ALBERT

Description: Volcanic ash layers, which represent the products of volcanic activity within the ocean basins, are common in sedimentary cores taken near Cobb Seamount and on the actively spreading Gorda and Juan de Fuca Ridges. Petrographic and chemical analyses of the glass shards from these deposits have revealed that they are unaltered and are as chemically representative of local volcanic events as are the glassy margins of fresh pillow basalts recovered from the same areas. The presence of unhydrated glass shards in samples as old as 3.8 my is in direct conflict with published hydration rates of both terrestrial and submarine volcanic glasses. A study of a sequence of ash layers from Cobb Seamount, which spans in time much of the Seamount's history, indicates that the volcanic products from Cobb Seamount have had alkaline affinities and that its eruptions have been becoming progressively enriched in Al2O3. Recent experimental petrological evidence and the data on the chemical compositions of Cobb Seamount and the adjacent Juan de Fuca Ridge magmas are in agreement with the hypothesis that magmas are being generated at progressively greater depths beneath Cobb Seamount as it migrates away from the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

Description: Four palaeogeographical reconstructions are presented for the southern Cape covering the period Late Permian to Late Cretaceous. This time spans the commencement to an advanced stage of breakup of Gondwanaland, during which the area moved from a mid-continental, high latitude, to an ocean-dominated, middle latitude position. These movements can be traced in facies changes and erosional cycles associated with the rift between West Gondwana and Antarctica (proto southwest Indian Ocean) and the later rift between South America and Africa (proto southeast Atlantic Ocean).

Description: The Agulhas Bank, which forms the continental margin on the southern tip of Africa, consists of a thick Meso-Cainozoic sedimentary sequence (up to 6.2 km) resting on and behind pre-Mesozoic continental acoustic basement. The stratigraphy of this sequence is outlined and its history and facies variations mentioned where they are known. Refraction seismic velocity and bottom sample data indicate a basic three-fold subdivision of the Mesozoic sequence, which can be correlated with the onshore succession in the Algoa Basin. It is separated by a major hiatus from the Cainozoic sediments, which consist of a Palaeogene and Neogene sequence subdivided by another well-defined level of erosion. Various formations within the Cainozoic are defined and named. An outline of the bathymetry of the eastern Agulhas Bank is also given.

Description: A study is described which attempts to obtain information about the vertical correlation of ocean currents at frequencies higher than inertial. Current velocity and temperature data for sensor separations of 4–12 m were taken with a mooring at ‘Site D’. The coherence and phase spectra for velocity component pairs reveals that motions are rotational at low frequencies. A cut-off frequency exists above which coherence drops to low values. The limiting frequency coincides with the minimum Väisälä frequency of the total water column. These cross-spectral properties support the assumption that the motion in this frequency range is governed by internal wave dynamics. The coherence and phase spectra of temperature pairs indicate that a field of temperature structure is superimposed on the mean field which is weakly correlated to the field of motion.

Description: When determining vertical velocity spectra from temperature time series and the mean vertical temperature gradient, restrictions may arise friom the existence of fine-structre. Phillips (1971) and Garrett and Munk (1971_ have shown that the fine-structure contamination of internal gravity wave spectra can be written as a function of some statistical properties of the internal wave field and the vertical wave number spectrum of the fine-structure. A consistent set of current and temperature data was obtained during an experiment at Site D to study this problem. The wave number spectrum of the vertical temperature fine-structure and the apparent frequently spectrum of internal waves are determined from these data. In contrast to the asasumptions in the above models, our fine-structure data imply a wave number spectrum proportional to (wave number)−3 in the range which is important here. Using the above set of data, a model is suggested to describe the effect of fine-structure on vertical velocity spectra computed with the mean vertical temperature gradient. It indicates a maximum fine-structure contamination of the true frequency spectrum of internal gravity waves in the middle of the internal wave band, with less contamination at low and high frequencies.

Description: An experiment is described which was aimed at testing assumptions and predictions of the internal wave model suggested by Garrett and Munk (1972). Two moorings were set at a depth of 2660 m with a horizontal separation of 920 m only. The results of current and temperature measurements on these moorings indicate that the field of motion is probably horizontally isotropic in the inertio-gravitational wave band. The limiting frequency for horizontal coherence is three times the frequency predicted by the theoretical model. The phase of the vertical coherence is stable over a wide frequency range and the coherence decreases towards higher frequencies. This may be due to coherent motion contaminated by uncorrelated noise at high frequencies. The results are basically in agreement with the theoretical model when taking a number of modes below 10.

Description: Typical results of continuous temperature-salinity measurements from stations west of Gibraltar are presented. Special features of the structure of the Mediterranean Water in this area in relation to the corresponding turbulent mixing and salt-fingering process are discussed: the two maxima in the vertical profiles, the variation in time of small-scale phenomena, and the step-like structure at the lower boundary of the Mediterranean Water.

Description: Two thousand and twenty well-characterized coral specimens from 17 localities have been analyzed for Sr. Seventy-three genera and subgenera, mostly hermatypic scleractinians, are represented. For some genera, specimens living in surface reef environments are compared with those from 18.3 m depths on the same reefs. Growth rates for some species have also been measured at these depths at one of the sampling sites. Skeletal strontium for a given genus decreases with increasing water temperature, a relationship which previously eluded detection. Aragonite deposited by corals living on the reef at a depth of 18.3 m contains more strontium than the skeletal aragonite of the same coral genera from shallow-water, surface environments. Quantitative treatment of the data for Acropora, one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the reef-building corals, suggests that the observed strontium variations may reflect variations in the rate of skeletal calcification, rather than direct dependence upon temperature or water depth. There is evidence for ‘species effects’, apparently unrelated to growth rate differences, in that certain coral genera are consistently enriched or depleted in skeletal strontium content relative to other genera living in the same reef environments under identical ambient conditions. Temperature, salinity, water depth, seawater composition, and/or other such parameters may in part determine the levels of trace element concentration in carbonates deposited by corals and other marine invertebrates, but it would appear that these variables more directly affect physiological processes which in turn control skeletal chemistry.

Description: Surface area measurements as well as organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus analyses on various grain size fractions of carbonate mud samples confirm that in natural environments of carbonate deposition, surface sorption processes take place which are similar to those described earlier for dissolved organics and artificially suspended calcite particles in both seawater and synthetic solutions. The specific surface area of the sediment increases from 1.8m2/g for the coarse-grained fraction to 12.5 m2/g for the fine material; likewise organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus increase with increasing surface area so that there are 1.20 mg C, 0.175 mg N and 0.06–0.20 mg P associated with every square meter of carbonate surface irrespective of the mineralogy of the sediment particles. It appears that the organic matter in these sediments is similar in composition, structure and quantity to the organic layers produced in sorption experiments. With their apparently defined structure and ubiquitous nature, these layers could determine the mineralogy and orientation of submarine carbonate cement or could even be a prerequisite to calcification in general.

Description: Serial observations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, alkalinity and pH are presented. They were carried out during an anchor station of R. V. "Meteor" west of Cape Sao Vincente (Portugal) in the area of the maximum Mediterranean water outflow, which follows the continental slope off Portugal. Two observational results are pointed out: The Mediterranean water masses spread out into the Atlantic Ocean, consisting of two distinct layers at depths of 700 m (T = 12.0 °C, S = 36.15‰) and 1250 m (T = 11.3 °C, S = 36.40‰). The salinity proved to be the most significant indicatot of the observed stratification (see figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5). The values of dissolved oxygen content, alkalinity and pH in the very near bottom layer (1 m above the bottom at depths of 3250 m) are different from the values at depths of 15 m to 1000 m above the bottom (see figs. 11, 12 and table 1). As this phenomenon is not observed for the salinity, the changes may be interpreted in terms of chemical and biological processes at the sediment - water interface.

Description: The following tables show physical and chemical data observed by the "Meteor" in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormus. This study was performed in accordance with the general programme of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) during the period from March 25 th until April 16th, 1965. The water temperature was measured by reversing thermometers; in most cases two instruments were used simultaneously. The absolute mean temperature difference of this double measurement is 0.0153 °C. The salinity was determined both by salinometer and by titration. In this case the absolute mean difference amounts to 0.0174‰. The computations of the density, the specific volume anomaly, the dynamic depth anomaly, the sound velocity and the interpolation for standard depths were carried out by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), Washington.

Description: Changes in the dissolved oxygen content, the alkalinity, and the pH in sea water near the ocean floor are interpreted in terms of chemical and biochemical processes at the sediment water interface. A simple model provides a plausible explanation of the observed phenomena. Special emphasis is given to the importance of borate corrections in the calculation of the solution effects of calcium carbonate.

