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  • Histochemistry  (71)
  • Chemistry
  • Humans
  • SPACE VEHICLES
  • Springer  (82)
  • 1970-1974  (82)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Fetal ; Mandible
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des rats femelles reçoivent du45Ca ou du32P au 13ème et 18ème jour de la grossesse. Les coupes sériées des têtes de foetus sont étudiées par autoradiographie et par diverses méthodes histologiques pour déterminer la calcification. La détection la plus précoce de45Ca s'observe simultanément comme une réaction positive pour le calcium avec une des méthodes histologiques utilisées.32P est en évidence par les méthodes autoradiographiques un peu plus tard que le45Ca et sa présence coincide avec la réaction positive la plus précoce observée avec les autres méthodes histologiques utilisées. Les os de ces têtes foetales commencent à se calcifier selon un mode particulier commençant par la mandibule, puis l'os frontal et le maxillaire supérieur, suivis par les os nasaux, pariétaux et interpariétaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Ratten erhielten45Ca und32P zwischen dem 13.–18. Tag der Schwangerschaft. Zur Ermittlung der Verkalkung wurden Serienschnitte der Köpfe ihrer Feten mittels Autoradiographie sowie durch verschiedene histologische Methoden untersucht. Das erste Auftreten von45Ca war ebenfalls von einer positiven Calciumreaktion mittels einer der verwendeten histologischen Methoden begleitet.32P wurde in der Autoradiographie erst etwas später als45Ca festgestellt und dessen Nachweis deckte sich mit den ersten positiven Reaktonen aller anderen verwendeten histologischen Methoden. Die Knochen in diesen Fetusköpfen begannen in einer bestimmten Sequenz zu verkalken: zuerst der Unterkiefer, dann das Stirnbein und der Oberkiefer, dann das Nasenbein, die Parietal- und Interparietalknochen.
    Notes: Abstract Female rats were given45Ca or32P from 13 to 18 days of pegnancy. Serial sections from the heads of their fetuses were studied by autoradiography, as well as by several histological methods for assessing calcification. The earliest detection of45calcium occured at the same time as a positive reaction for calcium with one of the histological methods used.32P was not detectable by autoradiographic methods until somewhat later than45Ca, and its presence coincided with the earliest positive reaction with all of the other histological methods employed. The bones in these fetal heads began to calcify in a partcular sequence, the mandible first, then the frontal bone and maxilla, followed by the nasal, parietal and interparietal bones.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatases ; Calcification ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activity of alkaline phosphatases in unfixed cold microtome setions from the lower first molar area of newborn mice was recorded by histochemical methods. A substrate specificity test included the following phosphate compounds: ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, ADP, AMP, GP, PPi, MDP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate. Intense staining was obtained in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium of the enamel organ and odontoblasts with all the substrates, except PPi and MDP. Staining of skeletal muscle fibres was obtained only with triphosphates as substrates. Addition of-SH groups decreased the hydrolysis of triphosphate compounds in cells involved in mineralization while the hydrolysis of monophosphate was inhibited. In contrast triphosphatase activity in striated muscle was enhanced when-SH compounds were added. Demineralization with EDTA diminished the cytoplasmic staining but induced a nuclear staining in hard tissue forming cells when triphosphates were used as substrates. No cytoplasmic and only slight nuclear staining was seen with GP or AMP as substrates. The triphosphate hydrolyzing capacity of tongue muscle fibres was, however, increased after the decalcification treatment. Addition of Mg2+ ions to the incubation media distinctly lowered the hydrolysis of triphosphates in the investigated tissues whereas the hydrolysis of ADP, AMP, GP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate remained unchanged. In view of the findings the triphosphatase activities at alkaline pH of muscle fibres and of cells related to hard tissue formation are considered to be due to activity of separate enzymes. The orthophosphate liberating enzyme activities at alkaline pH in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium and odontoblasts may be expressions of the catalytic functions of one common enzyme. Furthermore, the results indicate that CaATP might be the substrate used by the alkaline ATPase in mineralizing areas.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Mineral ; Phase ; Chemistry ; Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des diagrammes de phase d'équilibre ont été déterminés pour le système CaO-P2O5-H2O en utilisant des techniques de synthèse hydrothermique au cours de variatio nsde température allant de 300–600° et 2 Kb H2O de pression. De l'hydroxyapatite bien cristallisé a été synthétisé et caractérisé. De faibles variations de paramètres de la maille cristalline, liées à la température de synthèse et composition globale du matériel initial, ont été déterminées. Des conditions chimiques précises sont nécessaires pour obtenir de l'apatite, en tant que seule phase solide en équilibre dans la solution. Les résultats de diagramme de phase d'équilibre sont comparés avec ceux obtenus dans des milieux synthétiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme für das System CaO-P2O5-H2O bestimmt, indem hydrothermale Synthese-Techniken im Temperaturbereich von 300–600° und bei einem Druck von 2 Kb H2O verwendet wurden. Es wurde gut-kristallisiertes Hydroxyapatit erzeugt und charakterisiert. Es wurden geringe Unterschiede in den Parametern der Zelleinheiten festgestellt, welche von der angewandten Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung des Startmaterials abhingen. Es waren genaue chemische Bedingungen nötig, um Apatit als die einzige feste Phase im Gleichgewicht mit der Lösung zu erhalten. Die Resultate der Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme werden mit früheren Untersuchungen mit der Synthesetechnik verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium phase diagrams have been determined for the system CaO-P2O5-H2 using hydrothermal synthesis techniques in the temperature range 300–600° and 2 Kb H2O pressure. Well-crystallized hydroxyapatite has been produced and characterized. Small variations in unit cell parameters dependent on temperature of synthesis and bulk composition of the starting materials have been determined. Precise chemical conditions were required to obtain apatite as the only solid phase in equilibrium with solution. Equilibrium phase diagram results are compared with previous synthetic investigations.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 170-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Bone ; Gonadectomy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des coupes de tibias de rats mâles et femelles, gonadectomisés et témoins, sont soumises à divers examens histologiques et histochimiques pour étudier les effets de la gonadectomie au niveau du tissu osseux. Le cartilage épiphysaire proximal des rats castrés et des rattes, ayant subi l'ablation des ovaires, est oblitéré par de l'os 5 mois après l'intervention. En outre, la diaphyse présente une ostéoporose. La matrice intercellulaire du cartilage épiphysaire des rats gonadectomisés est fortement PAS positive, contrairement à la réaction fortement alcian positive de la matrice des animaux témoins. Les travées diaphysaires des rats gonadectomisés se colorent en rouge avec le PAS et contiennent des régions étendues d'ilôts cartilagineux calcifiés. En outre, le cartilage épiphysaire et les travées osseuses de ces animaux se colorent faiblement à la ninhydrine-Schiff. Les réactions colorées suggèrent que la gonadectomie induit une altération dans le degré d'agrégation protéino-mucopolysaccharidique de la matrice organique; ce qui interfère probablement avec la minéralisation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Tibiaschnitte von unbehandelten und kastrierten männlichen und weiblichen Ratten wurden mit verschiedenen histologischen und histochemischen Techniken untersucht, um die Knochenveränderungen im Anschluß an die Gonadektomie zu bestimmen. Es wurde beobachtet, daß sowohl beim kastrierten Männchen wie beim ovarektomierten Weibchen der proximale Epiphysenknorpel nach dem fünften postoperativen Monat durch Knochen „eingekapselt” ist. Dazu wurde auch eine Osteoporese des Knochenschaftes beobachtet. Der Epiphysenknorpel der kastrierten Ratten zeigte eine intensiv PAS-positive interzelluläre Matrix, im Gegensatz zu der alcianophil reagierenden Matrix von Kontrolltieren. Die Diaphysentrabekel von kastrierten Ratten färbten sich mit PAS rot und enthielten große Bezirke von mineralisierten Knorpelkernen. Dazu färbten sich der Epiphysenknorpel und die Trabekel dieser Tiere nur schwach mit der Ninhydrin-Schiff-Reaktion. Die Resultate der verschiedenen Färbungen zeigten, daß nach Gonadektomie eine Veränderung im Aggregatzustand der Protein-Mucopolysaccharidkomponente der organischen Matrix stattfindet, was zu einer Interferenz im Knochenmineralisationsprozeß führen könnte.
    Notes: Abstract Sections of the tibias from both intact and gonadectomized male and female rats were subjected to various histological and histochemical methods to determine the changes in the bone following gonadectomy. It was observed that both in castrated males and in ovariectomized females, the proximal epiphyseal cartilage became “sealed off” by bone after the fifth post-surgical month. In addition osteoporosis of the shaft of the bone was also observed. The epiphyseal cartilage of the gonadectomized rats exhibited intense PAS positive intercellular matrix in contrast to the alcianophilic ature of the matrix from control animals. The diaphyseal trabeculae from gonadectomized rats stained red with PAS and contained wide regions of calcified cartilage cores. In addition, the epiphyseal cartilage and bony trabeculae from these animals stained faintly in the ninhydrin-Schiff reaction. The staining reactions indicated that in gonadectomy there was an alteration in the state of aggregation of protein-mucopolysaccharide component of the organic matrix, a situation which would result in an interference in the mineralization of the bone.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 150-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Uranium ; Bone ; Distribution ; Fission ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une concentration moyenne de 2.4×10−8 g U/g de cendre a été obtenue à partir de l'os humain normal. La microdistribution de l'uranium dans l'os indique que cet élément est surtout limité à surface de l'endoste et, en particulier, aux surfaces de l'os lamellaire et aux parois des canaux de Havers, ouverts dans l'os corticol. Cette répartition suggère que l'uranium se présente sous une forme chimique impropre à son incorporation dans l'apatite osseux: il ne semble donc pas exister une distribution diffuse significative de l'uranium dans l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mittlere Konzentration von 2,4×10−8 g Uran/g Asche wurde in normalen menschlichen Knochen gefunden. Die Feinverteilung von Uran im Knochen zeigt, daß dieses Element hauptsächlich an der endostalen Oberfläche vorkommt, insbesondere an der Oberfläche des trabeculären Knochens und an den Wänden der offenen Haversschen Kanäle im kortikalen Knochen. Diese Verteilung läßt vermuten, daß Uran in einer chemischen Form vorliegt, welche sich für den Einbau in das Knochenapatit nicht eignet. Daraus folgt, daß keine signifikante diffuse Verteilung des Urans innerhalb des Knochens vorliegt.
    Notes: Abstract A mean concentration of 2.4×10−8 g U/g ash has been obtained for normal human bone The microdistribution of uranium in bone indicates that this element is mainly restricted to endosteal surfaces; in particular the surfaces of trabecular bone and the walls of open Haversian canals in cortical bone. This distribution suggests that uranium is present in a chemical form that is not acceptable for incorporation into bone apatite and consequently there does not appear to be a significant diffuse distribution of uranium throughout bone.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Morphology ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Cartilage ; Chemistry ; Audioradiography ; Healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une perte de substance ostéo-cartilagineuse, de taille limitée et identique, est réalisée chez le lapin adulte et la cicatrisation est étudiée histologiquement et par autoradiographie après marquagein vitro au35S-sulfate. Une analyse microchimique est pratiquée pour le contenu et la composition en glycosaminoglycanes. 1. Entre la première semaine et la 4ème et 8ème semaine, un tissu conjonctif non-métachromatique se différencie en un cartilage métachromatique et la quantité de sulfate de chondroitine augmente de façon significative aux dépens des glycoprotéines. 2. Jusqu'à la 4ème semaine, la perte de substance est surtout comblée par de l'os néoformé: après cette période, la région est comblée au delà de la limite de la surface articulaire. 3. Le cartilage hyalin, ressemblant morphologiquement, autoradiographiquement et chimiquement au cartilage articulaire, en ce qui concerne la distribution en glycosaminoglycanes, constitute la surface articulaire de la perte de substance comblée dans un tiers des cas après 8 semaines. Le cartilage hyalin s'observe surtout dans les régions où de l'os néoformé a comblé la cavité médullaire. 4. Dans les deux tiers des cas, après 8 semaines, les surfaces articulaires des zones comblées comportent, non seulement du cartilage, mais aussi du tissu fibreux se formant essentiellement sur les parties latérales et dans les régions, où la cavité médullaire, fliant face, à la surface articulaire, n'a pas été comblée par du tissue osseux. La fraction glycoprotéique augmente par rapport à la fraction chondroitine sulfate. 5. Dans la majorité des cas, après 20 semaines, le cartilage néoformé subit des phénomènes dégénératifs, qui se traduisent par une diminution en chondroitine sulfate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei ausgewachsenen Kaninchen wurde ein begrenzter, standardisierter, osteochondraler Defekt hervorgerufen, und das regenerierte Gewebe wurde histologisch und autoradiographisch durch Markierung in vitro mit35S-Sulfat und durch mikrochemische Bestimmung des Gehaltes und der Zusammensetzung der Glykosaminglykane untersucht. Die wichtigsten Befunde waren: 1. Zwischen 1 und 4–8 Wochen veränderte sich nichtmetachromatisches Bindegewebe zu metachromatisch gefärbtem Knorpel, und der Anteil an Chondroitin-Sulfat nahm auf Kosten der Glykoproteine signifikant zu. 2. Bis zu 4 Wochen war der Hauptteil des defekten Gebietes mit neugebildetem Knochen gefüllt; nach dieser Zeit lag dieser Bezirk oberhalb der Verknöcherungsgrenze in Richtung der Gelenkoberfläche. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 4. Nach 8 Wochen bestanden Teile der Gelenkoberfläche des Defektes in zwei Dritteln der Fälle nicht nur aus Knorpel, sondern auch aus fibrösem Gewebe, welches vor allem in den seitlichen Teilen des Defektes und an Stellen vorlag, wo die Markhöhle gegenüber der Gelenkoberfläche nicht mit Knochengewebe verschlossen worden war. Die Glykoproteinfraktion nahm im Vergleich zur Chondroitin-Sulfatfraktion zu. 5. Nach 20 Wochen zeigten sich in den meisten Fällen bei neugebildetem Knorpel degenerative Veränderungen, welche durch eine gewisse Abnahme des Chondroitin-Sulfats wiedergegeben wurden.
