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  • Articles  (4,302)
  • Chemistry  (4,302)
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • General Chemistry
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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 1970-1974  (4,302)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (4,302)
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  • Articles  (4,302)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 21-43 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesion between ammonium perchlorate filler and the polybutadiene rubber matrix was investigated. The aggregate composite was modified by surface pretreatment of the filler with various organofunctional silanes. For comparison, the adhesion of glass beads and glass powder, each coated with a fluorocarbon release agent, and carbon black were used as fillers in the cured polybutadiene matrix. Common testing methods used included the determination of Poisson's ratio, photographic analysis, and absorption of water. A new type of stress-strain analysis was introduced. Results closely agreed with established composite theory. The presence of methacryloxy- and amino-functional silanes improved adhesion to the resin system. Epoxy- and vinyl functional silanes proved to be detrimental at the filler-rubber interface. A major function of the coupling agents appears to be to eliminate the weak boundary layer of surface moisture on the filler particles.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity of concentrated (17.5 g/dl) solutions of cellulose acetate in 11 single solvents and in four binary solvent mixtures was related to a thermodynamic measure of solvent power. In single solvents, the specific viscosity varied from 4600 in dimethyl sulfoxide to 78,000 in diacetone alcohol, with the specific viscosity increasing with decreasing abolute value of the partial molar free energy of dilution. This behavior can be accounted for by the hypothesis that the number of chain entanglements increases with decreasing solvent power. In solvent mixtures, the specific viscosity often attains a minimum value at a composition where the average solubility parameter locus is near the center of the solubility region of the polymer.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The efficiency of three commercial ultraviolet absorbers, a 2-hydroxy benzophenone, a 2-hydroxy benzotriazole, and a nickel chelate, in preventing the photo-oxidation of polystyrene films has been measured. When compared with the calculated screening and phosphorescence quenching efficiency, it is found that (i) the nickel chelate protects the substrate by UV screening alone and is a poor photoprotector, and (ii) the 2-hydroxy benzophenone and 2-hydroxy benzotriazole are more efficient photoprotectors and protect by triplet energy transfer from excited polymer carbonyl impurity groups in addition to UV screening.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of polyethylenimine in aqueous and ethanolic solutions was investigated by measuring the fluorescence polarization of dansyl conjugates. In aqueous solutions, all polyethylenimines, whatever their molecular weight, are associated into large aggregates containing rotating units having rotary relaxation times corresponding to spherical particles of molecular weight about 3-6 × 103. The interaction of polyethylenimine with very dilute solutions of linear high polymers has been investigated by fluorescence polarization measurements and by the measurement of turbulent drag. Addition of polyethylenimine causes the solutions of anionic polymers to lose their capability of reducing turbulent drag. The results are discussed in relation to the proposed structure of the anionic-cationic complexes formed in the mixtures.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is outlined for estimation of small degrees of long-chain branching in polymers with moderately narrow molecular weight distribution (M̄w/M̄n 〈1.4). The storage and loss shear moduli, G′ and G″, are measured in dilute solution by the Birnboim-Schrag multiple-lumped resonator and extrapolated to infinite dilution, choosing a suitable solvent viscosity and frequency range such that the data lie in the terminal zone where G′ and G″ are proportional to the second and first powers of frequency, respectively. The intrinsic reduced steady-state shear compliance is determined from these data and corrected for moderate molecular weight heterogeneity (assuming a Gaussian distribution) from knowledge of M̄w/M̄n and the Mark-Houwink exponent a. The resulting value of S2/S12 (where S1 = Στp/τ1, S2 = Σ(τp/τ1)2, the τp's being the relaxation times and τ1 the longest one) is compared with values calculated by the Zimm-Kilb theory as evaluated by Osaki for comb polymers of regular geometry and different numbers of branch points. The method has been illustrated by measurements on four ethylene-propylene copolymers. One containing no termonomer and one containing a saturated termonomer appeared to be linear; two containing unsaturated termonomers showed small degrees of branching. The method appears to be promising for detecting from one to four branch points per molecule.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscoelastic fatigue studies were made on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films using oscillatory loading on prestressed samples in an ethanol vapor environment. Samples include unfractionated PVC, relatively narrow molecular weight distribution fractions, and blends made from the fractions. Strain, complex modulus, and tan δ were studied as a function of time until rupture occurred. A marked dependence on molecular weight was observed, for example, a fraction with M̄w = 51,000 failed in a few seconds, while one with M̄w = 228,000 did not fracture after 1600 min.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 267-291 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue properties of a number of different types of fibers have been investigated and failure under cyclic loading conditions compared to that caused by simple tensile loading. Polyamide, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile fibers have been studied and all have been found to fail by fatigue mechanisms. The loading conditions have been monitored by a fiber fatigue apparatus developed for this purpose and the fracture morphologies inspected by scanning electron microscopy. In all of the cases which are considered in detail, fatigue failure of the fibers has been found to occur when cycling from zero load to a maximum load of about 60% of the tensile strength. Fatigue failure is accompanied by a distinctive fracture morphology, clearly different from the tensile fracture morphology and involving crack propagation along the fiber at a slight angle to its axis, although the mechanism which causes this in the acrylic fiber is probably different from that for the polyamide and polyester fibers.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 317-317 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of some factors including temperature, pressure, film thickness, and grafting ratio on the fractionation of binary liquid mixtures has been investigated by pervaporation through poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films grafted with N-vinylpyrrolidone or 4-vinylpyridine. The purpose was to estimate the best conditions in which the pervaporation process must be carried out. It was concluded that the pervaporation rate is increased at roughly constant selectivity when the temperature of the liquid charge is higher or when the downstream vapor pressure or the film thickness are decreased. A pressure higher than 1 atmosphere above the liquid does not increase the rate. When the grafting ratio is increased, the rate shows a maximum, and for particular conditions, the selectivity becomes much higher.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 401-418 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the performance at low temperatures of various polyurethane elastomer systems, prepared from polyether and polyester diols with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), p,p′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol, and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) and methylenedianiline, has shown the polytetramethylene ether diols to impart the best low-temperature behavior to the elastomers. The properties studied were the apparent modulus of rigidity with the Clash and Berg torsional apparatus, the hardness with a Shore D Durometer, and the resiliency with the Bashore Resiliometer.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 521-529 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase diagram and cloud point surface for the ternary system polystyrene/polybutadiene/tetralin were determined at 29°, 87°, and 143°C. Polystyrenes and polybutadienes of narrow molecular weight distribution were used to study the effect of molecular weight on the cloud point concentration. The phase diagram obtained was bimodal. This unusual shape was more pronounced at higher molecular weights. A model describing the molecular weight dependence of the cloud point concentration was tested and found to hold over a wide composition and temperature range.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of argon, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen on two heat shield composites SLA-561 and SLA-561V and the SLA components was measured over the pressure range of 10-3 to 760 torr and in the temperature range of 30° to 50°C. The sorption of the gases by both the composites and the components varied directly with pressure. The sorption of CO2 by the phenolic spheres and the silicone elastomer and of Ar by the silicone elastomer varied inversely with temperature. The mechanism involved in the gas sorption was primarily absorption.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 555-565 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Predictive models were developed for failure times of adhesively bonded titanium and aluminum under a constant stress. The independent variables in the equations were temperature, relative humidity, and stress. The predictive equations were developed using multiple regression analysis which was performed by computer. A comparison of actual failure times with those predicted by the models gave at least an order-of-magnitude agreement. A previously developed reaction rate model was also verified by regression techniques.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 625-625 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 629-632 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Grafting of chain-growth polymerizable monomers onto cellulose has been a thoroughly investigated area. Introduction of polymerizable monomeric species chemically bound to cellulose has been less fruitful. Crotonate esters, methacrylate esters, and allyl and vinyl derivatives are examples where subsequent polymerization to crosslinked species has been described. Reported are the reactions of vinylbenzyl chloride with causticized cotton fabric to give a series of vinylbenzylated celluloses with degrees of substitution from 0.05 to 0.26. Homopolymerization of these or copolymerization with maleic anhydride or dimethyl maleate gave little or no crosslinking under the conditions employed. Vinylbenzyl cellulose acetate proved to be a polymerizable “prepolymer” with diethyl maleate.
