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  • Ultrastructure  (395)
  • Drosophila
  • stability
  • Springer  (407)
  • 1970-1974  (407)
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  • Springer  (407)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 10 (1974), S. 139-156 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Steady state ; nonlinear ; stability ; instability ; balance equation ; open system ; variational principle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract By making use of perturbation techniques, we develop a theory of the non-linear steady state. We find that the linear term of a mechanical equation such as the Langevin equation is not responsible for the nonlinear terms of its expectation values at the nonequilibrium state arbitrarily far from the thermal equilibrium. The nonlinear steady state is formulated in the two cases where the microscopic conservation law exists and where it does not exist. The expressions for the expectation values of the physical quantities at the steady state are obtained as the functions of other physical quantities which are regarded as the parameters of the steady state. The stability and the instability of the steady state are discussed. A difference in the character of the instability of the steady state from that of the stationary state is discussed. It is noted that the first expansion coefficient should not exhibit an anomaly for instabilities of the steady state. The relation between the mechanical forces appearing in our approach and the corresponding thermal forces is discussed. The variational principle which is valid for the open system is developed.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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  • 3
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
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  • 4
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
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  • 5
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
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  • 6
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Myxomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Systematics ; Food Vacuoles ; Stalk Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations of sporophore development in fresh and glutaraldehydeosmium sequentially-fixed material ofProtophysarum phloiogenum show the following sequence. Small plasmodia cease streaming and round up. Food vacuoles collect in the lower center of the cytoplasmic mass. As the cytoplasm rises the food vacuolar contents are excluded from the plasmalemma and become the stalk core. A continuous, fibrous peridium and stalk tube enclose cytoplasm and stalk core respectively. Capillitial formation just precedes spore cleavage. Sporophore development is marked by autophagic activity and calcium deposition. Stalks of dried herbarium specimens of seven additional species have been examined. A mature stalk morphology very similar toProtophysarum with recognizable remnants of microorganismal food material is seen in all of them. It is thought that this marker is indicative of non-stemonitaceous stalk development.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
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  • 8
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
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  • 9
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
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  • 11
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
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  • 12
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    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Zoophagus insidians Rotifer ; Predacious Fungi ; Oomycetes ; Glue Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The predacious watermold Zoophagus insidians traps loricate rotifers on short, lateral branches of the main, hyphal axis. These branches or “traps” are packed at their distal ends with a number of vesicles filled with an electron-dense matrix. Electron micrographs of the mycelium disclose a two-layered wall; the outer layer is electron dense and the inner, electron transparent. The outer dense layer on the tip of the “trap” is organized into a number of fine ridges and occasional discontinuities. Thin sections through recently trapped rotifers indicate that the cilia of the animals are stuck to the trap by a glue. This adhesive is derived from secretion of the matrix of the vesicles aggregated in the tip of the trap. The secretion mechanism is triggered by the animal and is accompanied by: 1. The separation of the two layers of the wall, 2. fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane and 3. extrusion of the glue through pits in the tip of the inner wall of the “trap”. After snaring a rotifer, the previously arrested branch grows as a haustorium into the body cavity of the animal. The host tissues disintegrate within a few hours and appear to be the main nutrient source of the fungus.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Spirillum serpens ; Freeze Fracture ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Damage ; Organismic Associations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The freeze-fracture technique and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that localized damage is inflicted upon the cytoplasmic membrane of Spirillum serpens VHL within 20 to 30 min after the start of its association with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109D. This damage is not observed in uninfected Spirillum cells, nor in infected cells within the first 10 min. This damage takes the form of a “blister” which, when viewed stereoscopically in electron micrographs, is seen to project toward the interior of the Spirillum cell. Shortly after its formation, the blister becomes elaborated into a series of ridges which may assume forms ranging from an elaborate spiral to a series of loops or knots. The formation of a blister is shown to involve both the inner and outer leaves of the membrane bilayer, and evidence is presented to indicate that the blister site corresponds to the site of attachment of the Bdellovibrio cell. The hypothesis is proposed that this ultrastructural damage is the cytological basis for the controlled and localized leakage through the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space of the Spirillum cell at locations adjacent to the Bdellovibrio cell. It is suggested that this localized membrane damage may be the ultrastructural basis for the high efficiency with which bdellowvibrios are known to incorporate cytoplasmic materials from the other bacteria in whose periplasmic spaces they develop.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Surface Sheath
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Tubular-like structures were regularly revealed in the surface sheath of the aerial mycelium of the parent strain of Streptomycetes roseoflavus var. roseofungini. In their shape and dimensions these structures were highly reminiscent of those massive accumulation of which was earlier reported to occur in cultures of dedifferentiated nocardioform “fructose” mutant of the same parent strain. 2. The tubular-like structures of the aerial mycelium sheath were shown to be markedly susceptible to brief acetone washing, undergoing almost complete desintegration. 3. On addition of water to crude acetone extract of the aerial mycelium precipitation and possible selfassembly of a spectrum of various structures occurred (folded scaly, bubble-like, spout-like). Some among structures so produced were reminiscent of those found in spectra of structures observed in reconstruction experiments with tubules from the mutant as well as of structures found in the aerial sheath of the parent strain and some other actinomycetes. Similarity in subunit structure of above materials was also noticeable. The presence, in the sheath of aerial mycelium, of material with a tendency to selforganization is discussed in relation to the possible involvement of selfassembly processes in the formation of the surface sheath.
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  • 15
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 419-436 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gloeobacter violaceus ; Photosynthetic Pigments ; DNA Base Composition ; Fatty Acid Composition ; Cyanobacterium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gloebacter violaceus gen. and sp. n. is a unicellular photosynthetic prokaryote of unusual cellular structure. The only unit membrane in the small, rod-shaped cells is the cytoplasmic membrane, which has a simple contour, without intrusions. Immediately underlying it is an electron-dense layer 80 nm thick. Gloeobacter is an aerobic photoautotroph which contains chlorophyll α, β-carotene and other carotenoids, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are associated with the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts, and are thus probably localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. The phycobiliproteins may be associated with the electron-dense 80 nm layer. The DNA contains 64.4 moles percent GC. The cellular lipids have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely linoleate and γ-linolenate. Despite its atypical fine structure, Gloeobacter is evidently a cyanobacterium, sufficiently different from other unicellular cyanobacteria to be placed in a new genus.
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  • 16
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    Biochemical genetics 11 (1974), S. 387-396 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; temperature sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Individuals of an alcohol dehydrogenase-negative strain of Drosophila melanogaster designated Adh n5 are resistant to ethanol poisoning at low but not at high temperatures. The basis for this behavior is that Adh n5 flies contain a mutant form of alcohol dehydrogenase which is less heat stable than that of wild-type flies. The mutation in Adh n5 maps at, or very close to, the presumptive structural locus and is not complemented by any of 11 other alcohol dehydrogenase-null mutants.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 433-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mushroom-shaped gland ; Periplaneta ; Utriculi majores ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The utriculi majores, the largest tubules of the mushroom-shaped sex gland complex of P. americana are lined by a single layer of secretory cells with basal plasmalemmal infoldings and apical microvilli, and enveloped by a thin layer of slow-acting muscle. The latter is predominantly monomyofibrillar, with an ill-developed T-system, sarcoplasmic reticulum and striations. The secretory epithelium consists of typical protein-synthesizing and-exporting cells with an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and active Golgi elements. Secretory granules, budded off from layered cisternae of the Golgi complex, are more numerous in the vicinity of the luminal surface. The luminal contents are rich in proteins, neutral lipids and phospholipids; there are also some sulphated and nonsulphated acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) gland cells from Rana temporaria larvae 48 h after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis is described. A single UB cell type is present, believed to be the characteristic C cell, in which secretory granules are first detectable in 8 day post-hatching larvae. These secretory granules show an intimate association with lipid droplets. Unusual membranous and crystalloid inclusions, which may represent yolk platelets, are found in UB glands of very small larvae. The significance of a range of UB organelles is discussed and some scanning electron micrographs presented. This report is believed to be the first published ultrastructural and scanning electron microscope study of larval anuran UB glands.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Blue fox ; Lutein cells ; Plasma progesterone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic investigation of the lutein cells of the blue fox was undertaken, based on the hypothesis that differences in plasma progesterone levels at differing stages of pregnancy might be reflected in the ultrastructural organization. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals mated 1, 2, 5, 14, 18, 20, 28, 33, 36, 39 and 45 days after the estimated time of ovulation. Measurements of progesterone on plasma samples were performed by a rapid competitive protein-binding assay. During the period with increasing and/or high plasma progesterone levels, (i.e. 1 to 14 days after ovulation) the lutein cells are characterized by evenly distributed cisternal agranular ER, mitochondria with both tubular and lamellar cristae, and electron-dense lipid droplets. The abundant agranular ER is closely associated with the lipid droplets and mitochondria. During the period with declining plasma progesterone levels, the lutein cells present a different morphological picture: the agranular ER assumes the form of bundles of parallel tubules disposed in several planes. During the latest stages observed, these “bundles” are disrupted and most of the agranular ER become arranged in smaller concentric whorls. Both kinds of whorls regularly enclose lipid droplets, dense bodies and mitochondria. The regions between the whorls contain scattered cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome-like dense bodies.