    Notes: Abstract A limited, standardized osteochondral defect was created in adult rabbits and the regenerated tissue was examined histologically and autoradiographically after labellingin vitro with35S-sulphate, and microchemically for its content and composition of glycosaminoglycans. The principal findings were: 1. Between 1 week and 4 to 8 weeks, non-metachromatic connective tissue differentiated to metachromatically stained cartilage, and the proportion of the chondroitin sulphate increased significantly at the expense of the glycoproteins. 2. Up to 4 weeks, the major part of the defect area was filled with newly formed bone; after this time, the area lay above the level of the “tidemark”, towards the articular surface. 3. Hyaline cartilage with morphological, autoradiographic and chemical resemblance to the articular cartilage in terms of the distribution of glycosaminoglycans constituted the articular surface of the defect area in one-third of the cases at observation times after 8 weeks. Hyaline cartilage was observed mainly in areas where newly formed bone had closed the medullary cavity. 4. In two-thirds of the cases, after 8 weeks, parts of the articular surface of the defect consisted not only of cartilage but also of fibrous tissue, occurring mainly in the lateral parts of the defect and in areas where the medullary cavity facing the articular surface had not been sealed by bone tissue. The glycoprotein fraction increased relative to the chondroitin sulphate fraction. 5. In most cases after 20 weeks, newly-formed cartilage underwent degenerative changes, which were reflected in some reduction of the chondroitin sulphate.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 228-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Skin ; Calcinosis ; Keratin ; Chemistry ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études histologiques antérieures ont montré que le follicle pileux est particulièrement susceptible de se calcifier, lorsque la peau de rats hypercalcémiques est lésée. Des analyses chimiques et par diffraction aux rayons X du follicule ont confirmé ce résultat. — En se basant sur l'augmentation du calcium et du phosphore, les calcifications débutent dans le tissue folliculaire 6–12 h après une blessure d'intensité moyenne de la peau de rats, ayant reçu du dihydrotachysterol (DHT), et 24–48 h après une blessure similaire chez des rats non injectés. Les diagrammes de diffraction aux rayons X sont diffus. Trois heures après la blessure, on note une augmentation du calcium du tissu folliculaire qui ne semble pas en rapport avec le DHT qui traduit probablement une liaison de calcium plutôt qu'un dépot minéral.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Frühere histologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß der Haarfollikel besonders anfällig für Verkalkungen ist, wenn die Haut von hypercalcämischen Ratten verletzt wird. Dieses Resultat wurde nun durch direkte chemische Bestimmungen und Röntgendiffraktions-analysen von Follikelgewebe bestätigt. Aufgrund der erhöhten Calcium- und Phosphatwerte kann gesagt werden, daß nach einer leichten Quetschung der Haut von Ratten, die mit Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) behandelt wurden, im Haarfollikelgewebe nach 6–12 Std Mineral-ablagerungen stattfanden, wogegen Kontrollratten mit der gleichen leichten Hautverletzung diese Ablagerungen erst nach 24–48 Std zeigten. Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen ergaben ein diffuses Apatit-Muster. Innerhalb 3 Std nach der Verletzung wurde ein Anstieg des Calcium-gehaltes im Follikelgewebe beobachtet, der nicht im Zusammenhang mit der DHT-Behandlung stand, also nicht eine Mineralablagerung, sondern eher eine Bindung von Calcium widerspiegelte.
    Notes: Abstract Previous histological investigations have shown that the hair follicle is particularly susceptible to mineralization when the skin of hypercalcaemic rats is injured. Direct chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses of follicle tissue have now confirmed this finding. As judged by increases in both calcium and phosphorus, mineral deposits began to form in hair follicle tissue 6–12 h after a mild crush injury to the skin of rats dosed with dihydrotachysterol (DHT), and 24–48 h after a similar injury to the skin of non-dosed rats. X-ray diffraction gave a diffuse apatite pattern. Within 3 h of injury there was a rise in the calcium content of follicle tissue which was not related to DHT-dosing and which was probably a reflection of calcium binding rather than mineral deposition.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 304-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Solubility ; Computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un programme d'ordinateur a été mis au point pour calculer les activités ioniques du calcium et l'orthophosphate dans un grand nombre de solutions. Dans le cas de solutions synthétiques, les calculs sont vérifiés en comparant les valeurs de pH, obtenues par ordinateur, avec celles observées expérimentalement. Des essais de ce type, avec des solutions possèdant des concentrations de calcium et d'orthophosphate trouvées dans les liquides biologiques et à des valeurs de pH variant de 3.00 à 10.00, indiquent que le programme est adapté pour des applications biologiques. Le programme n'est pas effectif pour des solutions, dans les lesquelles l'ion bromure est la source principale de la force ionique, sans doute, par manque d'équation étendue de Debye-Hückel dans ces circonstances. Aucune formation de complexe de phosphate de sodium n'a été notée à des concentrations biologiques normales.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Computer-Programm ausgearbeitet, um die Ionenaktivitäten von Calcium und Orthophosphat in einer breiten Varietät von Lösungen zu berechnen. Die Berechnungen wurden bei synthetischen Lösungen durch Vergleiche zwischen den auf diese Weise errechneten pH-Werten und den experimentell gefundenen kontrolliert. Diese Art Kontrollen mit Calcium-und Orthophosphatkonzentrationen, wie sie in biologischen Flüssigkeiten gefunden werden, und mit pH-Werten zwischen 3,0 und 10,0 wies darauf hin, daß das Programm für biologische Anwendungen geeignet war. Das Programm konnte nicht benützt werden für solche Lösungen, bei welchen hauptsächlich das Bromidion zur Einstellung der Ionenstärke verwendet wurde, vermutlich weil die erweiterte Debye-Hückel-Gleichung unter diesen Umständen nicht anwendbar ist. Die Bildung eines Natriumphosphat-Komplexes unter normalen biologischen Konzentrationen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Abstract A computer program has been designed to calculate the ionic activities of calcium and orthophosphate in a wide variety of solutions. In the case of synthetic solutions the calculations were checked by comparing the computed pH values with those observed experimentally. Tests of this type with solutions having the concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate found in biological fluids and with pH values ranging from pH 3.0–10.0 indicated that the program was suitable for biological applications. The program was not effective for solutions in which the bromide ion was a principal source of ionic strength probably because of the failure of the extended Debye-Hückel equation under those circumstances. No evidence for the formation of any sodium phosphate complex at normal biological concentrations could be found.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 171-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Crystalline ; Calcium phosphate ; Chemistry ; Composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des échantillons non lavés de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) contiennent une fraction labile, non remplaçable, riche en phosphate acide avec un rapport Ca/P faible: cette fraction est perdue de façon irréversible au cours du lavage. De l'ACP frais, précipité entre pH 6.6–10.6, varie dans un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.18 à 1.50 et dans un rapport HPO 4 2− /P total de 33.0% à 10.1%. A pH 7.40, de l'ACP frais a un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.36±0.02 et contient 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Les résultats obtenus avec du précipité non lavé ne peuvent s'expliquer par du Ca2+ emprisonné et de l'HPO 4 2− ou du Na+, Cl− et CO 3 2− exogènes. Les phosphates de calcium amorphes constituent une classe de sels ayant des caractères chimiques variables et des propriétés physiques identiques, comparables au verre. Le CaHPO4·xH2O non cristallin peut être un ACP, surtout au cours des phases précoces de formation. A des pH physiologiques, l'ACP se transforme en petits cristaux applatis contenant de fortes quantités de phosphate acide facilement remplaçable. Le fait de laver la couche de surface produit un changement chimique dans les nouveaux cristaux: des cristaux non lavés donnent des diagrammes de diffraction d'apatite peu cristallins, ainsi que des spectres infra-rouges peu nets, intermédiaires entre des apatites et du phosphate octocalcique. Des explications structurales sont proposées et les compositions minérales amorphe/cristalline de l'os et du cartilage sont recalculées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ungewaschene Proben von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) enthalten eine unersetzliche labile Fraktion, welche reich an saurem Phosphat ist und ein niederes Ca/P-Verhältnis hat und welche während des Waschprozesses unwiderruflich verloren geht. Natives ACP, welches im pH-Bereich 6,6–10,6 ausgefällt wurde, variierte im molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis zwischen 1,18 und 1,50 und in HPO 4 2− /totales P zwischen 33,0 und 10,1%. Bei pH 7,40 hatte natives ACP ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,36±0,02 und enthielt 22,8 (±2,2)% HPO 4 2− . Die Werte beim ungewaschenen Niederschlag rühren weder von aus dem Überstand aufgenommenem Ca2+ und HPO2−, noch von außen kommendem Na+, Cl− und CO 3 2− her. Die amorphen Calciumphosphate werden als eine Klasse von Salzen erkannt, welche veränderliche chemische, aber identische glasartige physicochemische Eigenschaften haben. Nicht kristallines CaHPO4·xH2O kann auch ein ACP sein, besonders in den frühen Bildungsstadien. Bei physiologischem pH verwandelt sich ACP in kleine plattenförmige Kristalle, welche große Mengen von leicht ersetzbarem saurem Phosphat enthalten. Das Waschen dieser Oberflächenschicht erzeugte chemische Veränderungen in den resultierenden Kristallen; ungewaschene Kristalle zeigten ein Diffraktionsmuster, das nur schwach demjenigen des kristallinen Aspatites glich, aber ein schlecht aufgelöstes Infrarotspektrum, welches zwischen Apatit und Octocalciumphosphat war. Es werden strukturelle Erklärungen für alle diese Phenomena diskutiert, und revidierte amorph/kristalline Mineralzusammensetzungen von Knochen und Knorpel wurden neu berechnet.
    Notes: Abstract Unwashed samples of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) contain an irreplaceable labile fraction, rich in acid phosphate and low in Ca/P ratio, which is irreversibly lost during the washing process. Native ACP precipitated in the pH range 6.6–10.6 varied in Ca/P molar ratio from 1.18 to 1.50 and in HPO 4 2− /total P from 33.0% to 10.1%. At pH 7.40, native ACP had a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.36±0.02 and contained 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Unwashed precipitate data could not be attributed to either trapped supernatant Ca2+ and HPO 4 2− or extraneous Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− . The amorphous calcium phosphates are recognized as a class of salts having variable chemical but identical glass-like, physicochemical properties. Non-crystalline CaHPO4·xH2O may also be an ACP, especially during early formative stages. At physiological pH, ACP transforms to small platy crystals containing large amounts of readily-replaceable acid phosphate. Washing this surface layer produced chemical alterations in the resultant crystals; unwashed crystals had poorly-crystalline apatitic diffraction patterns but exhibited poorly-resolved infrared spectra intermediate between apatite and octacalcium phosphate. Structural explanations for all these phenomena are discussed, and revised bone and cartilage amorphous/crystalline mineral compositions have been re-calculated.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 267-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tech ; Development ; Enamel ; Enzyme ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité en naphtylamidase est étudiéc au niveau des incisives et molaires de rat, à divers stades de développement. Du L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphtylamide, du L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphtylamide, du L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide et du DL-alanyl-2-naphtylamide sont utilisés comme substrats: du bleu rapide B et du grenat rapide GBC sont employés comme sels de diazonium. Le naphtylamidase n'est pas visible au niveau de dents, en voie de dévelopment, au cours de la formation matricielle de l'émail. A la fin de ce stade, le naphtylamidase est présent au niveau de l'extrémité distale des améloblastes, près de la surface de l'émail. L'activité enzymatique reste identique jusqu'au moment de la fusion de l'épithélium dentaire et de l'épithélium buccal, au moment de l'éruption de la dent dans la cavité buccale. On ne rencontre pas de naphtylamidase au niveau d'autres tissues dentaires; cependant une activité marquée est observée dans les ostéoclastes au niveau des surfaces de résorption de l'os alvéolaire, entourant les dents, en voie de développement et d'éruption, et dans certaines régions du tissu conjonctif.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität der Naphthylamidase wurde in den Backen- und Schneidezähnen von Ratten in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen studiert. Als Substrate wurden L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamid, L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamid, L-leucyl-2-naphthylamid und DL-alanyl-2-naphthylamid verwendet; als Diazoniumsalze dienten Echtblau B und Echt-Granat GBC. Naphthylamidase konnte während der Schmelzmatrixbildung im Zahn nicht nachgewiesen werden. Nach Abschluß dieser Phase erschien Naphthylamidase in den distalen Enden der Ameloblasten, nahe bei der Schmelzoberfläche. Die Enzymtätigkeit blieb am selben Ort lokalisiert, bis das Zahnepithel, im Augenblick wo der Zahn in die Mundhöhle durchstößt, in das Mundepithel überging. Naphthylamidase wurde in anderen Zahngeweben nicht gefunden, aber eine deutliche Aktivität konnte in gewissen Bezirken des Bindegewebes sowie in den Osteoklasten der resorbierenden Oberflächen vom alveolären Knochen festgestellt werden, welcher die sich bildenden und die hervorstoßenden Zähne umgibt.
    Notes: Abstract Naphthylamidase activity was studied in rat molar and incisor teeth at different stages of development. L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide and DL-alanyl-2-naphthylamide were used as substrates and Fast blue B and Fast Garnet GBC as diazonium salts. Naphthylamidase was not demonstrable in the teeth during enamel matrix formation. After the termination of this stage, naphthylamidase was present in the ameloblasts in their distal ends close to the enamel surface. The enzyme activity retained this localization until the dental epithelium fused with the oral epithelium at the time of tooth eruption into the oral cavity. Naphthylamidase was not found in other dental tissues, but marked activity was found in osteoclasts at the resorbing surfaces of alveolar bone surrounding the developing and erupting teeth and in certain areas of the connective tissue.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Calcium ; Collagen ; Chemistry ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des composants fluorescents de l'os et la dentine sont séparés des hydrolysats alcalins de leur marice sur des colonnes Sephadex C25 CM d'échange cationique. Les concentrations en fluorescence et le spectre d'excitation (λ max 330 nm) et d'émission (λ max 395 nm) sont les mêmes que ceux observés au niveau des matrices intactes et gélatinisées. Les paramètres de fluorescence ne sont pas altérés par hydrolyse. La filtration sur gel à l'aide de colonnes Sephadex G 10 perment de différencier le matériel isolé en deux composants, ayant la même fluorescence et la même absorption UV. La fluorescence est indépendante de pH de 3.5–9.5. Des études de dialyse et de filtration sur gel de matrices gélatinisées indiquent une association étroite du matériel fluorescent avec les chaines polypeptidiques de collagène.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Fluorescierende Bestandteile aus Knochen und Dentin wurden in Sephadex C25 CM Kationen-Austauschersäulen von alkalischen Hydrolysaten ihrer Matrices getrennt. Die Fluorescenzintensitäten sowie die Erregungs- (λ max 330 nm) und Emissions- (λ max 395 nm) Spektren waren dieselben wie bei intakten und gelatinisierten Matrices. Die Fluorescenzparameter wurden durch die Hydrolyse nicht verändert. Eine Gelfiltration über Sephadex-G10-Säulen trennte das isolierte Material in 2 Komponenten auf, welche gleiche Fluorescenz- und UV-Absorptionseigenschaften zeigten. Im pH-Bereich zwischen 3,5 und 9,5 war die Fluorescenz unabhängig vom pH. Dialysierversuche sowie Gelfiltrationsexperimente mitden gelatinisierten Matrices zeigten eine starkgefügte Bindung des fluorescierenden Materials mit den Polypeptidketten des Kollagens.