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  • 17
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 689-698 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two-component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of the SIN type (simultaneous interpenetrating networks) were prepared from three different polyurethanes and two epoxies. The linear prepolymers were combined in solution, together with crosslinking agents and catalysts, films cast, and subsequently chain extended and crosslinked in situ. Two of the IPN's showed significant improvement in thermal resistance, as measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All of the IPN's showed maxima in tensile strength significantly higher than the tensile strengths of the component networks at 25% polyurethane and minima at 75% polyurethane. The minima were explained by an initial dilution of the strong polyurethane hydrogen bonds by the epoxies, and the maxima, by an increase in crosslink density due to interpenetration.
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  • 18
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 745-752 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of organotin compounds of the type RnSn Y4-n, where R = alkyl or aryl; Y = alkylthio, arylthio or carbothiolate; and n = 1, 2, 3 have been prepared and treated with hydrogen chloride at 180°C in o-dichlorobenzene solution. The organotin compounds were also tested at 190°C as thermal stabilizers for PVC. Cleavage of tin-carbon bonds by hydrogen chloride was demonstrated in some cases by analysis of the organotin-hydrogen chloride reaction products. The formation of monoalkyl(aryl)tin chlorides or stannic chloride, or both, in the model system was shown to correspond to a catastrophic mode of degradation in the polymer. The use of stabilizers with fewer than two alkyl or aryl groups on tin also gave this mode of degradation.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 805-819 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pore sizes of microporous polymer membranes were determined by the calculation based on the gas permeability of porous media. The gas permeability coefficient K (given by J = K Δp/l, where J is the steady-state gas flux, Δp is the pressure, difference, and l = the thickness of a membrane) for porous membrane can be given generally by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ K = K_0 + \frac{{B_0 }}{\eta }\Delta \bar p $$\end{document} where K0 is the Knudsen permeability coefficient, η is the viscosity of the permeant gas, B0 is the geometric factor of a membrane, and Δp̄ is the mean pressure of the gas on both sides of a membrane. From gas permeability measurements which yield the pressure dependence of gas permeability coefficient (expressed as above equation), the mean pore size of the porous membrane can be estimated as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ m = \left( {\frac{{B_0 }}{{K_0 }}} \right)\left( {\frac{{16}}{3}} \right)\left( {\frac{{2RT}}{\pi }} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} M^{ - {\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} $$\end{document} where M is the molecular weight of the permeant gas. The validity of this method was examined with various Millipore filters of which nominal pore sizes are known. It was confirmed that the method provided a simple and reliable means of estimating mean pore size of microporous membranes. The method was applied to investigate the influence of factors involved in preparation of microporous polysulfone membranes by coagulation procedure. It was found that the mean pore size of porous polysulfone membrane increases with (1) increasing with casting thickness, (2) increasing temperature of coagulation bath, and (3) decreasing concentration of polymer in casting solution (DMF as solvent). Water flux and water flux decline due to compaction are also examined as a faction of pore size, porosity, and the thickness of membranes.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 843-856 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As an aid in assessing the ability of antioxidant additives to persist in polymers and thus remain effective in protecting against oxidation, the solubility and diffusion coefficient of two antioxidants in branched polyethylene have been determined in this work. A method was developed for this purpose by which the diffusion coefficient and solubility could be determined simultaneously. The method consists of analyzing the concentration profile across a stack of polyethylene sheets through which the antioxidant was allowed to diffuse. The concentration of antioxidants in polyethylene was determined by a thermogravimetric technique which relies directly on the ability of the additives to suppress oxidation reaction. The diffusion coefficients determined showed excellent agreement with values in the literature which were obtained by a radiotracer method. The solubility of the antioxidants in three normal hydrocarbon solvents of varying molecular sizes was also determined by a conventional technique at various temperatures and found to correlate well with their solubility in polyethylene determined by the diffusion method. In particular, the dependence of the solubility on the size of solvent molecules and on temperature agrees well with an equation derived on the basis of the regular solution theory of liquid mixtures.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 735-744 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in the substitution pattern during the formation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin (resol). The substitution-sensitive bands were identified and their relative intensities related to molecular weight of the resol. Results of this study are similar to those obtained by previous workers in the field using paper chromatography. The absorbance ratio of 784-cm-1 to 998-cm-1 bands was found to be linearly related to the molecular weight of the resol.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 821-829 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was carried out to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of calcium carbonate-filled polypropylene melts, using the Han slit rheometer. In the analysis of the experimental data, the pressure gradient was used to determine the wall shear stress, and the exit pressure to determine the elasticity of the filled polymers. The study shows that the materials studied follow a power law in viscous behavior over the range of shear rates investigated and that the viscosity increases and elasticity decreases as filler concentration is increased. Also investigated was the effect of temperature on the viscoelastic properties of filled polypropylene melts.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 857-865 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene has been fractured in tension at two temperatures in n-heptane and n-propanol and the fracture surfaces studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The test temperatures were selected such as to be approximately 20°C above and below the temperatures at which it was expected1 that a glass-to-rubber transition would occur in the solvent-penetrated craze material. It was found that features of the fracture process and also structure of the fracture surfaces were different at the two temperatures. These changes have been interpreted in terms of a Tg occurring in the craze material.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 925-931 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of Hamielec and Ray for correcting GPC molecular averages is discussed. It is shown that this method can be combined with the resolution index concept of Smith and Feldman to provide a simple accurate correction method. Practical application of the method to four different column combinations is discussed. Three of the combinations are typical Styragel column combinations, and they are very similar in their correction requirements. The fourth combination employed less gel with resultant higher flow rates and much shorter residence times. It required a larger correction factor, but even so, only a 17% correction to the weight-average or number-average molecular weight was required.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 943-946 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 26
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 947-949 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 27