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 463-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Vitellogenesis ; Cephalopods ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur des Ovarfollikels von Alloteuthis subulata Lam. während der euplasmatischen Wachstumsphase und der Vitellogenese wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Oogenese kann in drei Stadien unterteilt werden. Oocyten des Stadiums I haben noch kein Follikelepithel. Während des Stadiums II faltet sich das Follikelepithel in die Oocyte ein, die ihre euplasmatische Wachstumsphase durchläuft. Die Follikelzellen zeigen typische Merkmale von Zellen mit starker Proteinsynthese. Im Stadium III wird das Chorion von den Follikelzellen gebildet. Im Gegensatz zu älteren lichtmikroskopischen Beobachtungen ergeben sich keine Hinweise, die für eine Beteiligung der Follikelzellen an der Bildung exogenen Proteindotters sprechen. Die eigenen Beobachtungen sprechen vielmehr für eine weitgehend autonome Synthese des PAS-positiven Dotters durch die Oocyte unter Beteiligung des stark ausgebildeten Golgi-Apparates. Die Befunde werden im Vergleich mit Beobachtungen zur Vitellogenese anderer Invertebraten und Vertebraten diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The structure of the ovarian follicle of Alloteuthis subulata Lam. during the euplasmic growth phase and vitellogenesis has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Oogenesis can be divided into three stages. Oocytes of stage I are not yet surrounded by a follicle cell epithelium. During stage II, infolding of the follicular epithelium into the oocyte and the euplasmic growth phase of the oocyte take place. Follicle cells show all attributes typical for protein synthesizing cells. During stage III, formation of the chorion occurs due to follicle cell activity. In contrast to earlier light microscopical observations, there are no indications of an engagement of the follicle cells in the production of exogenous yolk protein, which could be taken up by the oocyte in pinocytotic vesicles. The observations rather favour the idea of a largely autonomous synthesis of the PAS-positive yolk in the oocyte. The Golgi apparatus seems to be engaged in yolk production. The findings are discussed in comparison with observations on vitellogenesis in other invertebrates and vertebrates.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate (rabbit) ; Anterior lobe ; Apocrine secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Protein secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of glandular cells in the anterior lobe of the rabbit prostate was reinvestigated, especially after fixation by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde. The lumina of the gland contain abundant globules of an amorphous material surrounded by a membrane. A few dense bodies and scattered globules with internal vesicles also occur. These luminar contents obviously correspond to the particles observed in the semen of rabbits. Strong evidence was found for the formation of the globules by an apocrine secretory process. Material similar to the contents of the luminar globules accumulates in the cell apex together with vesicles, probably of Golgi origin, but without any other organelles. Protrusions from the cell surface contain similar material, but the vesicles generally disappear before the forming globule is finally pinched off from the cell surface. The characteristic feature of the secretory cell are the paucity of endoplasmic reticulum and the large amounts of ribosomes. This is interpreted as a specialization of the cell for the production of secretory protein that is not segregated within membranes until it is discharged from the cell by apocrine secretion.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; PMS-primed rat ; FSH gonadotrope ; LH gonadotrope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The existence of distinct FSH and LH gonadotropes has been suggested by several investigators whereas others have supported a one-gonadotrope hypothesis. To obtain further clarification on this subject, ultrastructural studies of pituitaries and radioimmunoassays of serum FSH, LH and prolactin were carried out in the PMS treated immature rat. The surge of FSH began at 12 noon on day 32 with a maximum at 6 pm that continued into the next day, while the LH maximum was reached at 4 pm. The serum levels of prolactin also began to rise at 12 noon on day 32 but did not reach maximum until 8 am of day 33. FSH cells as defined earlier by Costoff (1973) were well granulated at 12 noon and at 4 pm on day 32. At this later time many FSH cells exhibited extensive Golgi complexes, hypertrophied vacuolar endoplasmic reticulum and often times greatly swollen mitochondria. At 7 PM of day 32 many FSH cells were in various stages of degranulation. LH cells were enlarged and well granulated prior to 12 noon of day 32 but thereafter appeared degranulated. On day 31, prolactin cells were enlarged and well granulated. Although these cells contained extensive endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, there were few mature granules during day 32 and in the early morning hours of day 33. At 1 PM of day 33 most of the FSH and LH, and some prolactin cells were again granulated. These studies correlating ultrastructure with FSH and LH levels in the serum of PMS treated rats further suggest the existence of two distinct gonadotropes in the rat, one producing FSH and another LH.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular organ ; Xenopus laevis ; Monoamines ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Ultracytochemical identification of monoamines in the paraventricular organ (PVO) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was achieved by applying glutaraldehyde-potassium dichromate fixation to the brains. It appears that the amines are concentrated inside elongated or round large granular vesicles within the neurons. The presence of dopamine and, to a lesser extent, of indolamines in neurons of the PVO is discussed.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 493-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Fluorescence ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent of degeneration and regeneration of catecholamine-containing nerve fibres in the external layer of the median eminence of the rat has been assessed following treatment with 6-OHDA. Ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical evidence suggests that nerve terminal degeneration occurs in the external layer of the caudal regions of the median eminence, including the anatomical stem, following intravenous injection of 6-OHDA in a dose of 100 mg/kg. No degeneration in the external layer of the median eminence was observed when the drug was given as sequential intracisternal injections to adult rats or neonatal rats by subcutaneous injections. The fluorescence histochemical studies suggest that regeneration of catecholamine-containing neurons is substantially complete within three weeks of treatment with intravenous 6-OHDA.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 277-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Pineal Gland ; Mole ; Paracrystalline structures
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les pinéalocytes (au sens strict: Wolfe, 1965) de l'épiphyse de la Taupe (animal vivant pratiquement toujours dans une complète obscurité) examinés au microscope électronique, ont été comparés à ceux d'autres Mammifères. Dans le périkaryon des mitochondries, des ribosomes, du réticulum endoplasmique lisse et granulaire et quelques lysosomes et inclusions lipidiques sont présents. La présence à l'intérieur de certaines cavités du réticulum endoplasmique granulaire et parfois entre les deux feuillets de l'enveloppe nucléaire, de structures paracristallines (de nature protéique ?) est caractéristique des pinéalocytes de cet animal. L'appareil de Golgi sécréte des vésicules claires de 500 à 1500 Å de diamètre. Quelques très rares grains de sécrétion, dont l'origine golgienne n'a pas encore été démontré, ont été observé dans le périkaryon et à l'extrémité de certains prolongements. Un grand nombre de structures ciliaires (9+0 paires de tubules) ont également été observés dans les pinéalocytes.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the mole pinealocytes, a mammal which lives practically in complete darkness, has been examined and compared with that of other mammals. Mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and lipid incluclusions are present in the perikaryon. The presence of a paracrystalline structure of a possibly proteinaceous nature in some cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and between the two layers of the nuclear membrane, is characteristic of the mole pinealocyte. The Golgi complex produces clear vesicles of 500–1500 Å in diameter. Occasionally, some dense core secretory vesicles were observed in the perikaryon and in the ending of cell processes. Their presumed origin from the Golgi complex could not yet be demonstrated. A large number of ciliary derivatives (9+0 pattern) are also present in the mole pinealocyte.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 339-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell, human ; Morphological classification ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As revealed by light microscopical investigations the human Sertoli cell presents different appearances according to the pattern of infranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Although two or three stages of spermatogenesis are seen in a single cross section of a seminiferous tubule the Sertoli cells all show virtually the same features in such a cross sectioned tubule. The different appearances are also evident under the electron microscope. Although no obvious correlation was found with the stages of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous epithelium, the Sertoli cell appearances described here may be assumed to represent different metabolic situations. Other features of Sertoli cell ultrastructure are discussed such as the presence of residual bodies in the apical cytoplasm, glycogen-rich areas protruding towards the tubular lumen or the extracellular space, and membrane bound, round structures, found between the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and resembling the “microbodies” of steroid producing cells.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 415-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (human) ; Periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath ; Reticular cell ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interdigitating cells are demonstrated as a special type of fixed cell in the periarteriolar lymphocytic sheaths of the human spleen. These cells show typical ultrastructural features as well as a characteristic enzyme histochemical pattern that distinguish them from other reticular cells in the splenic white pulp.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle ; Iris ; Guinea pig ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Transverse sections of the sphincter pupillae of the guinea-pig iris show, among about 3000 smooth muscle cells, one or two cells with several features of striated muscle fibres. The myofilaments of these special, “striated” muscle cells have irregular and variable arrangements, but they are readily distinguishable from those of smooth muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is conspicuous and is characterized by an electron dense content. “Striated” muscle cells show no nexuses.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 231-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Goldfish ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the pituitary gland of Carassius auratus was studied by light and electron microscopy under various physiological and experimental conditions to investigate whether or not neurosecretory fibres play a role in regulating pars distalis function. Two types of neurosecretory fibre (Type A and Type B) were distinguished. Prolactin, ACTH and TSH1 cells were innervated by Type B fibre terminals separated from the endocrine cells by a continuous basal lamina (“indirect contacts”). Gonadotropic, STH and TSH2 cells were innervated by Type A as well as Type B neurosecretory fibres, mostly without an intervening basal lamina (“direct contacts”). The assessment of the amount of neurosecretory granules and microvesicles in nerve terminals during the pre-spawning, spawning and postspawning seasons and following the administration of Oestradiol, Thyroxine, Thiourea and Metopiron respectively revealed convincing evidence for a participation in pars distalis control for Type A and Type B fibres innervating gonadotropic cells and STH cells and Type B fibres innervating TSH2 and ACTH cells. Immediately after spawning both nerve fibre types innervating gonadotropic cells and Type A fibres innervating STH cells showed a striking decrease in the amount of dense core vesicles. During the spawning season nerve fibres innervating somatotropic cells, TSH2 cells and ACTH cells also undergo changes suggesting that prior to spawning major changes in the endocrine system of the goldfish take place.—These results point to a dual control, by peptides and amines, of teleost pars distalis function.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Gymnophiona (Amphibia) ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Radioiodide
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different developmental stages of two species of the genus Ichthyophis have been investigated. In the late embryo the follicular cells of the thyroid gland exhibit various degrees of cytodifferentiation. Well differentiated cells show a polar organization and contain numerous granular inclusions, but a colloid-containing lumen is rare. Most cells at this stage contain large lipid inclusions. In young and older larvae the cells contain well-developed rough ER and Golgi systems, numerous mitochondria, and abundant granular and vesicular inclusions. Tentative identifications were made of primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes, residual bodies, and two types of small apical vesicles—containing resorbed colloid or transporting material into the follicular lumen. In the larvae the number of apical microvilli is relatively high. The thyroid cells of the older larvae seem to contain more granular and vesicular inclusions than those of the younger larvae. In the adult the size of the follicles greatly increases, the height of the epithelium decreases, microvilli become rare, residual bodies are more frequent, and the small primary lysosomes are replaced by larger ones. Colloid droplets have been found only rarely in the cytoplasm of the thyroid cells of adult animals. In the immediate neighbourhood of the follicular epithelium, profiles of nerve fibres were found in all animals. Radioiodide investigations—measurements of conversion ratio and thyroid uptake factor—show, if compared with the results of corresponding studies in other amphibians, only relatively small differences between the larvae on the one hand and larvae and adults on the other. The absolute counts of the thyroid region are lowest in the adult and highest in the older larvae, shortly before metamorphosis. Furthermore our results indicate, on the basis of four animals tested, that in Ichthyophis the activity of the thyroid gland is temperature dependent. The results in Ichthyophis show that the classical stages of metamorphosis, in other amphibians characterized among other things by different levels of thyroid activity, are very indistinct in this animal.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Primitive nervous systems ; Nerve plexus ; Flatworm ; Platyhelminthes ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peripheral nervous system of the polyclad flatworm Notoplana acticola is described from electron microscopic observations. There are two components, a subepithelial system and a submuscular plexus. The subepithelial system lies among muscle cells beneath the basement membrane of the epithelium. Axons and processes containing clear or dense-cored vesicles were found. The subepithelial system is in the form of a feltwork of fibers rather than a nerve-net. The submuscular plexus has both specialized and primitive aspects to its organization. In the former category are sheathed axons and complex synaptic configurations while the latter can be seen in the numerous naked axons, somata lying deep in the nerve tissue and islands of neuropil scattered along the nerve tracts.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heavy bodies ; Oogenesis ; Maturation ; Sea urchin ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of in vitro maturation of A. punctulata oocytes was undertaken to determine when heavy body formation was initiated. No heavy bodies were seen in germinal vesicle oocytes or in oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown or polar body formation. Heavy bodies were only observed in ova examined one to two hours after pronuclear formation. Several small heavy bodies were seen in sections of eggs fixed as early as three hours after the pronucleus had formed. The number of these structures in the egg cytoplasm increased with time. Therefore it is concluded that heavy body formation in sea urchin ova is a phenomenon following nuclear maturation.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian salt gland ; Electrolyte transport ; Ultrastructure ; Ruthenium red ; Dialyzed iron ; Sialic acid