Description: Continuous Bathysonde profiles of temperature versus pressure were used to follow the depths of isotherms at a deep sea anchor station northwest of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) from 19th to 27th of April 1967. Assuming temperature to be a conservative parameter, vertical velocities can be computed from the vertical displacements of isotherms, according to equations (1) or (7), respectively. Several advective terms of higher order, however, seem to be large compared to lower order terms (see equ. (7) and table 1). In addition, advective velocities are only known approximately for the period of the measurements. Therefore the total vertical velocity for each depth could not be determined. However, it can be assumed that vertical velocities of semi-diurnal tidal period are large compared, to vertical motions of other frequencies (see fig. 2). The vertical velocity of the semi-diurnal tidal motion can therefore be computed from equ. (10) (table 2). A subsequent approximation of the observed distribution of the vertical velocity component by eigenfunctions reveals a reasonable description of the baroclinic semi-diurnal tide by internal gravity wave modes of the order 1-4 (see fig. 5).

Description: Based on measurements during the "Atlantic Seamount Cruises 1967" with the German R. V. Meteor, (see Cwss et al., 1969; HORN et al., 1971), the fluctuations of temperature in the upper 275 meters are investigated. The analysis of 67 time-series yields the following : 1. Within the period range from 124 hours to 10 minutes fundamental oscillations and their harmonics occur permanently with relatively high amplitudes. These oscillations could be attributed to the diurnal (K1) and semidiurnal (M2) surface- and internal tidal waves as well as to their harmonics. It ought to be mentioned that in the surveyed area the K1-tide and the inertial wave have the same periods and could not be separated by spectrum analysis. 2. Interactions between the K1- or M2-waves and their harmonics by single superposition are shown in the observed periods. These two facts possibly can be explained by the perturbative influence of the Great Meteor Seamount on long wave motions. 3. Special investigations of the short period range lead to significant oscillations with periods between 15 and 40 minutes, which correspond to the Brunt-Väisälä-frequency calculated from the mean density distribution. 4. The diurnal variation of tempernture at the sea surface has a mean amplitude of 0.3 °C and a penetration depth of about 55 m. The mean vertical eddy conductivity amounts to 260 g cm-1 sec-1.

Description: Data obtained during the "Atlantic Seamounts Cruises 1967" with the German R.V. "Meteor" in the area of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) are presented graphically. Sections of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH and alkalinity (figs. 2-5) generally show horizontal homogeneity, which is obviously disturbed around the top of the seamount. This is conformed in greater detail by the results of two bathy thermograph-sections (figs. 6, 7). The time dependence of variations in stratification and currents is presented in figs. 8-10 and 12-17. They clearly indicate the presence of tidal motions, which are amplified in the area above the plateauby a factor of 4. The marked differences in the vertical amplitude distribution suggest the occurrence of internal (tidal) waves. Figs. 18 and 19 graph the residual currents, which show significant deviations from a uniform directional behaviour, especially in the bottom layer on top of the seamount. Various aspects of the data will be treated by HoRN (1971), HUSSELS (1971) and MEINCKE (1971).

Description: The first expedition planned for 1970 was conducted in the ocean area between the Iberian and West African coasts (north of 15 ° N and 30 ° W, see map). The first three sections of the expedition were devoted mainly to biological questions. The fourth and last cruise-section was concentrated on geological and geophysical problems relating to the exploration of the Iberian shelf and shelf margin. Since the activation of R.V. "Meteor" in 1964, biological work has predominantly centred round two questions: a) comparative studies on nutrient dynamics in poor and rich areas and b) communities in the open ocean and their diurnal periodic migrations. It was the purpose of the Canaries Basin expedition to supplement the data collected during previous research cruises, particularly the Atlantic Seamount cruises ("Meteor" cruise 8 and 9) in 1967 and the West African expedition ("Meteor" cruise 13) in 1968. Research work in the various disciplines of marine biology was carried out simultaneously with the collecting of chemical and physical data indispensable for the understanding of productivity, transport and decomposition of organic matter as well as affording an opportunity to observe biogenic sedimentation. In planning the cruise, special emphasis was laid on ensuring as close a coordination as possible between the individual working programmes; it was decided that of the vast number of problems presently confronting marine science, particularly in the biological field, only a few should be selected and these approached from diverse sides. Each cruise section was directed at one focal point, around which other investigations were grouped. Cruise section I. Nutrient dynamics in an upwelling water body off the West African coast. Cruise section II. Communities and environmental conditions in the region of the Great Meteor Seamount. Cruise section III. Metabolism and communities on the Iberian deep-sea bed. Cruise section IV. Testing of geophysical gear. Moreover, investigations on two important questions that for a considerable length of time have occupied the attention of planktologists and geologists at various German institutes covered several cruise sections: a) The structure of communities in the oceanic deep scattering layers and at the sea surface; an insight into the feeding migrations of these organisms is essential for an understanding of the vertical transport of organic matter in the open sea. b) The origin of sediments in the deep sea and on the Iberian shelf in relation to organic productivity and climatic and oceanographic fluctuations. The Canaries Basin expedition 1970 inaugurated the "Cooperative Investigations of the Northeastern Central Atlantic" (CINECA), a programme coordinated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) on the recommendation of the FAO and IOC.

Description: The Persian Gulf situated in the arid climate region of the northern hemisphere shows special conditions in its hydrochemistry. The high evaporation, the lack of large rivers, and the exclusion of deep water from the Indian Ocean governs the nutrient cycle. At 95 stations in the deeper part of the Persian Gulf (Iran side), in the Strait of Hormuz, and in the Gulf of Oman determinations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic phosphate, silicate, and pH were carried out. The data are compiled in the data report (BRETTSCHNEIDER, GRASSHOFF, KOSKE & v. TREPKA 1970). The ammonia, nitrite and nitrate data from 30 stations are added to this report. On 4 selected transverse profiles for phosphate, and dissolved oxygen and on 1 length profile for phosphate, silicate, oxygen, and pH the distribution of these components is shown and the in- and outflow is characterized. It is also pointed out that the nutrients on their way into the Persian Gulf are diminished and that temporary replenishment supply from a layer of about 100 m depth in the Indian Ocean follows. On one horizontal map the phosphate distribution in the surface and 30 m layer gives reference to biological activity. One diagram where nitrogen components are plotted against phosphate shows that nitrate is a limiting factor for productivity. 02/P04-P and P04-P/S‰ diagrams enable the different waterbodies and mixed layers to be characterized.

Description: In July, August and September 1969 a joint German-Icelandic-Norwegian-Expedition investigated time- and space-dependent oceanographic processes in the Norwegian Sea (fig. 1) and in the waters east of theIcelandic Shelf as weil as the geological and geophysical structure of the Norwegian continental slope, the Norwegian Basin and the Jan-Mayen-Ridge. The participating research vessels were "Hafthor" from Iceland, "Helland-Hansen" from Norway, "Anton Dohrn" and "Planet" from the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and as shooting vessel "Nordkapp" from Norway. "Meteor" (FRG) was eliminated from the measuring programme because of engine trouble shortly before begin. Due to the prolonged activity of "Planet" the originally planned investigations were almost entirely able to be carried out. The measuring programme and the preliminary results of the geological and geophysical working groups are dealt with separately (Closs et al. 1972). Systematic sounding from "Planet" in the main working area between 62° and 63° N, and 3° 25' and 4° 50' E forms the basis for a special contour map (see supplement). As a result of improved mooring technique in the course of the expedition's oceanographic measuring programme an almost one hundred percental retrieval of instruments was achieved and herewith 49 current and 55 continuous temperature recordings over 12 to 45 days in depths between 10 and 800 m were obtained. Hydrographie sections, nine anchor- and driftstations as well as one in five days six times successively passed through triangular course gave information over stratification and its periodic changes. The distribution of stations and the position of the moored self-contained instruments in the main working area is found in figure 2. Figure 3 gives insight into the registration period and depth of the instruments of the by "Planet" in cross formation moored systems I to VI. Parallel to the work clone off Norway observations were made as to variability of physical and chemical parameters in east Iceland waters.

