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  • Articles  (19,570)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (19,441)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (129)
  • 1970-1974  (19,570)
  • Medicine  (19,570)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two antigenically distinct populations of b-negative light chains have been identified in the serum of two b locus homozygous rabbits undergoing total b locus suppression. Whilst one population of molecules is readily detected in all rabbit sera and represents the previously described lambda chain, a second and minor population of b-negative molecules is detected which is readily detected in normal rabbit serum only rarely. Thus, it appears that it is not specificities of the c7-, c-21 system that are being detected but rather a previously unrecognized allotypic system or the products of a different light chain locus.
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two genetically inbred strains of rats with new histocompatibility alleles—the KGH and WKA strains—were characterized. Neither the KGH nor WKA strain cells reacted with known Ag-B * specific antisera; specific antisera against these strains did not react with cells from any known Ag-B group; and there was no cross-reactivity between the histocompatibility antigens of the two strains. On the basis of these data, the KGH strain was assigned the Ag-B7 allele and the WKA strain, the Ag-B8 allele. Both strains were low responders to the test antigen poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). In various crosses, the antibody response segregated as expected, i.e. low response was associated with the Ag-B7 or Ag-B8 alleles in the F2 and backcross generations.
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and the serologically defined antigens of the major histocompatibility complex was examined in twenty-three strains of genetically inbred rats. Interstrain cell combinations involving representative members of the different major Ag-B groups were associated with significant MLR responses. Strain combinations within a single Ag-B group were never associated with significant MLR responses, suggesting that non-Ag-B loci probably do not play an important role in MLR reactivity among inbred strains of rats. The WKA and KGH strains, representing newly defined histocompatibility groups, were also examined. The WKA strain (Ag-B8) showed positive MLR responses against representative members of all the different Ag-B groups, including the KGH strain. The KGH strain (Ag-B7) had positive MLR responses against all Ag-B groups except Ag-B1: no reactions occurred with three strains in this group, and inconsistent and weak reactivity was observed with a fourth strain (F344).
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The amino acid sequence near the N-terminus of a human immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain has been determined. This sequence is more homologous to avian Ig L chains than to human Ig L chains, and defines an additional variable (V-) region subgroup designated as VλVI. These data also suggest that all vertebrates share large numbers of Ig V-region genes and that 'species-specific’residues reflect the expression in different species of different sets of V-region genes. Control at a level equivalent to ‘regulatory genes’* determines which genes are expressed. Our findings raise a question concerning the possible role of redundant DNA, in that at least some of the ‘nonsense’ DNA in one species may actually be 'sense’DNA in another. We hypothesize that in evolution‘gene expansion’is a regular mechanism for the generation of new genes and that different members of a given group of repetitious genes are expressed in different species. Such a phenomenon is basically similar to the‘mechanism’controlling the differential expression of genes during embryonic differentiation. Our hypothesis differs from the previous version of the germ-line hypothesis proposed for genetic control of antibody variability which involves ‘sudden excessive gene expansion and contraction’. Evidence suggesting that the‘gene expansion’mechanism may also be applicable to a lesser degree to other gene systems is briefly reviewed and discussed.
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stepwise incubation with specific H-2 antibody and rabbit-anti-mouse Ig was used to modulate the expression of selected H-2 specificities on the surface of lymph node cells or EL 4 leukaemia cells. Modulation was reflected in a loss of sensitivity to complement-dependent lysis and a polar pattern of immunofluorescence (‘capping’). Specificity H-2.5 on H-2a cells was co-modulated with H-2.11 and so was H-2.11 with H-2.5 on H-2k cells. However, when H-2.11 on H-2k cells was modulated, the cells did not loose cytotoxic sensitivity for H-2.5. This asymmetry in co-modulation of H-2.5 and H-2.11 may be accommodated by the duplication model of the H-2 complex which postulates a double determination of H-2.5 in the H-2k (unlike H-2a) chromosome, with one determinant being in the K region (where also the H-2.11 determinant is located) and the other in H-2D. The modulation results with H-2.5 and H-2.11 are compatible with the view that various H-2K specificities may represent distinct antigenic sites on the same glycoprotein molecule whereas H-2D specificities are on separate molecule(s). The independent modulation of H-2D.4 and H-2K.11 specificities further indicates that molecules of the two classes are also secondarily not linked in the membrane structure. Modulation-induced cytotoxicity resistance was further shown to persist even when the specific H-2 antibody is newly added; this suggests that it is a change in the distribution of the H-2 antigen to be held responsible (rather than the loss of the sensitizing antibody).A modulated expression of a certain H-2 specificity might then be expected to affect its blocking relationship to another H-2 specificity; the blocking index expresses the degree of interference by antibody attached to one of them with the attachment of antibody to the other. The blocking relationship between H-2.4 and H-2.11 was shown to be completely abolished by the independent modulation of H-2.11. In contrast to this, the blocking index for H-2.5 and H-2.11 remained practically constant following the modulation of either specificity; this indicates that the intramolecular configuration of such two H-2 sites may not be altered by the gross redistribution of the whole molecule in the plane of the membrane. The rigidity of this configuration seems to be maintained by neuraminidase-sensitive groups as suggested by the reduced blocking index in neuraminidase pretreated cell.