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    Notes: Summary Both ruthenium red and dialyzed iron techniques indicated that anionic protein-carbohydrates were associated with the plasmalemma of secretory cells in mallard salt glands. Digestion of the tissue with neuraminidase prior to dialyzed iron staining provided evidence that much of the anionic nature of this surface was due to sialic acid. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing that the salt-gland tissue contained a relatively high sialic-acid content and that the amount of sialic acid increased with salt-water adaptation. Possible roles of these anionic sites are discussed in relation to currently accepted hypotheses of electrolyte transport.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haematopoiesis ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Amoebocytes ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate haematopoiesis in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis, the blood cells and the connective tissue of this snail were studied by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. In the circulating blood only one type of cell, the amoebocyte, is present. Amoebocytes also occur in the connective tissue (tissue amoebocytes) as single cells, in small groups or in large accumulations. Study of the morphology and ultrastructure of blood and tissue amoebocytes shows that no differences exist between these cells, indicating that L. stagnalis does not possess a well-defined haematopoietic organ. This assumption is supported by the following observations: 1. both blood and tissue amoebocytes can act as phagocytes, 2. blood and tissue amoebocytes both have the capacity to divide (i.e. incorporate tritiated thymidine) and 3. the percentage of dividing cells in the blood and in the connective tissue is the same. These quantitative data indicate furthermore that there is no difference in the relative importance of the blood and the connective tissue in the process of haematopoiesis. Comparison of tritiated thymidine labelled cells with unlabelled amoebocytes showed that these cells do not differ with respect to their morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, amoebocytes involved in phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign materials or in wound healing still have the capacity to divide. The percentages of tritiated thymidine labelled amoebocytes in different snails varied considerably. It is suggested that this variation reflects differences in the physiological state of the individual snails.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve terminal ; PI-type glandular cell ; ACT-type cell
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy three types of nerve terminals have been identified in adult rabbit pars intermedia (PI). The characteristics of these are described and their development traced. The distribution of nerve terminals and neurons within the PI is documented. In particular the association between types of nerve terminal and the different glandular cells is shown to be precise and selective. Direct innervation of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI is described for the first time. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. J. W. B. Bradfield for help in the preparation of this paper.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland (rat) ; Estrogen administration ; Somatotroph and mammotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the normal male rat pituitary tritiated thymidine labeled mainly STH cells (somatotrophs), no labeled prolactin cell was found. Following estradiol treatment for 21 days tritiated thymidine labeled mainly prolactin cells (mammotrophs). To determine the origin of these mammotrophs tritiated thymidine was given before the estradiol treatment started, thus labeling many somatotrophs. After 21 days of estradiol, out of 42 labeled cells, 14 were mammotrophs and 13 were somatotrophs; these results suggest that there might be a true transformation of somatotrophs into mammotrophs under the influence of estradiol or that there exist two types of somatotrophs: 1) a committed somatotroph which is not transformed by estrogen treatment, and 2) an uncommitted mammosomatotroph, which under normal conditions bears the features of a somatotroph, but which transforms into a mammotroph under the influence of estradiol.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organs ; Cephalopods ; Chemoreception ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the so-called olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated. Electron microscopy shows the superficial layer of the epithelium to consist mainly of cells bearing microvilli. Below this, often very deeply, lie very many large cells, which bear numerous cilia. These cells open to the surface via narrow processes running between the epithelial cells. Although details of their innervation have yet to be established the large cells are assumed to be receptors and these findings are interpreted as evidence that this organ is indeed chemosensory.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridium ; Hirudo medicinalis ; Central canal ; Urinary bladder ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchung des nephridialen Zentralkanals von Hirudo medicinalis L. können mehrere Kanalabschnitte unterschieden werden, die zum Teil frei im Bindegewebe liegen, wie der Anfangs-, der intermediäre und der Endkanal, oder aber durch mehr oder weniger enge Verzahnung mit Canaliculuszellen verbunden sind (innerer und weiter Kanal). Strukturen, die mit transzellulärem Ionentransport in Beziehung gebracht werden können — ikrovilli und basale Zellmembraneinfaltungen — finden sich in allen Kanalabschnitten. Während im Verlauf des Zentralkanals die Oberflächenvergrößerung durch Mikrovilli ziemlich konstant bleibt, findet sich in den Kanalabschnitten, die ausschließlich an Bindegewebe grenzen, eine besonders auffällige und signifikante Zunahme der basalen Oberflächenvergräßerung durch Zellmembraneinfaltungen. Es werden mögliche Besonderheiten im Reabsorptionsmechanismus diskutiert: Möglicherweise läuft zwischen dem Epithel des inneren und des weiten Kanals einerseits und den angrenzenden Canaliculuszellen andererseits ein Kreislaufprozeß für Ionen (recycling) ab.
    Notes: Summary The central canal and the urinary bladder of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The central canal consists of several different parts: the initial, intermediate and terminal canal which border only on connective tissue, and the inner and the wide canal which on the other hand are closely connected to the canaliculus cells which produce the primary urine. Structures related to transcellular transport of solutes such as microvilli and basal plasma membrane infoldings in association with mitochondria have been found in all parts of the central canal. Evidence has been obtained that the surface enlargement by basal plasma membrane infoldings increases from the proximal to the distal parts of the central canal while the luminal surface enlargement remains nearly constant. The increasing basal surface enlargement is especially obvious in those parts of the central canal which border only on connective tissue. The mechanism of reabsorption is discussed with regard to physiological data so far available. A recycling process for solutes may take place between the epithelium of the inner and the wide canal on one hand and the bordering canaliculus cells on the other hand.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 63-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Afferent fibres ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innermost layer of the circular musculature of the ileum of the guinea-pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat and dog is made of special small and dark muscle cells (sd cells), which can be identified by light and electron microscopy. These cells have a higher surface to volume ratio than ordinary muscle cells. They show all the organelles of smooth muscle cells and are in close relationship with a great number of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres. They send numerous thin cytoplasmic processes towards the bulk of the circular layer, but nexuses between the sd cells and ordinary muscle cells are not found. It is suggested that some of the nerve fibres in this part of the circular layer are motor, setting the sd cells to a given length, and some are afferent in luminal pressure.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroids ; Rana temporaria ; Crystals ; Ultrastructure ; Catalase
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crystalline inclusions in parathyroid gland cell nuclei of Rana temporaria were studied by electron microscopy using a specimen tilting stage. Images were analysed by optical diffraction. Results were compared with X-ray and electron microscopic data of trigonal bovine liver catalase to which a striking resemblance of the inclusions was found.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 189-193 
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    Keywords: Eyes ; Retinula ; Ephestia kuehniella ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Auge von Ephestia kommen Kontakte zwischen den Zellen benachbarter Retinulae vor. Diese Kontakte finden sich am häufigsten in der Kernregion der Retinulazellen und können 2 oder mehr Retinulae miteinander verbinden. Da keine besonderen Membranstrukturen in der Kontaktzone beobachtet wurden und da andererseits die Retinulazellen auf diesem Niveau und weiter distal Pigmentgranula enthalten, scheinen diese Kontakte weder die Zellen chemisch bzw. elektrisch zu koppeln noch Reizlicht zu übertragen. Vielmehr wird angenommen, daß die Verlagerungen des Cytoplasmas bei Hell-Dunkeladaptation in benachbarten Retinulae durch die gegenseitige Berührung koordiniert werden.
    Notes: Summary Connections were found between retinula cells of adjacent retinula cell columns in the eye of Ephestia. The connections occur most frequently at the level of the retinula cell nuclei and may involve two or more retinula columns simultaneously. The absence of specialized structural modifications of the membranes and the presence of pigment granules at the level of the connections or distal to them indicates that these connections are probably not involved in selective chemical or electrical communication nor in light transmission. It is suggested that the connections may serve tactily to coordinate cytoplasmic movement in adjacent retinula columns during light-dark adaptation.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila ; larval and prepupal ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A major function of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be the production of a mucopolysaccharide that serves as an adhesive during puparium formation. In order to localize the mucosubstances during development substrate histochemical methods were used, and the site of acid phosphatase was demonstrated by the ultrahistochemical lead-salt method. It could be shown that the “glue”-granules in the corpus cells of larval salivary glands as well as the large secretion vacuoles in the prepupal corpus cells give a positive β-amylase-resistent PAS-reaction, which indicates neutral mucosubstances. Granular PAS-positive deposits in the larval and prepupal collum cells were reduced after preincubation with β-amylase and may represent glycogen, which has also been seen in electron micrographs of these cells. The Hale-reaction gave a weak indication that acid mucosubstances are present in the larval “glue” granules and in the large prepupal secretory vacuoles. After digestion of sialic acid with α-neuraminidase the weak indication was absent showing that the acid mucosubstances had been sialomucines. Ultrahistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase indicated the presence of this enzyme in Golgi fields and lysosomal structures. Acid phosphatase seems to be missing in the large secretion vacuoles of the prepupal salivary gland. It is concluded, that the large vacuoles in the corpus cells of prepupal salivary glands represent a secretion product, obviously a mucosubstance. The lysosomal structures, containing acid phosphatase, may be accumulated in preparation for the autolysis of the gland which begins about two hours after the pupal moult, i.e. 15 hours after puparium formation.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 135-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Frog ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular transport ; Autoradiography