Description: During the "Atlantic Expedition" in 1965 (IQSY) a comprehensive bathymetric survey and a few hydrographic stations were made by R.V. "Meteor" in the equatorial region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The survey results are shown in a bathymetric chart covering the western parts of the Romanche- and Chain Fracture Zones. West fo the original Romanche Trench another deep trench with a medium depth of 6000 m was discovered. The maximum sounding obtained was 7028 m. Both trenches apparently belong to the same fracture zone, but are distinctly separated from each other. The western boundary of the trench against the Brasil Basin is formed by a sill rising to a depth of about 4400 m. The serial hydrographic observations give some indications of the flow of the cold Westatlantic deep watet in the fracture zone area and its influence on the hydrographic conditions in the East-Atlantic Basin. The upper limit of the nearly homogenious Westatlantic bottom water with an Antarctic component lies in about 4400 m. The water mass entering the system of trenches of the Romanehe Fracture Zone over the western sill originates from the lower part of the discontinuity layer lying above the bottom watet. Potential temperatures of 0.6 °C were the lowest observed by "Meteor" in the western trench. There seems to be a remarkable tongue of relatively high salinity and a minimum of oxygen in the deep watet of this trench. At present we can only speculate upon the origin of this highly saline deep water tongue underneath the eastward moving relatively thin layer of less saline Westatlantic deep watet. In the range of the sill separating both trenches a lee-wave is indicated by the distribution of salinity and oxygen, which implies a vertical transport of water masses. Caused by this transport it is assumed that relatively cold watet may be lifted temporarily to a depth, where it can pass the northbounding ridge, thus getting directly into the Sierra Leone Basin. In the original Romanche Trench the cold Westatlantic deep water seems to fill the whole trough, but its extension remains limited to the trench itself. The water masses found east of the sill separating the trench from the East-Atlantic Basin originate from the lower part of the discontinuity layer. With potential temperatures of about 1.3 °C they are much warmer than those observed in the Romanche Trench bottom water.

Description: At first a technique is presented to evaluate repeated hydrographic sections. In order to separate the periodic variations and the fluctuations which arise as a result of the horizontal motion of the profiling ship, the data at defined locations are averaged relative to time. The procedure of averaging can be applied successfully to sets of sections repeated at a constant rate under the assumption that the spatial field is approximately stationary during the time of observation and that the energy of the overlapping temporal processes is concentrated over a few spectral bands. In these cases, the mean spatial distribution can be expected as a result. The periodic part is extracted as the deviation of the actual sections from the averaged section. This procedure was applied to a set of observations made at 28 discrete stations along a triangular course at the continental shelf off the coast of Norway during the expedition "Norwegian Sea 1969". Temperature sections were repeated six times at an interval of 18 hours. The average section shows the expected downsloping of the isotherms perpendicular to the continental shelf corresponding to the Norwegian current. lt turns out that the fluctuations with respect to time during the period of observation are probably produced by semidiurnal internal tides. Wavelength and phase velocity are estimated to be A = 22 km and c = 0.5 ms-1 respectively. The waves progress towards the shelf at right angles. For depths of 250-500 m at the continental slope a considerable amplification of wave is noticed.

Description: The seaward extension and vertical structure of the Coastal Current have been studied, on the basis of a repeated hydrographic section across the Norwegian Shelf off Stad. Current measurements were obtained from five anchor stations. The current ellipses do not reveal a consistent picture of the tidal current system, indicating that the observed currents may be influenced by internal tidal waves.

Description: The N2O in air and sea water from the Iceland-Faroe ridge was analyzed during the research vessel "Meteor's" cruise 20b from May 30 to July 4, 1970. Depths of the water samples varied from surface to 1000 meters. An improved analytical method yielded an average value of 0.495 micrograms of atmospheric N2O per liter (STP) of air. A slight N2O supersaturation of the water samples with respect to air was demonstrated.

Description: A bottom water sampler ("Suctor") for application in the deep-sea, in shallow waters and in estuaries is described. It is operated by hanging it on a wire and placing it on the sea floor. After waiting for 5-20 min for allowing the stirred sediment to be removed, an electrical pump installed in the sampler is operated from board of the ship. The bottom water sampler then samples simultaneously a volume of 10 litres from each 8 depths between O and 200 cm above the bottom. The samples are sucked into plastic bags through silicon rubber tubes; both the bags and the tubes can be kept extremely clean. The samples can be stored on board in the bags or can be connected to a filtering apparatus. During operation the bottom water sampler is connected with the ship by a wire, a conductor cable and the signals of the pinger device. Hence, its operation can be controlled on board at any time. During "Meteor" expedition 23 (summer of 1971) the sampler was used successfully between Madeira and the Straits of Gibraltar. Currents of 0-2 cm/sec were observed during operation by use of a Richardson current meter operatecl 44 cm above the bottom. The compass data of the current meter prove that the bottom water sampler maintained rigid contact with the sea floor. Analysis of particular organic nitrogen did not reveal significant gradients within the first two metres above the bottom.

Description: Hydrographie data (salinity, temperature, oxygen, silicate, and phosphate) obtained on 5 stations ("Meteor" cruise 23, leg C, 8 to 26 June 1971) on a section from Lisbon, Portugal, to 44° N, 43° W (Newfoundland Basin) by both water sampling and in situ observation by the "Bathysonde" (STD), are summarized. A strong core of Mediterranean water was found at the eastern boundary of the section (38.5° N, 11.5° W). At this station, the core is accompanied by low nutrient concentrations and brings about an extended oxygen minimum (ca. 500 to 1400 m depth). The core quickly weakens towards the west and is, at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, only apparent in the Bathysonde data. Two salinity maxima are observed within the core of Mediterranean water, the center of which speads along the isopycnal σt = 27.7. Dissolved oxygen shows a rapid concentration increase with depth below the Mediterranean water core; concentration variations with depth below the range of this increase are only small. The mean deep-water oxygen concentration increases from 5.5 ml/kg (below 2500 m) to 6.20 ml/kg (below 1500 m) in an east-west direction on the section. The upper boundary of the deep-water oxygen concentration range thereby rises from 2000 to 1300 m; this boundary marks the upper boundary of the Arctic Intermediate water. Core depths of Arctic Intermediate and of Iceland-Scotland overflow water, are derived from the potential-temperature/salinity diagrams obtained in the western basin, and are extended to the other stations by assuming lateral spreading to occur along isopycnal surfaces. The core depths for the Intermediate water obtained in this manner, are supported also by the potential-temperature to silicate relations. The bottom water of the westernmost station of the section, at 44° N, 43° W, is of Denmark Strait origin, and it produces a distinct reversal in the vertical trends of salinity, silicate, phosphate, and oxygen, at 4300 m depth. The concentration of the nuclear-weapon produced nuclide tritium increases within the Denmark Strait water core towards the bottom. Further tritium concentration peaks appear in the intermediate and deep water at this station. At the next Station east on the section at 43° N 34 ° W, tritium concentrations are essetially zero below 2000 m depth, and are distinctly smaller than on the westernmost station, between 600 m and 2000 m depth. This "Meteor" section was track F of the Atlantic network of the international Geochemical Ocean Sections Program (GEOSECS).

Description: At seven sites west of Gibraltar current and temperature variations of the Mediterranean outflow were observed during one month in spring 1971. This paper presents the obtained records of 29 current meters and 5 thermistor cables in the form of time series, amplitude spectra, and progressive vector diagrams as a basis for further evaluation. Characteristic featurcs of the currents like mean spceds, mean directions and the periodicity of the variation can be seen directly from the given plots.

Description: S02 concentration and sulfate in maritime aerosols were analyzed during the Atlantic-expedition 1969 (GARP) as a contribution to the atmosphedc sulfurbudget. Discontinuous methods for analysis were applied. The results show with respect to S02 a decreasing concentration from the temperate latitudes towards the tropics, indicating continental origin of this trace-gas. The concentration of sulfate-aerosols reveals no meridional trend. The "background" concentration of sulfate-aerosols is composed of a continental and a maritime component.

Description: Data on the N20 content in air and water over the North Atlantic from 10° S to 60° N along 30° W are presented. The N20 mixing ratio in air shows low values for air masses originating from West Africa suggesting N20 sinks in these arid areas. The N20 concentration in surface water is 1.5 to 3 times higher than the equilibrium from the air indicating that this part of the Atlantic Ocean is a source for atmospheric N20. In deeper layers of the ocean there is an indication of N20 destruction.

Description: From 9th of March to 4th of May 1969 measurements of raindrops has been carried out at the Atlantic Expedition of the "Meteor". The main part (584) of the 720 spectra is measured in the zones near the equator. Normally the rainfalls contain only small drops and are very intensive. 676 spectra had been measured, which have 85 % of all drops per ms with a diameter smaller or equal to 1.25 mm. The intensities of these spectra grow up to 250.3 mm/h. Wide spectra are rare and always intensive (R greater 10.0 mm/h). The radarequation Z = aRb, calculated from R (intensity of rain [mm/h]) and Z (radarreflectivity [mm6/m3]) both of them deduced from our measurements, deviates from the usual form Z = 200 Rl.60 and has the value Z 137 Rl.26. The comparison of the spectra measured on border of the "Meteor" with these of the maritime station of high latitude Reykjavik and the station near equator Entebbe shows, that the spectra of the "Meteor" are more equal to these of Reykjavik as to these of Entebbe. This ist confirmed by the difference of the radar-equation, which is for Reykjavik Z = 106 Rl.2 3 and for Entebbe Z = 278 Rl.30.

