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  • 1970-1974  (97,834)
  • Physics  (97,834)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Daten der thermischen Struktur der Atmosphäre, die mit dem mehrere Strahlungsbänder umfassenden SIRS-Instrument (Satellite Infrared Radiometer Spectrometer) des Nimbus III gemessen wurden, wurden zur Berechnung von Parametern der allgemeinen Zirkulation in der Nordhemisphäre herangezogen. Die thermische Struktur unterhalb der 10mb-Fläche wird mittels einer Regressionsmethode bestimmt, welche die Schichtdicke zwischen Isobarenflächen als abhängige Veränderliche benützt. Die täglich berechneten Parameter der allgemeinen Zirkulation umfassen die zonale mittlere und die wirbelpotentielle Energie sowie die zonale und wirbelkinetische Energie. Unabhängig davon wurden dieselben Parameter von Netzdaten des National Meteorological Center (NMC) bestimmt. Ein Vergleich zwischen den beiden Kollektiven von Daten zeigt, daß Maxima, Minima und allgemeine Tendenzen in beiden Berechnungen gut übereinstimmen. Die mittels SIRS berechneten Energiewerte stellen allerdings eine Unterschätzung dar. Die Energieveränderungen in der mittleren Stratosphäre während des Zusammenbruches des Polarwirbels werden als Beispiel angeführt.
    Notes: Summary General circulation parameters in the northern hemisphere are calculated using atmospheric thermal structure obtained from Nimbus III SIRS multi-channel radiance information. The thermal structure up to 10 mb is obtained by using a regression technique with thickness between pressure levels as the dependent variable. General circulation parameters calculated on a daily basis include zonal and eddy available potential energy, and zonal and eddy kinetic energy. A second set of calculations is performed using National Meteorological Center (NMC) grid data. A comparison of the two sets of calculations indicates that, although the energies calculated from the SIRS-derived structure underestimate the actual energies, maxima, minima and trends are well identified. An example of mid-stratospheric energy changes during a breakdown of the polar-night vortex is also given.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtozongehalt kann auf globaler Basis täglich von Satelliten aus gemessen werden, die die Erde umkreisen. Solche Messungen wurden durch den Nimbus-III-Satelliten durchgeführt. Ein Vergleich der zeitlichen und longitudinalen Veränderlichkeit der von der Stratosphäre emittierten langwelligen Strahlung in 60° südlicher Breite mit dem Gesamtozongehalt zeigte, daß niedrige (hohe) Strahlungswerte gut mit niedrigen (hohen) Gesamtozonwerten übereinstimmen. Die Phasengeschwindigkeit der nach Osten wandernden “Ozonwellen” ist in der Winterhemisphäre am größten. Die Ostwärtsbewegung nimmt gegen niedere Breiten der Winterhalbkugel ab. In äquatorialen Breiten scheinen sich die Wellen langsam gegen Westen zu bewegen. Im Sommer der Nordhemisphäre wandern die Wellen langsam gegen Osten. Die Intensität der “Ozonwellen” ändert sich ebenfalls mit der geographische Breite. Die zeitlichen und räumlichen Änderungen im Gesamtozongehalt sind hauptsächlich an die Bewegungen troposphärischer Drucksysteme geknüpft. Die starken, horizontalen Ozongradienten, welche häufig in der Winterhemisphäre beobachtet wperden, hängen mit intensiven baroklinen Zonen in der unteren Stratosphäre und der oberen Troposphäre zusammen, die sich ebenfalls nach Osten hin bewegen. Unter Annahme einer gleichförmigen zonalen Grundströmung konnten in der Ozonverteilung Rossby-Wellen festgestellt werden, deren Wellenlänge zwischen 2500 und 3700 km variierte.
    Notes: Summary With total ozone sensors on earth-orbitung satellites the ozone distribution over the entire earth may be measured daily. The conclusions from some of the Nimbus III measurements are discussed in this paper. A comparison of time-longitude variations of stratospheric radiance values at 60°S with values of the total ozone indicated that low (high) radiance values correspond very closely with the low (high) total ozone amounts. The speed at which these ozone ‘waves’ progress eastward is greatest in the winter hemisphere. The speed of eastward progression decreases as one approaches the lower latitudes in the winter hemisphere. In the equatorial region the progression of the ozone ‘waves’ appears to be slowly westward. In the Northern Hemisphere the waves progress slowly eastward during summer. The intensity of the ozone ‘waves’ was also observed to change with latitude. These temporal and spatial fluctuations are related mainly to the motion of dynamic tropospheric systems. The extremely tight ozone gradients, which may be seen in the winter hemisphere data, have been shown to be associated with strong baroclinic zones in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, which are moving eastward. Assuming uniform zonal velocity we found Rossby wavelengths that varied from 2500 to 3700 km.
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  • 3
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has been experimentally observed that one-inch thick soil-cement slab (fine-grained soil), upon drying from the top face, first deforms with a concave surface at the top and gradually assumes an opposite curvature with convex surface at the top. The latter shape contradicts the classical analysis ofPickett. A theory whereby the doming can be predicted is proposed in this paper. Moisture migration in the drying slab is determined by the unsaturated capillary flow theory, modified to account for the fact that soil-cement will exhibit hysterisis in the relation between pressure head (capillary tension) and its moisture content. By postulating that moisture tension (stress) results in deformation or shrinkage, a relation between shrinkage and moisture tension is obtained from experimental data. The results seem to violate an intuitive feeling that the exposed top face should shrink more than the sealed bottom face. The creep compliance of soil-cement specimens is determined for a range of humidities from 55–100%. Finite difference techniques have been employed to compute the relaxation modulus from creep compliance which are related throughBoltzmann integral. To include the dependence of the modulus upon a variable humidity field, constitutive law is modified on the basis of time-humidity equivalence hypothesis. Imposing on the theoretical shrinkage distribution, computations for stresses and deflections are made from two points of view: 1. Using the simplifying assumption that the relaxation modulusG(t) does not vary with humidity and 2. allowing for the humidity variation in the transient problem and using a generalG(t, H). The solution from the first point of view is obtained by equivalent shrinkage concept and from the latter by finite element method. The computed deflections not only predict doming but also show good agreement with the observed values. It should be noted that the current theory predicts deflections opposite to those predicted by conventional analysis when the moisture movement is assumed to be governed by diffusion law and shrinkage to be proportional to moisture loss.
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  • 4
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Formeln für die Bestimmung der Schwellrate von Kunststoffschmelzen wurden behandelt. Die kritischen Bedingungen für die Ergebnisse von Schmelzbruch und Schwellrate sind kombiniert, um das Flußverhalten beim Einsetzen der Instabilität zu erklären. Es wurde dargestellt, daß der Faktor $$\bar M_z \bar M_{z + 1} /\bar M_w^2 $$ in der Schwellrate sowie im Schmelzbruch der wichtigste Parameter ist.