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The route by which secretory proteins are transported in the frog exocrine pancreas cell was investigated by an ultrastructural and electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of in vivo 3H-leucine labelled tissue. The ultrastructure of the cell is characteristic of serous epithelial cells and resembles that of mammalian exocrine pancreas cells very closely. Autoradiographic results revealed that the proteins, after being synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), are transported through the Golgi cisternae to condensing vacuoles which subsequently change into secretory granules. The determination of the timing of this transport was complicated by a very slow turnover of leucine in the frog. Nevertheless, by a semi-quantitative approach, some time characteristics could be estimated: about 11 min after the onset of their synthesis the proteins enter the Golgi system, and about 25 min later the condensing vacuoles. Secretory granules become labelled between 60 and 120 min. These results are discussed, also in relation to the transport route and kinetics in mammalian tissue.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fibres (Tadpole tail) ; Degeneration ; Macrophages ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes histochemical and ultrastructural studies of tail muscles in tadpoles of Rana japonica and Rana catesbeiana during metamorphosis, this process being accompanied by degeneration of the tail. Degeneration of individual tail muscles does not occur at the same time; this is true for both the red and white muscle fibres. The initial phase of degeneration showed mesenchymal macrophages first invading the muscle fibres and then sending out many long cytoplasmic processes which split the fibres apart. The disappearance of myofibrils during degeneration proceeds along at least two different mechanisms even within a single muscle fibre. In one type, the Z-band becomes diffuse and then disappears, resulting in fragmentation of the myofibrils at the sites previously occupied by the Z-bands. The second pattern of degeneration is characterized by disappearance of the Z-band followed by a fanning out of the myofilaments not associated with fragmentation of myofibrils. As atrophy of muscle fibres proceeds, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the perinuclear sarcoplasm. Macrophages show more intense acid phosphatase activity than do the muscle fibres. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is described and discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysectomized rats ; Reorganized stalk ; Ultrastructure ; Salt load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reorganized stalk of hypophysectomized rats, either “intact” or subjected to a 6-day salt load, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. PAF-positive neurosecretory material is seen mainly in the periphery of the reorganized stalk, usually in 2–5 μ nerve swellings of animals operated two months before. Nerve swellings make contact with a dense capillary network. Three types of nerve fibres and their swellings are distinguished according to the size of elementary granules. Peptidergic A1 and A2 types contain granules with a maximum diameter of 170 and 130 nm respectively; monoaminergic B type fibres have granules of 100 nm in diameter. A1 type axonal swellings are the most numerous and can be tentatively divided into four subtypes according to their ultrastructure and relationships with capillaries and pituicytes. Swellings of types b and c, making direct contact with capillaries or pituicyte perikarya, usually contain few granules and numerous synaptic vesicles arranged frequently in clusters in the “active” zones. It is assumed that they are especially active in the release of peptide neurohormones. It is also hypothesized that in the hypophysectomized rats peptide neurohormones are released not only directly into the pericapillary space but also into the intercellular cleft, especially at sites of neuron-pituicyte junctions. Nerve swellings of type a, separated from the pericapillary space by thin pituicyte processes, usually contain numerous neurosecretory granules. It is suggested that vascular “end-feet” of pituicytes may somehow reduce neurohormone release. The depletion of PAF-positive material as well as the decreased granule content even after a salt load of only 1 per cent shows that the reorganized stalk is functional as a neurohaemal organ, but has a diminished hormone reserve. This, together with a primitive cytomyeloangioarchitecture speaks for morphological and functional imperfection of the reorganized stalk.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Somatic spines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin serial sections of the perikarya and adjacent neuropil of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult male rat revealed varying forms of two types of somatic spines. One type forms synapses with axons passing the cell, the other, without synapses, appears to serve as a buttress or clasp for adjacent neuronal and glial processes. The synapse-bearing spines lack the usual spine apparatus but contain the flocculent substance often seen in spines. The other spines do not exhibit either of these structures. These somatic spines were also seen in Golgi impregnated preparations but the types could not be distinguished. Certain axons synapse either on a somatic spine of the perikarya or penetrate the glial sheath of the neuron and synapse, usually repeatedly, on the soma in an en passant manner.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum ; Colon ; Lanthanum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After exposure of mouse cecal mucosa to lanthanum during primary fixation in glutaraldehyde, the metal was found as discrete particles covering microvilli and microorganisms, as a continuous layer outlining the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells, and as particles bound to collagen fibrils. The results suggest that lanthanum acts primarily as a stain of the surfaces of certain cells and extracellular structures, and to a lesser extent as an inert probe of the extracellular space.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons ; Filum terminale (Cyprinus carpio) ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic semidesmosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Small nerve cells are scattered among the ependymal cells of the central canal of the filum terminale in Cyprinus carpio. The dendrites of these neurons form bulb-like endings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These endings are similar to the CSF contacting dendritic terminals of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Therefore, we consider these nerve cells to belong to the CSF contacting neuronal system. The axons of these neurons enter the hypendymal fibrous zone where nerve processes of various calibres and axon terminals on dendrite-like profiles and sometimes on ependymal processes were found. In addition to cytoplasmic elements ordinarily present in nerve cells there are granulated vesicles of about 800 to 900 Å in diameter in the perikarya of the CSF contacting neurons. Axons containing synaptic and dense-core vesicles (diameter about 400 Å and 800 Å, respectively) build up synapses on the basal part of these neurons. The CSF contacting neurons described are dissimilar to the Dahlgren cells present in the urophysis and in the rostral part of the filum. In addition, we found axon terminals forming synaptic semidesmosomes on the basal lamina of the external surface of the filum. At some places these terminals are numerous, building up primitive median eminence-like areas on the surface of the filum. In addition to synaptic vesicles these terminals contain numerous granulated vesicles of 800 Å. The axons forming these terminals are supposed to originate from the CSF contacting neurons. The presence of special nerve terminals on the external surface furnishes morphological evidence for the passage of substances from the nervous tissue into the external CSF space at the level of the filum terminale.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (Rat) ; Periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath ; Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) ; Thymectomy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron microscopic studies reveal that the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath of the rat spleen can be divided into two areas. The central area contains small lymphocytes, interdigitating cells (IDC, light staining cells with extensive cytoplasmic interdigitations) and some scattered reticulum cells. The peripheral area contains a mixed population of lymphocytes and circumferentially oriented reticulum cells. It is shown that only the central area of the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath is thymus-dependent. In neonatally thymectomized rats, before interdigitating cells appear, monocytes and promonocytes reside in this area. It is suggested that the IDC are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (Langevoort et al., 1970). They probably form the micro-environment necessary for the differentiation and proliferation of T-cells. The analogies between IDC, epithelioid cells and the macrophages in the migration inhibition test are discussed. The hypothesis is put forward that these cells are similar in ultrastructural and functional aspects because all three are macrophages under the influence of humoral factors from T-cells, such as migration inhibition factor.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Mammals ; Chicken ; Newt ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The pars tuberalis of the rat, mouse, garden door mouse, European hamster, cat, cattle, chicken and newt is composed of two main cell types: specific secretory cells and follicular cells. The specific cells are characterized by comparable morphologic features in the investigated species, despite differences in the diameter of the secretory granulated vesicles; the ultrastructural morphology of these cells is different from that of any of the known cell types of the adenohypophysis. The follicular cells are devoid of secretory granules, they do not only line the numerous follicular cavities of the pars tuberalis but may also be found in the periphery of the cell cords (border cells). In addition, gonadotrophic cells are found; they predominate in the distal portion of the pars tuberalis and are definitely activated by castration or hypophysectomy. Experimental interventions on most of the major endocrine systems did not cause any noticeable ultrastructural changes in the specific cells. It appears certain that the pars tuberalis secretes a specific hormone whose function remains to be determined.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 381-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Mouse ; Syncytium ; Morphogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine embryologique des constituants cytologiques de la barrière placentaire chez la Souris a été mise en évidence du 8ème au 11éme jour de la gestation et la séquence des phénomènes favorisant la formation d'un syncytium trophoblastique, précisée. La barrière placentaire trilaminaire a une double origine: la couche interne provient du trophoblaste chorionique, la couche médiane syncytiale comme la couche externe dérivent du trophoblaste ectoplacentaire. Le stimulus initial de la différenciation semble résulter au 9ème jour du contact entre le trophoblaste chorionique et le mésoderme allantoïdien. Quelques heures après, on observe la réaction des cellules chorioniques, caractérisée par une augmentation importante des nucléoprotéines cytoplasmiques, puis l'apparition de globules lipidiques et enfin des propriétés de motilité. Ces cellules établissent des jonctions complexes avec le trophoblaste ectoplacentaire indifférencié qu'elles côtoient. En même temps, le métabolisme nucléaire de ces cellules ectoplacentaires semble modifié. Ultérieurement, au 10éme jour de la gestation, la disparition des membranes plasmiques latérales de ces cellules, conduit à la formation d'un syncytium par fusion de cellules au même stade d'évolution.
    Notes: Summary The morphogenesis of the different layers forming the mouse placental barrier is described during the 8th to 11th day of gestation. The timing and events leading to the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast are analyzed. Two different processes lead to the formation of the hemotrichorial placental membrane: the internal layer is formed by the chorionic trophoblast, both the intermediate syncytial layer and the external cytotrophoblast layer are derived from the ectoplacental trophoblast. The differentiation of the placental barrier begins on the 9th day of gestation by the establishment of contact between the chorionic trophoblast and the allantoic mesoderm. A few hours later, the chorionic cells show a considerable increase in cytoplasmic nucleoproteins and lipids and become ameboid. Complex cell-junctions differentiate between these chorionic cells and the adjacent ectoplacental trophoblast. On the 10th day of gestation the lateral cytoplasmic membranes disappear leading to the formation of a syncytium.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fenestra dorsalis ; Allanaspides ; Syncarida ; Ion transport ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The genus Allanaspides (Crustacea, Syncarida) is characterised by a conspicuous modification of the cephalo-thoracic tergite, the fenestra dorsalis. The ultrastructure of the fenestra dorsalis was examined in both known species of Allanaspides. The organ is separated from surrounding tissue by a clearly demarcated transition zone in which the cuticle thickens and looses its normal laminated structure. In the cells of the fenestra dorsalis, three regions may be distinguished. The apical region has an abundance of long invaginations, often packed closely together. The invaginations possess numerous microtubules plus numerous mitochondria whose membranes are closely associated with the invaginated membranes. Both microtubules and mitochondria are aligned in the same direction as the invaginations. The middle region of the cells contains many intracellular vacuoles in Allanaspides hickmani whilst in Allanaspides helonomus the same region contains extensive extracellular spaces. The basal region of the cells is marked by deep infoldings and an abundance of mitochondria. Microtubules are common and these, together with the mitochondria, are aligned along the direction of the infoldings. Adjacent cells are linked by frequent septate junctions. The fine structure of fenestra dorsalis tissue indicates an active participation in ion and/or water movement. However, in contrast to other crustacean tissues known to be involved in this function, it is postulated that the fenestra dorsalis of Allanaspides provides a two-stage transport system, in which “mitochondrial pumps” are present on both the inner and outer cell surfaces.