Description: The equilibrium radii of mar1t1me aerosol particles are calculated for the purpose of describing quantitatively the changes in the standard visibility or in the scattering coefficient, which result from changes in the humidity. No assumptions are made with regard to particular particle size distributions. Changes in the density and in the refractive index of the aerosol droplets and insoluble ingredients are admitted. The results are illustrated with an aqueous NaCl-aerosol and are compared with the measurements of other authors. A close mathematical relationship is found to exist between the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient for haze and its changes with humidity. Applied to the measurements from the Atlantic "Meteor"-Expedition 1965, there follows a deformation of the oceanic particle size distributions in the range below 1 µm radius. Above 98 % humidity there result characteristic changes in the size distributions of any aerosol, which agree with frequently observed changes in time of the wavelength dependence of the atmospheric scattering coefficient.

Description: During the 14th expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" from the 2nd of July to the 7th of August 1968 continously recording instruments for measuring the C02 partial pressure of seawater and atmospheric C02 were developped by the Meteorological Institute, University of Frankfurt/M. During the Faroer expedition instrumental constants, such as relative and absolute accuracy, inertia and solvent power were tested. The performance of discontinous analyses of water samples was adopted to shipboard conditiones and correction factors depending on water volume, depth of sampling and water temperature were measured. After having computed average values of the continous records (atmosp. C02 content, C02 partial pressure, water temperature) geographical distribution, diurnal variation and dependence of diurnal averages were tested. At four different locations c02 partial pressure was measured in various depths. During the voyage from the Faroer islands to Helgoland the measured concentrations of atmospheric C02 content and C02 partial pressure were tested with respect to a correlation of the geographical latitude.

Description: The concentration of C02 in the layer of air near the ocean surface and in the surface water itself were measured continuously during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. Of particular interest is the meridional profile of each component measured between 10° S and 60 ° N latitude at a constant longitude of 30° W. The variation with latitude of the vertical distribution of C02 partial pressure in water, as determined from the extensive data of Wattenberg (Meteor Expedition 1925 /27) and from five profiles resulting from the presently described expedition, helps explain the latitudinal dependence of the C02 content of Atlantic surface water. If one assumes an increase in the vertical mixing of the surface layers of the ocean due to surface cooling, as occurs in winter, then a seasonal trend to the partial pressure of the C02 in the surface water is to be expected north of about 40 ° N latitude. A spatial analog to such a temporal trend may be exemplified by the observation of gradually increasing Pco2 values with decreasing temperature as the measuring ship travelled northward from 40° N. The variation with latitude of the C02 concentration in the atmosphere has been found to be an order of magnitude smaller than that in the water, suggesting that the amount of C02 in the water has only a minor influence over the meridional distribution of C02 in the atmosphere.

Description: The results of records of the sea surface temperature and the water temperature near the surface during ATEX-Expedition are reported. Three records of 5, 2 and 4 days show, that surface temperature at nighttime is 0.5°C, at the hours before noon is 0.35°C below the temperature in some decimeters. Probably the variation is caused by the absorption of sun radiation in a thin layer with mainly molecular heat transfer. In agreement with such assumption the records show that at the surface the maximum temperature appears before the maximum in the water and that the variation at the surface is 0.1° -0.15°C greater than that for the water near the surface.

Description: The construction characteristics and the technical data of a Lidar-System are described. This system was placed in operation on board the W.F.S. "Planet" during the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment (ATEX). The laser transmitter is a ruby giant-pulse laser with a chemical Q-switch which transmits short light pulses of high power vertically into the atmosphere. The light which is scattered in the atmosphere, is collected by the receiver by a telescopic mirror. The receiver is placed adjacent to the transmitter. The special characteristics in the construction of the Lidar-system for shipboard operation and the difficulties with the operation of the equipment on board the ship, especially in tropical regions, are described.

Description: During the atlantic expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" 1969 the variation of the electric field strength with altitude up to 170 m was measured by means of a captive balloon and a special radiosonde. The measurements were carried out on a rubber boat far away from the influence of the ship. The electrode effect has been found at all 5 profiles. The altitude of its upper boundary varied from measurement to measurement. The mean value was about 50 m. Considering the electrode effect and the measured small ion density the vertical current density above the ocean is only 0.9 x 10-12 A/m2. The total vertical current to the earth surface results in 665 A instead of the value 1530 A accepted up today.

Description: The muon component of the cosmic rays has been measured by the German research vessel "Meteor" during the Atlantic Expedition IQSY 1965. The momentum distribution and charge ratio of the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation at sea level have been determined over the range (0,2-30) GeV/c at the geomagnetic equator. A magnetic spectrograph has been used for these measurements based on spark chamber technique for track location. There exists a significant difference in the low energy part between the muon equator spectrum in comparison with the spectrum at high geomagnetic latitudes (Kiel) and no difference concerning the charge ratio. The total integral measured latitude effect amounts to 15%.

Description: One main point of the air electric investigations at the Atlantic 1965 and 1969 was the record of the potential gradient in the troposphere with free and captive balloon ascents. The course of the field vs. altitude above the sea differs from that over land. A remarkable enlargement of the field strength occurs at the altitude of the passat inversion. The electric voltage between ionosphere and earth could be obtained by integrating the potential gradient over the altitude. Such computations have been made by balloon ascents simultaneous over the ocean and at Weißenau (South Germany). From 15 simultaneous measurements the average value of the potential of the ionosphere over the ocean is 214 kV and over South Germany 216 kV, that means very close together. Because of the small differences also between the single values it can be concluded that in generally the ionosphere potential has an equal value over these both places at one moment. From the potential of the ionosphere VI, the field strength E0 and the conductivity λ0, both measured at the sea surface, the columnar resistance R could be derived to 2.4x1017 Ωxm2. By correlation of the single values of the ionosphere potential with the potential gradient measured simultaneously at the surface of the sea a linear proportional relationship exists; it follows from this result, that R is nearly constant. The mean value of the air-earth current density over the ocean could be calculated by using the measured values of the small ion density with respect to the electrode effect prooved at the equator station (see Part III). The current density was only 0.9 x 10-12 A/m2, which means, a three and a half times smaller value than estimated by Carnegie and accepted up to now. Therefore it seems to be necessary to correct the former calculations of the global current balance.

Description: During the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment measurements of the vertical aerosol distribution up to altitude of 3.5 km and also measurements of the cloud base up to 14 km were carried out. These measurements utilized the Lidar-system which is described in the first part of this paper. The haze measurements are discussed in connection with aerological measurements. A positive relation between backscatter function and relative humidity was found. In addition there exists a correlation with the wind velocity. The measurements of the standard visibility for a special weather condition are also considered in the discussion. The determination of the altitude of the cloud together with the measurements of its radiation temperature at the cloud base is given.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition of 1969 (GARP) on the research vessel "Planet" measurements of the vertical profile of the C02-concentration in the lower atmospheric layers were made. For these measurements a special apparatus was develloped which is described.

Description: During the third part of the Atlantic Expedition 1969 from 10° S to 60° N along 30 ° W, measurements of the complete size distribution of atmospheric aerosols over the whole size range from about 10-7 to 10-2 cm radius were made. This was possible by the simultaneous operation of different methods which are critically discussed. The results obtained are the first of its kind and are of general interest despite some methodical shortcomings. North of the equator the ship passed through air masses of West African origin and the influence of Sahara dust on the marine aerosols could be documented in a unique way. The Sahara dust component was restricted to the size range of 10-5 to 10-3 cm radius. Throughout the voyage particles up to 10-2 cm radius were always found to be present, similar to findings over continents. Of special interest is the observation that the size distribution extends to very small particles, suggesting continuous aerosol production over the ocean.