    Notes: Summary The equations for determining die swell of molten polymers are discussed. The critical conditions for melt fracture and die swell results are combined in order to explain the flow behavior at the onset of instability. It is shown that the factor $$\bar M_z \bar M_{z + 1} /\bar M_w^2 $$ is the most important parameter in die swell and melt fracture studies.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 6
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Résumé Les premiers essais réalisés sur la planche à peindre nous ont permis de chiffrer l'ordre de grandeur des efforts d'application et de mettre en évidence l'importance pour une peinture donnée, du rapport de l'effort normal sur l'effort tangentiel. Cette technique simple peut permettre un contrôle rapide, en cours de fabrication, de la brossabilité d'une peinture. Toutefois la mise au point d'un applicateur automatique éliminant sur les résultats la dispersion due au peintre semble indispensable si l'on veut lier la brossabilité aux caractéristiques rhéologiques d'une peinture.
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  • 7
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the short time response of solid polymers, a high resolution laser interferometer has been employed to observe the detailed structure of stress waves produced by the impact of polymeric plates. From the observed stress waves the loading and unloading stress-strain paths followed by the material can be determined. For the polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, over the stress range from 0–60 kbar such observations have disclosed a stress-strain behavior which exhibits large strain nonlinearities and significant rate-dependence. For stress levels below ≈7 kbar and above ≈40 kbar, rate-effects are of secondary importance and the observed wave profiles may be modeled using a nonlinear elastic description of the material behavior. However, at about 7 kbar, a transition is observed in the dynamic stress-strain behavior which is characterized by greater stress relaxation and significant hysteresis upon unloading. This transition, which we attribute to a yield phenomenon, requires a rate-dependent description of the material behavior to be used in the stress range of approximately 7–40 kbar.
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  • 8
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 9
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 10
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 296-304 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 11
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 318-322 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 12
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 278-282 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und zuverlässige Relativmethode vorgeschlagen, um die Uneinheitlichkeit linearer Polymere abzuleiten. Es wird gezeigt, daß alle beide, Nullschergradient-viskositätη 0, und Grenzviskositätszahl [η], einfach logarithmisch vom Gewichtsmittel des Molekulargewichts $$\bar M_w $$ , und vom Polymolekularitätsindex $$Q = \bar M_w /\bar M_n $$ , abhängig sind. Die Koeffizienten dieser Beziehungen können mit statistischer Analyse festgesetzt werden, wenn $$\bar M_w $$ undQ einer Probenreihe bekannt sind. Mit den zwei vorher festgesetzten Beziehungen besteht die Bestimmung von $$\bar M_w $$ undQ einer gegebenen Polymersprobe nur aus den experimentellen Massen seinerη 0- und [η]-Werte. Eine Analyse wurde ausgeführt, um die Bedeutung des experimentellen Irrtums über die berechnete Uneinheitlichkeit zu wissen. Es wurde gefunden, daß ein experimenteller Irrtum betreffs [η] schwer an endlichem Irrtum der Uneinheitlichkeit teilnimmt.
    Notes: Summary A simple and reliable relative method to derive the molecular weight distribution of linear polymers is proposed. It is shown that both the zero-shear viscosity,η 0, and the intrinsic viscosity, [η], have a logarithmic dependence on the weight average molecular weight, $$\bar M_w $$ , and the polydispersity, $$Q = \bar M_w /\bar M_n $$ . The coefficients of these relationships can be determined by applying a multiple regression analysis to a series of samples for which $$\bar M_w $$ andQ are known. By making use of the two established relationships, the determination of $$\bar M_w $$ andQ for a given polymer sample reduces to the experimental measurement of itsη 0 and [η]. An analysis has been performed to estimate to what extent experimental errors onη 0 and [η] affect the calculated molecular weight distribution. It has been found that only the experimental error on [η] contributes heavily to the final error on the polydispersity.
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  • 13
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 323-332 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 14
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary High shear capillary viscometry at 37.8°C (100°F) of concentrated solutions of a series of polyalkylmethacrylate viscosity index improvers in a petroleum lubricating oil is reported. Viscosity average molecular weights of the four polymers varied from 355 000–1650 000 and solution concentrations varied from 2–20 wt.-%. An approximating function based on the error function was computerfit to the complete flow curves by correlating the distribution of apparent viscosity with the product ( $$\dot \gamma $$ τ), the rate of viscous energy dissipation. This gave an estimate of the secondNewtonian viscosity (η ∞ ) and two parameters of the approximating function. The fourth quantity required to completely define the flow curve is the low shear or firstNewtonian viscosity (η 0 ). Representation of the original data was within 2%, by this technique. The parameters of the flow function — the energy level at the inflection point and the slope of the transformed flow function — were found to vary in a regular manner with both molecular weight of the polymer and polymer concentration, expressed as relative viscosity (η rel). The limiting asymptotes of the approximating function —η 0 andη ∞ — could not be treated according to the conventionalHuggins equation, but they were fit adequately by theMartin equation: log(η sp/C)=log[η]+K[η]C. The intrinsic viscosities thus determined for both low shear ([η M ]0) and high shear ([η M ]0) demonstrate aMark-Houwink relationship, i.e., [η M ]0=5.668×10−5 M v 0.660 and [η M ]∞=2.574×10−5 M v 0.0669 so that ([η M ]∞≈[η M ]0/2) over the range studied. The relationship of these results to other reports of high shear viscometry of polymer solutions is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Schrifttumsüberblick und eine Experimentaluntersuchung über die kurzzeitigen Festigkeitsveränderungen von G.F.V.K.-Versuchskörpern vorgelegt, die der gleichzeitigen Einwirkung von Belastung und verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen unterworfen waren. Es wurden folgende Beobachtungen gemacht: a) Ein Abfall der verbleibenden Axialfestigkeit wurde jenseits eines Vorbelastungsmaßes von etwa 25–35% der entsprechenden Vergleichsfestigkeit festgestellt — wenn der Prüfung die Einwirkung von heißem Wasser (80 °C) vorausgegangen war, sogar wenn die umweltbeeinflußte Belastungsdauer (Environmental-loading history, oder E.L.H.) nur 48 Std. betrug. b) Die Einwirkung von kaltem Wasser (22 °C) und von trocken-heißer Umgebung (80 °C) verursachten keinen Verlust an verbleibender Axialfestigkeit (Residual longitudinal strength oder R.L.S.). Die folgenden Schlüsse werden gezogen: a) Frühzeitiger Abfall der verbleibenden Festigkeit wird von der vereinten Wirkung von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit bedingt, wogegen jeder Faktor allein, selbst bei hoher Vorbelastung, keinerlei Festigkeitsverlust hervorruft. b) Der Hauptfaktor für den Beginn innerer Zerstörung in der Glasfaserkomponente ist Feuchtigkeit, wobei die Wirkung wahrscheinlich durch einen Abfall in der Oberflächenenergie des Glases infolge oberflächenabsorbierten Wassers verursacht wird, begleitet von einem drastischem Festigkeitsverlust (Griffiths Theorie). Temperatur hat nur mittelbare Einwirkung, indem sie den Diffusionsprozeß beschleunigt und damit das Zeitmaß bis zum Eintritt des Bruches verkürzt.