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 975-992 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Der Vernetzungsverlauf eines Epoxidharz-DMAPA-Systems wird mittels UR-Spektroskopie, Kalorimetrie, Zugfestigkeits-, Mikro- und Makrohärte-, Gleichstromwiderstands- und Schubmodulmessungen untersucht. Die Bestimmung des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Glastemperatur während der Vernetzung führte zur physikalischen Aufklärung von Eigenschaftsanomalien bei höheren Vernetzungstemperaturen. Eine Erklärung für den eigenartigen Verlauf der Glastemperatur konnte dagegen nicht gegeben werden.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-soluble films of cellulose nitrate-nitrite were prepared by dissolving bleached sulfite pulp in a solution of nitrogen dioxide in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature and heating the solution at 70°C for about 3 hr. Their water sorption, fine structure, and electrical properties were measured and compared with those of three other films - one water soluble (poly(vinyl alcohol)) and two water insoluble (cellophane and a film prepared from a cellulose solution in the nitrogen dioxide-DMF mixture and cast immediately after the cellulose had dissolved at room temperature). A comparison between the properties of water-soluble films and the poly(vinyl alcohol) film showed that the former had higher crystallinity, lower moisture absorption in the 0-80% relative humidity region, lower permittivity and a.c. conductance, and higher d.c. resistance. The DMF-cast water-insoluble film adsorbed less moisture than the cellophane film.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation is made of the dependences of the values of 13 types of standard physical, mechanical, and electric insulation indicators for phenoplasts of phenolanilineformaldehyde resol resin on the degree of kaolin filling (within the limits of 24 to 47 vol-%) and different degrees of elastification (expressed in SKN-40 nitrile rubber content ranging from 0 to 40 vol-% as to the polymer). After expressing these dependences as a function of the recalculated average thickness of the adsorption coating of elastified resin on the filler particles, it is established that the characteristic periodical recurrence of concave and convex sectors in the curves for the individual indicators with the nonelastified phenoplasts, which is due to the orientation effects, is preserved also with the elastified phenoplasts. A method is elaborated of determining the average weighted value of the average thickness of the adsorption coating in the points of the orientation extremums of these curves. It is found that the places of the individual extremums change relatively little with the increase in the degree of elastification. A considerable change in the relative values of the orientation effects is observed after the point of phase inversion of the elastified resin (18 to 20 vol-% of SKN-40 as to the polymer) in connection with the sharp increase in the mobility of the resin globules. The author believes that the proposed mechanism of change of the properties with the filling will be observed, under definite conditions, also when filling with powdered fillers other polymers or blends of polymers, in so far as the latter are made up of supramolecular structural formations with a definite statistical distribution of their average sizes.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1837-1854 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-Ray diffraction patterns were obtained for never-dried cotton in water and compared to those for cotton dried once, rewetted, dried a second time, and rewetted again. In addition, cotton reacted with formaldehyde or acrylamide to “fix” the never-dried fibers were examined in the never-dried and rewetted states. Relative crystallinities were found to be indentical for all wet cottons and somewhat lower for dry cotton samples. Half-widths for the equatorial reflections decreased in the order: first-dried, second-dried, never-dried, first-rewetted-second-rewetted for all cottons. Somewhat broader reflections were observed in the rewetted state for the “fixed” samples than for untreated samples. The results are consistent with a buildup of stress in the cotton fiber on drying and a relaxation of stress on rewetting with some reorganization of cellulose chains in the first rewetting to form larger or more perfect crystallites than in never-dried cotton. Such reorganization is inhibited, but not prevented, in the “fixed” samples.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1855-1867 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An equation to estimate the thickness of ultrathin membranes obtained by Levich, assuming constant physical properties, was compared with the measured thickness in the range of 0.3-40 μ. The proportionality constant was found to be 0.4, and the equation is expressed as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document} $$ \bar \delta _S = 0.4\left({\frac{{{\rm \rho L}}}{{{\rm \rho}_{\rm s}}}} \right){\rm \omega}_s \sqrt {\frac{{\mu u_0}}{{{\rm \rho L}g}}} $$ \end{document} The nitrogen gas adsorption isotherms at -195°C on the modified ultrathin membranes were measured and the surface area of the pores was determined by the B.E.T. equation. Distribution of pore volume was calculated by the method of Cranston and Inkley. On the assumption of straight cylindrical pores in the membrane, the crosssectional area of pores and the mean pore radius were calculated. Symmetric structure of the modified ultrathin membranes was confirmed by reverse osmosis tests with both the air and glass sides of the membrane facing the pressure solution.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2249-2259 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene was carried out with the use of ammonium perfluorooctanoate as an emulsifier at an initial pressure of ca. 30-35 Kg/cm2. The polymerization rate was shown to be proportinal to about the 0.8 power of the dose rate in the range of 2 × 104 to 105 R/hr and to be almost independent of emulsifier concentration. The molecular weight of the polymer lies in the range of 104 to 105, increases with reaction time at the initial stage, and decreases with emulsifier concentration, but is independent of the dose rate from 2 × 104 to 6 × 104 R/hr. If the emulsifier is not used, a polymer with a molecular weight as high as 1.8 × 106 to 2 × 107 is obtained. Apparently, the emulsifier and its radiolysis products act as chain transfer agents. Postirradiation polymerization was found to take place with the formation of products with increased molecular weight.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2287-2306 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Zusatzstoffen auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften von Hochdruck-Polyäthylen wird mit Glaskugeln und Quarzmehl, Talk und Glimmer sowie Asbest-und Glasfasern untersucht. Die eingemischten Materialien erhöhen die Steifigkeit, die Festigkeit sowie die Härte und erniedrigen die Reißdehnung, die Schwindung und verschlechtern das Fließverhalten des Grundwerkstoffs. Die Wirkung der Zusatzstoffe wird durch die zugängliche Grenzfläche nnd die Haftstellendichte der Makromoleküle an der Grenzfläche bestimmt. Daher ist neben der chemischen Zusammensetzung, die Geometrie des Zusatzstoffes eine wesentliche Einflussgröße. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse der relativen E-Modulerhöhung von Teilchenverbunden stimmen für Konzentrationen bis 40 Gewichtsprozent mit theoretischen Voraussagen gut überein.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2367-2377 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of specific functional group modification of wool on the binding of a number of metal ions (individually) from aqueous solutions was studied. The metal ion uptake profiles for the different modified keratin polymers show that a degree of specificity of binding is imparted by the various modifications in terms of changes in capacities or rates of metal ion uptakes. The changes of uptake depend on both the particular ion and the particular protein modification involved. The results show the potential usefulness of the keratin derivatives for removal of toxic and industrial metal ions from water and contribute to interpretation of metal ions interactions with native wool and proteins in general. Treatments of woven wool with aqueous solutions of certain metal salts impart flame and insect resistance to the fabric.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2407-2425 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extended-chain high-density polyethylene prepared through crystallization at high pressure is substantially stiffer and somewhat stronger than normal folded-chain HDPE. With weight-average molecular weight in the range normal for molding or extrusion resins, the extended-chain material is inductile and brittle; but with molecular weight near 2,000,000, the resin can be rigid and tough. This rigid, tough material can be converted to articles through some of the solid-state processes developed for metals. The volume-temperature behavior of HDPE at 5000 atmospheres appears to reflect a polymorphic transition between orthorhombic and triclinic phases.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2457-2464 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene, it was found that hydrofluoric acid (HF) is formed in the course of polymerization. The amount of HF formed increased linearly with the irradiation time in all cases. The rate of HF formation was maximum at 0.3 wt-% emulsifier and increased linearly with tetrafluoroethylene content in the monomer mixture. On the other hand, the conversion and the molecular weight decreased remarkably by addition of 0.1M HF. The particle diameter of copolymer obtained in the presence of HF was larger than that obtained in the HF-free system. On the contrary, the number of polymer particles was less than that obtained in the HF-free system. The decrease in the conversion and the molecular weight was attributed mainly to the conversion of part of ammonium perfluorooctanoate to perfluorooctanoic acid by formation of acid or addition of acid.