Description: The atmospheric space from 11° N to 5° S along the Somali-coast of East-Africa over the western part of the Arabian Sea has been investigated making use of the aerological measurements, gained during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1964/65. On the basis of the analyses obtained, an attempt is made to compute a heat budget for this space. In particular the following components have been taken into account: the net-radiation flux in the atmosphere (GN), the turbulent flux of sensible heat (Qs) and of latent heat (QL) from ocean to the atmosphere above, the potential (P), the sensible (I) and the latent energy (E). The vertical velocity component (ω) has been carefully determined making use of the adiabatic method but considering nonadiabatic effects of various kind lateron. From the vertical divergence of the net-radiation flux the cooling by long wave radiation was computed. Maximum effect of this process was obtained in the monsoon inversion (-5.4°C/day). Above the tropical tropopause the atmosphere shows maximum warming of 1.8°C/day. The intensity of the turbulent flux of sensible and latent heat is mainly determined by the windfield and by the local differences in the watertemperature. Maximum values are for Qs = 12·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 and for QL = 140·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 (Bowen-ratio R = Qs/QL = 8.5%, mostly not more than 4-5%). The computation of the vertical velocity rests besides the thermodynamic method (adiabatic) on a consideration of various non-adiabatic effects such as radiation, flux of sensible and latent heat. The following distribution has been obtained: Below the monsoon inversion a rising motion (maximum -30·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +2.8 cm/sec) and above a sinking motion (maximum +20·10-4 mb/sec ≈ -3.4 cm/sec) upwards to the tropical tropopause (near 90 mb). Above the tropopause weak rising motion (-2·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +1.3 cm/sec) was obtained. An attempt to compute various terms (in total 7) of the heat budget equation shows, that horizontal advection of various energy forms are only of importance in the monsoon layer (below the inversion) and above the tropical tropopause. In all height-intervalls considered the vertical advektion of the energy forms is dominant. The results of the budget-computation are presented in graphical form.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition 1965 (IQSY) with the research vessel "Meteor" an extensive aerological programme was performed in order to investigate the lower trade wind regime. In this study energy and mass transport in the atmospheric layer below the top of the trade inversion was estimated on the basis of 4 to 8 radiosonde and radar wind measurements. The experiment took place on an anchoring station at the intersection of the Equator and 30° W longitude from September 12 to October 11, 1965. With the aid of simple model assumptions a mean sinking rate through the inversion of 540 m/d was derived. This value is determined mainly by the net radiative cooling and the prerequisite of no heating due to condensation. From the temporal variations of the daily averages of the thermal energy content within the inversion layer and the height of its boundaries it seems to be evident that changes of a quasi-equilibrium of mean subsidence and turbulent mixing at the inversion base are compensated by vertical motions of the inversion. The effect of strong mixing at the inversion base is supported by the fact that remarkable turbulent upward transport of latent heat is required at this level.

Description: The records of the potential gradient over the ocean obtained during the Atlantic Expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" in 1965 show a strong fluctuation of the values. Their frequency behaviour has been investigated. First a separation of different types of fluctuation has been made with regard to visual impression. Then power spectra of selected records were calculated. They show a F-5/3-range (F = frequency) in the interval of periods between 0.2 and 10 minutes for the most frequent visual type. For longer periods the ascent becomes more flat. This result can be explained by the assumption that the fluctuations are effected by the convective vertical air exchange over the sea.

Description: During the Northeast-Atlantic-Expedition of 1971, C02 concentration in the air layer near the ocean surface and C02 partial pressure in the surface water was measured between Lisbon and Weather Ship D as well as between Weather Ship D and Hamburg. These measurements were supplemented by depth profiles of C02 partial pressure in the ocean. The resulting zonal distribution is discussed. An interesting aspect of the C02 concentration values in the air layer above the ocean is their significant correlation with the temperature difference between air and water. The possible meaning of this correlation with the regard to the exchange of C02 between ocean and atmosphere is demonstrated by estimating the C02 flux for a particular case. The annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is discussed for two points on longitude 30° W at which the route of the 1971 expedition intersects the route of the 1969 expedition. It is deduced that in temperate latitudes the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is related to that of surface-water temperature. Based on this relationship and on the PC02 decrease of 35 ppm measured between April and June it is estimated that the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water for the oceanic area around 50° N 30° W amounts to 60 ppm ± 15 ppm.

Description: The diurnal variation in the concentration of C02 in the air and in the water near the ocean surface has been measured during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. While at the Drift Station in the NE-trade wind belt, a mid-day minimum in the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere was found similar to that measured by Kumvrn (1968) 1965 in the SE-trade wind belt. At the Equator Station under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone, on the other hand, a mid-day maximum was found. Statistical correlations between the C02 concentrations and various meteorological parameters could not be used to reveal the origin of such differing diurnal variations. By using a simple computer model it appears that a diurnal trend to the intensity of oceanic sources of C02 may be responsible for the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere. Since the variations in the concentration of C02 in the near-surface waters were found to be too small to explain the variations observed in the atmosphere, other processes were discussed which lead to a stronger variation of C02 concentration in the laminar boundary film of the ocean surface. Since the C02 system in sea water is a function of both the temperature and the salinity, the concentration of C02 in the boundary film may be strongly influenced by the fluxes of radiation and evaporation. The diurnal variations found at the Equator Station can then be explained primarily through the variations in the temperature of the boundary film. At the Drift Station, however, an enrichment of salt content in this film through a greater evaporation rate may be the basis for the variations of C02 there. Such deviations in the concentrations of C02 between the laminar surface film and the near-surface waters seem important to the exchange of C02 across the sea-air interface.

Description: To estimate the disturbing influence of a ship's hull and superstructure on measurements of wind speed, air temperature and humidity and surface water temperature, data taken from R.V. "Meteor" are compared with simultaneous measurements from a meteorological buoy. It is shown that almost no systematic errors occur in the measurement of water temperature while the wet bulb temperature is generally indicated to high by 0.1°C to 0.2°C. However, due to large heating of the ship's body during daytime, a systematic increase of dry-bulb temperature is observed which also leads to erroneous values of relative humidity. During nighttime, the errors in dry-bulb temperature remain small. Wind-speed measurements, in particular, are critical from board a ship. The "Meteor" data show that the ship's values are systematically smaller than the measurements at the buoy, the difference increases with increasing wind speed. Although WARSH et al. (1972) found the same behaviour with R. V. "Discoverer", the result cannot be generalized, and similar investigation are recommended for any ship the data of which will be used for more extended evaluations. The errors are examined concerning their influence on the computation of turbulent heat fluxes from the bulk-aerodynamic equation. The result shows that, even if the diurnal march of dry-bulb temperature is corrected, the fluxes are still erroneous due to the wind-speed error. The conclusion, therefore, is that data taken from a ship are in general inappropriate for the more detailed investigation of surface-energy fluxes, unless a good correction function for all the parameters involved is known.

Description: Aerosol samples collected over the North Atlantic from ship were analysed for Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium and Chloride. A found dependence of sea salt concentrations from wind velocity is compared with earlier results. The mean of the ratio Cl/Na was close to that for sea water; the Mg-, K- and Ca-concentrations in the aerosol, however, were enriched with respect to sea water. It is shown that continental advection influences the measured aerosol components over the North Atlantic.

Description: Satellite pictures and the results of radiosonde ascents indicate that FS "Meteor" was placed very near to or within the region of the ITCZ during the anchor station 1969 (March 8 to April 4) at the equator in 32° W. In spite of this the most frequently observed radar echoes are smaller than 100 km2, which is also shown by the small radar index (mean value 2.6%). The diurnal variation of the radar index over the ocean shows two maxima, in contrast to the continental typ. There is a weak maximum in the late afternoon due to surface heating. But the main peak occurs in the early morning (3 a.m. local time), apparently due to the increasing instability in the lower troposphere by longwave outgoing radiation. A frequently (20%) observed phenomenon is the arrangement of the echoes in organized structures, four examples of which are discussed: convergence line, shower streets, open cells.

Description: From reflection and refraction seismic measurements in the area of the Great Meteor-Seamount a crustal section of a part of the Great Meteor-Seamount and the adjoining deep sea area is presented. Two remarkable results can be compared with the crustal structure on the continental margin. Firstly there has been found a very distinct horizon with a p-wave velocity of 5.9-6.0 km/s, which is generally observed for the basement under the continents. This horizon has not been found in the deep sea. Secondly the Mohorovicic discontinuity (p-wave velocity 8.1 km/s) shows a distinct down dip from the deep sea to the centre of the seamount. In its central area the "Moho" has not been observed. From the topography of the "Moho" and the upper horizons the core of the Great Meteor-Seamount is assumed to be a mixture of crustal and mantle material. From the centre of the seamount to the deep sea it changes into material of the "oceanic layer". A comparison of the seismic results with magnetic measurements also points to a continental structure of the Great Meteor-Seamount.