    Notes: Summary A literature survey and an experimental study are presented on the short term strength variation of G.R.P. specimens subjected to the combined effect of loading and different environmental conditions. Findings are as follows: a) Residual longitudinal strength was found to decrease above a preloading level of about 25–35% of the corresponding reference strength — on exposure to hot (80 °C) water, even after an environmental-loading history (E.L.H.) stage of 48 h. b) No reduction in residual longitudinal strength (R.L.S.) was observed on exposure to cold water (22 °C) and to a dry-hot environment (80 °C). Conclusions are as follows: a) Early reduction of the residual strength is conditional on a combination of temperature and humidity, whereas each factor alone does not cause any deterioration, even under high preloading. b) Humidity is the main factor in the onset of internal failure in the glass-fiber phase, the effect being probably due to reduction of the surface energy of the glass by water adsorbed on its surface, accompanied by drastic reduction of its strength (Griffiths theory). Temperature has an indirect effect, accelerating the diffusion process and reducing the time scale for failure initiation.
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  • 16
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 17
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 408-412 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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  • 18
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 395-399 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary One of the main problems in Rheology is the determination of the yield condition for which no satisfactory form seems to exist. If a start is made with the stress tensor field, one soon runs into a number of difficulties. It is therefore better to deal with the geometry of the field. The change from elastic to plastic deformation can be interpreted as a mapping of one space into another, and the yield as an asymptotic sub-space. If the elastic strain field ise ij , whose invariants areJ 1,J 2,J 3, then an asymptotic behaviour may be represented by the existence of a functional relationf(J 1, J2,J 3) = 0, between theJ's, which are independent of one another in the normal part of the field. This does not fix the nature of the functionf, for which we can invoke the additional geometric condition that yielding can result from infinite contraction or expansion of a macro-element. Thus theJacobian of the mapping must take on the singular values zero or infinite. These concepts give rise to the yield condition in the strain tensor field in the form 8J 3 − 4J 2 + 2J 1 → 1. If generalized measure of strain is used, which is necessary for creep problems, this takes the formn 3 J 3 −n 2 J 2 +nJ 1 → 1.n being a real constant, which is equal to 2 for theAlmansi measure. These conditions do not depend on either the isotropicity or homogeneity of the field, and hence should be used for all types of yield conditions.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zeitabhängige Viskosität von Bentonit-Wasser Suspensionen wurde in derCouette-Strömung für verschiedene Übergänge zwischen konstanten Schergeschwindigkeiten gemessen. Im allgemeinen werden die charakteristischen Zeiten länger, a) wenn die Endschergeschwindigkeit kleiner wird, und b) bei gleicher Endschergeschwindigkeit, wenn die Differenz zwischen Anfangs-und Endschergeschwindigkeit kleiner wird. Die charakteristische Zeit wird ebenfalls länger mit steigender Temperatur und abnehmender Konzentration. Die Kinetik der Zeitabhängigkeit wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The time-dependent behavior of the viscosity of bentonite-water suspensions was studied experimentally inCouette flow for various transitions between constant shear rates. It was found that, in general, the characteristic times become longer as the final shear rate becomes smaller and, for the same final shear rate, as the differences in shear rates become smaller. The characteristic time increases with increasing temperature and decreasing concentration. A discussion of the kinetics of the time dependence is given.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 457-462 
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    Notes: Summary For viscometric, axial, annular flow, the second normal stress differenceN 2 is related to the difference in normal thrust across the annular space,ΔT rr . Past attempts using this method have yielded values ofN 2 for polymer solutions which are different in magnitudeand opposite in sign from those obtained in other experiments. This inconsistency is attributed to errors resulting from the use of pressure holes in the measurement ofΔT rr , and is supported by a second-order fluid analysis. The present work focuses on the measurement of the effect of pressure hole errors on the determination ofN 2 with aqueous polymer solutions. In the measurement ofΔT rr , simultaneous use is made of both pressure holes and miniature pressure transducers to measure and account for pressure hole errors. Results indicate that hole errors are sufficiently large to reverse the sign of the computedN 2. This technique is therefore suggested as a preferred method for determiningN 2, especially at high shear rates.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 443-456 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht behandelt eine Methode zur Messung der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz in einer viskoelastischen Strömung in einem offenen, halbkreisförmigen, geneigten Kanal. Die theoretische Behandlung des Problems ist ebenfalls angegeben und zeigt die einfachen Zusammenhänge auf, welche zwischen der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz, der Schubspannung und dem Profil (Wölbung) der freien Oberfläche der Strömung bestehen. Der Einfluß der Oberflächenspannung, in einer früheren Untersuchung vernachlässigt, ist jetzt berücksichtigt und in die mathematische Behandlung einbezogen worden. Polyisobutylen/Cetan, einige wäßrige Lösungen sowie eine Probe N.B.S. No. 1 wurden untersucht. Als Kanal gelangten zwei Röhren verschiedener Größe und aus verschiedenem Material bei veränderlicher Neigung zur Anwendung. Übereinstimmung der Resultate von verschiedenen Kanalgrößen und Neigungswinkeln zeigen, daß Theorie und Experiment im Einklang stehen. Die hier veröffentlichten Ergebnisse zeigen weiter, daß das Verhältnis der zweiten zur ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz negativ ist, und die funktionale Form der zweiten Normalspannungsdifferenz mit guter Näherung dem Quadrat der Schubspannung folgt. Relativ betrachtet ergibt sich für verdünnte Lösungen ein höherer Wert |N 2 /N 1|. Abschließend wird eine Übersicht über die verfügbaren Messungen vonN 2 an Polyisobutylen gegeben und vernünftige Übereinstimmung zwischen den Resultaten verschiedener Autoren festgestellt. Eine Darstellung vonN 2 als Funktion der Konzentration für verschiedene Polymerlösungen vervollständigt den Bericht.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the measurement of the second normal stress difference in a viscoelastic flow in an open semi-circular inclined channel; associated theory is also given. The theory shows that simple correlations exist for the second normal stress difference, the shear stress, and the profile (or the deflection) of the free surface of the flow. It leads to a method for deducing the second normal stress from the measured surface profile. A treatment of surface tension, whose effect has been ignored in previous analyses is given as an integral part of the formulation. Samples of polyisobutylene/cetane and some aqueous solutions of different concentrations were used for measurements using two tubes of different materials and sizes tilted at different angles. The N.B.S. No. 1 nonlinear sample was also tested. Agreements between results for different tube sizes and angles indicate the consistency of the theory and measurements. The results presented here show that the ratio of the second to the first normal stress differences is negative and the functional form of the second normal stress difference is close to a square law in shear stress in the range investigated. Relatively speaking, we find the ratio |N 2 /N 1| to be greater for more dilute solutions. A summary of available data onN 2 is given for polyisobutylene, and reasonable consistency between various investigators is demonstrated for this material. Besides, a correlation ofN 2 for various polymer solutions is also shown.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 501-512 