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of varying degrees of multiparity on placental and foetal weights were examined in BALB/c female mice pregnant by either BALB/c or C3H males. Continual decreases in placental weights are observed through third pregnancies followed by progressive increases in both syngeneic and allogeneic placentas. In syngeneic pregnancies, foetal weights are generally proportional to placental weights, but those of allogeneic pregnancies tend to oppose placental weights. Evidence is presented that placental weights are also influenced by foetus-specific antigens and the genotype of previous litters. In this strain combination, placental weights reflect changes in maternal reactivity different from those previously reported with tumour allografts.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Ag system, inherited antigenic determinants on serum low density lipoprotein and Australia antigen (Au), an antigen associated with an infectious agent which can cause hepatitis in man were discovered by reacting in immunodiffusion tests sera from multiply transfused patients and sera from geographically human populations. The approach has been pursued in the experiments described herein and has resulted in the identification of seventeen precipitating systems. They are different from the previously described anti-Au and anti-Ag precipitins. In some cases they may be confused with Australia antigen precipitins, and care should be taken in the evaluation of Au test systems where comparisons with antigen controls are not routinely performed.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Book Review in this Article. Einfiihrung in die Immungenetik, Grundlagen der Modernen Genetik 9, KLAUSDIETER BAUER
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new type of Gm genetic marker combination in an IgG1 immunoglobulin, Gm(z) together with a non-a marker, is here described. This indicates the presence of a new gene, Gmz,non-a, which most likely originated on the basis of an intragenic recombination at the IgG1 cistron. Immunochemical and immunogenetic studies showed that no other IgG1 Gm markers were expressed by the unusual gene, and there was no evidence for deletions or duplications at the IgG1 cistron.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cell mediated lympholysis (CML) test is normally carried out in 2 steps–first, the lymphoid cells are allowed to interact in mixed allo-culture (MLC) and secondly, they are reacted against chromium labelled phytohaemagglutinin transformed lymphoblast cells, carrying the appropriate target allo-determinants. The genetic control of target structures has already been localized to the H-2D and H-2K regions of the H-2 gene complex, but the genetic basis of the generation of effector capacity is not understood and is the subject of this report; the suggestion that there is a separate genetic basis came from the observation that H-2D and/or H-2K region incompatibility alone was insufficient for CML to occur and that incompatibility at the Ir-Ss-Slp regions of the H-2 complex was also required. In the Ir region also reside the genetic control for the strong lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD) of the H-2 gene complex and it was thought possible that they might also be responsible for activating the effector cells for CML.The genetic experiments were done with congenic resistant and recombinant mouse strains, so it was possible to study in relative isolation, and in selected combinations which of the various defined regions of the H-2 gene complex control the initiation of effector capacity in CML.Five day,‘one-way’(parent-F1) mixed lymphocyte cultures–incompatible only for defined regions of the H-2 gene complex were reacted with 51Cr-labelled PHA blast cells and the specific chromium release was calculated.The results give evidence for a separate but closely linked genetic control for the effector cell stimulating (ECS) and LAD functions. The ECS genes map between the LAD and Ss-Slp genes of the H-2 complex.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Genetically determined Con-A receptors were found to be present on erythrocyte membranes of sheep and goat. A two allelic system Con-A and con-a could be demonstrated. Con-A receptors are also detectable on membranes of sheep lymphocytes, as well as on pig lymphocytes and granulocytes.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A mouse alloantiserum, raised by immunizing B10.D2/n mice with B10.M spleen, has been found to retain cytotoxic activity against a proportion of lymph node cells even after exhaustive absorption with B10.M red blood cells. Titration and absorption with a number of strains showed that the absorbed serum retained antibodies against two new specificities. The absorbed serum gave significant enhancement of B10.M skin grafts on B10.D2 and reacted mainly with B cells.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Forty-eight leucocytotoxic antisera obtained from parous ewes and from the recipients of osteoarticular and skin allografts were tested with a panel of leucocytes from unrelated sheep. Computer analysis of the serological data and limited adsorption studies have enabled the tentative identification of twenty-one sheep leucocyte antigens. By adsorption erythrocytes have been shown to lack these antigens. It is postulated that the antigens belong to one or possibly more system(s) for which the term ShL-A is proposed.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immunoglobulins A, G and M have been measured in three groups of patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, 47,XXY, 47,XYY and 47,XXX. The most significant finding is a greatly elevated IgG level in 47,XXY males and 47.XYY males. In the case of 47,XXY males it was possible to show that the increase in level was almost confined to those who were patients in mental subnormality and maximum security hospitals. Only a few abnormally high IgG values were found in patients referred to endocrine clinics. Low IgA levels were found in institutionalized patients whether or not chromosome abnormalities were present. In 47,XXY males IgM levels were significantly higher than in 46,XY males and the same as those in 46.XX females.Although serious illnesses were recorded in a high proportion of males with a 47,XXY karyotype, the level of IgG was not closely related to a history of disease.Possible reasons for the findings are discussed.