Description: During the first section of the "Meteor" cruise No. 2 a profile was run from the Azores to the south across the flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge with a chain of seamounts (Fig. 1). The profile extended between the Cruiser (Irving) and the Hyeres seamounts, which, according to our soundings, form a connected massif, and across the centre of the Grosse Meteor Bank (30°N, 28.5°W). These seamounts rise from a depth of more than 4000 m up till close to the surface of the sea forming there a large almost flat plateau (Fig. 2). In the case of the Grosse Meteor Bank, this plateau has a N-S extension of approx. 30 nautical miles and an E-W extension of approx. 20 nautical miles and reaches a height of 275 m in water depth (Fig. 3). The gravity measurements yielded a density of the topographic masses of 2.6 g/cm3 for the Grosse Meteor Bank. Magnitude and shape of the measured free-air anomaly are very well shown in a model computation with this density. The theoretical gravity effects of the seismically detected swell of cristalline rock and of the Moho depression (mountain root) are not indicated by the observational data (Fig. 4). lt can, therefore, be assumed that the latter two neutralize each other. lt seems, accordingly, that there is no local isostatic compensation of the topographic masses. Hence, the density of 2.6 g/cm3 obtained would be about the true density of rock. In connection with the mean velocity of P waves (K. ARIC et al. 1968) obtained by seismic refraction methods it must be concluded that the material of the 1200-4000 m thick surface layer of the Grosse Meteor Bank consists of consolidated sediments. This finding is supported by the total intensity of the Earth's magnetic field over the Grosse Meteor Bank. On the assumption of a homogeneous magnetization in the direction of the present Earth's field, the computed anomaly of the massif deviates considerably from the measured anomaly while the magnetic field of the seismically detected cristalline body is capable of interpreting the observed data. Deviating from the prevailing interpretation of the seamounts' plateau as a volcanic cone with submarine abrasion, the Grossc Meteor Bank and the seamounts in the vicinity are assumed to be of continental origin. The questions whether these seamounts submerged later on or whether the sealevel has risen subsequently are, therefore, largely nonexistent.

Description: Heterostegina depressa from the Persian Gulf was cultivated in the laboratory and observations were made on their zooxanthellae. The relation between the Heterostegina and the zooxanthellae living inside them is a symbiotic one. These foraminifera proved to be capable of growth when kept in the light without being given additional particulate nutrition. In this case the Heterostegina fed themselves partly by digesting the zooxanthellae. When kept in darkness the animals did not grow even if fed additionally. Fed as well as unfed foraminifera and also some of their zooxanthellae survived maintenance in darkness for a period of four months. Since the nucleus of the zooxanthellae is no dinocaryon and the cell membrane does not show any cellulose reaction and since the occurrence of pennate diatoms was observed in the culture vessels after the zooxanthellae had left the foraminifera test the zooxanthellae living in Heterostegina are possibly diatoms.

Description: Is it possible to draw a structural scheme of the West Mediterranean basin? The author gives a summary of the topographic, gravimetric, magnetic, seismic refraction and further on seismic profiling data for the last 40 years - the most important fact is the discovery of salt domes, but geophysics do not explain their origin and age. From a short survey of some geological observations on shore the extension of a landmass south of the Provence has been concluded during the oligocene. The question arises hether this mass is now the block of Corsica and Sardinia, which may have been later drifted to its actual position? - if so, the salt could be tertiary - or is this landmass as a part of the Provence sunken down under the sea by tectonic processes? If so one could propose a triassic age of the saltdomes. Continuous seismic profiling does not give any arguments for one of these two theories. But it allows us to follow the miocene surface and to know the variations of the thickness of the plioquaternary sedimentation. Many questions remain. The author lists the problems still to be solved and the necessary means. International cooperation may give the means for the solution of these problems.

Description: Instead of the isotopes Jo, Th, and Pa the radioactive daughter products Rn, Tn, and An were measured. It was possible to date four cores and to calculate the sedimentation rates. A rough estimation of the sedimentation in the northern part of the Indian Ocean can be given. In the middle part, the sedimentation rate is s = 0.32 cm/103 years, and near Africa and near India this rate increases to values of about 2 cm/103 years.

Description: As part of the Atlantic Seamount Cruises 1967 with F.S. "Meteor" a topographic survey in the area of Great Meteor Seamount (φ = 30° 00' N, λ = 28° 30' W) was carried out from April 9th to May 1st and from May 31st to June 8th 1967. Shape and expansion of this seamount were generally known (fig. 1) but the form in detail was not yet identified by then. The length over all of the usable sounding sections with F.S. "Meteor" was 1930 nautical miles. Most of the track positions were taken by a relative reference system, that means a special navigation buoy with two radar reflectors (fig. 2). The echo soundings could be carried out with the ELAC Narrow Beam Sounder 1 CO ( extreme narrow-beam of ± 1,4° at 3 dB) giving an exact registration of even very steep slopes (fig. 3). As a result of the survey a detailed bathymetric chart of the Great Meteor Seamount could be designed ( original scale 1 : 250 000), here it is reproduced in a smaller scale (fig. 5). A model in 1:10 vertical scale exaggeration gives a general impression of the main topographical characteristics (fig. 4). It shows in the SW region of Great Meteor Seamount two other steep elevations discovered during the survey courses: Small Meteor Seamount (φ = 29° 41' N, λ = 28° 58' W) and Closs Seamount (φ = 29° 25' N, λ = 29° 08' W). Some typical sounding courses are represented in profiles (1:20 vertical scale exaggeration, fig. 6, table 1-8). Examples for slope inclination around the Great Meteor Seamount are given in a profile series exaggerated 1:10 (table 9). The Great Meteor Seamount consists of three morphological parts : a flat summit plateau (330 m - area about 1132 km2), steep slope (inclination about 13°, maximal 50°) and surrounding lower rise region (inclination 〈 5°). Terraces could be found in different depths at the steep slope of Great Meteor Seamount particularly at -450 m and - 550 m. Great and Small Meteor Seamount have the general shape of guyots or flattopped seamounts as described by HEss (1946), Closs Seamount shows the typical conic form of a submarine volcano. Small Meteor and Closs Seamount signify no terraces in their very steep slopes. The volume calculation based on the bathymetric chart gives the following rates : Great Meteor Seamount : 23842 km3, Small Meteor Seamount: 657 km 3, Closs Seamount about 212 km3.

Description: During the "Meteor" Cruise 8/1967 three geographers, H. G. GIERLOFF-EMDEN, H. SCHROEDER-LANZ, and F. WIENEKE, investigated the sea floor morphology and the submarine as well as subaerial terraces appearing along and off the Portuguese and Moroccan coast. Bottom profiles on the shelf were run by the "Meteor"; connecting profiles into shallower water were run by a cutter. Conventional mapping was carried out on the coast. Use of existing sediment echograph information (cf. W. GIESEL & E. SEIBOLD, 1968) made possible a reliable interpretation of the connecting profiles run by the cutter in the coastal area. Off the Portuguese coast near Cape Sines, many submarine planar features were found. Of these, the terraces in water depths between 140 and 150 m are of particular interest as they offer further evidence of Pleistocene eustatic sealevel changes reaching this depth. Terraces and smaller morphologic features developed on the coast itself are most likely the result of the tectonism which is known to exist in the Cape Sines region.

Description: The horizontal component of magnetization can be measured on sedimentary cores enclosed in plastic pipes. Two types of cores from the Indian Ocean could be found. One of them are the cores from the deep sea, and the samples from the continental slope could be grouped to the second type. They seem to permit a correlation in the form of a "magnetostratigraphy". Additionally, disturbances in the systematic sedimentary fabric could be recognized (possibly due to turbidity currents).

Description: Investigations of 12 deep-sea cores were carried out by nondestructive measurements of the material taken in plastic tubes. The stability of the magnetization was proved with 3 core parts by means of demagnetization. In two cores geomagnetic reversals were ascertained facilitating the determination of the rate of sedimentation. One reversal was investigated in detail. It was possible to observe a rotation of the horizontal magnetic-field component at steps of 1,300 years. In further 6 cores it was found that a correlation with the remanence was well possible. Based on these results obtained the sediments in the surroundings of the Meteor Seamount may be ascribed to three typical regions. The most considerable disturbances in sedimentation exist in the area south-west of the seamount. In the interpretation it is assumed that the non-carbonatic fractions of the sediments come from this region and are transported into the sediment by marine currents.

Description: Investigations were carried out of 12 deep-sea cores having been taken in the Ionian Sea during the 17th expedition of the German research vessel "Meteor". As regards the course of magnetization in depth it was found that a similarity exists only between a few cores. There is even no more than a slight similarity between those cores having successively been taken at the same station. From this result the conclusion may be drawn that within the survey area the conditions of sedimentation even vary on a rather small scale. Yet, the ratio of remanent-induced magnetization points to a quiet and uniform course of sedimentation. In two shorter cores it was succeeded in determining geomagnetic reversals, which means that in the lower part the age of these cores exceeds 7·105 years (date of the last reversal). As to core St 14 G an extremely low rate of sedimentation of 0.54 mm/103 a and an age of 2.3·106 years has been derived. This result was obtained by evaluating 6 magnetic time marks and is thus proved to a sufficient degree.