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    Notes: Summary The total momentum-energy tensor describing the interaction of a polarizable and magnetizable continuum with an electromagnetic field is constructed on the basis ofLorentz invariance. The equations of balance of energy and momentum are deduced and applied to the study of the magnetooptical, electrooptical and photoelastic behavior of an elastic polarizable and magnetizable isotropic continuum. This model exhibits theCotton-Mouton andKerr effects but thePockels andFaraday rotations don't appear.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 352-366 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary A model to describe bond rupture and fracture in polymeric fibers is described. An experimentally determined distribution in stresses is incorporated with absolute reaction rate theory in the model to predict bond rupture. Model predictions are compared with experimentally determined fracture and free radical concentrations for various loadings. The experimental parameters in the model are discussed and their “best fit” values given. In general, these values are found to compare quite satisfactorily with accepted values from theory or other tests in the literature.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 830-835 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Apparatus for the measurement of extensional viscosity of polymer solutions is described. The range of extensional strain rates is 100–800 sec−1. Two converging liquid jets of high velocity impinge on a central low-velocity jet, causing the liquid in the central jet to be rapidly stretched. The force causing extension of this jet is measured from the change in reaction on the central capillary nozzle, whilst the initial and final velocities are obtained by jet thrust and photographic methods respectively. The Instron system provides accurately-controlled liquid flowrates and continuous recording of the various forces involved. Tests are reported on polyacrylamide solutions of concentration 0.10% and 0.07%, and on poly (ethylene oxide) solutions of concentration 0.10%. The extensional viscosity of the more concentrated polyacrylamide solution is over 30 poise at an extensional strain rate of 600 sec−1, exceeding the shear viscosity by a factor of 400 (the “Trouton” ratio). For the poly (ethylene oxide) solution, theTrouton ratio reaches 1400 at an extensional strain rate of only 200 sec−1. The results are shown to be consistent with orifice jet thrust data for similar solutions at higher strain rates. The axial stress rises rapidly with increasing extensional strain rate, but there is no evidence of an abrupt increase of stress in the range of strain rates between 102 and 104 sec−1. The triple jet method is of value in giving data for intermediate extensional strain rates and being dependent on fewer assumptions than the orifice jet thrust experiment.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 886-889 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 877-882 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary A unique shear stress-shear rate relationship exists for laminar flow of any time independent substance in a tube, whereas this is not the case for turbulent flow. In order to obtain a unique relationship for turbulent flow, a new approach based on the elementary theoretical interpretation of experimental data is adopted in the present paper. In particular, wall shear stress is found to be a unique function of a new turbulent pseudo shear rate term. In this relationship therè are two parameters which characterize a given substance — the limiting viscosity at high shear rateµ m and a factorα m which takes into account modification of turbulent structure by the non-Newtonian properties. Both of these parameters must be determined experimentally. Methods of predicting pressure gradients and of scaling up are outlined. In applying the approach to suspensions in which the solid phase has a density greater than that of the liquid medium, it may be important to determine the increment in shear stress equivalent to the energy required to maintain the solid particles in suspension. The validity of this approach is confirmed by data for the flow of a variety of substances including kaolin suspensions and Carbopol solutions in tubes ranging in diameter from 1.5 to 20 mm.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 891-896 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Haftfestigkeit im System Polymer-Faser von der Geschwindigkeit der Belastung untersucht. Die Versuche wurden mit Metalldraht von 150µm Durchmesser, alkalifreien Glasfasern von 12 und 200µm Durchmesser und wärmehärtenden Polymeren: Epoxidharz, Polyesterharz, siliziumorganischen und Butvar-Phenolharzen durchgeführt. Der Großteil der Messungen erfolgte bei Zimmertemperatur, bei Butvar-Phenol-Polymeren auch bei Temperaturen oberhalb und unterhalb der Zimmertemperatur. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Haftfestigkeit aller untersuchten Systeme eine lineare Funktion des Logarithmus der Belastungsgeschwindigkeit darstellt. Während sich der absolute Wert der Haftfestigkeitτ merklich beim Übergang von System zu System ändert, hängt die Empfindlichkeit vonτ gegenüber der Belastungsgeschwindigkeit wenig von der Natur der Unterlage und des Adhäsivs sowie vom Härtungsregime des Polymers ab. Aus den erhaltenen Daten wurde mittels desBailey-Kriteriums und der Lebensdauerformel vonShurkov die Aktivierungsenergie des adhäsiven Zerstörungsprozesses bestimmt. Es erwies sich, daß die Aktivierungsenergien der adhäsiven und der kohäsiven Zerstörung ähnlich sind.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 836-839 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 33-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Typen von Koordinatensystemen für die Analyse von Relaxationsdaten werden untersucht. Sind die Daten mittels einer einzigen Relaxationszeit beschreibbar, dann besteht die graphische Darstellung aus geraden Linien. Die Steigungen und Achsenschnittpunkte dieser Linien können dazu benützt werden, um die den Prozeß charakterisierenden Parameter, z. B. die Relaxationszeit, abzuschätzen. Die Vor- und Nachteile der Datendarstellung mit jedem dieser drei Koordinatensystemtypen sind wohlbekannt und können hier angewandt werden. Gibt es mehr als eine Relaxationszeit, dann bestehen die graphischen Darstellungen aus Kurven. Jedoch können die begrenzenden Steigungen und Schnittpunkte immer noch benützt werden, um die Relaxationsparameter abzuschätzen. In diesem Fall werden verschiedene mittlere Relaxationszeiten 〈τ〉 p erhalten: $$\left\langle \tau \right\rangle _p = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}$$ wobeim die Zahl der Relaxationsprozesse ist,τ i undΔ i die Zeit und Größe desi-ten Prozesses sind, undp irgendeine ganze Zahl zwischen −3 und +4 ist. Diese Mittelwerte sind zur Charakterisierung der Verteilung von Relaxationszeiten sowie zur Bestimmung anderer Parameter, die den Relaxationsprozeß beschrieben, nützlich. Die Anwendung dieser graphischen Methode wird in zwei bestimmten Gebieten erläutert, und zwar für die Frequenzabhängigkeit des Schermoduls und der Ausbreitung von longitudinalen Ultraschallwellen. Für diese zwei Beispiele werden die Ausdrücke für Schnittpunkte und begrenzenden Steigungen abgeschätzt. Mit diesen Ausdrücken können die graphischen Darstellungen von experimentellen Daten zur Abschätzung der entsprechenden Parameter benützt werden. Der spezielle Fall eines Systems mit zwei Relaxationszeiten wird auch diskutiert. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt, inwieweit intuitive Verallgemeinerung aus dem Fall einer einzigen Relaxationszeit irreführend sein kann.