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent components in bone and dentine were separated from alkaline hydrolysates of their matrices on Sephadex C25 CM cationic exchange columns. The fluorescence levels, and the excitation (λ max 330 nm) and emission (λ max 395 nm) spectra, were the same as those observed in the intact and gelatinised matrices. The fluorescence parameters were unaltered by the hydrolysis procedure. Gel filtration on Sephadex G. 10 columns further resolved the isolated material into two components with the same fluorescence and UV absorption properties. The fluorescence was independent of pH over the range 3.5–9.5. Dialysis and gel filtration studies on the gelatinised matrices indicated a firmly-bonded association of the fluorescent material with the collagen polypeptide chains.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Cartilage ; Enzymes ; Vitamin D ; Starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. La distribution quantitative de phosphatase alcaline et de déshydrogénas eglucose-6-phosphate dans les zones hypertrophiques, en voie de prolifération du cartilage de rats rachitiques, pendant la cicatrisation induite par l'administration de vitamin D ou par jeun prolongé, est étudiée. 2. L'activité en phosphatase alcaline de la zone hypertrophique est environ triple de celle de la zone de prolifération du rat sevré normal et environ quadruple de celle des rats rachitiques. 3. Apres administration d'une seule dose de vitamine D (8000 unités), il se produit une augmentation significative de l'activité en phosphatase alcaline de la a zone en voie de prolifération. Une augmentation moins nette est observée dans la zone de prolifération de rats ayant jeuné 48 heures. 4. On observe une diminution significative de l'activité en phosphatase alcaline de la partie centrale de la zone hypertrophique de cartilage aprés traitement a la vitamine D. Une telle diminution n'a pas été observée chez le rat qui jeûne. 5. Chez le rat sevré normal, l'activité en déshydrogénase glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-PDH) est plus élevée dans la zone de prolifération que dans la zone hypertrophique. Chez le rat rachitique non traité, le contenu en enzyme est à peu pres identique dans les deux zones. 6. Apres traitement a la vitamine D, on note une décroissance nette de l'activité en G-6-PDH. Une telle décroissance n'est pas observée chez le rat qui jeûne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die quantitative Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und der Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase in proliferierenden und hypertrophischen Zonen von rachitischem Rattenknorpel während der durch Vitamin D-Gabe hervorgerufenen Heilung oder während der Mangeldiät. 2. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase in der hypertrophischen Zone war etwa dreimal so groß wie in der proliferierende Zone der normalen entwöhnten Ratte und etwa viermal so groß bei den rachitischen Ratten. 3. Nach einer einmaligen Vitamin D-Gabe (8000 i.E) erfolgte eine signifikante Erhöhung der alkalischen Phosphatasen-Aktivität in der proliferierenden Zone. Eine weniger signifikante Erhöhung wurde in der proliferierenden Zone von Ratten festgestellt, welche 48 Std gefastet hatten. 4. Nach Vitamin D-Behandlung erfolgte eine signifikante Abnahme der alkalischen Phosphatasen-Aktivität in der mittleren Region der hypertrophischen Zone des Knorpels. Bei den fastenden Ratten wurde keine solche Abnahme beobachtet. 5. Bei der normalen entwöhnten Ratte war die Aktivität der Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) größer in der proliferierenden als in der hypertrophischen Zone. Bei der unbehandelten rachitischen Ratte war der Enzymgehalt in beiden Zonen etwa gleich. 6. Nach Vitamin D-Behandlung erfolgte eine merkliche Abnahme der G-6-PDH-Aktivität. Bei der fastenden Ratte wurde keine solche Abnahme beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract 1. The quantitative distribution of alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in proliferating and hypertrophic zones of rachitic rat cartilage during healing induced by vitamin D administration or starvation is presented. 2. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the hypertrophic zone is about three times greater than that of the proliferating zone of the normal weanling rat and approximately four times greater in the rachitic rats. 3. Following a single dose of vitamin D (8000 I. U.) there was a significant elevation in alkaline phosphatase activity of the proliferating zone. A less significant increase was observed in the proliferating zone of rats which had breen fasted 48 hours. 4. There was a significant decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity of the central region of hypertrophic zone of cartilage after vitamin D treatment. No such decrease was observed in the fasted rats. 5. In the normal weanling rat glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity was greater in the proliferating zone as compared to the hypertrophic zone. In the untreated rachitic rat the enzyme content was about the same in the two zones. 6. Following vitamin D treatment there was an appreciable decrease in the G-6-PDH activity. No such decrease was observed in the fasted rat.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Mineralization ; Histochemistry ; Matrix vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les expériences portent sur la minéralisation de la plaque épiphysaire tibiale du rat de souche Long-Evans, étudiée après traitement à la cortisone, propylthiouracile ou après jeûn prolongé. Dans des conditions normales, le calcium et le phosphate augmentent au niveau de la matrice extracellulaire, alors que les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés diminuent. Par contre, les vésicules de la matrice au niveau desquels se forment les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite, augmentent. Dans les rats ayant subi un traitement à la propylthiouracile, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont très apparents. Ceci est du à une augmentation du dépôt en calcium, et à une diminution des granules des mitochondries qui contiennent probablement du calcium et du phosphate. En outre, une augmentation du nombre des vésicules de la matrice est visible ainsi qu'une décroissance de la quantité des mucopolysaccharides sulfonés. Dans les rats traités à la cortisone, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont présents, mais dans une quantité moindre que dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du propylthiouracile. Le dépôt en calcium est légèrement réduit; les granules des mitochondries sont plus nombreuses que dans les groupes précédents, le nombre des vesicules de la matrice est plus faible, et les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés sont plus apparents que dans les rats traités à la propylthiouracile. Dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du jeûn, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont fortement réduits ou entièrement absents. Ceci est du à une réduction de dépôt du calcium, une augmentation du nombre des granules des mitochondries (ce qui semble indiquer que les phénomènes de transport vers la matrice extracellulaire sont ralentis), alors que les vésicules de la matrice sont présentes dans des quantités réduites. Les mucopolysaccharides sont plus apparents que dans les animaux traités à la cortisone ou à la propylthiouracile.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung beruht auf einem Vergleich der Mineralisation in der hypertrophischen Zone in der Epiphysealplatte von Long Evans Ratten die mit Kortison, Propylthiourazil oder einfachem Fasten behandelt wurden. Unter Normalbedingungen lassen sich in der extrazellulären Matrix der Calcifikationszone die folgenden Veränderungen beobachten: der Gehalt an Calcium und Phosphat nimmt zu, derjenige an Mukopolysacchariden nimmt ab, während die Matrixvesiclen, in denen sich die Bildung des Hydroxylapatits vollzieht, zunehmen. In Ratten die mit Propylthiourazil behandelt wurden, treten die Hydroxylapatitskristalle besonders hervor. Dies hängt mit einer Zunahme der Calciumablagerung zusamen sowie einer Abnahme der Mitochondriengranulation (in denen vermutlich Calcium und Phosphat enthalten sind). Ferner hängt damit zusammen eine numerische Zunahme der Matrixvesiceln sowie ein starke Abnahme des Gehalts an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden. In den mit Kortison behandelten Ratten sind Hydroxylapatikristalle nachweisbar, wenn auch weniger zahlreich als in den mit Propylthiourazil behandelten. Dem entspricht auch eine leicht reduzierte Calciumablagerung sowie eine Mitochondrialgranulation die derjenigen der anderen Ratten überlegen ist; Matrixvesiceln sind weniger zahlreich und sulfonierte Mucopolysaccharide sind deutlicher nachweisbar als in den Tieren, die Propylthiourazil erhielten. Fasten führt zu einem auffallenden Verlust an Hydroxylapatitkristallen. Diese können sogar nicht mehr zu erkennen sein. Dies hängt mit verminderter Calciumablagerung zusammen sowie einer Zunahme der Mitochondrialgranulation. Dies ist vermutlich Ausdruck einer Transportverzögerung zur extrazellularen Matrix. Nach Fasten ist auch die Anzahl der Matrixvesiceln auffallend herabgesetzt, und der Gehalt an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden ist größer als in den mit Kortison bzw. Propylthiourazil behandelten Tieren.
    Notes: Abstract Comparison of mineralization in the hypertrophic zone of the tibial epiphyseal plate in immature rats was carried out after treatment with cortisone, propylthiouracil, or after fasting. Under normal conditions, in the extracellular matrix at the calcification front, calcium and phosphate increased, sulfated mucopolysaccharides decreased, and matrix vesicles, which serve as the locus for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals, increased. In propylthiouracil-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were prominent, related to an increase in calcium deposition, a decrease of mitochondrial granules (thought to contain calcium and phosphate), an increase in the number of matrix vesicles, and to a marked decrease in the amount of sulfated mucopolysaccharide. In cortisone-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were present but they were not as numerous as in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. Correspondingly, calcium deposition was slightly reduced, mitochondrial granules were more numerous than in the previous groups of rats, matrix vesicles were less numerous, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide were more prominent than in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. In fasted rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were markedly reduced or absent, and related to a decrease in calcium deposition, an increase in the number of mitochondrial granules (suggesting a delay in transport to the extracellular matrix). Matrix vesicles were markedly reduced in number, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide much more prominent than in either the cortisone or the propylthiouracil-treated rats.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorapatite ; Exchange ; Chemistry ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un échantillon minéral provenant de Burgess, Canada s'est révélé être un speciment exceptionnellement pur de fluoroapatite après analyse chimique et cristallographique. La composition globale de cet échantillon est la suivante: $$(Ca^2 )9.98(Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )0.02(PO_4^{3 - } )5.98(HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )0.02(F^ - )2$$ . L'axe cristallographique C est de 6.865 A et l'axe a de 9.374 A. Des expériences d'échanges réalisés à l'aide de45Ca,32P et18F indiquent la présence de gros cristallites de surface spécifique de l'ordre de 1 m2/g. Il apparait que l'interprétation physique des processus d'échange ne nécessite pas l'existence de compartiments séparés, avec chacun son propre facteur cinétique, les échanges semblent être simplement liés à un changement exponentiel dans l'énergie libre de la réaction. Pour la réaction suivante: $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH solide + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F solide + (OH^ - )$$ , la constante thermodynamique de 101.26 a été calculée, suggérant que le fluorapatite se forme toujours aux dépens de l'hydroxyapatite dans des conditions physiologiques. Cette transformation se continue en abaissant le pH.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Mineralprobe aus Burgess, Kanada, erwies sich nach chemischer und kristallographischer Analyse als außergewöhnlich reines Fluorapatit. Die Gesamtzusammensetzung entspricht: $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9,98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0,02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5,98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0,02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . Die kristallographische c-Achse wurde bestimmt und ergab 6,865 Å, und die a-Achse ergab 9,374 Å. Austauschwerte, welche durch Anwendung von45Ca,32P und18F erhalten wurden, deuteten auf große Kristalliten mit einer spezifischen Oberfläche von ca. 1 m2/g. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß für die physikalische Erklärung des Austauschvorganges keine separaten Kompartimente mit eigenen kinetischen Faktoren nötig sind, sondern daß der Austausch mit dem exponentiellen Wechsel in der freien Energie der Reaktion in einfacher Beziehung steht. Für die Reaktion $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{in fester Form} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{in fester Form} + (OH^ - )$$ wurde als thermodynamische Konstante 101,26 errechnet, was darauf deutet, daß unter physiologischen Bedingungen immer Fluorapatit auf Kosten von Hydroxyapatit entsteht. Diese Umwandlung wird erhöht, wenn das pH erniedrigt wird.
    Notes: Abstract A mineral specimen from Burgess, Canada, proved upon chemical and crystallographic analyses to be an exceptionally pure sample of fluorapatite. The over-all composition corresponds to $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9.98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0.02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5.98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0.02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . The crystallographic c-axis was determined to be 6.865 Å, and the a-axis 9.374 A. Exchange data obtained by employing45Ca,32P, and18F indicate the presence of large crystallites with a specific surface of the order of 1 m2/g. It is indicated that the physical interpretation of the exchange process does not require the existence of separate departments, each with its own kinetic factor, but that the exchange may be simply related to the exponential change in the free energy of the reaction. For the reaction $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{solid} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{solid} + (OH^ - )$$ the thermodynamic constant has been calculated to be 101.26, implying that fluorapatite always will form at the expense of hydroxyapatite under physiologic conditions. This transformation will be furthered by lowering the pH.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 316-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Parathyroidectomy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des coupes de tibias d'animaux entiers et parathyroidectomisés sont étudiées histologiquement et histochimiquement pour préciser les effets de la parathyroidectomie sur l'os. Les épiphyses cartilagineuses proximales montrent uneaugmentation relative de matrice intercellulaire, une diminution en cellules, et une désorganisation de l'arrangement cellulaire. Le cartilage épiphysaire des rats parathyroidectomisés montre une matrice intercellulaire intensément PAS positive, contrairement aux affinités à l'alcian de la matrice des animaux témoins. Les travées diaphysaires des animaux parathyroidectomisés se colorent en rouge au PAS et contiennent de nombreux ilôts étendus de cartilage calcifié. En outre, le cartilage épiphysaire et les travées osseuses des animaux parathyroidectomisés se colorent moins intensément à la réaction de ninhydrine—Schiff que l'os des témoins. L'étude par les diverses colorations histochimiques, après parathyroidectomie, indique une altération des constituants collagène-protéine et mucopolysaccharide. Ces changements sont susceptibles de produire un trouble de la calcification de l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Tibiaschnitte von Kontrollratten und von parathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurden histologisch und histochemisch untersucht, um die nach Parathyreoidektomie aufgetretenen Knochenveränderungen festzustellen. Der proximale Epiphysenknorpel von parathyreoidektomierten Ratten zeigte einerelative Zunahme der intracellulären Matrix, eine Abnahme des Zellgehaltes und eine Veränderung der zellulären Anordnung. Die Epiphysenknorpel der parathyeoidektomierten Ratten wiesen eine intensiv PAS-positive intracelluläre Matrix auf, im Gegensatz zur alcianophilen Reaktion der Matrix der Kontrolltiere. Die Diaphysen-Trabekel der parathyreoidektomierten Tiere ließen sich mit PAS rot färben und enthielten breite Zonen von verkalkten knorpeligen Kernen. Ferner ließen sich die Epiphysenknorpel und die Knochen-Trabekel von parathyreoidektomierten Tieren im Vergleich mit den Kontrolltieren weniger intensiv mit der Ninhydrin-Schiff-Reaktion färben. Die Resultate der verschiedenen histochemischen Reaktionen zeigten, daß die Parathyreoidektomie eine Veränderung der Protein-Mucopolysaccharide des Kollagens zur Folge hat. Diese neuen Bedingungen könnten eine Veränderung der Knochenverkalkung hervorrufen.