Description: The description of the construction of the equipment is devided into two parts: 1. The remote controlled buoy with data-collection. 2. The telemetric buoy with telerepeating device. In the first case all equipment data-acquisition and -collection is inside the buoy itself. In the other case the seismic signals are transmitted over distances up to 200 km over sea. By the telerepeating device of the telemetric buoys the gain of the hydrofon-amplifier can be changed in steps. Thus it is possible to use the full scale of the dynamic range of the FM-Multiplex-Equipment.

Description: Living Heterostegina depressa were found in the Persian Gulf on shallows and sides of islands in the Central Basin. Preliminary culture experiments furnished information on life span, salinity tolerances and population density of the species. Reproduction processes (probably asexual) could be observed several times. A possible carbonate production of ca. 150g/year/m2 has been estimated.

Description: Siliceous skeletons were investigated in two core profiles (9 cores ), one off Cap de Sines, Portugal and the other off Cap de Mazagan, Morocco. Total number of skeletons was determined per gram of dried sediment at different core depths of the fraction 〉 21 μ. Results are compared with a core profile from the Arabian Sea. Diatoms are of four roups: (A) marine-planktonic, (B) marine-benthic, (C) freshwater and (D) Tertiary species (Trinacria e. g.). Species from groups (B), (C) and (D) are redeposited in all cores taken at a water depth of greater than 100 m. Small numbers of Silicoflagellates and Radiolarians were found throughout the cores from the Ibero-Moroccan shelf. In the Arabian Sea core, Radiolarians were concentrated in distinct horizons in which Tertiary material was redeposited (40-50, 140-150, 250-260 cm). The number of siliceous skeletons per gram of dried sediment decreases more or less rapidly with increasing depth in all cores. Whereas about 2500 skeletons were found in sediments close to the surface, approximately 100 skeletons only were found in deeper (〉40 cm) layers. Deeper horizons with more than 100 specimens were interpreted as redeposited material. This sediment contained robust skeletons, resistant against dissolution, as well as benthic and Tertiary material. The decrease of siliceous skeletons relative to core depth depends upon the sedimentation rate. Where the sedimentation rate is high, the opal dissolution zone extends down to 30-60 cm, where the sedimentation rate is low, it is located at 10-30 cm. Below these depths opals disappears. These zones also have approximately the same age (4000 years) everywhere. Siliceous skeletons dissolve differentially, first the Silicoflagellates disappear, second the Diatoms, third the Radiolarians, and fourth the Sponge Spicules. Surface structure of skeletons from near the opal dissolution zones are similar to those of skeletons treated with NaOH. Tertiary diatoms ( Trinacria e. g.) and benthic diatoms (Campylodiscus e. g.) dissolve less rapidly than skeletons of modern planktonic diatoms (Coscinodiscus e. g.). The time control of the opal dissolution zones appeared rather independent of various oceanic influences. No evidence was found for effects from upwelling either off Portugal or off Morocco. No difference in dissolution rates was recorded between the abyssal plains lying off these two areas. Likewise, there was no change in solution rates from Pleistocene to Holocene within either one of the abyssal plains. The Mediterranean outflow, which is enriched in dissolved silica, apparently had 110 effect on dissolution rates of siliceous skeletons in the sediment.

Description: Die atlantischen ibero-marokkanischen Kontinentalhänge sind durch junge Tone bedeckt. Vor Portugal (Kap Sines) sind sie grau und sandarm, vor Marokko (Kap Mazagan) rötlichbraun bis rötlichgrau und sandreicher (Abb. 6). Die Mehrzahl der 19 untersuchten Sedimentkerne von im Wesentlichen 2 Profilen (Abb. 3) sind mit Hilfe der planktonischen Foraminiferen zu korrelieren (vgl. Abb. 27, 28). Hierfür eignen sich besonders die qualitative und die quantitative Verteilung der einzelnen Arten sowie Änderungen der Windungsrichtungen von drei Globorotalia-Arten: G. crassaformis, G. hirsuta und G. truncatulinoides. Im Holozän weisen Sedimente aus Wassertiefen um 2000 m vor Portugal die höchsten (bis 〉 20 cm/1000 Jahre), vor Marokko die niedrigsten Sedimentationsraten (um 3 cm/1000 Jahre) auf. Die Datierung beruht auf der Auswertung der planktonischen Foraminiferenfaunen sowie auf 31 Bestimmungen mit 14C und wird durch lithostratigraphische Untersuchungen gestützt. Ein methodisches Beispiel der Kern-Auswertung wird auf den Tab. 3-5 und den Abb. 23, 24 gebracht. Holozäne Faunen unterscheiden sich von den pleistozänen durch eine andere artliche Zusammensetzung sowie niedrigere Dominanzen und höhere Diversitäten. Ihre Foraminiferenzahlen schwanken auch weniger. Während im Pleistozän und im Holozän vor Marokko die Temperaturen des Oberflächenwassers sich nach den Faunen mit der Küstenentfernung nicht geändert haben, steigen sie vor Portugal im Holozän seewärts an (Abb. 31). Der Anteil wärmeliebender Arten ist vor Marokko jedoch durchweg höher. Das Plankton/Benthos-Verhältnis der Foraminiferenfaunen nimmt mit der Tiefe zu und erreicht schon in rund 1000 m Wassertiefe maximale Werte. Die Produktionsrate für planktonische Foraminiferen ist am Kontinentalrand höher als im offenen Ozean (Abb. 48). Umgekehrt werden ihre Gehäuse auch schon in Sedimenten aus Wassertiefen 1000 m merklich angelöst. Noch stärkere Anlösung tritt in der Tiefsee auf (Abb. 43). Vor Portugal ist sie dort im ausgehenden Pleistozän jedoch wesentlich geringer als im Holozän, weil offensichtlich der Zutritt polaren Tiefenwassers eingeschränkt gewesen ist. Ein zusammenfassender Vergleich beider Kontinentalränder findet sich in Tab. 10.

Description: The data of a topographical survey of the Great Meteor Seamount (during the Atlantische Kuppenfahrten 1967) are investigated statistically and show a significant frequency of systematical variations in the course of the slope in depths from 300 to 700 meters. This range is morphometrically analysed - inclination diagrams give information about the structure of the slope. Considering the results of other authors an interpretation of the observed terraces is attempted: in 450 m depth exists a barrier reef, especially in the N and E of the seamount; in about 550 m (particularly in the N and E) a series of steps can be proved; in 610 m depth a residual terrace extends from W to NNW. The interaction of eustatic changes in sea level with isostatic movements of the seamount leads to the various structure of the upper patt of the slopes. To interpret the 450 m-terrace as a coral reef, optimal conditions for vigorous growth of reef-forming corals are assumed during the Pre-pleistocene.

Description: In the course of the stratigraphical zonation of a deepsea core from the Arabian Sea, the porosity of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei was studied. Pore diameters (main factors of shell-porosity, which is a useful index of water temperature) strongly vary on the same fossil individuum. Systematic evaluation of foraminiferal microtopographies by scanning microscope yielded good correlation between pore-diameters and crystallinity of the wall. Micro-mapping of the lines of equal crystallinity and of porosity shows no relation to the spiral geometry of the living animal. Therefore, diagenesis is suggested as the factor changing the surface structures by recrystallisation. Through this process the pores can be closed introducing difficulties in the use of shell-porosity in fossil material.

Description: Well preserved pollen grains were found in samples of 17 profiles. An attempt was made to get a pollen diagram of a 1.9 m core from the Gulf of Iran. The lack of major fluctuations in the pollen content, however, showed that the vegetation did not change very much during the span of time represented in the sediments of that core. Besides spores of Adiantum cf. capillus veneris, 62 pollen types were listed. The average value of NAP is 88%. Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia are the most important pollen types. The typical vegetation of the coastal region and adjacent areas of Iran is well represented in the pollen content.

Description: This is a report about a joint scientific venture of German and Norwegian Institutes in an area between φ = 66° 45' N and 68° 30' N and λ 10° E to 7° 30' W. The chief scientist's report gives an outline of the cruise. The preliminary contributions by the scientists deal with results of gravity at sea, magnetic and geothermic measurements, the seismic shooting, results of continuous seismic reflection work, some refraction seismic results and with the observations of the ship's weather station.