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  • 20
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This communication describes the investigation of serum from parous ewes for the presence of cytotoxic antileucocyte antibodies. Sera from 195 sheep were tested using a fluorochromatic cytotoxic test: 119 from parous ewes, fifty-nine from lambs and seventeen from rams. Only sera from ewes were cytotoxic and 52.1% possessed antibody. This is considered as prima facie evidence for the foetus being responsible for the antibody response. The results are compared with similar studies in man and the sheep and would suggest that maternal immunization is more frequent in this species than previously appreciated.
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  • 21
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The genetic control of the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was studied in twenty-five strains of inbred rats representing a wide variety of major histocompatibility groups. Direct linkage studies, and three subsidiary lines of evidence, demonstrated that the control was linked to the major histocompatibility locus. All of the low responders (Ag-B1, 3 and 6) made less than 65 μg of antibody/ml. In contrast, there were quantitatively significant differences among responders: the Ag-B2 group was a moderate responder (200–500 μg antibody/ml) and the Ag-B4 and Ag-B5 groups were high responders (700–1400 μg/ml). The ability to form antibody segregated with the major histocompatibility allele in the F2 and back-cross generations. Genetic factors other than those controlling the ability to respond influence the quantity of antibody formed: animals of the same genotype can make significantly different amounts of antibody, depending upon the crosses by which they acquire the major histocompatibility alleles.
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  • 22
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rabbit anti-human serum allowed the identification of a new human polymorphism of the α2-macroglobulin. This polymorphism is represented by three variants: A, having a fast electrophoretic mobility; B, intermediate mobility; and C having a slower migration and the three combinations: AB, AC and BC. Preliminary genetic studies suggest that inheritance is of Mendelian autosomal co-dominant type.
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  • 23
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparative aminoacid sequence studies were done on chymotryptic peptides from the Fc fragments of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4a and IgG4b human myeloma proteins. Eleven peptides were positioned within the Fc fragments of IgG4 proteins. While leucine was present at position 309 of the Fc fragment of the IgG4a protein, it was absent from the Fc fragment of the IgG4b protein.
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  • 24
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HL-A antigens in fifty-four coeliac children and in parents and healthy siblings of forty-seven of these patients have been determined, thus allowing deduction of haplotypes and segregation analysis. HL-A8 frequency was found highly significantly increased (χ2= 37.92; P≪ 0.001) in coeliac children compared with a control group of 240 unrelated individuals; the increase of HL-A1 frequency is attributed to linkage disequilibrium between the genes involved. The haplotype HL-A1-8 frequency was also found significantly increased in coeliac children (χ2= 55.13; P≪ 0.001) with frequency elevation in the healthy siblings (χ2= 31.45; P≪ 0.001) in comparison with the controls.In segregation analysis a significant deviation from the expected distribution of HL-A8 (χ2= 15.38) and to a somewhat lesser degree of HL-A1 (χ2= 12.45 could be shown in coeliac children while there was no significant deviation in the distribution of these antigens detectable in their healthy siblings. Only a few haplotypes were frequent enough to be included in segregation analysis of haplotypes. Again in coeliac children a positive correlation with haplotype HL-A1-8 was found differing significantly from the expected distribution (χ2= 8.05), whereas this haplotype appeared almost evenly distributed in the healthy siblings of the patients.
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  • 25
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The‘tolerogenicity’of neonatal skin grafts, as reflected in their higher survival rate as well as in their capacity to confer this tendency upon simultaneous adult grafts, has been believed to be based on an immunologically specific feature of the neonatal alloantigens.The data presented in this study demonstrate in two weak histocompatibility systems (H-9 and that presented by the male-specific antigen, MSA) that there is also an important non-specific component in the tolerogenic mechanism of neonatal skin allografts. The survival of adult skin allografts was followed in double-grafted animals in which the neonatal graft was either a specific or non-specific allograft or a syngeneic graft. Although the maximum increase in the survival rate of the adult grafts (in comparison to single-grafted controls) was induced by antigenically specific neonatal grafts, significant effects were also induced by antigenically neutral (syngeneic) or antigenically non-specific neonatal grafts. The immunologically nonspecific component in the effect of neonatal skin grafts could be traced back to their primarily high contents of proteoglycans and to their long-lasting production of the latter; consequently, the neonatal graft which is protected by these substances against the concomitant round cell infiltration can secondarily provide some protection also to the adult allograft. This non-specific protection may favour a stepwise establishment of a specific tolerance.