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2493-2499 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An emulsion polymerization process is reported for the production of high-solids, surfactant-free styrene/butadiene latices. With this procedure latices require no surfactants, for stabilization is built into the emulsion particles by means of copolymerized acid monomers. This “pH variable” method is a two-step, batch-on-batch polymerization. In the first step, all the ingredients are present in the reaction mixture; however, only enough styrene and butadiene is added to reach a low solids content. This step, carried out at low pH, produces a carboxylated seed latex. On raising the pH of this low-solids emulsion, the copolymerized carboxyl groups ionize, and the now highly charged latex particles provide an expedient locus for the generation of stable, highsolids latices. Neutralizing the carboxyl groups of the seed latex before adding the remaining monomers induces the highly hydrophilic carboxyl anions to remain on the surface of the latex particle, nearer to the aqueous environment of the surrounding media. Hence, the maximum stabilization capacity of the acid monomers is utilized. The process was evaluated to ascertain the effects of the following variables: the particle size and solids content of the first step, the nature of the base used to raise the pH, the pH of the dispersion prior to the second step, and the effect of the acid monomer on the latex stability.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2529-2532 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2536-2537 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2637-2651 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical expression has been derived to describe the strain behavior of rigid plastic composites containing spherical filler particles. By combining the predicted ultimate strength values with the appropriate modulus relationship, the complete stress-strain history and corresponding fracture energy may be estimated. The theoretical predictions were compared with experimental values obtained for a general-purpose polyester resin containing spherical glass beads. The influence of silane coupling agents and filler adhesion was also evaluated. Although the experimental values showed considerable scatter, the general trend agreed fairly well with the theoretical predictions.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2711-2717 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of gaseous styrene was carried out at 40°C onto polypropylene preirradiated under vacuum. In order to investigate the origin of graft initiation activity, ESR spectra of irradiated polymers were measured and discussed. Although there are about three times as many radicals trapped in the sample irradiated at -78°C as in the sample irradiated at room temperature, both the samples showed nearly same degree of grafting. This is due to the ineffectiveness of radicals trapped in the amorphous region for grafting. The samples irradiated under vacuum showed more grafting than those irradiated in an oxygen atmosphere. This is compatible with the conclusion in the previous paper that in grafting of polypropylene irradiated in an oxygen atmosphere the carbon radicals produced by hydrogen abstraction by trapped peroxy radicals are the effective active centers.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1243-1245 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2773-2784 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A bleached sulfite pulp (85.0% α-cellulose) was dissolved in dimethylformamide containing anhydrous chloral and pyridine as catalyst. The clear cellulose solution was then reacted with acetic anhydride under various conditions. The reaction products contained both acetyl groups and chlorine in amounts varying from 20% to 38%. Curves of reaction rates with respect to chlorine and acetyl groups under various conditions of temperature and reactant ratios were similar in appearance, and all the products contained approximately 2 moles of acetyl groups per mole of chloral. Yields varied from 180% after treatment at room temperature (25°C) for 1 hr to 250% after 4 hr. The products could be hydrolyzed in acid with some difficulty but very easily in dilute alkali. The products had low flammability and hygroscopicity. Films cast form acetone solutions had higher permittivity and lower a.c. conductivity than similar films made from cellulose diacetate.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2809-2818 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscosity measurements made by a cone-plate viscometer on polyisobutylene in decalin solutions at different concentrations and their corresponding glass bead suspensions with filler loadings up to 40% by volume are reported. The range of shear rate $ \dot \gamma $ investigated is between 0.1 and 1000 sec-1. The solutions show shear-thinning behavior, and the relative viscosity ηr of the slurries generally decreases with increasing shear rate. The results indicate two different types of mechanism, respectively at high and low shear rates. At low $ \dot \gamma $, the relative viscosity can be correlated extending relations already well known for suspensions in Newtonian liquids which are based on the mechanism of aggregate disruption. The behavior at high $ \dot \gamma $ values is believed to be due to the influence of the filler on the flow properties of macromolecules, in particular on relaxation time. Through a shifting procedure, an increase in relaxation time which depends on filler content and not on polymer concentration is shown.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2855-2859 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2887-2902 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elastic and viscous properties of five cellulose acetate-acetone solutions, varying from 19.9% to 28.6% solids concentration, are independently determined at 60°C by capillary rheometry techniques. The viscous flow behavior of the solutions is determined over four decades of shear rate. The Bagley analysis is used to determine the entrance pressure drop and the true shear stress at various shear rates. A plot of the entrance pressure drop at the maximum experimental shear rate versus solution concentration undergoes a rapid increase in slope at 24.0% solids concentration, the significance of which is discussed with respect to the development of an elastically deformable chain entanglement network. The die swell behavior of the solutions at 60°C is determined on a commercial-type dry-spinning apparatus. When the die swell ratio is plotted versus volumetric flow rate, all five solutions are found to possess a characteristic curve with a distinct maximum. Photographs illustrating the variation of die swell with volumetric flow rate are shown. Die swell measurements are also shown to correlate well with entrance pressure drop measurements. The degree of spinnability of each cellulose acetate-acetone solution at 60°C is found by determining first godet speed at which one or more threads break abruptly. Spinnability is found to go through a maximum at 24.0% solids concentration. The rheological measurements and spinnability results are discussed through the aid of a single rheological parameter incorporating both elastic and viscous solution responses.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2935-2944 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesive bonding of a fast-setting system consisting of three different monomers to etched human enamel surfaces was investigated. Combinations of MMA, methacrylic acid, and adducts of glycidyl methacrylate and p-substituted phenols have been employed. Best results were obtained with hydrogen or t-butyl-substituted phenols. It is shown that a well-chosen three-component system has the advantage of a very low initial viscosity and fast setup times over two-component systems. Various compositions of three-component systems were studied. The maximum bond strength between enamel surfaces and the polymer was 80 kg/cm2. Setup times as well as in vivo setup times are reported.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2983-2996 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A tetrafunctional dibasic acid, methylene-di-β-oxynaphthoic acid (MDNA), has been used for preparation of unsaturated polyester resins. The films obtained from these products have excellent chemical and physical properties comparable to epoxy resins and to a large extent balance some of their shortcomings such as darker color, higher viscosities, and higher cooking temperatures. The possible applications of these resins are coatings where acid, corrosion, and thermal resistance are of primary importance.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3069-3076 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The recrystallization of amorphous cellulose at various relative humidities was studied to clarify the relation between the amount of adsorbed water in cellulose and the molecular motion by the DSC method. The initial recrystallization kinetics of amorphous cellulose at various relative humidities were observed on the basis of the exothermic peak between 380° and 470°K in a DSC curve. The recrystallization occurred easily by conditioning at higher than 80% R.H., but hardly by conditioning at lower than 65% R.H. These facts suggest that the conformation of cellulose seems to be easily changeable if cellulose has a moisture regain which is approximately comparable to capillary water. When the Avrami equation was applied to the slope of calorific value versus conditioning time at higher than 80% R. H., it also appeared that the mode of recrystallization growth of amorphous cellulose exposed to water vapor is one-dimensional.