    Notes: Abstract Sections of the tibias from intact and from aparathyroid animals were examined histologically and histochemically to determine the changes in bone following parathyroidectomy. The proximal epiphyseal cartilages of parathyroidectomized rats showed arelative increase of intercellular matrix, decrease in cellularity, and disorganization of the cellular arrangement. The epiphyseal cartilages of the aparathyroid rats exhibited an intense PAS-positive intercellular matrix in contrast to the alcianophilic nature of the matrix from control animals. The diaphyseal trabeculae from aparathyroid animals stained red with PAS and contained wide regions of calcified cartilaginous cores. In addition, the epiphyseal cartilages and bone trabeculae from the parathyroidectomized animals stained less intensely to the ninhydrin-Schiff reaction than did the bone from the intact animal. The response to the various histochemical reactions indicated that following parathyroidectomy there was a change in the collagen-protein mucopolysaccharide components. This condition would produce an alteration in the calcification of bone.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula bulbourethralis ; Goat ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Mehrzahl der sezernierenden Zylinderzellen in den tubulösen Endstücken der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege sind Schleimzellen. Ihre großen, aufgehellten Sekretgranula, die fast den gesamten Zelleib ausfällen, liegen so dicht, daß sie sich gegenseitig abplatten. Einzelne von ihnen haben ihre Hüllmembran verloren und neigen zur Konfluenz. Alle Schleimkörnchen sind PAS-positiv, viele von ihnen zeigen eine neuraminidaselabile Alcianophilie bei pH 2,5. Neben den Schleimzellen findet man in der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege einen zweiten Zelltyp, der durch helle, blasenförmige Kerne, ein stark entfaltetes granuläres endoplasmatisches Retikulum mit dilatierten Zisternen sowie ein ausgedehntes supranukleares Golgi-Feld gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser zweite Zelltyp enthält sehr elektronendichte, isoliert liegende Sekretkugeln, welche lichtmikroskopisch eine Proteinreaktion geben. Zwischen beiden Zelltypen kommen morphologische Übergangsformen vor. Dies macht es wahrscheinlich, daß es sich bei den beiden Typen lediglich um Funktionsstadien einer einzigen Drüsenzelle handelt. Die sezernierende Oberfläche beider Zelltypen ist durch die Ausbildung interzellulärer Sekretkapillaren vergrößert. Diese sind bereits lichtmikroskopisch aufgrund ihrer kräftigen ATPase- und 5′-Nucleotidaseaktivität zu identifizieren. Das gesamte Drüsenparenchym reagiert sehr stark auf unspezifische Esterase und deutlich positiv auf β-D-Galactosidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, Leucinaminopeptidase, Cytochromoxydase und Succinatdehydrogenase. Die letzten 5 Enzyme sind in den Schleimzellen in geringerer Konzentration festzustellen als in den Zellen mit Eiweißgranula.
    Notes: Summary The majority of the secretory cells in the tubular endpieces of the caprine bulbourethral gland are mucous cells. Their closely packed, relatively large secretory granules exhibit a low electron density. Some granules have lost their limiting membrane, this results in the accumulation of irregularly outlined masses of secretory material. All mucous secretory granules are PAS-positive, many of them are characterized by an alcianophilia at pH 2.5 which is extinguished by pre-treatment with a neuraminidase solution. The second type of secretory bulbourethral cell exhibits light, spherical nuclei, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns and a large supranuclear Golgi-Complex. The cytoplasm contains smaller, highly electron dense granules which are — according to histochemical tests — of protein nature. The existence of transitional forms between both described cell types permits the conclusion that they must be regarded as functional stages of one common gland cell. The secretory surface of both cell types is increased by intercellular canaliculi which can be identified in the light microscope by their strong ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. The entire parenchyma of the gland is site of an exceptionally high esterase concentration. Furthermore, the gland cells contain considerable amounts of β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxydase and succinic dehydrogenase. These last five enzymes are histochemically more active in the protein secreting than in the mucus producing cell type.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 9-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) system of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with respect to the anatomical organization and distribution of the neurosecretory neurons and the nature of their secretory material. NLT neurons occur in several different areas in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, located immediately above the pituitary gland. Only the lateral and rostral NLT neurons show definite secretory activity. These neurons, generally of large size, contain numerous large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter; on the other hand, the medial and ventrolateral neurons, forming a single layer of cells, are of small size and do not appear to be secretory. LGV are positive after ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) and zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnations. Lateral and rostral neurosecretory neurons also show strong yellow-to-green specific fluorescence after the Falck-Hillarp technique, a strong indication that LGV are the site of catecholamine storage.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Slug ; Biogenic amines ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines inLimax maximus was studied by the histochemical fluorescent method of Falck and Hillarp. The number of 5-HT-containing and catecholamine-containing perikarya in the central nervous system is small compared with the non-fluorescent perikarya. However, all the ganglia except the proto-cerebral ganglia have some amine-containing neurons. There are relatively larger numbers of fluorescent cells in the cerebral, visceral, pedal and right parietal ganglia than in the other ganglia. A single, giant 5-HT-containing neuron was observed in each meta-cerebral ganglion. Monoamine neurons are localised in a number of peripheral tissues (heart, integument, tentacles, penis retractor muscle, sole of foot, kidney, alimentary canal, reproductive organs and tentacular, pharyngeal and cephalic retractor muscles). Neurons containing catecholamine are mostly associated with sensory structures such as the statocysts, the retina of the eye and the integument of the tentacles, whereas 5-HT-containing nerve fibres are mainly observed in muscle tissues.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut ; Formica ; Histophysiology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel. A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ. Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Notochord ; Caecilians ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. kohtaoensis consists of peripheral flattened cells characterized by a well-developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of tonofilaments, and abundant glycogen particles. These cells contain furthermore fairly high activities of α-naphtyl-acetate esterase and 4-chloro-5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase as well as acid phosphatase which was found in lysosomal localization. The huge intracellular vacuoles of the centrally situated cells possibly originate from electron translucent spaces within the glycogen fields of the peripheral cells. The notochord sheath consists of variously differentiated layers of collagen fibers and of an elastica externa. The diameters of the collagen fibers increase from the inner towards the outer region of the sheath. A peculiar feature of the Ichthyophis notochord sheath is a ring of mineralized collagen. The notochord of the caecilians investigated is compared with that of anurans, urodeles, and several groups of fish.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandulae submaxillares ; Mammals ; Duct cell granules ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Discrete, PAS-positive granules of relatively uniform electron-density and size characterise the intercalated duct cells of mammalian submaxillary glands. Smaller, electron-dense organelles are seen in the cells at the junction of the intercalary-striated duct region in the guinea-pig. The large granules of variable electron-density which are observed in the proximal, modified intercalary cells in the rabbit closely resemble the granules in the acinar cells of the guinea-pig. Several populations of granules differing in size are found in the striated granular tubules of the rat and hamster; the organelles in the rat show two grades of electron-density whereas those in the hamster are uniformly dense. Numerous small granules with compactly arranged intragranular material occupy the apical part of the striated ducts of the cat, dog and rabbit. The chemical composition of each population of duct cell granules is unknown. The question whether granules containing kallikrein, trypsin-like enzymes and amylase are stored in the duct cells is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 47-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Lungfish ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa has been studied with light and electron microscopy, including the Falck-Hillarp technique for catecholamines. The pars nervosa hypophyseos is a well-marked, dorsally located subdivision of the pituitary gland composed of lobes or follicles, each one constituted of a central core of ependymal cells, a subependymal hilar region made up of nerve fibers and a peripheric palisade zone of nerve endings which contact capillary vessels. Four types of neurosecretory axons can be distinguished under the electron microscope. Type I, the most common, contains spherical elementary granules of high electron density, 1500–1800 Å in diameter. The scarce type II axons contain irregularly-shaped elementary granules. Type III contains only small clear vesicles, 400–600 Å in diameter. Type IV, mostly present in regions of the gland contacting the pars intermedia, contain large granulated vesicles, 900–1000 Å in diameter. The Falck-Hillarp technique revealed axons with a positive reaction for catecholamines at sites corresponding approximately to the location of type IV of the electron microscope. Ependymal cells are of large size, linking the cerebrospinal fluid, the nerve endings and the blood vessels. A conspicuous membrane-bound, spherical dense material, 1400–2000 Å in diameter, is observed in both the apical and vascular processes of these cells. The ependymal processes which traverse the hilar and palisade regions contain structures resembling degenerated neurosecretory axons. These results are discussed in relation with the currently available information on the comparative anatomy of the pars nervosa. The possible functional significance of ependymal cells and of each type of axon are also discussed. This study was aided by the following grants: NIH NS 06953 to Prof. De Robertis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas to Prof. Zambrano, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires and Comisión de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata: to Prof. Iturriza. The authors are indebted to Prof. De Robertis for his generosity in granting us his laboratory facilities, and to Dr. F. J. J. Risso and Mr. A. Fernández (Resistencia, Chaco) who provided the specimens used in this study. The able microtechnical assistance of Miss L. Riboldazzi and Mrs. R. Raña and the photographic work of Mr. A. Saenz are much appreciated.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis, rat ; Myoid cells ; Androgens ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the regulation of the development of myoid cells, seminiferous tubules of adult and prepubertal rats were grown in organ culture under the influence of testosterone, HCG and cyproterone acetate. Contractility, EM-structure and histochemical activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase of the myoid cells were studied in the adult rat tubules at one week intervals up to 5 weeks in culture, in the prepubertal rat tubules at the age of 15 days and after 15 and 21 days in culture. As in vivo, contractions appear in cultured tubules of prepubertal rats at the age of 15 days. Testosterone and HCG increase the percentage of contractile tubules and the number of filaments of the myoid cells. Cyproterone acetate inhibits both functional and structural development and tends to decrease the enzyme activities. In the cultured adult rat tubules cyproterone acetate causes disappearance of contractility within one week, while contractions normally are found for 3 weeks. Testosterone and HCG have no notable effects on the contractility of adult rat tubules, but they lengthen the persistence of alkaline phosphatase activity. It is concluded that the maturation and also the functioning of the myoid cells are subject to androgenic regulation.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac innervation ; Teleosts ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Fine structure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the heart of the plaice has been studied ultrastructurally and histochemically in order to describe the anatomy, and the nature of the neuro-transmitters involved in the regulation of the heart. A single cardiac branch of the vagus runs over the Duct of Cuvier and sinus venosus where it forms a plexus extending into the sinoatrial region. Many ganglion cells are scattered throughout this plexus upon which are seen cholinergic-type terminals at which AChE can be localised. It is therefore concluded that this is the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion. The innervation of the atrium is dense at the sinoatrial end but decreases towards the ventricle. The ventricle is probably aneural, possibly a consequence of the lack of a coronary blood supply to act as a pathway for an innervation of this chamber. Most of the intramural axon profiles contain large numbers of small agranular vesicles and are cholinergic, AChE being localised at their membranes. Other profiles contain small numbers of larger granular vesicles amongst the agranular vesicles but these are not adrenergic since these vesicles are not depleted by reserpine, do not load with 6-OHDA, and AChE can be localised at the membranes of the profiles. No adrenergic-type profiles were seen in any part of the heart, nor were any fluorescent, catecholamine-containing fibres observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 351-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory cell ; Proboscis ; Glycera convoluta ; Papilla ; Electronmicroscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chaque papille de la trompe chez Glycera convoluta contient un groupe central de deux à quatre cellules sensorielles primaires. Chaque cellule possède un noyau allongé situé à mi-hauteur de la papille. Le processus péripherique ou dendritique porte cinq à six cils qui traversent la cuticule et sont entourés chacun par un cercle de microvillosités; les cils se prolongent dans le cytoplasme par de fines racines ciliaires qui se réunissent pour former une seule énorme racine montrant une striation périodique. Le processus central ou axonal se prolonge dans le plexus nerveux sous-épithélial. Le rôle physiologique de ces cellules est discuté.
    Notes: Summary Each papilla in the proboscis of Glycera convoluta contains a central group of two to four primary sensory cells. Each one shows an elongated nucleus situated at half-height of the papilla. The peripheric or dendritic process bears five to six cilia traversing the cuticle; each of them is circled by a ring of microvilli. The cilia are prolonged in the cytoplasm by fine ciliary rootlets which gather themselves in a very big single root showing a periodic striation. The central or axonal process runs in the subepithelial nervous plexus. The physiological role of the cells is discussed.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 481-495 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region ; Guinea pig ; AChE distribution pattern ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) has been described in the dentate area, a part of the hippocampal region, in the adult guinea pig. The enzyme was demonstrated histochemically with a modification of the Koelle thiocholine method applied to formaldehyde-fixed frozen sections and unfixed cryostat sections. Non-specific cholinesterase was suppressed by ethopropazine, while the staining reaction for AChE was controlled by complete specific inhibition with BW 284c51. A single brain was stained according to the method of Karnovsky and Roots. 2. The abundant AChE found in the dentate area exhibited a distinctly stratified distribution pattern. In the molecular layer, strong reaction was present in the outer third and immediately above the granular cell layer, the intermediate zone being light. The granular cell bodies were unstained. In the hilus, five layers showing alternating stronger and weaker reaction for AChE were recognizable. 3. In view of the opinions of Cajal, Lorente de Nó, and Blackstad criteria for the definition of the dentate area are discussed. The present results fit into a concept of a layered guinea pig hilus representative of one group of mammals (other members being rabbit, monkey, and man) differing morphologically from the non-layered hilus of rat and mouse. The distribution of metal in the guinea pig hilus supports the concept. 4. Possible structural correlates to the AChE are considered and a comparison with the distribution of AChE in the rat, reported earlier, has been made. In the molecular layer, the most striking difference was the heavy activity observed in the outer third in the guinea pig, where the content is moderate in the rat. The granular cell layer appeared virtually identical in both species. In the hilus the stratified pattern in the guinea pig, contrasting with the more diffuse distribution in the rat, essentially reflects the differing structural architectonics in the hilus of the two species.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Jejunum (rat) ; Lactic acid perfusion ; Mucosal hypertrophy ; Histology ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An weiblichen Wistarratten wurden die zellulären und strukturellen Veränderungen der Dünndarmschleimhaut nach chronischer MS-Belastung durch 12tägige Dauerinfusion ins Jejunum untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die MS-Belastung führt in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration zur Reduktion des Glukosetransports. 2. Die Funktionsstörung ist bedingt durch Enzymaktivitätsverlust. 3. Die Reduktion betrifft alle enzymhistochemisch untersuchten Aktivitäten; sie zeigt, daß alle Zellkompartimente des Epithels beeinträchtigt sind. 4. Qualitative Abweichungen des Reaktionsmusters treten nach MS-Belastung nur beim Saure-Phosphatase-Nachweis auf. Sie sind gekennzeichnet durch Schwund der Markierbarkeit lysosomaler Granula und Auftreten einer schwachen, diffusen cytoplasmatischen Aktivität. 5. Die Schleimhaut unterliegt einer von der MS-Konzentration abhängigen Transformation mit Verschiebung der Zottenhöhen und Kryptentiefen. Sie wird begleitet von einer gesteigerten mitotischen Aktivität als Folge erhöhter Zellexfoliation an der Zottenspitze. Es handelt sich bei dieser Veränderung somit um eine Schleimhauttransformation vom hyper-regeneratorischen Typ. Ihr Initialstadium ist eine Hypertrophie, ihr Endstadium die zottenlose Schleimhaut mit stark veränderten Krypten. Das Endstadium wird unter MS-Belastung nicht ausgebildet, da geringe Konzentrationssteigerungen zu lokaler Gewebsschädigung und Darmperforation führen. 6. Das MS-Modell ist wegen seiner geringen experimentellen Breite ungeeignet für die biochemische Nacharbeitung der bei der einheimischen Sprue beobachteten cytochemischen Epithelveränderungen.