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  • 26
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
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  • 27
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
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  • 28
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The low molecular weight immunoglobulin from the marine toad (Bufo marinus) was found to differ markedly from classical mammalian IgG immunoglobulin. Higher intact molecular weight of 168,000 ± 4000 was the result of larger heavy chains (61,400 ± 2300) than mammalian γ chains (50,000 daltons). The light chains were of normal molecular weight (23,000).Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS buffers was shown to be a simple and reliable way of determining the type of heavy chain present in immunoglobulins from different species, despite the fact that the mobility of the chains in this system does not accurately reflect their molecular weight. Using this technique it was shown that the heavy chain from the LMW Ig present in Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, and the chicken, a representative of the birds, showed similar properties to the toad LMW Ig heavy chain. In addition, the LMW Ig heavy chain from the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a marsupial, showed properties which were characteristic of classical γ heavy chains.We conclude that the LMW Ig present in anuran amphibians does not belong to the IgG class as had been previously thought. This Ig class appears to have been retained in the reptiles and birds. The appearance of IgG appears to be a relatively recent event, recurring at a time after the divergence of the mammalian line from the stem reptiles.
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  • 29
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    International journal of immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Thirty-one patients with myasthenia gravis were studied for their HL-A antigen expression. Eighteen patients had family members available for HL-A typing, and full genotyping for HL-A antigens was possible. The inheritance of HL-A8 was studied in detail, and it was noted that this did not correlate exactly with the development of myasthenia gravis. The multifactorial nature of the genetic component of this disease was confirmed by these studies.
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  • 30
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In continuation of earlier experimentation from this laboratory the antigenic structure of human serum albumin was determined by comparative determinant analysis (CDA). The results are a correction of an earlier report on the same subject; the importance of the standard control procedures of CDA is stressed. The results indicate the presence of at least six different antigenic determinants on the human molecule, two of which are shared only by primates, while the four others are common with other mammalian albumins as well. There is no human species-specific determinant demonstrable. The structures of human and chimpanzee albumins were found to be identical.
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  • 31
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several anti-HL-A antisera, correlated with either HL-A12 or W15, were studied. Immunogenetic analysis was carried out by population and family studies, adsorptions, elutions and resistance to lysis induction capacity. Antibodies present in the sera allow the distinction to be made between two alternative factors subtypic to HL-A12,‘TO 50’and‘TO 51′, and two alternative factors subtypic to W15,‘TO 52’and‘TO 53′. These subdivisions are genetically determined. Lysostrip experiments demonstrated them to be on the same molecule carrying either HL-A 12 or W15. Thus, they enable the identification of new locus FOUR allelic products. These new HL-A factors are strictly correlated with W4 and W6: haplotypic association has regularly been found between TO 50 and W4, TO 51 and W6, TO 52 and W4, TO 53 and W6. This subdivision of HL-A allelic products into specificities subtypic either to W4 or to W6 is a characteristic common to most, if not all, FOUR factors. Finally, the commonly observed cross-reaction between W15 and W17 preferably takes place with TO 52. It should be noted that both TO 52 and W17 are subtypic to W4.
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  • 32
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    Notes: A cell-free system prepared from spleen cells of DBA/2 mice was stimulated by P815 tumour cells as antigen. The response of the cell-free system to this stimulation was a synthesis of i-RNA in the cell free system. The i-RNA was isolated by a combined phenol-Na-dodecyl-sulphate extraction method and purified by gradient centrifugation. This i-RNA was injected to DBA/2 mice to which P815 tumour cells were implanted at different time intervals before the i-RNA application. It could be demonstrated that the i-RNA inhibits the development of tumour. Theoretical and practical implications of the experiments are discussed.
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    Notes: Carriers of weak B variant were found in two generations of a family. The saliva of the father contained a small amount of B substance, but the saliva of his two daughters contained only H but not B.The erythrocytes of the propositus reacted only with potent anti-B and anti-(A + B) sera, and though the erythrocytes were not agglutinated by the weaker anti-B sera, the eluates showed that they combined with anti-B antibody. The eluates from normal human B and AB erythrocytes, and guinea-pig's erythrocytes which had adsorbed human anti-B agglutinin, agglutinated normal B erythrocytes but not the weak B. The eluates from the weak B erythrocytes and rabbit's erythrocytes both of which had adsorbed anti-B, agglutinated the weak B erythrocytes as well as the normal B erythrocytes. These weak B erythrocytes showed agglutinability as strong as that of O erythrocytes against anti-H eel serum. The sera of these weak B variants contained normal anti-A agglutinin and a weak anti-B cold agglutinin which was reactive at 5°C. As the saliva of the propositus contained as much H substance as was found in group O secretor saliva, but not B substance, her blood group was denoted by Bx. Her sister has same characters of Bx. in the erythrocytes and in the saliva. Her father's blood group was AB, and his erythrocytes showed weak B antigenicity, and his saliva contained rather weak B substance as well as the normal amounts of A and H substances.