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1625-1638 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strain rate dependence on dynamic crack propagation in viscoelastic solids was experimentally verified for PMMA by the velocity gauge method and fracture surface observation. It was found that the dependence was mainly due to the viscous term effect, and this was supported by the observation of deviation of the stress-strain curve from an elastic case. The elastic brittle crack propagation can be realized only in the high-strain rate case for PMMA.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3109-3126 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A cell model for the prediction of temperature and concentration gradients in a nonisothermal tubular polymerization reactor at steady state is presented. Both radial and longitudinal gradients are considered. The complete molecular weight distribution is calculated as well as the leading moments of the distribution. The model is easily reduced to predict the performance of a plug-flow tubular reactor, batch reactor, and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The specific polymerization mechanism application consists of free-radical initiation, propagation, and combination termination.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3137-3151 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previously derived constitutive equation, representing a blending of the molecular dumbbell theory and a continuum theory of anisotropic fluids, has been extended to the multidumbbell (Rouse-Zimm) case. The equation thus derived yields predictions equivalent to the Rouse-Zimm theory in small-amplitude dynamic shearing, with the exception that the introduction of an “effective molecular weight” as the concentration of polymer is increased is no longer required. In simple shearing flow, the theory predictions are far superior to those of the Rouse-Zimm model, yielding realistic non-Newtonian viscosity behavior, a positive primary normal stress difference, and a negative secondary normal stress difference. In stress relaxation following the cessation of steady shearing flow, the rate of relaxation is found to depend to the initial velocity gradient, but the effect is predicted to be too small to be observed experimentally in typical dilute polymer solutions. The effects of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and polymer-solvent interaction are explicitly accounted for, and in all cases the theory predictions are in excellent qualitative agreement with accepted experimental behavior.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3183-3204 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation grafting systems containing cupric ion, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (N-VP) and other hydrophilic monomers were studied. Such systems, in certain Cu++ion concentration ranges were found capable of producing extremely high levels of graft on silicone rubber and other polymers. Gellation of the homopolymer surrounding the grafted film was inhibited by the presence of cupric salts. An increase in the graft water content and decrease in the wettability of the grafted film surface was noted as the Cu++ ion concentration in the grafting solution was increased. Based upon attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopic examination of the grafted materials, these effects could be explained by variations in the copolymer composition of the graft and increased penetration of the graft into the silicone rubber with increasing cupric ion concentration. The Cu++/N-VP system allows many monomers which would ordinarily graft only with great difficulty to be readily grafted to polymeric surfaces. It also allows control over a number of graft parameters such as graft water content composition and penetration. Therefore, this system should be ideal for preparing a series of radiation grafted hydrogels to be used to evaluate important variables in the interactions of hydrophilic biomaterials and biological systems.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1805-1819 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Isoprene was polymerized in batch reactors by use of bottle polymerization techniques at 30°, 40°, and 50°C at concentrations from 1 to 5 molar. Butyllithium concentration was varied from 0.005 to 0.03 molar. Isoprene and n-butyllithium conversions and molecular weight distributions were determined for different reaction times. Rate equations for the initiation and propagation reactions are presented. The importance of the association reactions in obtaining a narrow molecular weight distribution is illustrated.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1869-1889 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reversible part of the fracture mechanics (F-M) fracture energy γc is redefined in terms of current theory for surface energetics (S-E) interactions at regular interfaces. These new failure criteria are applied to the definition of surface energy criteria for spontaneous interfacial failure, where γc = 0, produced by selected conditions of liquid-phase immersion. For cases where γc 〉 0, the total fracture energy W = γc + Wp, where the irreversible plastic work of surface formation Wp ≈ W ≫ γc. A qualitative relation between γc1/2 ∝ Wp is observed for the case of steady-state crack propagation in peeling. For adsorption bonds, the theory provides a new method of mapping the surface energy effects of the immersion phase upon the Griffith fracture energy γc. Essential factors which determine water sensitivity of interfacial bonds are incorporated into the analysis and experimentally verified.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1919-1925 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tri-n-butylstannyl fluoride exhibited 75% drag reduction in a capillary rheometer at 25,000 Reynolds number in hexane at 0.1% concentration. There was no loss of drag reduction from shear degradation after 300 cycles at 17,000 Reynolds number. Tri-n-butylstannyl chloride showed no drag reduction under these same conditions. Polyisobutylene, similarly examined, gave 72% and 69% drag reduction at 0.01 and 0.1% concentrations, respectively; but after 300 cycles at 17,000 Reynolds number, the drag reduction fell to 45% for the 0.1% solution and to 40% after only 100 cycles for the 0.01% solution. The effectiveness of tri-n-butylstannyl fluoride is explained by the formation of a linear polymer Sn—F- - -Sn - F- - - in which pentacoordinate tin is linked through fluorine bridges. The relative viscosity of tri-n-butylstannyl fluoride in hexane increased more rapidly with increased concentration and decreased more rapidly with increased temperature than similar solutions of polyisobutylene. This result is probably due to a shift in the average molecular weight of tri-n-butylstannyl fluoride.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1969-1986 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Soluble chloromethylated polystyrene and its copolymers with vinylidene chloride as well as poly(phenyl oxides) brominated in the side chains and in the ring were synthesized and characterized in detail by NMR. The halogenated polymers were phosphonylated with alkyl phosphites. Uncrosslinked polymers with pendent phosphonate groups were prepared in the presence of etheral solvents, which solvate the ionic intermediates of the Arbuzov reaction. These polyphosphonates are highly hygroscopic and are soluble in a variety of solvents. Their Tg's are in the range of 50-175°C. Their thermal behavior was analyzed on the basis of thermogravimetric measurements combined with mass-spectrometric analysis. Poly(styrene phosphonate) seems to be the most stable, and its thermal decomposition starts at ∼330°C. The polymeric phosphonates are compatible with an unusually large number of polymeric systems and seem to form “true” polymeric alloys with acetylcellulose.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2015-2024 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bismaleimides polymerize at elevated temperatures, forming highly crosslinked, high temperature-resistant polymers. From the decrease of the ν(H—C=) band at 3100 cm-1, rate constants and activation energies of the polymerization of four homologous aliphatic bismaleimides were determined. Up to a 20-30% conversion, the polymerization is pseudofirst order. An almost linear correlation between the activation energy and the number of methylene groups in the sequence between the maleimide residues was found.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2057-2068 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The ESR spectra of untreated samples and photosensitized samples of rayon cellulose, amorphous cellulose, and wood cellulose irradiated with ultraviolet light were studied. Generally, several kinds of spectra were established, and ferric ion photosensitizer increased the yield of free radicals in celluloses on irradiation. The observed five-line spectrum was resolved to be a superposition of single-line, two-line, and three-line spectra. The decay of free radicals of celluloses at ambient temperature was also examined for changes of the pattern and the intensities of ESR spectra. Based on the changes of spectra induced by a warm-up process, three kinds of radicals which gave three components of the five-line spectrum were identified. During the warm-up process, phenomena of radical migration and formation of new radicals synchronized with the decay of radicals were recognized on photosensitized samples of rayon cellulose and amorphous cellulose.