    Notes: Summary Three types of coordinate systems for the analysis of relaxation data are examined. When the data can be described by a single relaxation time, the graphs are straight lines. The slopes and intercepts of these lines can be used to evaluate the parameters which characterize the process, such as relaxation time. The advantages and disadvantages of displaying data with each of these types of coordinate systems are known and can be applied here. When more than one relaxation time is present, the graphs are curves. Nevertheless, the limiting slopes and intercepts can still be used to estimate the relaxation parameters. In this case various average relaxation times, 〈τ〉 p , are obtained, $$\left\langle \tau \right\rangle _p = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } \tau _i^p } {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\Delta _i } }}$$ wherem is the number of relaxation processes,τ i andΔ i are the time and magnitude of thei-th process andp is any integer between −3 and +4. These averages are useful both as a means of characterizing the distribution of relaxation times and determining other parameters describing the relaxation process. The application of these graphical methods is illustrated in two specific areas: the frequency dependence of the shear modulus and ultrasonic longitudinal wave propagation. For these two examples the expressions for the intercepts and limiting slopes are evaluated. With these expressions the graphs of experimental data can be used to estimate the relevant parameters. A section discussing the special case of a system with two relaxation times is also included. This section illustrates how intuitive generalization from a case with one relaxation time can be misleading.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 93-98 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 78-85 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein analytischer Vergleich von einem spannungsaktivierten nichtlinearen Modell (E) und einem linearen Spektralmodell (M) für visco-elastische Körper in Relaxation, Kriechen, Relaxationkriecherholung, Dehnung mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit und periodische Dehnung wird gemacht. Eine spezielle Ursache dafür ist eine „Invarianz“ in der Relaxation [1]. Signifikante Parameter sind die FrequenzfunktionH für (M) und die Geschwindig-keitskonstanteα für (E).H sollte in grober Näherung in der Relaxation konstant sein und in noch gröberer Näherung auch in Kriecherholung.α sollte aber im inversen Verhältnis zur Spannung stehen, und weiter sollteα (Kriecherholung)/α (Relaxation) ≈ 22 sein. Für Dehnung geben beide Modelle ungefähr dieselben Resultate, keines nimmt aber das plastische Kriechen von größerer Geschwindigkeit in Betracht. Für periodische Dehnung sieht (M) ein konventionelles Verhalten voraus, für (E) findet man aber signifikante zeitabhängige Frequenzeffekte. Mögliche physikalische Mechanismen zur Erklärung der Resultate werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary An analytical comparison is made of a stress-activated nonlinear model (E) and a linear spectral model (M) for visco-elastic bodies in relaxation, creep, relaxation-creep recovery, constant strain-rate extension and periodic strain. A special reason for this is an observed “invariance” in relaxation (eq. [1]). Significant parameters are the frequency functionH for (M) and the rate constantα for (E).H should be roughly constant in relaxation and in still rougher approximation also in creep recovery, whileα should be inversely proportional to the stress and in additionα (creep-recovery)/α (relaxation) ≈ 22. For strain extension both models predict similar results but none takes the plastic creep of large rate in consideration. Regarding periodic strain model (M) gives a conventional behaviour, while model (E) predicts significant time dependent frequency effects. Possible physical mechanisms for explanation of the results obtained are discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 86-92 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Elastizitätsmodul-Theorie der zusammengesetzten Stoffe, in welchen eine Phaseninversion vorkommen kann, wird untersucht. Die Systemmorphologie und die Packungsfraktion der dispersen Phase sind für die Modulbestimmung wichtig. Die Anwendbarkeit der theoretischen Gleichungen ist für vier Systeme von Blockpolymeren und Polygemischen veranschaulicht. Eine Phaseninversion kommt in drei von den Systemen vor. Die Theorie und Praxis sind in einer guten Übereinstimmung, und da, wo die Morphologie der zusammengesetzten Stoffe bekannt ist, stimmen die Moduli mit den für die Morphologie erwarteten Werten überein.
    Notes: Summary The theory of the elastic moduli of composite materials in which an inversion of the phases can occur is reviewed. The morphology of the system and the packing fraction of the dispersed phase are important in determining the moduli. The applicability of the theoretical equations is illustrated for four systems of block polymers and polyblends. In three of the systems, phase inversion occurs. Agreement between theory and experiment is good, and where the morphology of the composites is known, the moduliagree with the values expected for that morphology.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 99-102 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften von ausgehärteten Epoxydharzen untersucht, die mit kleinen Glimmerplättchen gefüllt sind. Bei den gefüllten Proben wird ein Nebenmaximum der Absorption bei etwa 80 °C beobachtet, wohingegen die ungefüllte Probe nur ein Hauptmaximum bei ungefähr 140 °C aufweist. Der Modul der gefüllten Proben zeigt in dem bei hohen Temperaturen liegenden kautschukelastischen Bereich außergewöhnlich hohe Werte. Zur Erklärung dieses Verhaltens wird angenommen, daß die auf die Probe im Ganzen wirkende Zugspannung in den dünnen Harzschichten, die jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Glimmerplättchen vorhanden sind, in eine Schubspannung verwandelt wird.
    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxy resins filled with small mica flake were investigated. A secondary absorption peak was observed for filled specimens around 80 °C, while unfilled specimen showed only a primary absorption peak around 140 °C. Modulus of filled specimens at high temperature rubbery region showed extraordinary high value. As an explanation to this behavior, it was proposed that the tensile stress applied to specimen was converted to shear stress in a thin resinous layer sandwiched by two mica flakes.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 149-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Verarbeitung von Polyimiden ergeben sich zahlreiche rheologische Probleme, für deren Untersuchung übliche Fließmessungen unzureichend sind. So sind die Endeigenschaften solcher Werkstoffe nicht nur von chemischer Struktur und dem Fließverhalten während der Verarbeitung, sondern auch besonders von der thermischen Vorgeschichte abhängig. Torsionsschwingungs-messungen an imprägnierten Glasfasergeweben (Torsional Braid Analysis, Abkürzung: TBA) eignen sich vorzüglich für die Untersuchung solcher Systeme. Dieses Verfahren liefert Aussagen über Zeit-Temperaturabhängigkeit von Ringschluß-, Härtungs- und Nachhärtungsreaktionen sowie thermische Stabilität und Glasumwandlungs-temperatur als Funktion von Struktur und thermischer Vorgeschichte.