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    Notes: The primary and secondary responses of rats to SRBC, measured by means of haemolytic antibody titres, showed strain differences. High-responder strains produced high levels of antibodies of IgG and IgM. Low-responder strain produced only low level of IgM antibody. With subsequent antigen challenge, only the high-responder strains produced high titres of antibody. Low-responder strain, in contrast, continued to make a low level of IgM antibody. Allogeneic transfer of spleen cells changed the low-responder strain, Fischer rats, to produce anti-SRBC IgG antibody. Fischer rats also showed low responses to OVA, BGG and to some ‘thymus independent antigens’. Genetic analyses showed the antibody production against SRBC and BGG was controlled by a single gene respectively. No linkage was found between Ir-SRBC, Ir-BGG, R (major histocompatibility) and c (coat colour) loci.
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    Notes: There is no evidence for genetic control of the antibody response to the d-amino acid polypeptide poly(dGlu52dLys33dTyr15) in contrast to the case of the l-isomer in which the antibody response is genetically controlled and linked to the major histocompatibility locus. There is also no crossreactivity between the l- and d-isomers of the polypeptide in the induction of the immune response. Aggregation of the l-isomer with methylated bovine serum albumin (MeBSA) abolished the pattern of genetic control by increasing antibody formation in the low responders and by decreasing it in the high responders. Aggregation of the d-isomer increased rather uniformly the antibody responses of all strains, except the moderately responding WF strain. The antibody response to the MeBSA in the aggregates was uniformly low, although there was a strain dependent variation in the antibody response to MeBSA alone.
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    Notes: Book Review in this Article. Progress in Allergy, Edited by P. Kallós, B. H. Waksman and A. de Weck.
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    Notes: The R1 antigen of chicken red cells, which is associated with susceptibility to a subgroup B leukosis-sarcoma virus, has been isolated. This antigen is cross-related to structures on the human blood-group MN antigens and, as in the latter, sialic acid is apparently part of its immunodominant grouping. R1 antigen inhibited influenza viruses and to a lesser extent Vicia graminea anti-N reagent. Plant proteases inactivated the antigen.
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    Notes: It is described that HL-A inhibiting substances can be detected in dried human blood stains. An inhibition test is used to evaluate stability and specificity of soluble HL-A antigens in one- and two-stage methods. With few exceptions, the occurrence of inhibition and non-inhibition of stains from different subjects in respect to given HL-A antisera is in agreement with specificities present on the donor's cells. Some‘weak inhibitors’were observed. Extra-reactions with given antisera can be explained by cross-inhibition. One- and two-stage methods are evaluated with regard to the inhibition test for human blood stain HL-A typing.
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    Notes: An alloantiserum has been obtained in the mouse which differentiates specifically between lymph node cells and a sub-population of peritoneal cells. The antigen is associated with chromosome 7 (linkage group I).
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    Notes: A family study on Gm determinants is reported starting from the pair: mother Gm(a - x - f + b +)/child Gm(a + x - f - b -). The genotypes derived from the results show the probable influence of the inactive allele Gm- described earlier. The importance of this and similar findings for our knowledge of the Gm system and for its use in practical medico legal work is stressed.
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    Notes: A lymphocytotoxic antibody whose reactions are associated with the blood group A and the ABH secretor status is described.
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    Notes: Variation in the ability of the host to respond to disease has been recognized but the mechanisms have not been defined. Recent studies suggest a genetic control of the immune response and of the susceptibility or resistance to oncogenic viruses linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Thus histocompatibility-linked genetic control of the immune response might play an important role in determining resistance or susceptibility in disease states. The known gene products of the major histocompatibility autosomal region in humans can be detected by serological and by functional assays.In this prospective study of 115 patients with Hodgkin's disease we have related the serologically detectable gene products, the HL-A antigens, to the course of the disease. The antigens A3 and A11 were decreased in the seventy-nine patients in whom the disease had been present for less than 1 year. The antigen A8 occurred in normal frequency in the patients with recent onset of the disease but was significantly increased in the thirty-six patients who had survived with the disease for longer than 5 years. Both observations are compatible with an ability to resist the disease; that is, either resistance to the onset of the disease or improved survival once the disease has developed.