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 143-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Planaria ; Neurotubules ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The photoreceptors of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The eye was found to be rhabdomeric; it is composed of approximately 25 visual cells and a monolayered cup of pigment cells enclosing the light sensitive rhabdome. The pigment cell gave the appearance of having a phagocytic function in addition to regulating the light entering the rhabdome. Extensions of these pigment cells were shown to be the “membranous structure” seen by light microscopy in the open area of the eye. The bipolar visual cell consisted of a perikaryon, axon and a dendritic extension comprised of a stalk, conical body and microvillous rhabdomere. Efferent nerve fibers formed synapses with dendritic spines protruding from receptor stalks. A specialized structure at the transition area between neurotubules and neurofilaments was observed in the conical body. A dense intercellular space occurred between all regions of adjoining visual cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The spermatozoon of the holothurian Leptosynapta clarki has a small circular head measuring about 3.0 μ at the greatest diameter, a midpiece containing a single mitochondrion and a tail flagellum measuring between 35 μ and 45 μ in length. The acrosomal region contains a granule measuring 0.7 μ in diameter which consists of electron dense material arranged in concentric lamellae. Five concentric very electron dense lamellae alternate with areas of much less electron dense material in the central region of the granule. This granule rests in an anterior nuclear depression. The nucleus is circular in shape and contains one or two unbound vacuoles which frequently contain a fine granular material. Posteriorly the nucleus is bounded by a large mitochondrion and an occasional Golgi complex. The proximal centriole which contains a lateral arm of dense material lies in a deep fossa projecting into the nucleus. The distal centriole lies posteriorly in the mitochondrial mass and gives rise to nine satellite projections and their Y-shaped connective extensions. The tail contains the 9 + 2 tubule arrangement and tapers at its distal end.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Nervous system ; Polychaete ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Organs of presumed photoreceptor significance in Nephtys exhibit great simplicity. The pigmented eyes of Nephtys are embedded in the posterior region of the brain. Each consists of a pigment cup and two closely-associated sensory cells. The cells exhibit the characteristic features of rhabdomeric-type photoreceptor structures. The anterior or accessory eyes are identical to the pigmented eyes except that each may consist of only a single cell and that pigment cups are absent. A pair of “sensor sacs” is also present, embedded in the brain. Each consists of a single cell which has the appearance of possessing a large intracellular vesicle (the phaosome) into which project irregularly arranged microvilli. The limiting membrane is, in fact, continuous with the cell membrane. Evidence is presented of the secretion of material of unknown character into the vesicle.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural lobe ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract were studied in embryonic C3H mouse neural lobes; at least four glands at each gestational day 15–19 were examined. Single axons and small bundles of fibres are visible at gestational days 15 and 16. By day 17 large fibre bundles penetrate between glial cells. They increase in number during the next two days. Electron-lucent and electron-dense vesicles are seen in the fibres of the 15th and 16th gestational days. In the 17–19 day-old embryos development is characterized by a successive rise in the number of the two types of vesicles. The mean diameter of the electron-lucent vesicles is approximately unchanged in all the stages examined (50 nm). The electron-dense vesicles increase in size from approximately 80–90 nm at days 15–16 to 140 nm at the 19th gestational day. By day 19 contacts between neurosecretory fibre terminals and the outer basement membrane of internal and peripheral capillaries are occasionally observed. The possibly adrenergic nature of a few terminals contacting peripheral vascular structures in 17 and 18 day-old embryos is suggested.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ; Ultrastructure ; Osmotic stimulus ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Substitution of a 2% solution of sodium chloride in place of drinking water for 3 days significantly increased both the size of neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rats and the proportion of these cells which had dilated endoplasmic reticulum. There was an increase in the number of multivesicular bodies per mean cell profile and also an increase in the ratio of “dense” (immature) to “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules within the perikarya, although the total numbers of granules were unchanged. If, after 3 days of saline-treatment, the rats were again allowed tap water to drink for 2 days, the proportion of cells showing dilated endoplasmic reticulum and the number of multivesicular bodies returned towards normal, but there was a significant increase in the number of large dense lysosomal bodies per cell profile and a relative increase in the proportion of “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules. These changes suggest that the increased bio-synthetic activity resulting from saline-treatment subsides when the treatment is terminated. Furthermore, since neurohypophysial hormone stores have still not returned to normal in animals of the recovery group, they also imply the absence of an internal feedback system by which the level of neural lobe hormone stores might govern the synthetic activity of the neurosecretory cells. Both the increased synthesis, and the increased electrical activity which accompanies it, may be independent consequences of the depleting stimulus.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Chemoreceptors ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the antenna of adult male Periplaneta americana, three size ranges of classical sensilla basiconica were found. Based on SEM, a sensillum of the s. trichodeum shape was revealed, but our TEM efforts indicate that this sensillum has the thin-wall, porous ultrastructure of a sensillum basiconicum. Sensilla basiconica contain flask-shaped cuticular pores. All viewed pores join four or five tubules. The pore tubules clearly contact plasma membranes of dendritic branches. Two sizes of grooved pegs were observed. The terminal segment of the antenna contains a variety of other “receptors”.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Harvestman ; Exocytosis ; Release ; Ultrastructure
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les plaques paraganglionnaires de l'Opilion Trogulus nepaeformis sont des organes neurohémaux constitués d'une lamelle neurale externe, épaisse, en contact avec un sinus sanguin, d'une couche basale de cellules gliales, et de 7 types de terminaisons axonales (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) renfermant des granules élémentaires qui diffèrent par leur taille, leur densité aux électrons et l'aspect de leur contenu. Les granules de type A1 se déchargent par exocytose dans l'espace extra-axonal, sous la lamelle neurale; ceux de type C se fragmentent en microgranules à contenu dense qui s'accumulent avec des vésicules claires contre l'axolemme en des places suggérant des sites de libération dans l'hémolymphe.
    Notes: Summary The paraganglionic plates of the harvestman, Trogulus, are neurohemal organs composed of a thick neural lamella facing a blood sinus, basal glial cells, and seven distinct types of axon terminals (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) identified on the basis of elementary granule size, electron density, and structure of contents. The release of A1 type granules occurs by exocytosis into the extraaxonal space below the acellular neural lamella. The release of the content of C granules occurs after fragmentation into small electron dense vesicles. Clusters of these vesicles intermixed with clear vesicles pressing against the axolemma beneath the neural lamella, apparantly correspond to the sites of release.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 343-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Gametes ; Echinoid ; Echinarachnius ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of gametes of a representative echinoid, Echinarachnius parma were investigated ultrastructurally with particular emphasis on gamete interaction during fertilization. The acrosomal region of the spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of two components: an acrosomal vesicle and periacrosomal materials. The acrosomal vesicle, which is completely bounded by a limiting membrane, is surrounded by periacrosomal materials. Nuclear and mitochondrial regions of the spermatozoon are also described briefly. The ovum is surrounded by two extraneous coats: an outer jelly layer and an inner vitelline envelope. Pigment cells are present within the outer jelly layer. Ooplasmic organelles and inclusions including cortical granules and the female pronucleus are described. Spermatozoa undergo the acrosomal reaction in the vicinity of mature ova. Events of acrosomal reaction, including dehiscence of the acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal tubule formation, are described and summarized schematically. Acrosomal vesicle contents remain adherent to the outer surface of the tubule membrane. Primary binding of the spermatozoon to the surface of the ovum is accomplished by the establishment of morphological continuity between this extracellular coat and the vitelline envelope of the ovum. It is suggested that the species specificity of fertilization resides in this primary binding of gametes. Membrane fusion, between the tip of the acrosomal tubule and the colemma, follows primary binding and cytoplasmic continuity of the gametes is thereby established. It is concluded that the early events of fertilization in Echinarachnius parma generally conform to the Hydroides-Saccoglossus pattern of the Colwins (1967).
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 395-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Teleost ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The morphology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial cells of the ventricle of the trout heart is described as the result of an investigation with the electron microscope. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse in distribution compared to that of birds or mammals but shows a fundamentally similar organization. A very loose network of fine tubules is in intimate contact with the myofibrils but with no local modification with respect to the arrangement of myofilaments within the sarcomeres. There is no special association of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the Z-bands. Some tubules pass to the cell periphery where they expand to form subsarcolemmal cisternae in which electron-dense matter is often seen. The occurrence of the subsarcolemmal cisternae (peripheral couplings) is random and they are not observed in the vicinity of intercalated discs. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed in relation to excitation-contraction coupling in teleost myocardial cells, and in comparison with that of other vertebrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 193-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Imaginal fat body ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the first egg-maturation period (6 days at 25° C) the adult fat body of the female of Calliphora goes through sequential changes correlated with the development of the oocytes. The first two days represent a growth and differentiation phase. Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) gradually increase in quantity. Golgi complexes consisting of clusters of vesicles and vacuoles appear to bud off from cisternae of the RER. Dense bodies possibly arise by sequestration from Golgi complexes. Content of acid phosphatase shows the dense bodies to be lysosomes. Many contain crystalloids. Glycogen is first seen as a network, in which gamma-elements appear; later alpha-particles occur. Lipid droplets are abundant. Lipid droplets break down where they border upon glycogen. In four-day old females the fat body is in a phase of production. Golgi complexes concentrate protein secretion granules believed to represent yolk protein. Then follows a phase of regression characterized by the formation of cytosegresomes and by an accumulation of lipid. In mature females a remodeling of the fat cell begins, evidenced by a renewed formation of free ribosomes, RER, and probably dense bodies resembling those of the one-day old female.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitelline cells ; Dugesia lugubris (Turbellaria, Tricladida) ; Yolk material ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The development of vitelline cells in the fresh-water Triclad Dugesia lugubris has been studied by means of electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. We observed a single cell type in different stages of development more or less evenly distributed from the periphery towards the centre of the follicles. Young vitelline cells have the characteristic morphology of cells in early stages of maturation: they show a large nucleus, a nucleolus with fibrillar and granular components, and many ribosomes in an undifferentiated cytoplasm. Subsequently, large amounts of parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum and some Golgi complexes appear and the vitelline cells assume the typical appearance of secretory cells. Reserve substances progressively accumulate in the vitelline cells, which when mature appear very electron dense. We have recognized the following types of reserve substances: 1) Neutral lipid droplets which are the first to appear and can reach a diameter of 4–5 μm or more. 2) Yolk globules of 2–3 μm in diameter which appear simultaneously with cocoon-shell globules but are clearly different from them in structure and chemical composition. The yolk globules probably arise from the cooperation between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes and have a very complex proteinaceous nature. 3) Large amounts of α-glycogen granules which occupy cytoplasmic sacs.