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The addition of mercaptoethanol and hydrogen sulfide to the pendent double bonds of acrylamidomethylated cotton (AMC) has been investigated. The interaction of acrylonitrile with the modified celluloses so obtained (substrate I and II) and with AMC treated with ammonium hydroxide (substrate III) in the presence of Ce(IV) is studied. Substrate I shows higher initial grafting yields. than AMC; the opposite holds true for the maximum graft yields. The graft yields obtained with substrate II are lower than those of AMC. All modified cottons studied are less amenable to grafting compared with the unmodified cotton. The graft yields of AMC and substrate III are comparable due to the fact that both substrates are crosslinked. Probable reasons for the inferior reactivity of substrates I and II are also given.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3523-3536 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A generalized form of the equations of linear viscoelasticity is presented which enables theoretical treatment of situations where a material is not at equilibrium with its environment and/or is subjected to a changing environment. These generalized equations are used successfully to predict the recovery behavior of wool and nylon fibers from bending deformations in experiments involving conditions of changing temperature and relative humidity.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3779-3781 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3731-3738 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The sorption kinetics of p-nitrophenol (PNP) onto undrawn nylon yarn from an organic, nonswelling solvent in a dye bath in which the concentration of PNP was being depleted were found to obey Hill's solution of the diffusion equation, suggesting the presence of a monolayer of absorbed PNP at the surface of the fiber. Diffusion coefficients were obtained using a nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting computer program. For undrawn nylon samples, oxidized for various lengths of time prior to dyeing, the diffusion coefficient increased as a function of oxidation time, rising particularly rapidly once the fibers developed microscopically visible surface cracks. The dependence of diffusion coefficient on oxidation time implies that oxidative degradation of the material is accompanied by formation of submicroscopic incipient cracks, permeable by PNP, of which at least some eventually develop into visible cracks after sufficient oxidation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3769-3773 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Synthesis of zirconium oligomeric polythioethers was effected using aqueous solution and interfacial techniques: The products are insoluble in all tried solvents and possess Zr—OH endgroups but no detectable quantities of R—SH, Zr—Cl, or Zr—N—Et-endgroups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 93-103 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study has been carried out of the relationship between polymer orientation and dyeing behavior using a specially prepared range of nylon 66 samples varying only in orientation and five dyes normally showing varying degrees of sensitivity to physical variations in nylon. Integral diffusion coefficients have been calculated using Crank's finite dyebath equation from appropriate rate of dyeing data. Evidence has been produced which suggests that except with dyes of low molecular weight, i.e., dyes insensitive to physical variations in the nylon, a diffusional interaction between diffusing dye molecules exists which leads to a variation in the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient with fiber orientation. The length of the diffusing dye ion has been shown to be of decisive importance in this interaction.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Critical surface tension values γc were measured for poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) and copolymers of stearyl methacrylate with methacrylonitrile. Surface tension values γL of n-alkyl methacrylate increase with increasing side chain length: γL = 23.2 dynes/cm for methyl methacrylate to 33.2 dynes/cm for stearyl methacrylate, but γc values of poly(n-alkyl methacrylate) decrease with increasing side chain length: γc = 36.3 dynes/cm for poly(methyl methacrylate) to 20.8 dynes/cm for poly(stearyl methacrylate). The decrease in γc is attributed to a tighter packing of the alkyl chain with a greater concentration of the pendent —CH3 group at the air/solid interface. Values of γc of copolymers hardly depended on the methacrylonitrile content in copolymers and did not satisfy the equation γc = N1γc1 + N2γc2 proposed by Lee. The difference in γc values for casting, annealing, and quenching films of poly(stearyl methacrylate) and the surface structure of copolymers were discussed using electron microscopy and measurement of melting point, heat of melting, and γc.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Exposure of polyethylene film to UV radiation at wavelengths of ≤2537 Å is sufficient to induce surface crosslinking and to facilitate the formation of strong adhesive joints to these surfaces with conventional adhesives. Reduction of the vapor pressure in the reaction vessel to about 1 torr apparently maximizes the efficiency of the crosslinking process. Examination of the treated films which have been exposed for times necessary to form strong adhesive joints has revealed an absence of surface oxidation. It appears that crosslinking to improve the mechanical strength of the surface region of the polyethylene is sufficient to allow the formation of strong adhesive joints.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the melting temperature of starch on its concentration in a polymerdiluent mixture was determined. The resultant data were analysed by application of the thermodynamic equations appropriate to a first-order phase transition. It is suggested that this analysis may be used to explain certain features of starch gelatinization.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Low-temperature polarized phosphorescence spectroscopy of polystyrene polymerized under different conditions is used to detect emission from phenyl alkyl ketone endgroups in addition to triplet excimer emission from phenyl groups. The carbonyl group concentration can only be lowered by vigorous chemical reduction; and from the phosphorescence excitation spectrum, these carbonyl groups are considered responsible for the initiation of polystyrene photodegradation by solar radiation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 473-480 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In a previous paper, mutual diffusion coefficients for concentrated solutions of a monodisperse polystyrene in 14 solvents were reported. In this paper, these data are reinterpreted in terms of new thermodynamic data for these solvents. These new results permit evaluation of the activity derivative, ∂ In a1/∂ In v1, and therefore enable calculation of the diffusional friction coefficient from the mutual diffusion coefficient. The friction coefficient was found to be directly proportional to solvent viscosity to within the experimental errors involved in the combined transport and thermodynamic measurements. The molecular implications of this result are discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 547-554 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Three cyclic polymers of formaldehyde, namely, trioxane, 1,3,5,7-tetraoxocane, and 1,3,5,7,9-pentaoxocane, were reacted with acetic anhydride containing a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The progress of each reaction was followed by GLC. The cyclic compounds increased in reactivity with increasing molecular weight. The first step in each reaction was a ring opening, which produced a poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the original cyclic compound. The poly(oxymethylene diacetate) then reacted with additional acetic anhydride to produce diacetates containing a smaller number of formaldehyde units. By controlling the time of reaction, the higher or lower molecular weight diacetates were made to predominate in the reaction mixture. Zine chloride can be used in place of sulfuric acid as the catalyst for the conversion of oxocanes to poly(oxymethylene diacetates). The reaction with ZnCl2 at room temperature is less vigorous and easier to control, yielding as the main product poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the starting oxocane.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 627-628 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 74
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strength and Toughness, Criteria of Safety for Construction of Apparata. In the chemical research technique often high requirements are being set on the materials of apparata due to pressure, temperature and corrosive medias. While the strength necessary to avoid macroscopical deformation can be guaranteed today without difficulties, this does not go similarly for the toughness. The toughness of steel being a condition in the strength calculation is the real safety criterion for welded structures. This is especially applicable in the case of local peak stress due to construction or of micro cracks caused during manufacturing or service. If - as mostly in practice - local inhomogeneities and unknown residual stresses are existing, the linear fracture mechanics can only be applied with empirical factors. The best safety even with unforeseen overloadings can be seen in such a toughness, which avoids brittle fracture at all. The possible test methods will in any case have to reliably consider also the heat affected zones of weldings, since brittle cracks also in tough matrix can only be absorbed under limited stresses.
    Notes: In der chemischen Verfahrenstechnik werden meist infolge von Druck, Temperatur und korrosiven Medien hohe Anforderungen an die Werkstoffe von Apparaten gestellt. Während die zur Vermeidung makroskopischer Verformungen notwendige Festigkeit heute ohne Schwierigkeiten gewährleistet werden kann, gilt dies für die Verformungsfähigkeit nicht in gleichem Maße. Da die Verformungsfähigkeit bei Stählen in der Festigkeitsrechnung vorausgesetzt wird, stellt sie bei geschweißten Bauteilen das eigentliche Sicherheitskriterium dar. Dies gilt um so mehr, wenn auch konstruktiv bedingte örtliche Spannungsspitzen auftreten oder fertigungs- und betriebsbedingte Anrisse. Wenn wie meist in der Praxis örtliche Inhomogenitäten und unbekannte Eigenspannungen vorliegen, ist die Bruchmechanik nur mit empirischen Zuschlägen anwendbar. Die beste Sicherheit auch bei unvorhergesehenen Überlastungen liegt in einer solchen Zähigkeit, daß keine Sprödbrüche möglich sind. Die in Betracht kommenden Prüfverfahren müssen in jedem Fall auch die Wärmeeinflußzone von Schweißungen zuverlässig berücksichtigen, da spröd eingeleitete Brüche auch in Zäher Matrix nur bei begrenzten Spannungen aufgefangen werden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 231-231 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 232-232 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Brick-lining of Vessels and Process Units for Chemical Service. Bricklinings are used as an internal protection in chemically attacked vessels and process units. They generally consist of an impermeable membrane and the masonry itself. Materials of the single parts of the lining are described and guidelines for chosing materials and designing the lining are given. After some details of installing the lining typical examples of bricklined vessels and process units are given.