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 184-184 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PROFESSOR LAITHWAITE is a superb popularizer and is incapable of writing a dull book; this is no exception. Linear Electric Motors is a short book (101 pages), which deals with a wide range of topics. It is thought-provoking, but I am forced to ask, who Professor Laithwaite had in mind when he ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 187-187 
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    Notes: [Auszug] University News Dr Graham Wood has been appointed professor of corrosion science in the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. Professor C. A. Coulson has been appointed first professor of theoretical chemistry in the University of Oxford. Dr D. T. Elmore has been ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 187-187 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN the article "A New Approach to Pattern Recognition" by N. Jar dine {Nature, 234, 526; 1971), the second sentence of the third paragraph should read as follows: "It is assumed that each of a set of classes, i,. . ., " = £!, has an a priori probability of occurrence P(f) and is specified by ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 89-89 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN spite of growing agreement that women can be extremely successful in highly responsible professional positions, there is pathetically little evidence of efforts to stem the complex forces which favour the progress of their male counterparts. A study by the research organization, Political and ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 92-92 
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    Notes: [Auszug] "CHEMISTRY is chemistry is chemistry," as Gertrude Stein might have said, had she been thinking of the supposedly supranational nature of science. But is science really so autonomous an activity as to be in essence the same in all countries of the world? It would be convenient if there were such a ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 97-97 
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    Notes: [Auszug] NOT long ago Lerman reported that linear double-helical DNA could undergo a transition to a compact non-disym-metric form in solutions containing neutral or acidic polymers and relatively high salt concentrations. Jordan, Lerman and Venable in next Wednesday's Nature New Biology (March 22) present ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 101-102 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Many features of the four-yearly Commonwealth Survey Officers' Conference contribute to its success and could be adopted with advantage by ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 111-112 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 a, The Cannikin traverse. Shaded and unshaded circles represent permanent and portable stations. The dashed line indicates the eastern boundary of Precambrian rocks19, b, Differences between P station anomalies along the traverse, calculated from the 19,68 P tables12 (O) and the P table of ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 119-120 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 The changes (means ± s.e.m.) in the five subjects of (a) total ketone bodies (acetoacetate+ 3-hydroxybutyrate) and growth hormone and (b) insulin, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) after ingestion ofa solution of sodium acetoacetate (200 ml., 0.4 M) at the time indicated. Five ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 123-124 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IT is always difficult to assess the appropriate point in time at which to write a book reporting the findings of research in a given field of work. Dr Matare is to be congratulated on having chosen now as the time to pull together the work of nearly two decades of research into the electronic ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 125-126 
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    Notes: [Auszug] FIVE experts here describe so ne of the developments in their own fields in the last ten years. The result is a very useful and readable book which helps to fill in the gap between laser research and applications in useful products and instruments. The volume is well produced, with adequate ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 127-128 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,-Joel Lloyd (Nature, 235, 347; 1972) has tidied up some errors of fact in your original comment on this matter, and then gone on to add some unsubstantiated comments of his own. Since the division of opinion between us is deep and is relevant to the current urge to mechanize bibliographic ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 129-129 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN the title of the article by R. N. Thompson on page 106 of this issue, the word andesite should be in inverted commas. This correction should also be made in the first subtitle and on page 107, lines 1, 10, 14, 17 and 20 of column 1; page 108, line 4 of column 1 and lines 6 and 38 of column 2; ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 49-49 
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    Notes: [Auszug] DR. LIEBREICH, the eminent ophthalmist, of St. Thomas's Hospital, delivered a lecture at the Royal Institution on Friday evening last, on certain faults of vision, with special reference to Turner and Mulready. The later " aberrations " of Turner's style he attributed to a physical change in the ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 52-54 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN these times of financial stringency, in which relevance is the key to securing funds for scientific projects, a subject as esoteric as high energy physics has been going through a tough time in the United States. Declining funds have pushed the national programme "to the edge of being viable", ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 57-58 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WHATEVER other marks they may leave on the field, ribosomologists seem rarely to have neglected to contribute their very own nomenclature for ribosomal proteins and factors. This invests the literature on the subject with that curiously impenetrable quality which repels most outsiders. Given ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 60-60 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Elminthidae, or riffle beetles, are a family of freshwater beetles in the superfamily Dryopoidea. In the past decade there has been much difference of opinion in the literature over the systematics of the Elminthidae so that British biologists will be glad to have D. G. Holland's new guide to ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] CHASING carcinogens into cells and seeking them out as environmental hazards are recognized as proper occupations for cancer research workers. This and more was learnt at the seventh meeting in the series on principles of clinical and experimental oncology at the British Museum (Natural History) on ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Gas chromatogram of iV-trifluoroacetyl-(+)-2-butyl esters of amino-acids in acid hydro-lysed water extract of sample I of the Orgueil meteorite. The inset shows D-P-aminoisobutyric acid (6) and L-p-aminoisobutyric acid (7) from sample II under slightly different chromatographic conditions. ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 73-74 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The monkey, a juvenile cynomolgus, was inoculated on April 18, 1966, with a 10% suspension of the scrapie-infected mouse brain in phosphate buffered physiological saline, pYL 7.4, which had been clarified by centrifugation at 3,500 r.p.m. for 30 min. The animal received 0.2 ml. of such suspension ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 81-82 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In November 1968 a spontaneous semi-dominant mutation causing hypotrichosis occurred in a litter of hamsters (Meso-cricetus auratus) maintained by one of us (M. K. W.). A single male animal with a "sparse coat" was noted among normal littermates. The mating was repeated twice, but no further ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] He describes as "contrived" my proposals for the sieve plates as control systems, governed by sealing and anti-sealing mechanisms, in view of the "obvious" alternative that the pretreatment merely disrupts the natural system. Yet callose deposition, one accepted sieveplate sealing mechanism, is ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 83-83 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS important book started as the first Paul M. Fitts Memorial Lectures, delivered to the University of Michigan in 1969. In book form it is far from the spoken word; it is a lengthy, technical and closely reasoned treatment of human performance and ability, in conditions chosen to illuminate ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 86-86 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WHEN does a chemical become a signal? This first volume of the series "Advances in Chemoreception" sets out to establish the circumstances. The answer seems to be-when it initiates a behavioural response in an individual or a population and, in the present context, when it is produced by another ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 3-3 
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    Notes: [Auszug] LUNA 20 has arrived back from the Moon with samples of rock from the lunar mountains. Although these samples can weigh only a few grams- compared with the many pounds of lunar material returned to Earth by the Apollo programme-they may be of crucial significance to astronomers concerned with the ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 6-6 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Architectural Association's School of Architecture is now "facing the future with confidence" according to Professor Alvin Boyarsky, chairman of the School. After the doubts about the school's future since the breakdown of its merger talks with Imperial College, University of London, in 1970, ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 10-10 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ONE of the essential properties of a clinically useful antibiotic is selective toxicity; that is, its mode of action must be such that it kills or inhibits the growth of a pathogenic organism but is not dangerously toxic to the cells of the animal host. By 1957 it had been established that ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 12-12 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN 1963, H. A. Toombs, of the British Museum (Natural History), visited the Western Australian Museum, Perth, and saw there some limestone nodules of Upper Devonian (Frasnian) age from Gogo Station, a cattle farm in the Fitz-, roy Trough, Western Australia. Tooms saw that these nodules contained ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 14-14 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE hypothesis that the genomes of the normal cells of vertebrates contain genetic information required to specify RNA tumour viruses has, since it was first mooted by Bentvelzen (1968) and Payne and Chubb (1968) and then Huebner and Todaro in their eponymous oncogenes and virogenes article, ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 21-23 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Arguments based on the existence of intergalactic matter are advanced to show that this matter may interact with and be accreted by galaxies to produce observable consequences. The diversity of the phenomena that results from such processes offers a possible understanding of some of the properties ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] Thalassaemia patients receive transfusions beginning early in life and are exposed to many serum proteins and other blood constituents which are different from their own. Seven years ago, Vierucci and his colleagues started a systematic study of thalassaemia patients from Ferrara and other sections ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 37-38 
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    Notes: [Auszug] "THE development of the study of the history of science," writes Frank Green-away in his brief introduction to this volume, "has entailed the raising of standards of critical study, so that the pious hero-worship and chronicle of discoveries which once passed for history of science is far behind ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 38-39 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE larger part of this competent piece of science journalism is occupied with the history and ethnography of different attitudes toward human homosexual behaviours. The later chapters cover current attitudes on such matters as sex determination, gender roles, endocrine effects and the biological ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 40-40 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book represents a first in bringing together a brief but comprehensive overview of methods of handling chemical structure information. The first six chapters give an accurate and concise description of the various methods in use today. The descriptions are detailed enough to give the reader an ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 42-42 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WHEN this volume was published, a large number of petroleum geologists must have been, with the reviewer, surprised (agreeably) to read in Table 1 that the nineteenth largest oilfield in the world was the Ekofisk Field in Norwegian North Sea waters, with estimated recoverable reserves of 7,000 ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 43-44 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PROFESSOR EMMANUEL FAURE-FREMIET, cytologist, developmental biologist, and protozoologist, died on November 6, 1971, in Paris. Born on December 29, 1883, as the older son of the composer and organist Gabriel Faure, Emmanuel spent much of his youth with his maternal grandfather, sculptor Emmanuel ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 409-410 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE settlement of the British miners' strike this week is not merely a short-term economic disaster but a sign that the British government, whatever its inclinations, must sit down and solemnly attempt to work out a policy for the use of different kinds of fuel between now and the end of the 1980s. ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 412-412 
