a steady loss of heat by radiation from the body of the fluid or because the temperature is everywhere rising. In this latter case the temperature gradients could remain constant so that the mechanics would be the same as if the heat were being lost and the temperature kept steady. The fluid is considered incompressible as in the classical theory of cellular convection, and we determine the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection and the width to height ratio of the cells as functions of the heat loss. The problem, is in some respects analogous to that of the motion of a viscous fluid between rotating cylinders but in this case there are two non-dimensional-numbers-the Rayleigh number (g α βh 4/K v) and a number representing the ratio of the heat loss by radiation to the heat flux. It is found that the critical Rayleigh number is decreased and the cells widened as had already been found for the case of a fluid with transfer coefficients having a spatial variation, with free boundaries, but the cells are made more narrow if the boundaries are rigid.
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 164-180 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Резюоме Сделан обзол Возможностей исполБзования метеорологич еских спутникоБ для исслепования различнъюх явлений б атмосфере иполучени я даннъюх офизических усмовыях в атмосфере, необходимъюх для реализациичисленнъюх мето дов прогнозапогодъю, синоптического анализа и других целей. Сцелъю исключитъ повторения в об зор не вклйченъю многне важнъюе материалъю в области спутниковой метеорологии, которъюе въюли рассмотренъю в более ранних обзорах.
    Notizen: Summary The paper presents a review of the possibilities of using meteorological satellites for investigating various atmospheric phenomena and obtaining data on the physical condition of the atmosphere required for realizing the numerical methods of weather forecast, the synoptical analysis and other purposes. To avoid repetition the review does not include the much important material in the field of satellite meteorology which had been dealt with in earlier reviews.
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  • 97
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
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    Pure and applied geophysics 71 (1968), S. 190-197 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A convenient constant reproducible aerosol has been a long-felt need for satisfactory research and development purposes in the field of Aitken nucleus studies. An account is given of a recent attempt to produce such an aerosol by radiolytic methods. It consists of the introduction of α-particle sources of different activities into nucleus-free air in aerosol containers. Condensation nuclei in the Aitken size-range are produced by radiolytic reactions in the air. The concentration, size and size-distribution of the particles have been measured for sources of various activities and the results are sufficiently consistent to allow us to state that radiolytic production seems a promising approach to the problem of providing aerosols of particles lying in the lower Aitken nucleus size range.
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  • 99
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    Pure and applied geophysics 72 (1969), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Stresses produced due to a moving load over the plane surface (supposed to be rough) of a semi-infinite transversely isotropic medium have been calculated in this paper.
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  • 100
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    Pure and applied geophysics 72 (1969), S. 17-21 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary It is shown that the waves travelling at normal incidence in a continuously stratified elastic medium in which the longitudinal and the transverse wave velocities increase linearly are appreciably dispersed. Dispersion curves are given showing the variation of phase and group velocities, with frequency and different laws of increase in density. The results are relevant to seismology and underwater acoustics.
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