    Notes: Ausmauerungen werden als Korrosionsschutz für chemisch beanspruchte Behälter und Apparate verwendet. Diese Ausmauerungen bestehen aus der Schutzschicht und dem eigentlichen Mauerwerk. Die Werkstoffe für diese Ausmauerungselemente werden beschrieben und die Gesichtspunkte für die Werkstoffauswahl erläutert. Auf Hinweise zur Ausmauerungstechnik und die Nachbehandlung von Ausmauerungen folgen Beispiele für Behälter und Apparate mit chemisch beständigen Ausmauerungen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fracture Mechanics Range of Validity and Application. The range of validity and application of the linear-elastic and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics is determined according to practicable quantitative criteria. The former is applicable to the low stress brittle fracture in brittle materials, the latter is applicable to the higher stress brittle and tear fracture in tougher materials. The real continuum mechanics fracture criterium is not yet determined. The linear-elastic fracture mechanics is widely applicable to fatigue fractures. Taking into account the interaction and sequence effect of low and high load amplitudes is necessary. The fracture mechanics approach to brittle and fatigue fracture is compared with traditional testing techniques.
    Notes: Der Gültigkeits- und Anwendungsbereich der linear-elastischen und der elastisch-plastischen Rißbruchmechanik wird nach praktikablen quantitativen Kriterien abgegrenzt. Erstere ist beim Niederspannungssprödbruch in relativ sprödem Werkstoff anwendbar, letztere beim Spröd- und Verformungsbruch in Zäherem Werkstoff bei höherer Spannung. Die eigentliche kontinuumsmechanische Bruchbedingung ist dabei noch nicht erfaßt. Die linear-elastische Rißbruchmechanik ist bei Ermüdungsbrüchen weitgehend anwendbar, wobei das Zusammenwirken niedriger und hoher Lastwechsel zu berücksichtigen ist. Die rißbruchmechanische Spröd- und Ermüdungsbruchprüfung wird den herkömmlichen Verfahren gegenübergestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 324-333 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Procedure of behavior of phenolic moulded material. Investigations of composites (multiphase systems) from resin/wood flour/stone powder show that the properties of these phenolic plastics are connected with composition of material and technical climate.The knowledge of these connections allows an economic selection of parts produced by moulded material for various requirements.
    Notes: Untersuchungen an duroplastischen Formstoffen, bestehend aus den Hauptkomponenten Harz/Holzmehl/Gesteinsmehl, zeigen, daß eindeutige Zusammenhänge zwischen Zusammensetzung dieser Teilchenverbundwerkstoffe, technoklimatischer Einflüsse und der daraus resultierenden Werkstoffeigenschaften bestehen. Die Kenntnis dieser Zusammenhänge ermöglicht eine wirtschaftliche Werkstoffauswahl und ein werkstoffgerechtes Dimensionieren von Bauteilen, die aus duroplastischen Formmassen hergestellt sind.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 340-340 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 340-340 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strains and Stresses in the Area of the Plastic Zone Near the Crack Tip of Precracked Steel Specimens. Models for shape and dimension of the plastic zone near the crack tip of precracked specimens are described and discussed. Using idealized assumptions an area of influence of the plastic zone is postulated in accordance with the shape of the plastic zone observed. In this area an estimation of the stress distribution has been made. X-ray stress measurements have been done in and near the plastic zone.
    Notes: Modellvorstellungen über Form und Größe der plastischen Zone nahe der Rißspitze angerissener Proben werden beschrieben und anhand experimenteller Beobachtungen diskutiert. Basierend auf der experimentell ermittelten Form der plastischen Zone, wird unter idealisierender Annahme ein Einflußbereich der plastischen Zone postuliert und der Spannungsverlauf innerhalb dieses Bereichs angegeben. Die Ergebnisse röntgenographischer Spannungsmessungen im Bereich der plastischen Zone werden angegeben und diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 374-381 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride in Corona-discharges In oder to interpret the process of electrical breakdown in polyvinyl chloride cable insulations the chemical degradation of plasticized polyvinyl chloride sheets were studied under model conditions in corona discharges.The alterations of chemical structure within the sheets as well as in the gaseous phase were determined qualitatively and quantitatively.The alterations of chemical structure within the sheets as well as in the gaseous phase were determined qualitatively and quantitatively.From the composition of degradation products and their variation with time of corona discharge the mechanisms of polyvinylchloride and plasticizer degradation could be deduced.
    Notes: Zur Deutung der Vorgänge beim elektrischen Durchschlag in Polyvinylchlorid (PVC)-Kabelisolierungen wurde die chemische Zersetzung von Weich-PVC-Folien unter Modellbedingungen im elektrischen Glimmfeld untersucht. Die dabei auftretenden chemischen Veränderungen in der Folie sowie im Gasraum wurden qualitativ und quantitativ erfaßt. Aus der Zusammensetzung der Zersetzungsprodukte sowie ihrem Verlauf über der Beglimmzeit konnte auf die Abbaureaktionen des PVC und des Weichmachers bei Glimmbeanspruchung geschlossen werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 348-357 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of Steels under Shaped Charges Bombardement. There is at present not too much known about the behaviour of steel under the very high pressures of some 100 kbars as they will be produced by the hydrodynamic jet force stream of a shaped charge.In a short revue the hithero existing knowledge of the formation of a jet force stream is given as the phenomens in the penetration process of a material. It is recognized by bombardement tests on iron and steels of different compositions and of different heat treatments that there are some changes of the structure near the boundaries of the penetration channels.There is given some information by light- and electronmicroscopical investigations about the occurence during the hydrodynamic penetration process of the jet force stream and about the behaviour of the different structures under local concentrated pressures of shock waves.Microprobe-analyses and scanning electron microscope micrographs supply the understanding.
    Notes: Über das Verhalten von Stahl unter sehr hohen lokalen Drücken von einigen 100 kbar, wie sie durch den in einer Hohlladung erzeugten hydrodynamischen Strahl auf Stahl auftreten, ist derzeit wenig bekannt.In einer kurzen Übersicht werden die bisherigen Erkenntnisse bei der Bildung eines Strahles sowie die Vorgänge beim Durchdringen von Materie dargestellt. Beschußversuche an Eisen und Stählen unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung und Wärmebehandlung lassen an den Grenzschichten des Schußkanals verschiedene Veränderungen des Gefüges erkennen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ergeben Aufschluß über die Vorgänge während des Eindringens des hydrodynamischen Energiestrahles sowie über das Verhalten der verschiedenen Gefüge unter örtlich konzentrierten Stoßwellenbelastungen. Mikrosondenuntersuchungen und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen ergänzen das gewonnene Bild.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical Correlations at Material Transitions in Composite Bodies out of Dissimilar Materials. - Part I: Introduction. This paper gives a general description of the mechanical correlations in composite bodies. The formation and practical importance of the stress- and strain states, caused by the inhomogenous material transition, is discussed. Practicable composite bodies with plain and curved interfaces partly with interlayers are presented. The task and importance of intermediate layers is treated.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine allgemein gehaltene einführende Beschreibung zum Problem der mechanischen Wechselwirkungen bei Verbundkörpern gegeben und auf die Entstehung und praktische Bedeutung von Spannungs- und Verformungszuständen durch den inhomogenen Werkstoffübergang hingewiesen. Ausgeführte Verbundkörper mit ebenen und gekrümmten Grenzflächen mit und ohne Zwischenschichten werden vorgestellt. Die Aufgabe und Bedeutung von Zwischenschichten wird behandelt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 390-390 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Problems of Mechanism of Erosion in Abrasive Stream. The results of investigation obtained by different methods (metallographical and electron microscopy, X-ray analysis, microhardness testing, profile measurement) are presented in the paper. Changes in surface layers prior to chip formation and its separation have been investigated. The specimens, mainly of soft and hardened steels were tested for wear in the stream of abrasive particles with a hardness greater than that of the specimens.The data of investigations show that the so-called polydeformation wear mechanism is of prime importance with soft steels subjected to erosion (mean cycle number n = 4 … 10). In the case oif hardened steels separation of the wear particles is experienced at greater and medium impact angles along the „white layers“. The cycle number of particle separation with hardened steels constitutes 1 … 2 only.In the case of quite small impact angles microcutting predominates for all metals.