    Notes: Summary Cellular alterations and mucosal changes in zonation of the small intestine have been studied after prolonged perfusion (12 days) with lactic acid in the rat. These investigations were carried out with cytochemical methods using marker enzymes to study in detail the different stages of mucosal transformation of the hyperregenerative type. Results. 1. Lactic acid produces a dose-dependent reduction in glucose absorption and this is due to alterations of the absorptive epithelium. 2. The normal zonation of the small intestinal mucosa is changed. The degree and pattern of the alterations is dose-dependent. Mucosal hypertrophy—i.e. increase of villus height, crypt length and mitotic activity—is the initial stage of this process. 3. Both, cellular alterations and mucosal changes in zonation are the expression of strong compensatory activities in response to predominantly intraluminal stress. The relationship between mucosal hypertrophy after intestinal resection and mucosal transformation of the hyperregenerative type as induced by lactic acid infusion is discussed. 4. In view of its very limited experimental range the lactic acid model cannot be recommended for the study of the epithelial changes in mucosal transformation at a biochemical level.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Locus coeruleus (Rat) ; Neurons ; Golgi apparatus ; Catecholamine biosynthesis ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Detailed histochemical studies have been performed on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus (GA) by application of the thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) method (Novikoff and Goldfischer, 1961) to the neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) of normal and catecholamine biosynthesis inhibitors (fusaric acid and D, L-α-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl) given adult healthy male Wistar strain rats. The neurons were classified into five categories on the basis of the morphology of the Golgi apparatus. The number of cells in individual categories was counted to evaluate the percentage of each category in the whole nucleus. The majority of cells belongs to Types II, III, and IV whose GA goes through cyclic activity, but the remaining neurons belong to Types I and V which may have a strong tendency to be different from the former in character. The latter neurons correspond formally with Types I and V of the rabbit LC, but they do not respond to the drugs administered. The rat LC is very similar to the dorsal vagal nucleus of the rabbit in regard to the dominant category. The present results indicate that the majority of the rat LC neurons may work vigorously and they may be motor neurons. Administration of the drugs caused reduction of TPPase activity, augmentation of disintegration and the budding-off process of the GA of Type IV, a decrease in the percentage of Type IV and an increase in that of Type II. Administration of 100 mg/kg fusaric acid caused maximal morphological change of the GA at the 90th minute; however, administration of 200 mg/kg fusaric acid showed more marked change of the GA, having two peaks and two valleys. The GA revealed much more intense reaction to D,L-α-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl than to fusaric acid. The present results indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase may be the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthesis. These noticeable changes of GA caused by administration of the drugs were completely restricted to the neurons of LC and the neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve did not show any morphological changes of the GA. These results strongly suggest that the GA of the rat LC neurons may have ability to synthesize catecholamine whereas the GA of the rat mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve may be completely devoid of this ability and that the role of the GA may be different depending on the anatomical regions.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; Distribution of dehydrogenases ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Succinate-, α-glycerophosphate-, NADH-, and NADPH dehydrogenases (tetrazolium reductases) were studied histochemically in brain sections. The distribution of these enzymes in the hippocampal region was mapped in different postnatal stages. In addition to the hippocampus and the dentate area which have also been dealt with by other authors, the description includes the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, presubiculum, and subiculum. In all the areas of the hippocampal region the enzyme activity is first localized mainly in cell bodies. Activity in the neuropil shows a tendency to increase with age throughout the stages studied. Examples of particularly early or late differentiation of the histochemical pattern exist. Thus already after 4–6 days the differentiated staining pattern in the hippocampal layers as seen in the adult, begins to appear. In the entorhinal area the early enzyme distribution agrees with that in the adult and facilitates identification of its layers. After 22 days the fundamental enzyme chemoarchitectonics of the adult rat brain has been obtained. Histochemical characteristics of the different areas, support the view that the hippocampal region constitutes an entity.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 375-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; AChE distribution ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampal region was studied histochemically in different postnatal stages. Enzyme changes are described for the hippocampus proper, the dentate area, the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, area retrosplenialis e, presubiculum, and subiculum. In 1 day old animals there are only traces of AChE in solitary perikarya of the hippocampal stratum radiatum, while there is no activity in the neuropil. This is in contrast to other regions of the brain, e.g. the corpus striatum and the medial septum. Enzyme activity in the neuropil, although very weak, is seen clearly on the 2nd day. While the enzyme reaction in some cell soma seems to be permanent and also present in adult rats, other cell bodies, e.g. in the entorhinal area lose AChE activity during the last part of the 2nd week and in the 3rd week. Similar observations have been made on other parts of the central nervous system. The main features of chemodifferentiation in the hippocampal region seem to be completed by the end of the third week, although most layers and areas have not yet achieved the same high staining intensity as seen in the adult rats.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera) ; Wing vessels ; Denervation ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuro-vascular complex was investigated at the brachial and digital levels in the wings of the flying-fox, Pteropus giganteus (Megachiroptera). Fluorescence histochemistry of the adrenergic transmitter (formaldehyde method) revealed a dense plexus of adrenergic nerve terminals in the adventitia of the main arteries. No fibres penetrated into the muscular media. The pulsating veins received a less well-developed fluorescent plexus which, however, was distributed throughout the muscular wall. Cholinesterase activity was observed in plexuses having the same density and distribution as the catecholamine-storing fibres. The identity of these cholinesterase-containing nerves has been discussed. Transection of the brachial nerve resulted in a pronounced, though not complete, denervation of the vessels examined at the metacarpal level 14 hrs to 6 weeks postoperatively. The results of the denervation experiments are probably related to the finding that the autonomic vascular nerves enter the wing not only via the brachial nerve trunk but also together with the blood vessels.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary (mouse) ; Granulosa cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of immature and mature mice was made. The histochemical results were compared with the ultrastructural findings on the same cells in an attempt to determine whether the granulosa cells are capable of a steroidogenic role. In newborn and immature mice the granulosa cells of a great amount of follicles demonstrated a moderate or strong histochemical activity. In mature mice the granulosa cells demonstrated a weak or moderate activity normally only in preovulatory follicles and in some other atretic follicles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles did not show such activity. In addition the histological control of numerous parallel sections demonstrated particularly in immature ovaries the presence of a great amount of atretic follicles. In the cytoplasm of the granulosa cells of the follicles in immature ovaries only clusters of lipid droplets with ribosomes were noted; while in the preovulatory follicles of mature animals there started to appear mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and irregular lipid droplets. In the obviously atretic follicles several granulosa cells as well as theca interna cells showed numerous lipid droplets and ribosomes together with different degenerating organelles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles showed a well developed Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The histochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest a steroidogenic role of the granulosa cells only in the larger preovulatory follicles (probably related to an early luteinization of this layer) but this role was not demonstrated in the same cells in normal developing follicles. In addition, since an histochemical positivity was demonstrated also in the granulosa cells of some obviously atretic follicles, it is possible that many of the follicles having granulosa cells filled with lipid droplets and attached ribosomes and histochemically positive might be, in the immature ovaries, in a very precocious stage of atresia. It is to precise for these cells whether a cytoplasm with these two strictly correlated components (lipid droplets and attached ribosomes) and showing an histochemical positivity could carry-on all the biochemical steps involved in steroid biosynthesis or only has only a temporary capability to produce some precursors of steroids.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reproductive tract ; Biomphalaria glabrata ; Desiccation ; Starvation metabolism ; Weighing experiments ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of desiccation (36 weeks), starvation (12 weeks) and recovery (4 weeks following 16 weeks of desiccation and 2 weeks following 9 weeks of starvation) upon the accessory sex glands and some other body parts of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied by means of weighing experiments and histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The results of the weighing experiments show that the various parts of the reproductive tract are not protected from involution processes during the adverse conditions, as some parts (the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland) showed a more pronounced decrease in weight than other body parts. Measurements of the epithelial heights of the accessory sex glands and ultrastructural observations corroborate the results of the weighing experiments. During the adverse conditions the organelles involved in the formation of the secretion granules (granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus) became involuted. The secretion granules within the cells of the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland were broken down by crinophagy. This latter process was less pronounced in the oviduct, muciparous gland, oöthecal gland, uterus and vagina. During the adverse conditions the lipoprotein producing cell types (mainly in the male part) remained active longer than the polysaccharide producing cell types (mainly in the female part). The significance of this observation is discussed. The amounts of glycogen present in most tissues of the reproductive tract and of the other investigated body parts (the foot, columellar muscle and vesicular connective tissue cells) were not apparently diminished, even when the secretory cells showed clear signs of involution, as a result of long periods of adverse conditions. Within the recovery periods 50% of the snails resumed egg production. During recovery the relative increases in weight of the accessory sex glands seemed to exceed that of other body parts, indicating that the restoration of the accessory sex glands is favoured. Histologically, reactivation of the accessory sex glands was apparent after 36–72 hours of recovery. At this time secretory material was again observed within the cisternae of the gland cell Golgi-bodies. Because reactivation is fairly rapid, a nervous or hormonal control of this process appears more likely than control via the general metabolism. The possible functions of various body organs in storing food reserve material is discussed, and it is concluded that the glycogen storing vesicular connective tissue cells (which occur throughout the whole body in the connective tissue) play a major role.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 22-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Fluorescence ; Bird ; Adrenergic Nerves ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic nervous system of the domestic fowl has been investigated using the Falck-Hillarp technique for the localisation of biogenic amines. The predominating catecholamine in adrenergic nerves is noradrenaline. In the fowl, adrenergic nerves are more widely distributed than in mammals, although comparable in appearance; clumps of adrenergic ganglion cells are present throughout the viscera, particularly in the abdomen. The heart and arterial vasculature has an adrenergic innervation comparable to that seen in mammals, but the veins are frequently more densely innervated, suggesting that they may play a more active role in the regional distribution of blood and in venous return than in mammals. The respiratory system of birds shows certain peculiarities and these are reflected in the adrenergic innervation of this system. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the genital organs is dependent on age; in males the innervation of the genital ducts only shows a marked development at sexual maturity, but in females it appears to be established before hatching. These findings are discussed in terms of the function of adrenergic nerves in the different situations.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 523-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Intracytoplasmic lipid bodies ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen Feuersalamandern und bei Salamanderlarven konnten in Ependymzellen sowie in subependymären Zellelementen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks zahlreiche rundliche intrazytoplasmatische Körper von starker Osmiophilie beobachtet werden, deren Durchmesser bis zu 12 μ betrug. Vereinzelt fanden sich diese voluminösen Gebilde auch im Cytoplasma von Satellitenzellen der Hirnnerven- und Spinalganglien. Das histochemische Verhalten und das Ultrastrukturbild der intrazytoplasmatischen Körper sprechen dafür, daß sie hauptsächlich aus Lipiden bestehen. Ihre funktionelle Bedeutung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependymal and subependymal cells of the ventricular system and the central canal in adult und larval salamanders contain numerous unusually large intracytoplasmic osmiophilic spherical bodies with a diameter of up to 12 μ. Sporadically the bodies are found within satellite cells of peripheral ganglia. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination suggests that the bodies consist mainly of lipids. Their functional significance is unknown.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 339-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Tissue culture ; Sheath cells ; Sensory end-organs ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal spinal ganglia and spinal cord segments with adhering spinal ganglia were explanted on collagen-coated coverslips. They were investigated with enzyme histochemical methods for the existence of hydrolases and dehydrogenases up to 54 days of cultivation. Alkaline phosphatase was located in arachnoid cells and in mantle cells (satellite cells). Butyrylcholinesterase and alpha-glycerophosphate-menadione-tetrazolium reductase were found in mantle cells. Acetylcholinesterase and indoxylesterase were active in the whole neuron; acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthylacetate esterase were restricted to the perikarya. During the process of cell differentiation in vitro alkaline phosphatase decreased in mantle cells. Acid phosphatase became diminished distinctly in spinal ganglion cells. The other neuronal enzymatic activities remained unaltered during the whole period of cultivation. Proliferated Schwann cells were conspicuous by their activity for butyrylcholinesterase. In newly formed myelin sheaths arylsulphatase was active. Lactate dehydrogenase was contained in the perineurium which had developed. Cultures of long duration could contain cytological formations which were reminiscent of sensory end-organs with respect to their enzyme patterns. The enzyme activities of nervous tissues in vitro in their approximation to the situation in situ are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 497-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Human foetus ; Leydig cells ; Steroid hormone synthesis ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human foetal testis, 17 and 18 weeks of age, was studied with histochemical techniques for lipids in relation to steroid hormone synthesis. The vascularized interstitium consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and differentiated or “luteinized” Leydig cells; the latter develop the histochemical features of well-established, actively secreting steroid gland cells of mature gonads, i.e., abundant, diffuse, sudanophilic lipoproteins and some phospholipid granules. The functional significance of these histochemical features, which are lacking in the undifferentiated stromal elements, is discussed in relation to steroid hormone biosynthesis in light of recent research in mature gonads of mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. These comparisons suggest that the Leydig cells of human foetal testis are the active steroid secretors as a result of strong HCG stimulation. This also correlates well with previous electron microscopic and biochemical data on the human foetal testis. Besides actively secreting Leydig cells, there are also some degenerating ones which have become refractory to gonadotrophic stimulation as they have accumulated coarse lipid droplets consisting mainly of triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters, and very little phospholipid.