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Medial preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The neuronal and glial cell bodies and the neuropil of the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus were studied under the electron microscope. Two different types of neurons are identified on the basis of electron density. These two types differed in a number of ultrastructural features. Three types of nerve terminals based on vesicle morphology are also described, as well as the general structure of the axons, dendrites and synapses in the neuropil. The structure of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is also discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gobius jozo (Teleost) ; Testis ; Steroidogenic tissue ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The homologue of mammalian Leydig cells in the testis of fish of the genus Gobius is believed to be a glandular mass lying along the mesorchium and quite distinct from the seminiferous region. This gland was studied in Gobius jozo by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the gland is composed of cords of polyhedral cells located between the main vessels of the testis and the deferent duct. Dark and light cell varieties were observed both after staining with toluidine blue and with respect to their cytoplasmic electron density. The fine structure of the glandular cells is characterized by a well developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of random anastomosing tubules and vesicles and by very numerous mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. In some mitochondria the internal organization is paracrystalline. One or two bodies of unknown nature are Found in the Golgi region. They are partially limited by an unusually thick membrane and contain a material subdivided mostly into small vesicles. Liposomes and lipofuscin pigment granules are also present. The ultrastructural features of the glandular cells of the testis of Gobius jozo confirm a specialization in steroid hormone production.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Goldfish ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, morphological and functional aspects of the pituitary gland were studied at the ultrastructural level and six cell types could be distinguished in the pars distalis. Acidophilic cells of the rostral pars distalis were identified as prolactin cells, the chromophobic cells of the rostral pars distalis as ACTH cells, the non-globular basophilic cells of the rostral and the proximal pars distalis as TSH cells, the globular basophils of the proximal pars distalis as gonadotropic cells and the acidophils of the proximal pars distalis as somatotrophs. Besides some of the well established criteria of morphological and functional identification of different cell types, two new approaches have been used in the present study. One was to express the electron density of secretory granules objectively by means of a photometric method. It was found that both types of acidophilic cells which produce the proteohormones prolactin and somatotropin respectively, had granules with the highest electron densities. The basophilic cells producing the glycoproteins gonadotropin and TSH respectively, possessed granules of intermediate electron density whereas the chromophobic cells storing the peptide hormone ACTH had granules of lowest densities. The second new approach was the administration of the synthetic mammalian releasing hormones LH-RP and TRF, which helped in identifying gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells respectively. In the goldfish there is evidence for the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Tilapia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the skin of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) is described. In certain areas the epidermal surface forms so-called Epidermal Surface Patterns. Two types of epidermal cells are distinguished and their differences noted. The epidermal surface is covered by a layer of acid mucopolysaccharide, yet the contents of the mucus cells did not react with ruthenium red. The dermis consists mainly of bundles of collagen fibres and associated fibroblasts, but melanophores, iridophores and complex melano-iridophores are also present. Aspects of the development and structure of the guanine platelets and the melanosomes are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathways of axonal transport of secretions from neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the medial group (viz. A-, A1, B-, and C-type NSC) and the lateral group (L-type NSC) are described. Individual axons can be recognized in the electron microscope by the kind of neurosecretory particles they contain. In general, the secretions from the medial NSC are carried to the contralateral nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC), those from the lateral NSC to the ipsilateral NCC. Some axons from the A-type NSC, in addition, may run to ipsilateral NCC. All A-type axons have collaterals which run to the ipsilateral NCC. The medial and lateral bundles of “mixed” axons run through one paired NCC but remain separated spatially. Release of secretion from the C-type NSC can take place before the corpus cardiacum is reached. A- and A1-type NSC have additional collaterals that branch from the proximal part of the axons and penetrate deeply into the neuropile of the protocerebral lobes. Local swellings appear to be closely associated with fibers from non-neurosecretory neurons. The sites of contact are characterized by the accumulation of microvesicles (400 Å) near an electron-dense cleft of 150–200 Å width, and resemble regular chemical synapses. The microvesicles prove to be present within the neurosecretory fiber in most of the specimens studied, and within the non-neurosecretory fiber in only a few cases. It seems most likely that the collaterals in some phases convey afferent signals to the NSC which inhibit the release of an efferent neurochemical “messenger” of unknown nature into the neuropile.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Nerve profiles in the basal part of the palisade zone of rat median eminence have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 70–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, castrated male rats showed, in comparison to sham-operated controls, a 3–5 fold increase in the percentage of nerve profiles of category a which contained peroxidase loaded vesicles of about 50 nm. In contrast, no significant change was observed for nerve profiles of other categories. It is concluded that exogenous peroxidase may be used to demonstrate changes in the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerve terminals at the ultrastructural level.
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    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: light intensity ; malting behavior ; Drosophila ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Mating inDrosophila pseudoobscura is known to be light independent. However, differences in the ability to mate in the presence of light or in the dark exist in lines selected for positive or for negative phototaxis.
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    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 285-300 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: phototaxis ; mating behavior ; Drosophila ; light intensity
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    Notes: Abstract Drosophila subobscura flies were selected for the ability to choose one of five light intensities (i.e., 30, 300, 1300, 3200, or 6500 lux), with the aid of an apparatus which enables the flies to choose freely. The original distribution of wild flies was as follows: about 60% repeatedly chose the space lighted by 6500 lux, about 30% 1300–3200 lux, and about 10% 30–300 lux. By mating the flies within each of the three categories for 19 generations, their proportion increased from 8 to 30% at 30–300 lux, from 32 to 55% at 1300–3200 lux, and from 60 to 78% at 6500 lux. The selective response was greatest at the beginning of the selection, and declined later. Using micronized dusts to mark the flies, it was determined that on the average about 33% of the flies chose the same light intensity in both of two 24-h runs, and about 31% more chose for the second time one of the neighboring light intensities. These experiments suggest that phototactic response is a relative property, so that a fly can be “photopositive” or “photonegative” to a dimmer light (including complete darkness) and to a light of much higher intensity.
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    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mating behavior ; age effects on mating ; experience effects on mating ; rare-male advantages ; frequency-dependent selection ; sexual selection
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Because published experiments documenting frequency-dependent sexual selection have exclusively used young virgins, we endeavored to test for this same phenomenon in females who differed in age and in previous mating experiences. Direct observation tests were conducted employingDrosophila pseudoobscura females of the previously described Arrowhead (AR) and Chiricahua (CH) homokaryotypes. Four-day-old virgin females confer mating advantages on all tested rare males, i.e.,or. AR, and CH. Females who had a previous mating experience when younger award a rare-male advantage only when the rare male is of the same genotype of karyotype as their first mate, and matings are random when the first-mate type males are common. Equivalently aged (11 days) virgin females mate significantly more than expected with minority males if they are of the same karyotype as the females themselves. whereas matings are near random when the males are different. Frequency-dependent mating, therefore, is both age and experience dependent.
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    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 207-225 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: assortative mating ; pheromone ; genetic variation ; inbreeding ; sterility ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Abstract Multiple-choice mating tests comparing the mating propensity among and within inbred lines were performed forDrosophila melanogaster. Courtship activity, time to copulation, and assortative mating were all directly correlated with the degree of inbreeding. By the eighth generation of sib mating, there was a 76% incidence of negative assortative mating in multiple-choice tests and a marked reduction of courtship behavior among sibs. Furthermore, absence of sperm in the females of nonreproductive pairs indicated that much of the attrition of inbred lines was due to failure of sibs to mate. When individuals of “sterile cultures” were allowed an opportunity to outcross, most were fertile and exhibited normal mating and courtship activity. Olfactometer tests with either unrelated flies or collected pheromone samples as source material indicated that airborne chemosignals are required for initiation of courtship inD. melanogaster. Visual and audio cues were found to be noncritical inD. melanogaster courtship and mating. Intraspecific qualitative pheromone variation, at one or a few loci, is thought to be functioning as the control mechanism in selective mating.
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    Behavior genetics 4 (1974), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mating speed ; fitness ; genetics
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    Notes: Abstract From a survey of published data on the genusDrosophila, it is clear that male mating speed or male virility is probably the most important component of fitness. Rapid matings tend to be controlled by the male genotype, while the genotype of the female may assume importance for slower matings. Where data exist, male mating speed is subject to directional selection in the direction of rapid speed, as would be expected for an important component of fitness.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Heart ; Rabbit ; Sinuatrial node ; Sinuatrial ring bundle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the sinuatrial ring bundle are smaller than the ordinary myocardial cells; they have a regular outline and a large content of myofibrils exhibiting distinct H-bands and M-lines. Rudimentary T-tubules are found. The cells are connected by frequent nexus junctions, desmosomes and regions of interfibrillar contact, both on the well developed intercalated discs and at the periphery of the cells. The cells in the cauda of the sinus node, which extends alongside the crista terminalis together with the right branch of the sinuatrial ring bundle, are irregularly outlined and have a highly variable diameter (1–10 μm). They occur in clusters of closely packed cells. The content of myofibrils is sparse and the fibrils exhibit no M-lines and only weak H-bands. No T-tubules are found. The cells are not connected by intercalated discs and no nexus junctions are found. Both tissues contain unmyelinated nerves and nerve fibres. Varicosities with mitochondria and vesicles are found in close apposition to the muscle cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 461-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of sexually mature male and female Acipenser güldenstädti Brandt and Acipenser stellatus Pallas was studied light and electron microscopically. The recessus hypophysei lined with ependymal cells of two main types, “narrow” and “wide”, are in the center of the neurohypophysial “roots”. Processes from both cell types run radially to the basement membrane of the connective tissue layers abutting on the hypophysial intermediate lobe. Protrusions penetrating deep into the recessus hypophyseus are found in the apical parts of the “wide” cells. Pituicytes are rare in the neurohypophysis. The ultrastructure of both ependymal cell types and of the pituicytes is described. Nonmyelinated “Gomori-positive” (peptidergic) neurosecretory A1 and A2 type fibres and their terminals containing elementary neurosecretory granules (1400–1800 Å and 1000–1400 Å respectively) are the main structural elements of the neurohypophysis. Some “dark” and single myelinated neurosecretory fibres have been found. The adrenergic fibres (type B) were described earlier (Polenov et al., 1972a). The structural peculiarities of the neurohypophysis are discussed in functional and comparative-morphological terms.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 567-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Apis mellifica ; Polarized light ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Ausrichtung der Rhabdome ist in der Bienenretina nicht konstant. 2. Die Anordnung der exzentrischen Zellen in der Bienenretina ist ebenfalls nicht konstant, und es läßt sich keine symmetrische Verteilung dieser Zellen nachweisen. 3. Die Morphologie der Retina wird im Hinblick auf die Orientierung der Honigbiene nach dem Polarisationsmuster des vom blauen Himmel reflektierten Lichtes diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. The orientation of the rhabdoms shows no regularity within the retina of the honeybee. 2. The arrangement of the eccentric cells is also irregular within the retina of the honeybee. 3. The morphology of the retina is discussed regarding the ability of the honeybees to orient according to the pattern of the polarization of light reflected from the blue sky.