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    Notes: [Auszug] COAL is a dying industry?so the pundits have been saying for years. And when the miner's strike is over, it is possible that the one industry to have suffered irreparably will be the coal industry. Ten years ago the situation would have been much worse. In 1960-1 91 per cent of Britain's gas came ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 414-414 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE appointment, announced last week, of Professor Donald Lynden-Bell to succeed Professor R. O. Redman in the chair of astrophysics at the University of Cambridge has been welcomed among the astronomical community in Britain. This is not only because of the skills which Professor Lynden-Bell ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 187-187 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THe entry on the contents page for the article "Suppression of the Immune Response: Reversal of the Disease State with Antigen in Allergic Encephalo-myelitis" by E. H. Eylar, J. Jackson, B. Rothenberg and S. W. Brostoff (Nature, 236, 74; 1972) should have read: Immune response-Allergic ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 87-89 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE United States Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, set up nearly two years ago at the request of President Nixon and in response to the clamour for a population policy, has now reported, but should not be thought to have produced a charter for What is called Zero Population ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 90-90 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Machiavellian dealings which last week delayed by several days the launch of TD 1A, ESRO's biggest and best satellite, have cast serious doubts on the future of European collaboration with the USA in space. The official excuse first offered for this delay was that it was necessary to consider ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 91-91 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE construction of the 300 GeV accelerator in Geneva is on schedule, and physicists can still look forward to a 200 GeV beam of protons in 1976. Decisions to be taken at the end of 1973 will determine whether or not 300 GeV will be available for experiments in a new experimental hall by 1979. The ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 98-99 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE chief obstacles to elucidating the replicative cycles of animal viruses stem not so much from the complexity of the virus particles themselves, many of which are less rather than more sophisticated than the bacteriophages, but from the complexity of their hosts, eukaryotic cells. The genomes of ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 98-98 
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    Notes: [Auszug] BACTERIOPHAGES characteristically are extremely host specific. By contrast many viruses of higher plants are able to infect species of more than one genus. Where do the double stranded RNA viruses recently isolated from such filamentous fungi as Aspergillus niger and Penicillium stoloniferum fit ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 444-445 
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    Notes: [Auszug] DR BIBBY'S fourth book on Huxley, which forms one of the publisher's useful series of texts in the history of education, is dedicated to "all teachers who hate humbug and cant and are therefore also educators". Another scientist-educationalist, Henry Armstrong, who had heard the "bulldog" lecture, ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 444-444 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SOMETHING outside the normal ecology text, this book focuses attention on the individual animal species and its interaction with the environment. The nature of a community inhabiting a given environment is dependent upon the individual species which comprise that community, and the authors point ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 446-446 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE study of the interaction of low energy particles and radiation with atoms and molecules has been a field of intense activity in recent years, largely as a result of the development of new and elegant experimental techniques which depend on sophisticated instrumentation, including high ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 447-447 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,?I have been following with interest the recent proposals to alter the present system of science in Britain. Having experienced the present system in the United States at NASA and two medical institutions, I have observed the following situations, when science is contracted out. (1) Much ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 448-448 
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    Notes: [Auszug] not included in the Monthly Books Supplement Great Britain and Ireland Hooker's Icones Plantarum, Fifth Series. Vol. VII, Part IV: New or Noteworthy Species from Socotra and Abd al Kuri. Edited by Sir George Taylor, FRS. (Kew, Richmond: Bentham-Moxon Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, 1971.) ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 351-352 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IT is unusual for the president of the Royal Society to give evidence before a select committee of the House of Commons but, for the scientific community in Britain, these are unusual times. It was with this background that Sir Alan Hodgkin appeared before the Science and Technology Select ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 353-354 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PRESIDENT NIXON last week sent to Congress his third and so far his most modest message on the environment. A declaration of the Administrations intent to introduce a variety of legislation to curb pollution and protect the environment, the message included two measures that have grabbed the ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 358-358 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN sections (ii) and (iii) of the appendix to his report, Lord Rothschild justifies his proposal that only 77.5 per cent of the ARCs budget should be transferred to MAFF and controlled on the customer-contractor principle on the grounds that the remaining expenditure is devoted to basic or ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 361-362 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AMONG the more striking astronomical observations which have been made in recent years are the much-discussed results of Weber (see Nature, 235, 199 ; 1972) which seem to indicate the presence of a large flux of energy in the form of gravitational waves emanating from the galactic centre. If ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 363-364 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE temperature sensitive mutant strains of polyoma virus and Rous sarcoma virus which have been characterized respectively by Eckhart and Dulbecco and Martin clearly indicate that the maintenance of the transformed-cell phenotype of mammalian and avian fibroblasts transformed by these viruses ...
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    Nature 235 (1972), S. 365-365 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE structure and function of nervous systems in multicellular animals must, like any other trait, be under genetic control and therefore, in theory at least, it should be possible to dissect the genetics of nervous systems by exploiting appropriate mutants. The direct approach is to isolate sets ...
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    Nature 236 (1972), S. 60-60 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SOMATIC cell geneticists face the problem that their tissue culture lines are not naturally haploid. Indeed many cell lines have considerably more chromosomes than the diploid number and, because most of the mutants which one would want to isolate are recessive, the likelihood of inducing mutants ...
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