Description: Olive-gray mud covers the continental slope off southern Portugal; at the same time sandy, reddishbrown mud was deposited off Morocco. Biogenie carbonate is a main constituent in both sediment types, off Portugal contributing about 25% and off Morocco more than 50%. The sediment cores from the Portuguese and Moroccan continental slope can be correlated by sedimentological and micropaleontological methods (figs. 10, 15). The climatic variations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene are weil documented by the content of ice-rafted debris (figs. 8, 13) and by faunal compos1t1on of planktonic foraminifera (THIEDE 1971 ). Radiocarbon ages indicate that these variations coincide with variations in the climatic record of the Iberian Peninsula based on pollen analysis (fig. 33). The calculation of sedimentation rates allows an estimate of the amount of terrigenous supply and biogenic carbonate production during the last 15.000 years (table 5). Planctonic organisms produced about 400 gram pro 100 cm2 per 1.000 yrs, while the contribution of benthos is relatively low (2.5 gram). The sedimentation rate of planctonic foraminifera increases from the open ocean to the region of the upper continental slope (fig. 27). This trend, caused by the better food supply near the continental influx and upwelling area, appears both off Portugal and Morocco. The sedimentation rate of benthonic remains decreases by a factor of 100 from the upper continental slope to the deep-sea plain (fig. 28). lt can be shown that this decrease is caused mainly by the reduction of available food with increasing water depth (figs. 29, and 30). In contrast to the biogenic sediment supply, which off Portugal and Morocco is not quantitatively different, the terrigenous supply from the weakly humid Iberian Peninsula is 3-4 times greater than the supply from the semiarid Moroccan mainland (fig. 31 ). This difference influences diagenetic processes. Small manganese concretions and reddish staining iron oxides, which remain stable under the oxygenated conditions in the sediments off Morocco, were replaced by pyrite during the destruction of organic matter in the sediments off Portugal through anaero bic bacteria. During the late Pleistocene a maximum of terrigenous and biogenic sediment (fig. 33) was deposited together with additional, mainly coarse sediment brought in by drifting icebergs. Mediterranean outflow water reduces the sedimentation of silt- and smaller sized particles on the Portuguese continental slope between water depths of 500 and 1.500 m. As a result this sediment is mainly deposited in water depths of 2.000 and 3.000 m (fig. 32). This form of sediment distribution and the high sedimentation rate of silt-sized particles under the southern part of the outflow water (core 8066 B) are characteristic of the time at least since the late Pleistocene. This would indicate that since then the outflow pattern of the Mediterranean water has not changed.

Description: Research cruise No. 4 of R.V. "Meteor" investigated the crest and upper flanks of the southern Reykjanes Ridge, in the region bounded by 52° 15' N, 56° 45' N, 33° W, and 37° W (fig. 1). Tracks spaced about 20 nm were laid out on a northsouth and east-west grid (fig. 3). The final smoothed track plot achieved acceptable relative accuracy, despite the poor navigational control. The median rift valley, not found on the Reykjanes Ridge north of 57.5° N, begins to be a well defined feature between 53.5° N and 54.5° N (figs. 2 and 6). In the survey area, free-air anomalies are entirely positive with a mean of + 60mgals. The anomaly pattern (fig. 7) mirrors sea-floor topography. A low ( 〈 + 40 mgals), associated with the rift valley, trends north along 35° 15' W from 53° 20' N to 54° 20' N. Less pronounced ( 〈 + 60 mgals) it can be followed as far north as 56.5° N. Some more transverse positive (〉 + 80 mgals) and negative ( 〈 + 50 mgals) free-air anomalies trend east between 54° N and 56° N and a parallel low ( 〈 ± 0 mgals) lies just to the south, coinciding with the Charlie Fracture Zone at 52° 45' N. In contrast to our results, TALWANI et al. (1971) found relatively positive zones of free-air anomalies over the ridge axis, and parallel to it, at a morphologically smoother part of the ridge, north of 59° N. The dependence between water depths and free-air anomalies yields an average of 2.3 g/cm3 without, and 2.6 g/cm-3 with topographic correction. This value as well as the positive free-air anomalies alone evidences a small amount of isostatic compensation. Bouguer anomalies have been calculated with three-dimensional topographic correction for standard density of 2.67 g/cm-3 (fig. 8) and for "true" density determined from rock samples of 2.90 g/cm-3 (fig. 9). In both cases, a slope of regional negative Bouguer values, centered on the ridge axis, points to a material in greater depths which is lighter than the normal mantle material ("root"). Similar gravimetric and seismic results, respectively, were obtained by M. TALWANI et al. (1965) south, and K. ARIC (1970 and 1972) north of the survey area. A thick layer of low density material under the axis (fig. 13) may be partially molten ultrabasics ascending into the rift axis as part of the sea-floor spreading process. The rift axis is characterized by magnetic anomalies of + 1000 to 1500 gamma amplitudes (figs. 10 and 11 ). A lineation pattern, symmetrical about the rift axis, is approximated by the model profiles computed from the standard HEIRTZLER reversal chronology and 1.12 cm/year spreading half-rate in the 095° T direction of relative motion between the Europe and Americas plates (fig. 14). The same rate, within measurement error, was found by HEIRTZLER et al. (1968) on the northern pare of the Reykjanes Ridge. The decay of anomaly amplitude away from the spreading axis suggests a 50 % reduction in magnetization intensity, or a similar reduction in thickness of the magnetized layer, in the first 5 my of crustal age. The former explanation is more probable; a similar decay is found elsewhere (VOGT et al. 1970). A significant finding is that the spreading axis as well as the anomaly pattern at least back to 5 mybp is not straight like the northern Reykjanes Ridge. In contrast to the physiographic interpretation of HEEZEN who shows transverse fractures perpendicular to and offsetting the rift valley, the axis is broken into oblique sections of the order 100 km long. Spreading rates normal to these sections range from 0.97 to 1.10 cm/year. The present irregular shape of the axis was formed in the late Tertiary, some time prior to 5 mybp but after 30 mybp. A similar irregular trend, discovered from detailed surveys between 48° and 50° N, was created about 20 mybp (JOHNSON & VOGT 1972).

Description: A coordinated geochemical and sedimentological study was made of recent marine sediments which were recovered during "Meteor" Project 22 (April 1971 ), in the vicinity of the Aeolian Islands. These unconsolidated clastic sediments, ranging from clay to gravel, are mostly composed of volcanogenic and pelagic detritus and, areally much more limited, contain crystalline debris derived from Sicily. According to composition, origin and mode of deposition, four sedimentary cnvironments were distinguished: the island flanks and the bay of Vulcano, the floor of the "Canyon di Stromboli", the eastern escarpment of this canyon, and the sea basin northwest of Stromboli. The importance of turbidite cycles, current-sorted horizons, or quietly sedimented pelagic clay, varies from one environment to another. Pyroclastic debris are found in all environments. The chemical analyses show that there are definite relationships between trace element concentrations and the sedimentary environments and, as to be expected, grain-size. Significantly higher copper concentrations are found closer to Vulcano than elsewhere, whereas the zinc content, because of its higher mobility, increases in deeper off-shore environments. Although the submarine fumaroles and thermal springs around Vulcano are known to be the source of metals, it should be emphasized that the predominance of coarse sediments and the absence of reducing conditions near these sources prevent any high concentrations from forming. The relatively turbulent environments, even at depths of over 3000 m (turbidite sequences), are also far from being conducive for metal enrichment.

Description: Morphology, distribution, and origin of the "cobblestones" in the Ionian Sea are discussed on the base of the results of bathymetric and seismic measurements, carried out by the R.V. "Meteor"

Description: During the cruises No. 17 and 22 of the German research vessel "Meteor", 45 water samples were taken at 4 stations in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea. Mass spectrometrical analyses showed that systematic, but time variable changes of the oxygen isotope ratios occur. Deep water samples (T 〉 500 m) have a ± constant isotopic composition of δ18O = + 1.79‰ (SMOW) and a chlorinity of 21.399‰. These data are discussed with respect to paleotemperature determinations.

Description: The portion of the continental shelf off Spanish Sahara lying between 23° 00' N and 22° 18' N is 80 km wide, flattens slightly between 40 and 60 m and breaks to the slope at 110 m. Over 200 nautical miles of side-scan sonar profiles were run in both reconnaissance and detail track configuration. Each survey covered a strip of the bottom ca. 280 m wide. A sediment distribution pattern which appeared to have complex lateral variation was revealed to be the result of a) "windows" in a thin, fine-grained upper sand layer exposing a coarse-grained sand below. In outline these windows run the full range from strongly parallel strips (width ca. 20 m) to irregularly bounded, somewhat elongate forms (width over 200 m). They all exhibit a preferred orientation parallel to the isobaths; b) Outcrops of probable semi-lithified and truncated Pleistocene sand dunes at depths between 30 and 80 m. Other outcrops are thought to belong to Pleistocene beachrock and pre-Pleistocene strata; c) Fields of the pelecypod Pinna ramulosa in water depths between 48 and 57 m with characteristic acoustic reflections; d) Largescale, wave-formed ripples as well as current-formed megaripples. The side-scan interpretation was corroborated through underwater TV observations, coring, samling, and air-gun profiling.