    Notes: Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Probleme der Strahlverschleißbeanspruchung behandelt. Es werden Forschungsergebnisse über die Veränderungen der Grenzschicht, die dem Bruch vorangehen, sowie über Bruchmechanismen selbst, wie sie mit Hilfe von Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie, Röntgenographie, Mikrohärteprüfung und Rauhigkeitsprüfung erhalten werden können, dargelegt. Die Untersuchungen wurden hauptsächlich an weichen und gehärteten Stählen unter Verwendung von Strahlmitteln durchgeführt, deren Härte größer als die Werkstoffhärte ist.Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß bei weichen Stählen dem sog. Polydeformationsverschleißmechanismus (mittlere Zykluszahl n = 4 … 10) die größte Bedeutung beizumessen ist. Bei gehärteten Stählen werden die Verschleißpartikel bei großen und mittleren Anstrahlwinkeln längs der beim Vorgang entstehenden „weißen Schichten“ abgetrennt. Die Zykluszahl für das Lostrennen beträgt hier nur etwa n = 1 … 2.Bei sehr kleinen Anstrahlwinkeln ist für alle Metalle der Mikrozerspanungsvorgang dominierend.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 413-415 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Waterbury-Farrel cold heading machine was instrumented so that the total force and frictional force could be recorded during the first blow operation of AISI 1018 steel wire and the efficiency of various lubricants, including zinc phosphate, was evaluated.Zinc phosphate and other bonded lubricants did not offer any distinct advantage in reducing the coefficient of friction between the wire and the central bore of the first blow punch whereas a low cost liquid lubricant, SAE 30 oil, used either alone on bare wire or with bonded lubricants proved to be the most effective. It is suggested that a low cost liquid lubricant, such as SAE 30 oil, used on bare wire has both economic and operational advantages under conditions where no extrusion is carried out during the first blow.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 416-428 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Conductivity of Cermets and other Multiphase Materials  -  Comparison between experimental and calculated electrical Resistivities. It was pointed out in the other two parts of this work, which equations amongst more than fifty enable the calculation of field properties (e. g. electrical and thermal conductivity, magnetic permeability) of multiphase materials (including porous materials) from microstructure parameters on a physical basis. Their derivation has been considered as well. - These „stereometric functions of field properties“ are summarized here revealing the relation between the properties of multiphase materials and the concentration, shape, orientation and properties of their constituent phases.  -  These equations are used now for calculating the electrical resistivity of cermets. Experimental values of about fifty various cermet combinations are compared with theoretical curves. The theoretically predicted dependence of the electrical resistivity on concentration, shape, orientation and temperature is clearly confirmed. Consequently the field properties of multiphase materials can be calculated from their stereometric microstructure data and field properties of their constituent phases. This helps in all cases, where, under certain conditions very low accuracy is to be expected from direct measurements, or when the microstructure can be more easily determined. Furthermore these equations show the direction in which the microstructure should be improved to achieve optimal properties (tailor made materials). Finally, these equations provide a means to avoid cumbersome data collections on multiphase materials, once the properties of the phases are well known.
    Notes: In den ersten beiden Teilen dieser Arbeit war gezeigt worden, welche der zahlreichen Gleichungen zur Berechnung von Feldeigenschaften (elektrische und thermische Leitfähigkeit, magnetische Permeabilität u. a.) mehrphasiger Werkstoffe (einschließlich poröser Werkstoffe) aus Gefügeparametern physikalisch begründet sind. Ebenfalls erörtert wurde ihre mathematische Ableitung.  -  Diese „Stereometriefunktionen der Feldeigenschaften“ werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit noch einmal zusammengefaßt. Sie enthalten die Abhängigkeit der Feldeigenschaft eines mehrphasigen Werkstoffes von der Konzentration, der Form, der Orientierung und den Feldeigenschaften seiner Phasen.  -  Die Gleichungen werden nun zur Berechnung des elektrischen Widerstandes von Cermets angewendet. Verglichen werden die theoretischen Kurven mit den experimentellen Werten von etwa 50 Cermetkombinationen Sie zeigen eindeutig die theoretisch begründete Form-, Orientierungs-, Konzentrations- und Temperaturabhängigkeit des elektrischen Widerstandes dieser Cermets. Die Berechnung der Feldeigenschaften mehrphasiger Werkstoffe aus Gefügedaten und den Eigenschaften ihrer Phasen macht die Messung bzw. Sammlung und Darstellung prinzipiell entbehrlich. Sie eröffnet die Möglichkeit zur vorausberechneten Eigenschaftsverbesserung durch Gefügeoptimierung („maßgeschneiderte Werkstoffe“) und erlaubt die Bestimmung der Feldeigenschaften aus stereometrischen Gefügemessungen dort, wo ihre direkte Messung sehr ungenau oder sehr schwierig ist.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 451-451 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 448-450 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 391-393 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 394-394 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 440-447 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Industrial Application of Fracture Mechanics. The application objects and application possibilities of fracture mechanics are demonstrated discussing typical methods and examples taken from industrial environment. In thrength proving the safe life of the fail safe design is aimed at. The crack intiation concept is confronted with the crack arrest concept. Examples refer to pressure and safety vessels of nuclear reactors, welded connections and gas pipe lines. The material can be selected according to KIc/σF or δc/σF for static loading, or additionally according to varying load amplitude behaviour and corrosion for fatigue. In case of catastrophic failure a fracture mechanical back computation to the reason of failure is possible. KIc and Kc-measurements are used for quality control too.
    Notes: Die Einsatzziele und Einsatzmöglichkeiten der technischen Rißbruchmechanik werden an Hand von typischen Verfahrensweisen und Beispielen aus der industriellen Praxis dargestellt. Beim Festigkeitsnachweis geht es um die bruchsichere (safe life) oder kontrolliert brechende (fail safe) Konstruktion. Dem Rißeinleitungskonzept steht das Rißauffangkonzept gegenüber. Die Beispiele beziehen sich auf Druck- und Sicherheitsbehälter von Kernreaktoren, Schweißverbindungen und Gasrohrleitungen. Der Werkstoff kann bei statischer Beanspruchung nach KIc/σF oder δc/σF gewählt werden, bei Ermüdung zusätzlich nach dem Verhalten bei wechselnder Lastamplitude und bei Korrosion. Bei Schadensfällen kann rißbruchmechanisch auf die Schadensursache zurückgerechnet werden. KIc und Kc-Messungen dienen auch der Qualitätskontrolle.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 452-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 51-51 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 52-52 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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