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila ; larval and prepupal ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A major function of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be the production of a mucopolysaccharide that serves as an adhesive during puparium formation. In order to localize the mucosubstances during development substrate histochemical methods were used, and the site of acid phosphatase was demonstrated by the ultrahistochemical lead-salt method. It could be shown that the “glue”-granules in the corpus cells of larval salivary glands as well as the large secretion vacuoles in the prepupal corpus cells give a positive β-amylase-resistent PAS-reaction, which indicates neutral mucosubstances. Granular PAS-positive deposits in the larval and prepupal collum cells were reduced after preincubation with β-amylase and may represent glycogen, which has also been seen in electron micrographs of these cells. The Hale-reaction gave a weak indication that acid mucosubstances are present in the larval “glue” granules and in the large prepupal secretory vacuoles. After digestion of sialic acid with α-neuraminidase the weak indication was absent showing that the acid mucosubstances had been sialomucines. Ultrahistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase indicated the presence of this enzyme in Golgi fields and lysosomal structures. Acid phosphatase seems to be missing in the large secretion vacuoles of the prepupal salivary gland. It is concluded, that the large vacuoles in the corpus cells of prepupal salivary glands represent a secretion product, obviously a mucosubstance. The lysosomal structures, containing acid phosphatase, may be accumulated in preparation for the autolysis of the gland which begins about two hours after the pupal moult, i.e. 15 hours after puparium formation.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isopod hindgut ; Histology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Osmo-regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The tubular hindgut of the intertidal herbivorous isopod, Dynamene bidentata, consists of a long dorso-ventrally flattened anterior region, surrounded by a network of muscles, and a short muscular sphincter which grades into a pair of anal flaps. The monolayer of epithelial cells forming the wall of the hindgut appears to take no part in the production of digestive enzymes, food absorption, or glycogen and lipid storage. One function of the hindgut is to propel undigested food material, enclosed within a peritrophic membrane, to the sphincter and anal flaps where faecal pellets are formed and ejected. At the fine structural level lateral plasma membranes, often partially obliterated by microtubules, are visible. The basal plasma membrane of a typical epithelial cell is deeply infolded, associated with mitochondria, and pinocytotic. The apical plasma membrane is irregularly folded, engaged in pinocytosis, and often encloses subcuticular spaces containing an acid mucopolysaccharide substance. An intima, composed of a thin double-layered epicuticle, and a thick acid mucopolysaccharide-positive endocuticle, overlies the cells. The endocuticle may selectively bind substances to the apical plasma membrane before they are engulfed by pinocytosis. The cells resemble those of osmoregulatory organs and may help counterbalance changes in the haemolymph concentration resulting from the intertidal existence of this isopod.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acrosomal cap formation ; Mammals ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary By applying the periodic acid-Schiff technique to frozen sections of material fixed in weak Bouin's solution and extracted with hot pyridine, the contributions of the acrosomal vesicle and granule to the acrosomal cap have been observed in the maturing spermatozoa of the American opossum, guinea pig, rabbit, marmoset and chimpanzee. In the spermatids of the opossum, the acrosomal granule is not developed and the thin, homogeneous carbohydrate layer of the acrosomal cap is derived from the concentrated material of the acrosomal vacuole. In the guinea pig, both the acrosomal vesicle and granule make the greatest contributions to the carbohydrates of the acrosomal cap; these continue to maintain their identity in the head of mature sperm. In the rabbit, marmoset and chimpanzee, the carbohydrate material of acrosomal vesicle origin is less developed and constitutes a thin layer in the lateral portions of the acrosomal cap; the carbohydrate material in its anterior portions is mainly derived from the acrosomal granule which becomes flattened; there is also a slight thickening of the intermediate layer of the acrosomal cap in this region. The distinction between the carbohydrate contributions from the acrosomal vesicle and granule disappears in the fully formed acrosomal cap which shows a homogeneously PAS-positive intermediate layer. In the chimpanzee, the acrosomal vesicle makes a relatively very small contribution to the carbohydrate layer of the acrosomal cap which is mainly formed by spreading of material from the acrosomal granule.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 445-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tactile hair system ; Snout ; Shrew ; Histology ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the snout and tactile hair system of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and the distribution of cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied. The structure of the vibrissae is exceptional compared with that of other mammals studied. Differences are the attachment system of hair follicle to the capsule, the impossibility of dividing the blood sinus clearly into cavernous sinus and ring sinus, the lack of continuous ring-wulst, clear constriction in the outer root sheath at the neck of hair follicle and some specialized structures connected with this. Alkaline phosphatase was not found in the nervous structures of the vibrissae but cholinesterase activity occurs at least in two different structures upon or in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. The role of these structures and the significance of vibrissae to the shrew is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Amphibian ; Tissue culture ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of cells were derived from organ cultures of liver from adult and larval Xenopus laevis. Each type was isolated in clonal cell culture. Several media were compared with respect to support of epithelioid outgrowths from explants and support of growth of epithelioid colonies in cell culture. Ultracentrifuged embryo extract promotes the growth of all cell types, but the particulate fraction is also required for the maintenance of the epithelioid morphology of larval cells. In these media it was possible to maintain some epithelioid cell cultures for over 6 months. The identity and retention of some specialized functions of both cell types were demonstrated on larval cells. One cell type contained PAS-stainable, amylase-sensitive granules that increased in amount after treatment with glucocorticoids. This same type was shown by histochemical methods to contain phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and dexamethasone-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase, and is considered to be a hepatocyte. The second type appears to be a sinusoidal cell, since it phagocytosed trypan blue and stained positively for acid phosphatase.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Snails (Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria pfeifferi) ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis and the associated subepidermal gland cells of the freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were studied by means of histochemical and electron microscope techniques. The single cell layered epidermis is composed of general epidermal cells, cilia cells and a few scattered goblet cells. The foot sole and the epidermal regions of the pneumostome and the ventral surface of the lips near the mouth consist nearly entirely of cilia cells; elsewhere the cilia cells are found scattered among the general epidermal cells. The apical layer of the general epidermal cells bear microvilli. Numerous mitochondria, vesicles and lysosomes are located in the apical region of the cells. Several Golgi bodies and a poorly developed granular endoplasmic reticulum occur in the supranuclear region; the nucleus lies in the basal part of the cell. The general epidermal cells in the mouth region contain numerous microfilaments compared to the general epidermal cells in the rest of the epidermis. The cilia of the cilia cells in the densely ciliated regions possess well developed roots and basal bodies interconnected by means of the basal feet. With regard to the other cell organelles, cilia cells are quite similar to the general epidermal cells. For comparison a brief study of the ultrastructure of the epidermis of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa was carried out. The skin of the snail is covered by a mucous layer produced by various gland cells. In L. stagnalis, in addition to the epidermal goblet cells, thirteen subepidermal gland cell types could be distinguished. The histochemistry of the gland cell types is reflected in the ultrastructure. Three of the gland cell types have an ubiquitous distribution, four types are peculiar to the foot, two types to the lips and five types to the mantle. In B. pfeifferi one epidermal gland cell type and only seven subepidermal gland cell types could be distinguished. Most of these gland cells are limited in their distribution to the foot, lips and mantle edge. The observations may provide a basis for further study in the functions of the snail epidermis.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sternal gland ; Trinervitermes geminatus ; Cell types ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La glande sternale de Trinervitermes geminatus correspond à un épaississement médian de la partie antérieure du cinquième sternite abdominal. Elle est bordée intérieurement par une fine basale conjonctive et extérieurement par la cuticule, quelques sensilles campaniformes sont également visibles dans la masse glandulaire. On peut y reconnaître deux types de cellules: d'abord des cellules ovalaires situées dans la partie moyenne de la glande. Elles contiennent de grosses mitochondries et des globules denses, et sont en relation avec la basale par quelques fins prolongements cellulaires. Ensuite des cellules cylindriques, bien développées, constituant toute l'épaisseur de la glande. Elles possèdent de nombreuses vésicules de reticulum lisse et une bordure en brosse formée de microvillosités et de digitations cytoplasmiques qui pénètrent dans la cuticule. Cette cuticule comprend une mésocuticule lacunaire et une fine épicuticule percée par des «canalicules épicuticulaires». Une comparaison est établie avec la glande sternale d'autres termites, en particulier celle de Kalotermes.
    Notes: Summary The sternal gland of Trinervitermes geminatus appears as a median thickening of the epidermis at the anterior part of the fifth abdominal sternite. It is lined internally with a thin basal lamina and externally with the cuticle. A few campaniform sensilla are also visible in the glandular mass. Two types of cells may be recognized. First, oval-shaped cells, containing numerous large mitochondria and dense globules; these cells having no contact with the cuticle are connected with the basal lamina by a few narrow cytoplasmic stems. Second, tall columnar cells, with vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and an apical brush border built up by microvilli and finger—like processes which reach into the cuticle. This cuticle is made of alveolous mesocuticle and a thin epicuticle perforated by “epicuticular canals”. The organ is compared with the sternal gland of other termites, particularly with the one of Kalotermes.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 223-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Harderian gland ; Anas platyrhynchus ; Polysaccharides ; Histology ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parenchyma of the Harderian gland of the domestic duck consists of numerous tubular terminal portions, lined by a simple columnar epithelium. Its secretory surface is increased by intratubular folds. Within the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells secretory granules are observed. Polysaccharides of different nature are demonstrated. Strikingly, all centrally located cells contain a periodate reactive mucin. The successive administration of the PAS reaction and of Alcian Blue reveals the coexistence of acid and neutral mucins in the same cells. A metachromatic reaction of the mucosubstances at pH 1.0 was observed and the presence of acid sulfated groups in the Harderian gland, as demonstrated byAlcian Blue at pH 0.5, thereby confirmed. There was no glycogen reaction.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Small intestine (rat) ; Transport of peroxidase ; Epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Ratten tritt 3 min nach intravenöser Injektion von Peroxydase elektronenmikroskopisch ein entsprechendes Reaktionsprodukt im Kapillarlumen der Lamina propria des Dünndarms und an der Basalmembrangrenze der Saumepithelzellen auf. 5 min nach der Injektion finden sich im basalen Abschnitt des Darmepithels pinozytotische Bläschen mit dem Peroxydase-Reaktionsprodukt. — 10–30 min nach der Injektion erreichen die Partikel die apikalen Teile der Zelle. Sie dringen in den interzellulären Spalten bis zu den Haftplatten vor, erreichen jedoch nie das Darmlumen. Im Dünndarm existiert vermutlich auch ein der Resorption entgegengesetzter Saftstrom, der durch Peroxydase markiert werden kann.
    Notes: Summary In rats, 3 minutes after intravenous injection of peroxidase the reaction product can be observed electronmicroscopically in the lumina of the capillaries of the small intestine as well as at the border of the basement membrane of the epithelial border cells. Pinocytotic vesicles containing peroxidase particles occur in the basal portion of the epithelium of the small intestine 5 minutes after injection. 10–30 minutes later, the peroxidase reaches the apical region of the cell. The particles infiltrate into the intercellular spaces as far as the tight junctions but never reach the intestinal lumen. In the small intestine there probably exists a flow of fluid in opposite direction to the resorption, which can be marked by peroxidase.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 465-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit thymus ; Ketosteroids ; Granulated cells ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Topochemisch konnten im Kaninchenthymus Ketosteroide nachgewiesen werden, für deren Vorhandensein die chemische Analyse von Thymuslipidextrakten Hinweise ergeben hatte. Die Darstellung der Ketosteroide erfolgte mit der NAHD-Reaktion (Camber, 1949). Diese Befunde dürften als spezifisch gelten, da eine Verfälschung durch freie Gewebsaldehyde, Plasmalogene (Gomori, 1952) und Corticosteroide (Khanolkar et al., 1958) ausgeschlossen wurde. Mit Hilfe der Camber-Methode konnten Granula bestimmter Zellen des Kaninchenthymus selektiv dargestellt werden, die auf Grund morphologischer Kriterien in zwei Gruppen unterteilt wurden. Die Zellen liegen im gesamten Thymusparenchym sowie im Bindegewebe der Septen und der sogenannten „Kapsel“. Prädilektionsorte stellen die Umgebung der Hassallschen Körperchen, die Mark-Rinden-Grenze, der intra- und perivasale Raum sowie die subkapsuläre Zone dar. Beide Zellgruppen sind Sudan III-, PAS- und Eosin-positiv, besitzen eine ausgeprägte gelbgrüne Eigenfluoreszenz und können differentialdiagnostisch gegen Mastzellen abgegrenzt werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigen beide Zellgruppen zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen mit Reifestadien eosinophiler Knochenmarkszellen.