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Touch receptors ; Sense organs ; Monogenean ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The ventral surface of the posterior sucker of Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the sole Solea solea, is covered with more than 800 papillae ranging in size from 2.5–19 μm in diameter. The papillae are penetrated by nerves which double over themselves to form a stack-like array of lamellae running parallel to the surface of the haptor. No cilia or associated structures are present within these presumed sense organs and the papillae have no opening to the exterior. The much larger sucker papillae of a related species, E. hippoglossi, have been shown to have a similar ultrastructure. The possibility that the papillae may be contact receptors or strain receptors, providing proprioceptive information assisting the coordination of the attachment organ, is discussed and the papillae are compared with vertebrate touch receptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 41-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ cells ; Xenopus ; Spermatogenesis ; Chromatoid body ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the male germ line in Xenopus laevis has been examined by electron microscopy. Findings have been compared to the parallel process in the female. Three structures unique to the germ line were found in both male and female cells: a fibrillar nuclear region free of DNA; largely proteinaceous masses of nuage material; and a chromatoid body. “Germ plasm” bodies of the egg and early embryo appear to represent a form of nuage material. The finding of a structure which can be identified as a chromatoid body in the female germ line is unique, as is its presence in sexually undifferentiated primordial germ cells. The chromatoid body in Xenopus, unlike that in mammals, does not persist in the spermatozoon. Instead, it dissociates into a series of coated vesicles during spermatogenesis. The chromosomal ultrastructure of meiotic prophase stages in Xenopus is similar in both sexes until diplotene, when male bivalents condense and enter meiotic metaphase instead of entering the extended lampbrush stage characteristic of the female. The multiple nucleoli present in gonia are lost at the onset of meiotic prophase, but no obvious mechanism for this process was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadal wall ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The holothurian testes (as well as ovary) consists of three layers arranged concentrically around a central lumen which contains developing germ cells. The outer coelomic layer measuring 6 μ in thickness contains ciliated squamous epithelial cells, smooth muscle processes, nerve tracts, and occasional pigment cells. Interior to the outer layer is a haemal sinus measuring about 3 μ and consisting of haemal fluid composed of collagenous fibers and electron dense particles. Coelomocytes are embedded in this extracellular fluid matrix. The inner germinal layer, measuring 9 μ at the thickest regions consists of germinal cells, squamous epithelial cells, and coelomocytes. Occasional coelomocytes within the haemal sinus and germinal layer of the testicular wall contain spermatids enclosed within cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting phagocytosis as one of their cellular functions.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microsporida ; Nosema apis ; Developing spore ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mature spore possesses a thick spore coat and a particle-bearing spore membrane. The highly laminated polaroplast membranes are located at the anterior pole of the spore. Close to its base, the polar filament is surrounded by the polaroplast membrane. The polar filament runs spirally towards the posterior pole of the spore. A large portion of the polar filament is arranged in two layers. A similar arrangement was also observed in immature spores and in the sporoblast stage, although it was not so orderly arranged in the latter. The developing polaroplast membrane was observed in the immature spore, but not in the sporoblast. The sporoblast wall is much thinner than the spore coat, but has the same texture. Endoplasmic reticulum is the most prominent cytoplasmic organelle in the developing stages of Nosema apis. Porous nuclear envelopes are also observed in developing stages. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of the polar filament, polaroplast and spore coat, and the function of the spore membrane, are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 89-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Larva ; Hemichordate ; Ultrastructure ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of tornariae of enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava from Hawaiian waters and an unknown species from southern California) were studied by electron microscopy. An ocellus is composed of two types of cells: sensory and supportive. The former is characterized by a bulbous cilium (with 9+2 axoneme) at its distal end, one or sometimes two arrays of microvilli from its sides below the cilium, and a basal axon. The latter features large, clear vesicles which presumably contained the reddish-orange pigment seen in the ocellus of a living larva. Five-day old tornariae of P. flava are positively phototactic. Both cilium and microvilli may function as photoreceptors. The tornarian ocellus studied is compared with eyespots of other invertebrates, and the evolutionary significance of its putative photoreceptors is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Pituicytes ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of adult rats have been explanted and organ-cultured for 5–10 days. While perivascular cells and neurosecretory fibers undergo a progressive degeneration, scattered pituicyte-like cells are observed mostly associated with each other in number of two or three cells for group. Cultured pituicytes are quite similar to in vivo pituicytes except for some particular features as the shape of the nucleus and the number of dense bodies. Furthermore they share with the in vivo pituicytes the phagocytic capacity which appears even increased as far as neurosecretory fibers are concerned. Finally, degenerating pituicytes and free lipid droplets are observed in the intercellular spaces: the significance of these facts is discussed and tentatively interpreted. The organotypic culture of the neural lobe seems to represent an experimental model useful to obtain a relatively pure population of pituicytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Intra-mesogleal nervous system ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is given of the occurrence of nervous elements in the mesoglea of Ctenophores based on the presence of the typical synapses of this phylum. In Beroids, nervous fibers from the ectodermal nerve-net cross the epithelial basal membrane and run through the mesoglea; they are devoid of any ensheathing cell. These neurites build highly differentiated synapses upon the muscles and upon peculiar cells, tentatively named mesenchymal cells. In Cydippids, nerve fibers and nerve cell-bodies have been observed in the mesoglea of the tentacles. The mesogleal core of each tentacle contains mesenchymal cells and a thick strand of neurons and neurites, forming a kind of elongated ganglion. Neurites of either the axial neurones or the epithelial nerve-net neurones form numerous radial nerve strands across the tentacular muscles. Interneural, neuro-muscular and neuro-mesenchymal junctions are very frequent in the tentacle. As far as the organization of the mesoglea is concerned, the Ctenophora thus appear closer to Turbellaria than to Cnidaria.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 387-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Urodela ; Yolk-formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oogenesis was studied in adult Triturus vulgaris (Urodela) with the electron microscope. The oocytes investigated ranged between 50 μm and 1600 μm in diameter. Two types of yolk platelet formation were found. Since both types involve the incorporation of high numbers of pinocytotic vesicles they are believed to be of an extraoocytic origin. On the basis of the order of their appearance they were named primary and secondary yolk. Five different types of vesicles were found, which participate in a variety of activities, such as yolk formation and the formation of the Golgi apparatus. They originate from four different sources, namely the nuclear membrane, the cytoplasm in connection with ribosome-like particles, the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane through pinocytosis. The results obtained were discussed especially with respect to differences found between the anura and the urodela, such as the presence or absence of cortical granules or equivalent structures.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Membranes ; Exocytosis ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Posterior pituitary glands from normal rats, and rats which had been deprived of water for varying periods, were examined by the freeze-fracture method. This technique reveals large areas of the nerve cell membrane. Images consistent with exocytosis as the mechanism of release of the neurohypophysial hormones were observed. These modifications were most numerous after the rat had been starved of water for 2 days. In normal rats, the large number of neurosecretory granules within the nerve fibres caused a bulging of the nerve cell membrane. The “bulges” disappeared 2 days after removal of drinking water. Regions of the membrane displaying “bulges” were characterised by the absence of the typical membrane-associated particles. It is postulated that the close proximity of the neurosecretory granules to the nerve cell membrane may result in rapid fusion of the neurosecretory granules on stimulation of the gland. The change in properties of the nerve cell membrane overlying the neurosecretory granules, as suggested by the loss of membrane-associated particles, may represent a change in the structure of the membrane to a form which is more favourable for fusion.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory pore ; Crustacea ; Natantia ; Chemoreceptor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation ultrastructurale du pore sensoriel de plusieurs espèces de Natantia révèle un complexe double. Un premier organe, le pore sensoriel principal, comprend une assise de cellules de soutien encadrant les parties distales de corps de cellules sensorielles. Ces cellules sensorielles portent des segments externes ciliaires qui se divisent dans une cavité sous-cuticulaire aplatie. En regard, la cuticule est amincie et comporte des micropores en forme de cratère et disposés par paires. A côté du pore sensoriel principal, un deuxième organe, le pore sensoriel latéral, est de taille plus réduite et est plus difficile à observer. Sous une invagination digitée de l'épicuticule, existe une cavité de forme complexe où s'épanouissent les segments externes ciliaires d'un faisceau de cellules sensorielles. Le pore sensoriel principal et le pore sensoriel latéral ont une ultrastructure de chémorécepteur.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observation of the sensory pore of several species of Natantia reveals a twofold organ. A main sensory pore (M.S.P.) comprises a layer of supporting cells which encapsulate the terminal region of sensory cell bodies. These sensory cells include two ciliary processes dividing into a flat sub-cuticular cavity. The cuticle opposite is thin and perforated with crater-like paired micropores. Next to the main sensory pore, a second organ, the lateral sensory pore (L.S.P.), is smaller and more difficult to observe. A complex-shaped cavity underlies a contorted epicuticular invagination. Ciliary outer segments, belonging to a bundle of sensory cells, branch out in this cavity. M.S.P. and L.S.P. appear to be chemoreceptors.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 435-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Intrafusal fibre types ; Development ; Deefferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle spindles of limb muscles were deefferented in neonatal rats by sectioning ventral roots or by removal of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Ten to 56 days after the operation, muscle spindles were examined in the medial gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. The differentiation of muscle spindles was not affected by deefferentation. The number of spindles in the investigated muscles was not reduced. Intrafusal fibres increased in number from two at birth to four per spindle on the average, as in normal muscles. The characteristic ultrastructural distinctions of nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres developed as under normal conditions. However, intrafusal fibres atrophied slowly after fusimotor denervation, their polar zones becoming reduced in diameter by about 25% in comparison with control fibre diameters. Spindle capsules, on the other hand, increased in size and attained diameters comparable with normal spindles, appearing even somewhat distended. As intrafusal fibres degenerate after complete denervation at birth (Zelená, 1957), but differentiate in the absence of fusimotor innervation, it can be concluded that sensory nerve terminals induce and support their development. It is assumed that the morphogenetic influence of sensory terminals is mediated by release and uptake of a trophic substance at the synaptic junction. The occurrence of light and dense core vesicles in the sensory terminals and of coated invaginations and vesicles at both the axonal and plasma membrane speak in favour of such a possibility.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Pekin Duck ; Testosterone ; Seasonal cycle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules de Leydig et des cellules de Sertoli du testicule du Canard Pékin a été étudiée au cours de la phase printanière du cycle sexuel, soit de janvier à juillet. Parallèlement on a effectué chez les mêemes animaux la recherche histochimique de la Δ5-3 β-hydroxystéroïdedeshydrogénase (Δ5-3 β-HSDH) ainsi que le dosage, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse des stéroïdes androgènes dans le plasma veineux périphérique et dans le testicule. Les cellules de Leydig du Canard possèdent les organites cytoplasmiques spécifiques des cellules stéroïdogènes (reticulum lisse, mitochondries à crêtes tubulaires) ainsi que d'autres structures souvent rencontrées dans ce type cellulaire (microfilaments, vacuoles, granules denses). Les cellules de Sertoli contiennent un reticulum agranulaire moins développé que celui des cellules de Leydig et, très rarement, des mitochondries à crêtes tubulaires. Ces divers organites cytoplasmiques subissent un cycle saisonnier. La différenciation du reticulum lisse et des crêtes mitochondriales tubulaires commence en janvier et atteint son optimum en mars. Leur régression s'amorce en avril; d'abord accompagnée de structures dégénératives transitoires; elle conduit à la dispartion totale de ces organites en mait. Aucun indice de nécrose n'est observé dans ces cellules. Histochimiquement, une activité Δ5-3 β-HSDH est présente dans les cellules de Leydig et, à un degré moindre, dans les tubes séminifères. Son intensité varie au cours du cycle. La confrontation de l'étude morphologique avec les résultats des dosages hormonaux montre qu'il existe une bonne corrélation entre le développement puis la régression du reticulum lisse et des crêtes tubulaires des mitochondries ainsi que des critères histochimiques de la Δ5-3 β-HSDH d'une part et l'évolution de la testostérone plasmatique et testiculaire d'autre part. De plus on observe une augmentation du rapport testostérone/Δ4-androstènedione testiculaire parallèlement au développement des organites cytoplasmiques. Ces organites semblent donc bien impliqués dans la synthèse et la sécrétion de la testostérone chez le Canard.