    Notes: Summary The processing of polyimides gives rise to a number of rheological problems that cannot be solved using normal flow measurements. In particular, the effect of molecular structure on curing, flow and molecular weight leads to different ultimate properties depending on the thermal history. One technique that has been used to study these systems is the Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA). It is shown that with the TBA one obtains time-temperature relationship for cyclization of the prepolymer; curing and post cure parameters needed for processing. Thermal stability can also be determined. In addition, it is possible to relate the glass temperature of the cured system to the molecular weight of the prepolymer.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 103-112 
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    Notes: Summary The many uses of leather have largely relied on the range of mechanical properties which it can provide, according to the raw material employed in its manufacture and the manufacturing processes themselves. The contrasting behaviour of a stiff sole leather and of a fine gloving leather exemplify this point. The last twenty years have seen intensive investigation of many mechanical properties of leather and the design of test methods now accepted internationally. At ambient temperatures and humidities most types of leather show mainly elastic behaviour, although delayed elastic effects may give the semblance of plasticity. The stress relaxation-time relation for constant linear strain shows the stress decaying linearly with log (time). The stress decay becomes discontinuous after sufficient time. The stress-strain relation for extension of leather strips is often markedly non-linear even at low strains (〈2%). Two dimensional extension of leather has been analysed using an instrument allowing independent extension in two perpendicular directions. To a first approximation each stress component is linearly related to the two elastic strain components in the perpendicular directions. As with other materials of biological origin, the mechanical behaviour of leather varies from place to place in the skin, not only over its area, but also through its thickness. The extent of variation is briefly discussed and related to the underlying fibre structure. Leather which has been strained and then subjected to either heat alone or heat and moisture, shows much more extensive plasticity than occurs at lower temperatures. This behaviour has been used to enable leather to be given appropriate shapes, as in the heat setting of upper leathers. Quantitative studies of heat setting are reported and the influence of such variables as temperature, moisture content of the applied air stream, the air stream velocity and the duration of treatment are discussed. The plastic deformation obtained in this way is contrasted with “run” in gloving leather.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 113-115 
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    Notes: Summary The relation of chain rigidity of thermally stable polypyromellitimide (PI) with the orientation of molecules in the stretched films was looked for in the temperature dependence of the dynamic mechanical properties and also in the thermal shrinkage of the film. In the temperature dependence of the dynamic loss modulus of the commercial PI film, du Pont, Kapton H, a broad peak was found around 300°C at 0.1 ~ 0.2 Hz. This peak was magnified by stretching the film by 40%, and disappeared after heating up to 500°C. Thermal shrinkage of the stretched film was measured by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) at a uniform heating rate, and a significant shrinkage was found over the range 100 to 400°C for the stretched films. When stretched, the rigid polymer chains are extended and frozen in a metastable state. The extended chains recoil back to the more stable state when heated in TMA and also in dynamic measurements.
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the elasticity or viscoelasticity of various materials by the vibrating-reed method at very low frequencies require the use of long and heavy samples. The effect of gravity on these samples has been considered theoretically, and new equations for the storage and loss moduli have been derived. Vibrating-reed measurements were carried out with several kinds of materials at frequencies ranging from about 1–20 Hz. The experimental results indicate that the above equations are satisfactory in practice.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 127-134 
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    Notes: Summary In this investigation, the repeated chemical stress relaxation measurements were carried out to observe the relaxation behaviors at large deformation. It was found that the repeated chemical stress relaxation curves were affected by both temperature measured and extension ratio of rubber. It was suggested from the results obtained that temperature and mechanical stimulus have a similar effect on the stress relaxation curves. Thus we propose the followingArrhenius type eq. [1] for high extension ratios. $${{f(t)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{f(t)} {f(0)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {f(0)}} = \exp (A \cdot e^{\frac{{E_f }}{\alpha }} \cdot t).[1]$$ Where,α is the extension ratio, andA, andE f are the constants determined experimentally. On the other hand, from eq. [1] and usualArrhenius equation, the universal eq. [2] for the extension ratio and the temperature in large deformation was derived as follows, $$\begin{gathered} \ln \{ (\ln f(0)/f(t))/t\} - E/R(1/T_0 - 1/T) \hfill \\ = \ln A - E_f /\alpha [2] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where,T 0 is adequate temperature. The curves obtained for different temperatures and extensions were very well consistent with those by eq. [2] in large deformation.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Spannungsrelaxation und die Bruchzeitt b als Funktion der Spannungσ wurden am gequollenen homogenen und heterogenen Poly(2-Hydroxyäthylmethacrylat) im gleichen Zeit- und Temperaturintervall untersucht. Die homogenen Proben wurden durch Vernetzungspolymerisation von 2-Hydroxyäthylmethacrylat mit Äthylendimethacrylat als Vernetzungsmittel (c = 0,21 und 0,65 104 mol cm−3) und Äthylenglykol als Verdünnungsmittel hergestellt; die heterogenen Proben mit verschiedener Porosität wurden mit Wasser als Verdünnungsmittel hergestellt. Die Verschiebungsfaktoren loga T aus Relaxations- und Bruchversuch stimmen nur bei Proben mit einem höheren Vernetzungsgrad überein. Für Systeme mit einem niedrigeren Vernetzungsgrad sind die viskoelastischen Kenngrößen weniger temperaturempfindlich. Bei höheren Temperaturen (T〉 30°C) ist die Konstruktion der generalisierten Kurven nur mit zusätzlichen Verschiebungsfaktoren möglich; dieses Verhalten wurde schon früher an anderen Polymethacrylaten vonFerry und Mitarb. beobachtet. Der Einfluß von Vernetzungsdichte und von Quellung auf die generalisierten Kurven logE(t) vs. logt/a T und logt b /a T vs. logσ wurde den Differenzen in dem viskoelastischen Mechanismus der Spannungsrelaxation und des Bruches sowie den Differenzen in der Netzwerk-Topologie zugeschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Both stress relaxation behaviour and time-to-breakt b as a function of stressσ were studied in identical time and temperature intervals using poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) gels in the swollen state, prepared both in the homogeneous and in the heterogeneous form. Homogeneous samples were prepared by means of crosslinking polymerization (concentration of ethylene dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agentc=0.21 and 0.65×10−4mol cm−3) in the presence of ethylene glycol (v 0=0.6−0.3); heterogeneous samples with various degrees of porosity were prepared in the presence of water (v 0=0.8−0.2). Irrespective ofv 0, an agreement was found between the temperature shift factors, loga T , obtained from the viscoelastic and ultimate measurements for the systems prepared with a higher concentration of the crosslinking agent; for the lightly crosslinked systems thea T values from the viscoelastic data were less sensitive to temperature. The temperature dependence of loga T was not the same at temperaturesT〉30°C and additional horizontal-vertical shifts had to be used; this effect is very similar to that observed previously for the other polymethacrylates byFerry and coworkers. In the water preswollen systems the isochronous breaking stress vs.v 0 curves exhibit a maximum which disappears with time. The moduliE(t) of the same systems decrease approximately withv 0 -1 irrespective of the degree of preswelling. The effect of crosslinking and preswelling on the shape of the superimposed logE(t) vs. logt/a T and logt b /a T vs. logσ curves was ascribed to the different role of viscoelastic mechanism in the relaxation and in the ultimate process and to different topological features of the networks prepared.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 139-148 
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    Notes: Summary Temperature dependent properties of some segmented copolyurethanes were compared with those of soft- and hard-segment polyurethanes. To understand the chemical nature of associated phase more explicitly, far-infrared spectral behaviors were precisely analyzed. Mid-infrared frequency shift of NH-stretching vibration of associated carbonamide group was taken as a measure of the strength of hydrogen bond. Dynamic viscoelastic response as well as flow property estimated from viscoelastic shift factor were compared with the infrared spectral behaviors. A strong intersegmental carbonamide association was found through a preferential “solvation” of —(CH2)6NHCOO— group in the soft segment derived from poly-butyleneglycoladipate (PBA) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), to the same group in the hard segment derived from butanediol (BD) and HMDI, yielding a thermoplastic copolyurethane, (PBA + BD) —HMDI, with high activation energy of segmental flow. While, a unique aromatic association was observed in copolyurethane derived from diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). A weakening of hydrogen bond in hard segment by aromatic cohesion of soft segment was observed from mid-infrared measurements, which gave a typical thermoelastic copolyurethane with moderate activation energy of flow. The same effect of weakening of hydrogen bond was observed by the replacement of polyester soft segment by less polar polyether, which gave also thermoelasticity. Polyurethanes derived from toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and xylylene diisocyanate (XDI) did not show the aromatic association of MDI type. The mid-infrared stretching vibration and farinfrared out-of-plane deformation vibration of associated NH-group were found to correlate with hydrogen bond- andvan der Waals-crystals having been assigned from (200) and (002) interferences, respectively, in X-ray scattering measurements byKilian et al.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 168-172 
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 177-179 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den Fall der Strömung längs einer ruckartig in Bewegung gesetzten unendlichen Platte in einer viscoelastischen Flüssigkeit ist eine Näherungslösung für Geschwindigkeit und Scherspannungabgeleitet. Dabeiwurde beobachtet, daß die Geschwindigkeit mit Zunahme des Elastizitätsparametersk ansteigt und die Scherspannung mit zunehmendemk abnimmt.