    Notes: Summary Ketosteroids were demonstrated topochemically in the rabbit thymus following indications given by chemical analysis of thymus lipid extracts. They were revealed by means of the NAHD-reaction (Camber, 1949). The results are thought to be specific, because adulteration by free tissue aldehydes, plasmalogens (Gomori, 1952) and corticosteroids (Khanolkar et al., 1958) can be excluded. The Camber-method selectively reveals the presence of two groups of morphologically differentiable granules in specific rabbit thymus cells which are distributed throughout the entire thymic parenchyme as well as in the connective tissue of the septa and the in so-called “capsule”. They are mainly seen in the vicinity of Hassall's bodies, in the zone between medulla and cortex, the intra- and perivascular space and in the subcapsular space. Both cell groups are Sudan III-, PAS- and eosin-positive, show intensive yellow-green primary fluorescence and can be distinguished from mast cells by differential diagnosis. Electron microscopy reveals that both cell groups show many similarities with the maturation phase of bone marrow eosinophils.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 389-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal chromaffin cells ; Ganglion cells ; Avian adrenal gland ; Light- and electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the adrenal gland of 15 bird species was investigated by light-, fluorescence-, and electron microscopy as well as by histochemical methods. 1. Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Cells producing adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) may be distinguished from each other with the electron microscope by the different structure of their granules. In all species investigated A-cells prevailed. Granules in A-cells of Corvidae, partly those of the other passeriform birds as well, resemble granules from the pituitary pars intermedia because of their incomplete membrane and the low electron density of their contents. A-cells of some passeriform birds have mitochondria with specifically arranged cristae. Large cytosomes and inclusions of lipofuscin pigment are to be found in the gulls Larus ridibundus and Larus argentatus. The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) show vacuoles filled with a colloid-like substance, which are surrounded by adrenal chromaffin cells. 2. Ganglion Cells. The adrenal gland of birds is rich in ganglion cells. Two types can be distinguished. “Large” ganglion cells resemble completely sympathetic nerve cells as described in many vertebrates. “Small” ganglion cells have a low nucleus-cytoplasm-ratio. Some of them include granules of various structure and quantity. Whether they represent transitional stages to adrenal cells, interneurons, P-neurons or a heterogeneous population remains to be clarified.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 417-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal chromaffin cells ; Birds ; Cholinergic innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary According to their ultrastructure and histochemistry three types of efferent nerve fibers can be distinguished in the bird's adrenal gland. The main part is made up of cholinergic fibers recognizable by a positive reaction for acetylcholinesterase and two specific populations of granules within the synaptic ending. Synaptic vesicles measuring 300 to 500 Å in diameter and dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of about 1 000 Å are discernible. In the periphery of the gland cholinergic axons for the innervation of adrenal cells form large bundles surrounded by a perineural sheath. The bundles cross the capsule and are situated within the adrenal chromaffin cords or at their periphery. Finally small groups of fibers enter a group of chromaffin cells which are surrounded by a basal lamina and which consist of about a dozen or more cells producing adrenaline and noradrenaline. Synaptic endings occur, above all in passeriform species, in the center of a chromaffin cell complex. They are either attached to the innervated cells or their dendrite-like processes, or embedded into the cells, or connected to short spines of the innervated cells. Synaptic and dense-cored vesicles leave the bouton by exocytosis. One synaptic terminal may innervate up to three A- or NA-cells. The existence of different types of synapses for A- and NA-cells cannot be excluded.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 417-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Sexual segment ; Natrix natrix ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sexual segment of the kidney of Natrix natrix has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. The sexual segment, which seems to be an important accessory sexual organ, has a single layer of a columnar epithelium. The epithelial cells are filled with large secretion granules of a wide range of electron densities. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are negative, but the cells show a strong positive staining for phospholipids. Within the cells of the sexual segment we have localised by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases, which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and indoxylacetate esterase are remarkably high within the epithelial cells. Furthermore it was found that the sexual segment tubules possess contractile elements which extends over the basal surface of the epithelial cells. These contractile cells exhibit a very high activity of alkaline phosphatase. Single unmyelinated axons are located between the contractile elements and the basal lamina of the sexual segment cells. The functional significance of the sexual segment structures is briefly discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 83-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland and habenula (Ferret) ; Cervical sympathectomy (ganglionectomy) ; Monoamines ; Acetyl-cholinesterase ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical method for demonstrating amines by fluorescence showed that the pinealocytes of the ferret contained a high concentration of a yellow fluorophore (probably 5-HT). Numerous green-fluorescent (noradrenaline-containing) nerve fibres occurred around intrapineal blood vessels, between pinealocytes and in the N. conarii (which entered the gland caudally). A collection of neuron-like cells (the pineal ganglion) lay, surrounded by a meshwork of nerve fibres, in the posterior part of the pineal. Neither the cells nor the fibres of the pineal ganglion contained monoamines, but both showed the presence of acetyl-cholinesterase which otherwise was found in the pineal only in fibres which stretched from the ganglion towards the cranial pole of the gland. The medial habenular nucleus showed a remarkable perivascular green fluorescence not seen in the lateral habenular nucleus nor anywhere else in the adjacent diencephalon and brain stem. The cells and fibres of this nucleus also contained much acetyl-cholinesterase. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, or treating animals with reserpine, removed the green fluorescence from both pineal nerve fibres and the habenula. Ganglionectomy also resulted in a progressive alteration in the colour of the parenchymal fluorescence from yellow to green; the original yellow colour was restored by treating ganglionectomised animals with nialamide (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor). L-Dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan or nialamide, alone or in combination, had no effect on the fluorescence of the nerve fibres or cells of the pineal, or on the habenula. These results are related to previous findings that pinealectomy or ganglionectomy prevents the acceleration by artificial light of oestrus in ferrets.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: ATPases ; Endometrial epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Goat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Oberflächen- und Drüsenepithel des nicht graviden Uterus der Ziege wurden licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen über den Nachweis der Mg++-, Ca++- und der (Mg++-Na+-K+)-aktivierbaren ATPasen durchgeführt. Spezifische Enzymaktivitäten lassen sich nur an Proben aus der Follikelphase nachweisen. In der Corpus luteum-Phase dagegen liegen diese Enzyme nicht in nachweisbarer Intensität vor. Die lichtmikroskopisch an den seitlichen Zellflächen nachgewiesenen Niederschläge der ATPasen finden sich elektronenoptisch als schwarze Granula an der Außenlamelle der lateralen Plasmalemm-Abschnitte. An apikalen und basalen Zellmembran-Bereichen in beiden Zyklusphasen zu beobachtende Reaktionsprodukte sind das Ergebnis einer Spontanhydrolyse des Substrats ATP bzw. von Spaltungen aufgrund der unspezifischen alkalischen Phosphatase. Haftkomplexe und Desmosomen sind regelmäßig frei von Bleisalz-Niederschlägen. Es können weder regionale Unterschiede in der Reaktionsintensität der Enzyme noch Differenzen im Hinblick auf die Verteilung und ultrastrukturelle Lokalisation von Niederschlägen der Mg++-bzw. der Ca++-aktivierbaren ATPase festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on the Mg++-, Ca++-, and the (Mg++-Na+-K+)-activated ATPases in the surface and glandular epithelium of the non-pregnant uterus of the goat. Specific enzyme activities have been shown only in the epithelial samples collected during the follicular phase. In the luteal phase, none of these enzymes have been demonstrated with certainty. Precipitates of the ATPases which have been shown with the light microscope on the sides of the cell surface, can electron optically be observed as black granules on the outer lamella of the lateral plasmalemma. Reaction products on the apical and basal cell membrane regions observable in both cyclic phases, result from spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate ATP, i.e. splitting caused by non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Junctional complexes and desmosomes are regularly free from lead salt precipitates. Neither regional differences in reaction intensity of the enzymes nor differences in the distribution and ultrastructural localization of either Mg++-or Ca++-activated ATPase precipitates can be observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 496-516 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Innervation of the pituitary ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the pituitary gland of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with light and electron microscopy in order to determine its nature and distribution. Two types of neurosecretory fibers (“A” and “B”) are present in the adenohypophysis. Type “A” fibers containing elementary neurosecretory granules, 1,500–1,600 Å in diameter, perforate the basement membrane in the neurointermediate lobe and make synaptoid contacts with MSH cells. Type “B” fibers containing large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter, perforate the basement membrane in all lobes of the pituitary gland and terminate in direct contact with the several adenohypophysial cell types. At the electron-microscope level, LGV from type “B” fibers show a positive reaction to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnation. Reserpine treatment resulted in a depletion of their dense cores if osmium tetroxide was used as the only fixative, whereas double fixation with aldehydes and osmium tetroxide did not reveal appreciable changes. Yellow-to-green fluorescent fibers were detected in the pituitary gland after the Falck-Hillarp technique at sites corresponding approximately to the location of type “B” fibers, strongly suggesting the monoaminergic nature of the latter. After hypophysectomy, medial and lateral neurons of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) undergo retrograde degeneration. This finding, together with the morphological and cytochemical similarities of the LGV in NLT neurons and those in the type “B” fibers, suggests that the fibers originate from certain NLT neurosecretory neurons.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Golgi apparatus ; Dendrites ; Differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods. The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 44-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal transport ; Toad spinal nerves ; Ligation ; Sympathectomy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of both A and MAO proximal to a ligature on toad spinal nerves has been shown to occur at a slower rate than in mammals. As in mammals, there are two components of axonal transport in amphibian nerves, with the accumulation of A reaching a peak at between 4 and 7 days (cf. 2–4 days for NA in mammals), while MAO accumulation does not reach its maximum before 9 days (cf. 7 days in mammals). No accumulation occurs after sympathectomy, providing evidence for localization of MAO within amphibian sympathetic adrenergic nerves. Distal accumulation of MAO occurs in toad sympathetic nerves; this has not been reported to occur in mammalian nerves. Distal accumulation reaches a peak at 2–4 days, which suggests either a fast retrograde flow of MAO or that induction of MAO is occurring. These results are discussed in relation to differences between mammalian and amphibian sympathetic nerves and to the events occurring following ligation of these nerves.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 433-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect ; Fat body ; Development ; Protein body ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Lipoprotein ; Cytology ; Lipid globule ; Silkworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A developmental study at the electron microscopic level was conducted of the fat body cells of Hyalophora cecropia (L.). During the last larval instar the fat body increases in volume and the cells exhibit a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and protein bodies of diverse sizes. In the pupal fat body, the protein bodies appear to be enclosed by a double membrane and contain glycogen granules, ribosomes and mitochondrion-like structures. In addition, there are large lipid globules, cytolysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the protein bodies suggests the development of large bodies by fusion of smaller protein bodies. Changes in fat body cell ultrastructure were followed during adult development and cytological evidence was obtained for the depletion of protein, glycogen and lipid in the female during this period. The female adult fat body cell contains free ribosomes, protein bodies, many mitochondria, a few lipid globules and glycogen granules. The male moth fat body cells have many mitochondria, a few glycogen granules, essentially no protein bodies, but an abundance of large lipid globules. Studies on the influence of egg maturation on the morphology of the fat body of Hyalophora gloveri (L.) revealed that ovariectomy of pupae yielded adults having more fat body than normal females, and that the fat body cells of the ovariectomized animals contained more glycogen, lipid and protein. Male pupae receiving ovarian implants developed into adults containing eggs and possessed more fat body than normal females but less than normal males. Very few glycogen granules were found in the fat body cells of normal males or males with implanted ovaries.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 320-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandulae submaxillares ; Mammals ; Acinar cell granules ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Granules in acinar cells show considerable variations in size, shape, electron-density and molecular organisation of secretory material. Discrete organelles with an electron-dense homogenous matrix are seen in the guinea-pig and to some extent in the male hamster. Similar organelles with moderate electron-density are seen in the cat and dog. Acinar cells of the cat, hamster, guinea-pig and to a lesser extent the rat, contain discrete, pale granules and also confluent organelles arising from two to three of the pale particles. Composite, electron-pale secretory units are observed in the dog and rabbit. No correlation could be elicited between the histochemical reactivity of the acinar cells and the content of the secretory enzymes. The relationship between the histochemical reactivity and ultrastructural appearance of acinar cell granules and the organelles containing kallikrein, trypsin-like proteases and amylase seems much more important and functionally relevant. Morphological aspects of the intracellular transport and secretion of granules are discussed.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 44-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal transport ; Toad spinal nerves ; Ligation ; Sympathectomy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of both A and MAO proximal to a ligature on toad spinal nerves has been shown to occur at a slower rate than in mammals. As in mammals, there are two components of axonal transport in amphibian nerves, with the accumulation of A reaching a peak at between 4 and 7 days (cf. 2–4 days for NA in mammals), while MAO accumulation does not reach its maximum before 9 days (cf. 7 days in mammals). No accumulation occurs after sympathectomy, providing evidence for localization of MAO within amphibian sympathetic adrenergic nerves. Distal accumulation of MAO occurs in toad sympathetic nerves; this has not been reported to occur in mammalian nerves. Distal accumulation reaches a peak at 2–4 days, which suggests either a fast retrograde flow of MAO or that induction of MAO is occurring. These results are discussed in relation to differences between mammalian and amphibian sympathetic nerves and to the events occurring following ligation of these nerves.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rectal caeca ; Starfishes ; Epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les caecums rectaux des deux espèces étudiées, stratification tissulaire et composition cellulaire sont semblables. L'épithélium interne se compose de mucocytes et de cellules banales. Outre du glycogène, ces dernières renferment chez M. glacialis des grains de mucopolysaccharides neutres associés à des protéines tandis que chez C. tenuispina, les granules contiennent des mucopolysaccharides acides carboxylés et sulfatés également associés à des protéines. L'épithélium externe de C. tenuispina présente, outre des cellules banales, des cellules glandulaires à contenu protéique. Une attention particulière a été apportée à l'ultrastructure du pôle apical des cellules banales internes. On y remarque de nombreuses microvillosités et un flagelle central caractéristique. De plus, on observe très fréquemment des formations pinocytaires ainsi que plus rarement de la phagocytose. Les diverticules seraient donc, chez les Asteriidae, des organes digestifs à part entière se caractérisant par un grand pouvoir d'absorption et une digestion intracellulaire. Enfin, le pôle basal des cellules banales internes, très contourné, contient, par endroit, des β-cytomembranes typiques. Il est possible qu'à ce niveau aient lieu des transferts de substances vers le coelome.
    Notes: Summary Histological and cytological composition are similar in the rectal caeca of both studied species. Internal epithelium is composed of mucocytes and of banal cells. Besides glycogen, these cells contain in M. glacialis neutral mucopolysaccharides associated with proteins, while in C. tenuispina, the granules contain acidic carboxyled and sulfated mucopolysaccharides also associated with proteins. The external epithelium of C. tenuispina presents, besides banal cells, granular secretory cells with proteic content. Special attention has been payed to the ultrastructure of the apical pole of the internal banal cells. One notices numerous microvilli and a characteristic central flagellum. Moreover, one frequently observes pinocytic formations as well as—more rarely—phagocytosis. The rectal diverticula would thus be, in the Asteriidae, real digestive organs provided with a great capacity of absorption and intracellular digestion. The basal pole of the internal banal cells contains from place to place typical β-cytomembranes. Transfers of substances to the coelom can occur at that level.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 561-569 
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    Keywords: Rumen epithelium (Goat) ; Permeability ; Transport of Myofer ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch submuköse Injektion von Myofer, einer licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbaren Testsubstanz, wurde in vivo die Permeabilität des Pansenepithels untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Kurz nach der Applikation ist Myofer in allen Schichten des Epithels nachweisbar. Der Transport dieser Substanz ins Stratum corneum wird durch die tiefen Hornzellen der Barriere nicht verhindert. 2. In allen Epithelschichten ist das Myofer in Form intrazellulärer Cytosomen anzutreffen. 3. In den Interzellularräumen sind Myofergranula zwischen Basalmembran und den tiefen Hornzellen nur vereinzelt, zahlreicher jedoch jenseits der Barriere zu beobachten. Es wird gefolgert, daß die Testsubstanz Myofer die epitheliale Barriere durch transzelluläre Passage überwindet.
    Notes: Summary The permeability of the rumen epithelium to Myofer, a marker injected submucously in vivo, was studied in the light and electron microscopes. The following observations were made: 1. Myofer penetrates the ruminal epithelium 10 min after injection and can be found in all epithelial layers. The deep horny cells of the barrier layer do not prevent the penetration by this marker of the stratum corneum. 2. Myofer is present as cytosomes in cells of all epithelial layers. 3. The intercellular spaces between the basal lamina and the deep horny cells contain only few Myofer granules; the granules are more numerous on the other side of the barrier layer. The observations suggest that the marker Myofer passes through the epithelial barrier of the ruminal wall by transcellular passage.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 455-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Cat ; ATPase ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three kinds of nucleoside phosphatases were demonstrated histochemically in the cat carotid body with nucleoside triphosphate, nucleoside disphosphate and nucleoside monophosphate as substrates. Each of these enzyme activities exhibited the substrate specificity respectively. The nucleoside triphosphatase activity showed specific localization in association with the parenchymal cells of the carotid body. The electronmicroscopy revealed that the reaction product was located on and between the two apposing plasma membranes of type I and type II cells, of a type II cell and its wrapping axons and of the intricate basal infolding of a type II cell itself. Some possible functions of the adenosine triphosphatase in the carotid body are discussed.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 227-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium cells ; Mollusca (Ferrissia wautieri) ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le calcium s'accumule dans les tissues de Ferrissia wautieri sous forme de sphérules de calcaire intracellulaires. Notre travail comporte une étude descriptive de ces cellules en microscopie optique et électronique, et une étude minéralogique abordée par des techniques de coloration, de dissolution, de polarisation de la lumière et de diffraction électronique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les sphérules, par leur aspect, leur nombre, leur volume et leur état de cristallisation, présentent des caractères différents selon la saison, ce qui permet d'établir une relation entre l'état des nodules calcaires et les variations du métabolisme des individus.