    Notes: Summary Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis of the Pekin duck were studied ultrastructurally during the spring phase of the sexual cycle, from January to July. Simultaneously, in the same animals, Δ5-3 β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (Δ5-3 β-HSDH) activity was ascertained histochemically and androgenic steroids of the plasma and testes were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography. The Leydig cells of the duck possess cytoplasmic organelles specific to steroidogenic cells (smooth reticulum, tubular mitochondria) as well as other structures often found in this cell type (microfilaments, vacuoles, denses bodies). The Sertoli cells contain an agranular reticulum that is less developed than that of the Leydig cells, and rarely show mitochondria with tubular cristae. These various cytoplasmic organelles undergo a seasonal cycle. The differentiation of the smooth reticulum and the mitochondrial tubular cristae begins in January and reaches a maximum in March. They begin to regress in April, at first with transitory degenerative structures, and then by total disappearance of these organelles by May. No indication of necrosis is observed in the cells. Histochemically Δ5-3 β-HSDH activity is present in the Leydig cells, and to a slightly lesser degree in the seminiferous tubules. The intensity varies during the cycle. The comparison of the results of the morphological study with the hormone assays shows that a good correlation exists with the development and regression of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and tubular cristae in the mitochondria, as well as the histochemical criteria of the Δ5-3 β-HSDH on one hand, and the levels of plasma and testicular testosterone on the other hand. In addition there is an increase in the ratio of testicular testosterone to Δ4-androstenedione which parallels the development of the cytoplasmic organelles. These organelles thus seem to be implicated in the synthesis and secretion of testosterone in the duck.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lacrimal gland ; Rat ; Duct system ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duct system of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland consists of intercalated ducts, interlobular ducts and excretory ducts. The morphological changes from one type of duct to the next are gradual. At the light microscopical level this consists of a change from a bilaminar epithelium in the intercalated ducts to an epithelium, consisting of approximately three layers — which may be pseudostratified — in the excretory ducts. The basal layer of the intercalated ducts consists of myoepithelial cells, whereas the inner epithelial cells may have both a secretory and an electrolyte transporting function. The interlobular duct epithelium contains many cells with deep infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes and associated mitochondria, suggesting a similar function to the striated duct epithelium in salivary glands. Numerous basal cells in this epithelium have tentatively been interpreted as unusual myoepithelial cells. Nerve terminals have been observed in the ductal epithelium.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 475-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteal cells ; Luteinization ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hyrax possess luteal cells with many ultrastructural features similar to those described in other mammalian species. The process of luteinization is gradual. Cells with increasing amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum become predominant in the developing gland. The luteal cells of Procavia and Heterohyrax show many ultrastructural similarities. In both species the corpus luteum persists throughout pregnancy.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 557-567 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thrombocytes ; Thrombosthenin ; ATP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of glycerol extracted thrombocyte models was studied before and after incubation with ATP and under the influence of Salyrgan as inhibitor of contraction. The contractile system of the thrombocytes—thrombosthenin—consists of a spatial network of 50 Å wide thrombosthenin A and 100–120 Å wide thrombosthenin M filaments. At rest, the contractile system is arranged in a marginal zone. The ATP-induced contraction led to a concentric condensation of the network which resulted in a central cluster of cell organelles and at a later stage, disruption of the plasma membrane and release of the thrombocyte granules. All these changes which also occur during the formation of the hemostatic plug in vivo are therefore attributed to the reaction of the contractile protein.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to characterize different sub-zones in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence, quantitative ultrastructural parameters were applied to brains fixed in aldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The palisade zone has been subdivided in 4 successive sub-zones. Increasing numbers of granular vesicles (GV), especially those smaller than 110 nm, are observed from dorsal to ventral sub-zones. There also are more GV per unit area of nervous tissue in the perivascular than in the more dorsal sub-zones. The individual nerve profiles exhibit a larger size in the perivascular layer than in the more dorsal areas, whereas the number and size of nerve profiles devoid of vesicles diminish from dorsal to ventral. As a consequence more GV occur in the perivascular nerve profiles. In the GV containing nerve profiles the concentration of GV is, however, constant in the different sub-zones. A fluctuating size of the preterminal and terminal parts of the nerve fibres is suggested.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 121-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cheliceral gland ; Opiliones ; Enveloping cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Nemastoma dentigerum Canestrini besitzt als sekundäres männliches Geschlechtsmerkmal eine Apophyse auf dem ersten Chelicerenglied, die eine Drüse enthält. 2. Die einzelnen Drüsenzellen schließen sich jeweils zu Dreiergruppen zusammen, deren distales Ende immer von 3 Hüllzellen umfaßt wird. Diese 6 Zellen bilden eine funktionelle Einheit innerhalb des komplexen Drüsenorgans. Jede Drüsenzelle gliedert sich in 3 Abschnitte: 1. in den basalen kernhaltigen Teil, 2. in den mittleren sehr langen Drüsenzellschlauch und 3. in den distalen Kopf mit Mikrovilli-Becher. 3. An der Sekretion beteiligen sich 2 Zelltypen: die 3 Drüsenzellen und die innere Hüllzelle (H1). Das Sekret beider Zelltypen gelangt in ein gemeinsames Reservoir, das von H1 gebildet wird, und von dort durch Hämolymphdruck in den gewinkelten Cuticulin-Ausführkanal und auf die Außenseite der Apophyse. 4. Die Hüllzellen werden mit den 3 Hüllzellen der Haarsensillen von Insekten und Arachniden verglichen. Für H1 läßt sich eine gemeinsame Aufgabe nachweisen. Die beiden anderen Hüllzellen (H2 und H3) nehmen bei beiden Organen unterschiedliche Aufgaben wahr: Abscheidung von Haar und Balg (Haarsensillen) bzw. überwiegend Stützfunktion (Chelicerendrüse).
    Notes: Summary 1. Nemastoma dentigerum Canestrini possesses as a secondary male sex character an apophysis on the first member of chelicerae. The apophysis contains a gland. 2. The single gland cells always join as groups of three cells whose apices are embraced by three enveloping cells. These six cells operate as a unit within a complex gland organ. Every gland cell is divided into three parts: 1. a basal section containing the nucleus; 2. a central very long section of the gland cell tube, and 3. an apex of the gland cell with a cavity containing microvilli. 3. Two types of cells of a gland unit secrete: the gland cells proper and the inner enveloping cell (H1). Secretion of both types of cells flows in a common reservoir surrounded by H1 and further through the bent channel to the surface of the apophysis by pressure of hemolymph. 4. The enveloping cells are compared with those of hair sensilla of insects and arachnids. A common function of H1 in both organs is pointed out. Central (H2) and outer enveloping cell (H3) work in a different way: secretion of hair and follicle (hair sensilla) and probably only supporting function (cheliceral gland).
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 541-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Insects ; Extracellular substance ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Stroma von Aorta und Retrocerebralkomplex sowie von verschiedenen Muskeln (Oberschenkel-, Mitteldarm-, Speicheldrüsen-, Samenleiter- und Eileitermuskeln), jedoch nicht im Stroma der Flugmuskulatur und des Herzschlauches, kommt eine fibrillär strukturierte Substanz (X-Substanz) von außerordentlich hoher Elektronendichte vor. In der Aorta, wo die größten Mengen an X-Substanz gefunden wurden, tritt besonders in den Muskelzellen älterer Tiere im Sarcoplasma und an der Plasmamembran eine körnige Substanz mittlerer Elektronendichte auf, welche auf Grund morphologischer Ähnlichkeit als Z-Material gedeutet wurde. Offenbar entsteht die X-Substanz, die in ihrer typischen Erscheinungsform nur extrazellulär beobachtet wurde, aus diesem Material. Da alte Tiere mehr X-Substanz aufweisen als jüngere, scheint es sich um die Abscheidung eines Altersprodukts zu handeln. Herkunft und Aussehen lassen ein langkettiges Protein vermuten. Muskeln, in denen X-Substanz vorkommt, enthalten auch viele Axone mit Neurosekreten; jedoch lassen sich bislang keine näheren Beziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren herstellen. Die X-Substanz wird offensichtlich vom Stroma weitertransportiert und wahrscheinlich von Blutzellen aufgenommen.
    Notes: Summary A fibrous substance (X substance) of exceptionally high electron density is found in the stroma of aorta, retrocerebral complex, and several muscles (leg, midgut, salivary glands, vas deferens and oviduct), but not in the stroma of flight muscles and heart. The aorta, where the largest amount of X substance occurs, shows within the muscle cells, especially of older animals, a granular substance of moderate electron density in the sarcoplasm and adjacent to the plasma membrane. On account of its morphological similarity this material is considered as Z material. The X substance, which in its typical appearance was seen only extracellularly, seems to be derived from this granular Z material. Since old animals show more X substance than younger ones, it appears to be an aging product. Its origin and appearance point to a protein with long chain structure. Muscles containing much X substance show many neurosecretory fibers. However, no tangible relationship between these two parameters has been established. The X substance is evidently transported by the stroma and probably taken up by hemocytes.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Bacteria ; Association ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Cyclidium, including the cilia, kinetosomes, pellicle, microtubules and kinetodesmal fibers is similar to that recorded for other ciliates. Of special interest is the attachment of rod-shaped bacteria within the longitudinally directed shallow surface folds of the protozoan. Both the bacteria and the surface of Cyclidium seem to possess an outer coating of a sticky substance which upon contact holds the bacteria to the protozoan. The bacteria appear to be attached by only a relatively small area of their surfaces. A dense substance appears within the alveolus of the pellicle at the regions of the attachment of the bacteria. The association of the organisms is probably a temporary one, and it is unknown whether either organism is benefited or harmed by the association. The position of the mitochondria in Cyclidium is unusual in that they all lie flattened against the inner membrane of the pellicle, usually in a position directly opposite to that of the attachment of the bacteria to the surface, thus being separated from the bacteria by only the outer cell membrane and the pellicle. Whether or not this close topographical relationship is of significance is unknown.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 351-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral giant cells ; Dorsal giant fibres ; Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der segmental angeordneten Somata der dorsalen Riesenfasern im Bauchmark des Regenwurms Lumbricus terrestris L. (Günther, 1969) wird beschrieben und mit der Struktur anderer Neuronen von Vertebraten und Evertebraten verglichen. Die paarigen lateralen Riesenzellen (LRZ) sind im Gegensatz zu der unpaaren medianen Riesenzelle (MRZ) häufig multipolare Neuronen, die bis zu vier Faserfortsätze aufweisen können. Das perikaryale Cytoplasma zeigt helle und dunkle Areale. Organellen und andere Zelleinschlüsse finden sich ganz überwiegend in den dunklen osmiophilen Zonen und lassen regelmäßig eine bestimmte Anordnung erkennen. So ist häufig eine ringförmige Verteilung von Golgi-Feldern um den gelappten Kern vorhanden. Mitochondrien sind häufig in einem typischen „Axonhügel-Komplex“ angeordnet. Freie Ribosomen dominieren gegenüber membrangebundenen. Diese Neuronen sind reich an Glykogen, das oftmals ausgedehnte Felder einnimmt. Vereinzelt weisen die LRZ Faser-Soma-Synapsen auf.
    Notes: Summary The structure of the segmentally arranged somata of the dorsal giant fibres Günther, 1969) in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris L., is described. These neurones are compared with other neurones of invertebrates and vertebrates. The paired lateral giant cells (LGC) are often multipolar in contrast to the single unipolar median giant cell (MGC). Up to four fibres originate from each LGC. The dotted appearance of both these neurones (clear and dark perikaryal areas) is due to the regular distribution of osmiophilic strands of cytoplasm containing the majority of organells and other inclusions (e.g. endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes). The majority of ribosomes are not associated with membranes but are found scattered freely in the cytoplasm. A typical “axon hillock” with an accumulation of mitochondria is often found. The cells show large deposits of glycogen. Some of the LGC-somata have synaptic contacts.
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