    Notes: Summary An approximate solution to the flow past an impulsively started infinite plate in an elastico-viscous fluid is derived for the velocity and shearing stress. It is observed that the velocity increases with increasing the elastic parameterk and the shearing stress decreases with increasingk.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 180-184 
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    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of alginate gels with a high D-mannuronate content has been investigated at strains of less than 0.1 and under stresses of 1000–3000 dyne cm−2. Under these conditions linear viscoelastic behaviour was observed. The effects of varying pH, calcium ion and alginate concentrations were examined in gels which had been aged for 25 h. At pH 6.0 the reciprocal of the ten second compliance was directly proportional to the alginate concentration. The compliance of the gels exhibited a pronounced dependence on pH being larger at pH 6.0 than at lower pHs. Syneresis was greater for acid gels than those formed at neutral pH and increased with decreasing polysaccharide concentration. In general an enhanced calcium ion concentration resulted in a decrease in the compliance of the gels. The results are discussed in terms of polymer network theory.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 367-376 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary The shear creep behavior of polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, samples has been studied in the neighborhood of and above their glass temperatures. One of the materials studied was “ideally” atactic with equal numbers of random isotactic and syndiotactic placements, while the other was a commercial or “conventional” PMMA which was about 76% syndiotactic. The glass temperatures,T g , were found to be 106 and 117 °C respectively. Evacuation above the glass temperature for several weeks was necessary before reproducible creep compliance,J (t), curves could be obtained. It is believed that absorbed water plasticized the polar materials and its removal led to the shifting of theJ (t) curves to longer times. For both materials apparently successful temperature reduction was found to be possible within the temperature range of our investigations, i.e. up to 200 °C. Retardation spectra were calculated from the reduced curves and are compared. The temperature dependences, as described by the time scale shift factors,a T , were similar when allowance is made for the different glass temperature. Botha T curves could not be fitted to theWilliams, Landel, andFerry, WLF, free volume expression. These are the first examples of such a deviation for amorphous high polymers. It is proposed that the primary softening dispersion has two distinctly different groups of viscoelastic mechanisms contributing to it. On this basis the primary dispersion was decomposed into the two contributions. Both of the resulting temperature dependences were satisfactorily fitted to the WLF equation. Differences in the retardation spectra are noted. The glassy compliance of the commercial PMMA appears to be about twice that of the atactic PMMA.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 670-674 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a valuable and widely used component of food systems. The rheological properties of a series of CMC solutions and gels have been determined under both steady and imposed sinusoidal shear conditions, over a wide range of shear rates and frequencies, using theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer. Depending upon the CMC type, degree of substitution, and method of solution preparation, the rheological behavior ranged from viscolastic solutions to unctuous gels. If certain polyvalent cations, e.g., Al3+, are present, rigid elastic gels may be formed. These results are interpreted in terms of fringe micelles, arising from crystalline residues in the CMC. Gels which show unctuous behavior may be described in terms of a modifiedBingham Body model. Where appropriate, the experimental results are quantitatively analyzed in terms of the parameters of this model. The application of these findings to the use of CMC in food systems is discussed.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 689-695 
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    Notes: Résumé Dans cette étude, on apporte quelques éléments, permettant de mieux comprendre le mode de propagation des fissures de fatigue dans un matériau agrégataire. Le début de fissuration n'a pas pu être défini avec précision. On constate seulement qu'il apparaît à 80% de la durée de vie des éprouvettes.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 681-688 
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    Notes: Summary Flow patterns of disperse systems such as TiO2-water and ZnO-water suspensions were investigated over a wide shearing range both in laminar and in turbulent regions. The results indicated in fig. 11 a were decided as the laminar and the turbulent flow patterns respectively.f-Re relations were also investigated for the systems which possessed varying non-Newtonian parametern. f-Re diagram was revealed to be affected by varyingn values both in laminar and in turbulent regions similarly as shown in fig. 11 b.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 696-710 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The values of the viscosity factorv of prolate and oblate ellipsoïds are calculated for axial ratiop (or 1/p) between 2 and 600 and up to values of the parameterα = G/D = 500. Relations between the intrinsic viscosity at zero shear rate andp, between the rotary diffusion constantD and the shape of the non-newtonian viscosity curve and a test of rigidity for the ellipsoïds are given. These results have been applied to poly-benzyl-L-glutamate, and show that PBLG, in helicoidal configuration, undergoes transitions at critical molecular weights. The rigidity test shows that PBLG is always rigid in metacresol but not in dichlorethane.