    Notes: Summary In Ferrissia wautieri calcium is stored in the connective tissue in intracellular calcareous spherules. The cells have been studied light- and electronmicroscopically and a mineralogical analysis of the spherules was done by selective staining, dissolution, polarisation and electron diffraction. The results of these studies show that the aspect, the number, the volume and the rate of cristallisation of the calcospherites are different according to the seasons. Therefore it may be assumed that the characteristics of the spherules are connected with metabolic variations in these animals.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Branchial gland ; Cephalopoda ; Fine structure ; Hemocyanin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Branchialdrüse verschiedener Cephalopoden (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) zeigen, daß das Drüsengewebe des stark vaskularisierten Organs aus einem sekretorisch aktiven Zelltypus mit ausgeprägtem endoplasmatischen Retikulum besteht. In den Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums lassen sich granuläre und ringförmige Strukturen (Durchmesser: 45–65 Å und 170 Å) nachweisen, die in Größe und Gestalt mit den Hämocyanin-Einheiten in den Gefäßen und Lakunen übereinstimmen und durch randlichen Zerfall der Zellen in den Blutraum auszuwandern scheinen. Die histochemischen Untersuchungen ergeben eine positive Reaktion für Monoaminoxydase, aber vergleichsweise geringe Phosphatase- und Dehydrogenase-Aktivitäten. Diese Befunde sowie der histochemisch nachgewiesene hohe Kupfergehalt des Drüsengewebes sprechen für eine hämopoetische, d.h. hämocyaninbildende Funktion der Kiemendrüse.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations on the branchial gland of different Cephalopoda (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) show that the gland tissue, strongly vascularized, consists of an actively secreting cell type with a remarkable endoplasmatic reticulum. In the cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum granular and ring-shaped structures can be identified (diameter: 45–65 Å and 170 Å) which correspond in size and shape with the hemocyanin units in the vessels and lacunae and which seem to emigrate into the blood space caused by the peripheral decay of the cells. Histochemical investigations show a positive reaction for monoaminoxidase, but comparatively low phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities. These results, and also the high content of histochemically identified copper in the gland tissue, seem to indicate a hemopoetic, i.e. hemocyanin-forming function for the branchial gland.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Brain ; Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Xenopus laevis, tadpoles ; Monoamines ; Histochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In tadpoles of Xenopus laevis the histochemical distribution of monoamines in the tel-, di- and mesencephalon was studied. Catecholamines are present in some mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, the neurons of the preoptic recess organ (PRO), the neurons of the paraventricular organ (PVO) and cells in the vicinity of the PVO, namely the so-called PVO-accompanying cells, the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and in the nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). The PRO, PVO, and NID are composed of liquor-contacting neurons. With the Falck-technique, in the PVO and NID two types of fluorescent cells were observed: green cells, containing a catecholamine and yellow-orange cells, presumably containing a tryptamine. Tryptaminergic neurons occur in the NRM and in the area of the raphe nucleus. Extensive tracts of fluorescent fibres originating in the hindbrain ascend to the area praeoptica and the septum, striatum and epistriatum of the telencephalon. Also, fibre connections could be traced from the PVO to the area praeoptica, to the thalamus and to the nucleus ventromedialis tuberis. The PVO and/or NID give rise to a catecholaminergic tract running towards the hypophysis. Fibres of this tract partly terminate in the developing median eminence and partly in the pars intermedia. Experimental data indicate that the aminergic fibres in the pars intermedia exert an inhibitory influence on MSH-release.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 91-100 
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    Keywords: Pulmonary and bronchial vessels ; Laboratory mammals ; Cholinesterase-containing nerve fibres ; Species differences ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of cholinesterase-containing nerve fibres on blood vessels in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys has been studied with the thiocholine method modified by Coupland and Holmes and with the “direct-coloring” method according to Karnovsky and Roots. The presence of acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres on the pulmonary arteries has been established only in four species of the studied animals, namely the cat, the dog, the rhesus monkey and the rabbit. These nerves form d distinct plexus on the border between the media and adventitia. In the thick walled perihilar branches of the pulmonary artery of the rabbit the nerve fibres penetrate—as a rule—into the outer half of the media. Despite many times repeated experiments and careful investigations no nerve fibres have been found on the intrapulmonary branches of the blood vessels in the lungs of rats, mice, and guinea pigs. In the walls of the pulmonary veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins in the rat and the mouse, cholinesterase fibres have been identified only seldom. Acetylcholinesterase nerve fibres in medio-adventitial localization have also been found in the walls of bronchial arterioles, this being the case in all the species under study. Bronchial veins do not exhibit any nerve fibres. The distribution of the acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve fibres on the pulmonary arteries is different from species to species.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Lateral ; Locust ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude histologique, histochimique et ultrastructurale des péricaryones neurosécréteurs latéraux de Locusta précise leur nombre et leur localisation. Elle révèle que le neurosécrétat latéral est semblable morphologiquement (forme et diamètre des granules élémentaires) au neurosécrétat A de la pars intercerebralis. Cependant, il en diffère histochimiquement par la présence d'une composante glucidique. Elle confirme l'hypothèse émise pour les péricaryones neurosécréteurs de la pars intercerebralis (Girardie et Girardie, 1967), de l'unicité cellulaire chez Locusta des types A et B selon la nomenclature de Johansson (1958). Elle suggère que les péricaryones latéraux pourraient être des cellules neurosécrétrices très actives.
    Notes: Summary The number (8 to 12) and position of the lateral neurosecretory cells have been established in Locusta by a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. The neurosecretory material of the lateral cells contains glycoprotein and is, in this way, histochemically different from medial A cells neurosecretory material. However, the morphological aspect (shape, diameter) of elementary dense core vesicles in the lateral and medial A neurosecretory cells is similar. This study confirms the idea (Girardie and Girardie, 1967) that, in Locusta, A cells and B cells (Johansson, 1958) are in fact two physiological aspects of one cell type. It also suggests that the lateral cells could be very active neurosecretory cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral autonomic innervation ; Ureterovesical ganglia ; Parasympathetic postganglionic synapse ; Sympathetic postganglionic synapse ; Denervated bladder ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Catecholamine ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical techniques for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamine show that ureterovesical ganglia of both cat and dog contain dense intraganglionic cholinergic and adrenergic plexuses. Ramifications of both plexuses surround most cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cell bodies as pericellular synaptic plexuses. Similar pericellular plexuses exist around extraganglionic cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells. Both adrenergic and cholinergic synaptic fibers persist in denervated pregnaglionic nerve-free specimens, indicating that cholinergic synaptic fibers are postganglionic parasympathetic in nature. The presence of adrenergic (postganglionic sympathetic) and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses around cell bodies in ureterovesical ganglia provides a morphologic basis for the sympathoinhibitory and muscarinic parasympatho-excitatory phenomena described in these ganglia.
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 505-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Ageing ; Chondrocyte and matrix ; Light microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations have been carried out on ageing costal and tracheal cartilage of rats. The following age groups of animals have been studied: 1, 7, 14, 20, 30, 45, 75 days, 6 months, and 2 years. Ageing induces cellular changes which are represented by a reduction in the number of chondrocytes, a progressive increase in glycogen deposition, and processes of degeneration, the most frequent of which is the accumulation of lipidic material within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Changes in the intercellular matrix become evident after 20 days in costal cartilage and after 30 days in tracheal cartilage. Chondroitin sulphate decreases while keratan sulphate, whose presence is limited to the territorial matrix, increases. Glycoproteins increase slightly in young animals and then remain constant; they decrease in the subperichondrial areas in old animals. Ultrastructurally, the matrix of cartilage of young animals contains thin collagen fibrils, most of which have no periodic banding. Roundish electron dense granules are associated with these fibrils. Irregular filaments associated with small electron-dense circular bodies are present around chondrocytes as well as within cytoplasmic vacuoles. With increasing age, and coincident with the reduction of chondroitin sulphate, the thickness of collagen fibrils increases, their period becomes evident, and the associated matrix granules decrease in number and size. Areas containing these fibrils undergo calcification, which frequently starts within roundish bodies of cellular origin. Collagen fibrils with a period of 640 Å but a highly variable thickness are often present in cartilage of adult and old rats. These fibrils seem to be due to an abnormal synthetic activity of chondrocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 347-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human thymus ; Hassall's corpuscles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substrate-histochemical, enzyme-hystochemical and ultrastructural investigations were performed on thymic tissue from children, obtained in heart operations. β-Amylaseresistant, PAS-positive and Hale-positive substrates presumably neutral and acid mucosubstances, can be demonstrated in the central concentric lamellae of Hassall's corpuscles (HC). These lamellae also give positive reactions for sulphydryl groups and disulphide groups. Some flattened cell elements gave strong reactions for phospholipids, and small sudanophilic droplets, presumably neutral fats, are scattered throughout the HC. All investigated hydrolases and dehydrogenases either give no or only very weak reactions in the central part of progressive HC, but react strongly positive in their peripheral hypertrophic epithelial cells. In the central part of regressive HC, positive reactions for acid phosphatase and β-D-glucuronidase were recognized. These lysosomal enzymes may indicate degenerative processes. By electron microscopy progressive HC show central concentric lamellae with an amorphous matrix tightly filled with tonofilaments. They are surrounded by a thickened plasma membrane (200 Å), and do not contain nuclei. These central lamellae resemble the horny cells of the epidermis. The peripheral hypertrophic epithelial cells have pale nuclei with one or two nucleoli. Their cytoplasm contains numerous tonofibrils. These cells resemble stratum spinosum cells of the epidermis. In regressive HC the central concentric lamellae loose their intercellular contacts. The widened intercellular spaces are filled with cellular debris, and are invaded by macrophages. Similarities between the ultrastructure and the patterns of the histochemically investigated substrates and enzymes in human HC and epidermis are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Transplantation ; Androgen sensitivity ; Muscle regeneration ; Histochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The slow soleus muscle grafted into the bed of the fast, highly androgen sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle and innervated by the pudendal nerve, originally innervating the LA muscle acquires contraction and histochemical properties of the fast LA muscle. However, the “cross-transplanted” soleus muscle shows no changes in weight, contraction and histochemical properties after castration and testosterone application of 2 months duration. Thus the grafted soleus muscle is transformed into a fast muscle by foreign innervation, it does, however, not acquire androgen sensitivity, the latter being apparently primarily of myogenic origin.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 291-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Primates ; Sense organs ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Histochemistry ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Detailed histochemical studies on the localization of various oxidative and dephosphorylating enzymes and esterases have been made on the olfactory mucosa of the rhesus monkey. The upper part of dendritic process and terminal rods of receptor cells and the upper part of supporting cells show high oxidative enzyme activity. The soma and infranuclear parts of receptor and supporting cells have much lower oxidative enzyme activity. The basal cells and perineural epithelial cells have high hydrolytic enzyme activity, though they show low oxidative enzyme activity. Alkaline phosphatase is localized in the olfactory axons, basal cells and perineural epithelial cells. The receptor and supporting cells contain much less adenosine triphosphatase activity than the basal cells and perineural epithelial cells. The axons of receptor cells pass between the basal cells and come out from the basal cell layer forming the olfactory nerve fasciculi, most of which are surrounded completely by flat squamous cells starting from the base of the basal cell layer. The basal cells are histochemically and cytologically related to the perineural epithelial cells covering the olfactory nerve fasciculi. Basal cells probably cannot give rise to supporting cells and are not young forms of supporting cells. The degenerating receptor cells as well as the olfactory nerve fasciculi which are not completely covered by the flat squamous cells may make the locus minoris resistentiae in the olfactory mucosa. The olfactory axons are rich in most of enzymes we have tested. They seem to be metabolically very active and both cholinergic and adrenergic in nature. The mucosal secretion covering the olfactory epithelium contains oxidative and some hydrolytic enzymes. Bowman's glands show high activity for most enzymes except cholinesterases.
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; Parasites ; Epidermis ; Lemniscs ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die synzytiale Epidermis des Darmparasiten Echinorhynchus gadi besteht aus 4 übereinanderliegenden Zonen: apikal befindet sich eine von zahlreichen Poren durchsetzte intrazelluläre elektronendichte Schicht, durch die fingerförmige Einstülpungen des Plasmalemms in die Tiefe ziehen. Diese bilden eine eigene Zone, die durch ihren Gehalt an Enzymen und Pinozytosebläschen gekennzeichnet ist. An eine mittlere Faserschicht, in deren Bereich häufig größere Glykogenfelder lagern, schließt sich basal eine Zone mit zahlreichen Vakuolen und Granula an. Die Lemnisken, die nicht durch eine Plasmamembran von der Epidermis getrennt sind, besitzen auffallend viele Lysomen und Fetteinschlüsse. Die Lemnisken dienen vermutlich der Resorption von Fetten und stellen modifizierte Darmkanäle dar.
    Notes: Summary The syncytial epidermis of the gut-parasite Echinorhynchus gadi consists of four different zones: an apical intracellular electron dense layer, perforated by numerous narrow holes, through which fingerlike invaginations of the surface-plasmalemm penetrate into the cytoplasm, where they constitute an own layer, characterized by specific enzyme activities as well as by pynocytotic vesicles. A central fibre-layer, in which frequently large fields of glycogen occur, is followed by a basal zone with vacuoles and granules. The lemniscs are not separated by a plasmamembrane from the epidermis. They are particularly rich in lysosomes and lipid droplets. They serve the resorption of lipids and are presumably modified intestinal tracts.
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 178-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chiton ; Oogenesis ; Follicle cell ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical studies and electron microscopic investigations on the role of the follicle cells during oogenesis in the chiton Sypharochiton septentriones showed that the main role of the follicle cells was the deposition of a spiny chorion around each oocyte. The chorion was composed of three layers; an inner, acid mucopolysaccharide layer, which was a primary egg membrane secreted by Golgi bodies in the cortical cytoplasm of the oocyte, an intermediate layer of protein and an outer layer of lipid. The intermediate and outer layers were secreted by the follicle cells and were thus secondary egg membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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