    Notes: Résumé Les valeurs du facteur de viscositév pour les ellipsoïdes allongés et aplatis ont été calculées pour des allongementsp, respectivement 1/p, compris entre 2 et 600 et jusqu'à des valeurs du paramètreα = G/D = 500. Des relations permettant de déterminerp en fonction de la viscosité intrinsèque à gradient nul, la constante de diffusion de rotationD en fonction de la forme de la courbe de viscosité non-newtonienne, et un critère de rigidité des ellipsoïdes ont été établis. Ces résultats sont appliqués au poly-L-glutamate de benzyle et permettent de penser que ce produit, en configuration hélicoïdale subit des transconformations à certaines masses critiques; par ailleurs, toujours rigide dans le metacrésol, il est déformable dans le dichlorétane.
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    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 740-744 
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    Notes: Summary The amylose molecule is extended by the insertion of iodine in quantities up to a ratio of one molecule per turn of the helix. Ordinary cornstarch and its amylopectin fraction do not respond in the same manner. As the iodine content was increased the intrinsic viscosity [η] rose from 0.55 to 1.45 dl/g, then remained constant. In this same range theHuggins' interaction parameterk′ for the dependence of reduced viscosity [η sp/C] on iodine concentration rose from 0.31 to 5.65 and continued to increase. Reduction ofd[η]/dT by complexing from −0.36 × 10−2 to −0.23 × 10−2 dl/g/deg provided an independent measure of the flexibility of the molecule and revealed that iodine stiffens the helix in some manner. The dipolar interaction between iodine and the helix restricts conformational changes and increases the average extension. As more iodine molecules enter the helical chain the average distribution of molecular segments relative to the center of mass of the molecule spreads outward.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 1-24 
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    Notes: Abstract A model concerning the generation of picosecond light pulses in solid state lasers is compared with existing experimental observations. The quality of selected single pulses and their favourable properties for investigations with ultrashort light pulses are discussed. Extensive physical applications of picosecond light pulses are reviewed. Emphasis is given to quantitative investigations of non-linear optics and of ultrafast relaxation processes in condensed matter.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 43-66 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical modulator inside a laser cavity, if driven at the cavity c/2L frequency or a harmonic, will produce a variety of mode-coupled short-pulse and FM-laser phenomena. This paper reviews the kinds of CW and transient mode-coupling phenomena hat can occur in CW lasers and in selected lower-power pulsed lasers using either an active optical modulator or in some cases passive saturable absorbers.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 25-42 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental techniques for the generation of frequency-tunable picosecond pulses from passively mode-locked dye lasers are reviewed. Direct photoelectric measurements of pulse durations with a streak-camera of time resolution 〈3 ps are described. Recent studies of the build-up of pulse shortening and of saturable absorber photochemistry are discussed and related to the mode-locking processes in dye lasers.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 67-85 
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    Notes: Abstract Many authors have reported disparate characteristics of pulses from Nd:glass mode-locked lasers. From these it has become clear that the well-developed pulse has a frequency sweep or subpicosecond structure and yields a contrast ratio less than the ideal 3 in the two-photon-fluorescence measurement. On the other hand, the early pulse is well behaved, has simple temporal and spectral structure, and yields a contrast ratio of 3 in TPF. The measurements are almost all indirect. Theories explaining the early pulse have appeared, but these fail for the fully developed pulse. The authors present time-resolved spectrograms, covering pulse development from 1/50 peak intensity, where the pulse is well mode-locked, to full development, where spectral structure is complex. A numerical analysis, including self-phase modulation, non-linear absorption, amplification and dispersion, yields results that qualitatively agree very well with the experimental records, suggesting that self-phase modulation plays an important role in the evolution of mode-locked pulses in a Nd:glass laser.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 115-120 
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    Notes: Abstract Two-photon conductivity in GaAs and CdS0·5Se0·5 were investigated with modelocked Nd:glass laser pulse excitation, with a view to determine their suitability for picosecond pulsewidth measurement. The contrast ratio using GaAs as twophoton conductor was 1.8 and it increased to 2.4 when CdS0·5Se0·5 was used. The improved contrast ratio in the case of CdS0·5Se0·5 was partly due to the improved resolution of the crystal (2 ps) and partly due to the extended square-law region.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 99-113 
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    Notes: Abstract Mode-locking of CW dye lasers are described. Three different methods: active mode-locking by acoustic loss modulation, pumping with mode-locked pulses and passive mode-locking by a saturable absorber, all resulted in stable continuous trains of tunable mode-locked pulses of various duration. Best results were obtained using passive mode-locking by a saturable absorber. The pulse lengths for this case were measured by auto-correlation technique to be as short as 1.5 ps. Factors influencing the mode-locking and possible improvements are discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 87-98 
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    Notes: Abstract Single light pulses, generated by a mode-locked Nd-glass laser, were shortened with saturable absorbers of low initial transmissionT 0. The pulse duration was reduced from 8 to 2.6 ps after a single pass through a dye cell ofT 0=10−7. Light pulses as short as 0.5 ps were observed after five transits through an absorberamplifier system. Detailed calculations of the stationary and the transient situation (with respect to the dye relaxation timeτ) are presented to demonstrate optimum conditions for the pulse shortening.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 121-140 
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    Notes: Abstract We summarize a theory of self-induced transparency (SIT) which exhibits so-called ‘soliton’ solutions of the underlying equations, as the natural description of pulse evolution and break up. The theory is in remarkable agreement with recently published experimental work on87Rb vapour where transparent2Nπ pulses appear to break up into a train of 2π pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 141-142 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 153-160 
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    Notes: Abstract Preparation of silicon avalanche photodiodes by a planar method in epitaxial PP+ silicon slices limited charge collection to carriers generated in or close to the depletion region. Reducing the effective size of the zero-field absorption region surrounding the depletion region by this method, resulted in the output signal current of the device reproducing the input light pulse shape, within 15 ns. When illuminated with monochromatic radiation, the shot noise of a detector prepared in epitaxial material was less than that observed with a device fabricated in homogeneous material, due to the reduced signal current.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 161-166 
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    Notes: Abstract The necessity for polarization-tensors of higher order than the 2×2 polarization matrix is clearly demonstrated, by considering two inequivalent situations arising from the superposition of two constant-amplitude beams with a random phase difference between them. The partially- and unpolarized fields from the superposition of two circularly polarized beams show no anisotropy in intensity fluctuations when viewed by a plane-polarized detector. This is not the case for the partially- and even the unpolarized beam formed from two plane-polarized beams. In passing, thesimple form of the polarization curve observed by a rotatable plane-polarized detector subject to an elliptically polarized beam, is derived.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 141-151 
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    Notes: Abstract Two experimental methods are described which allow local and temporal investigations of radiant emittance and temperature within the active area of GaAsP lightemitting diodes. Resolution is in the order of 1 μm and 10 μs, respectively. The measurements are correlated with theoretical calculations of the local current density. Non-uniformity and saturation are observed under pulsed operating conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of local measurements, especially in the case of degradation studies, where current density and temperature are supposed to play a major role.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 167-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The steady state self-focusing of a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a magneto-plasma has been studied. On a short time scale, a non-linearity in the dielectric constant of a plasma appears due to the ponderomotive force. This force in the case of the extraordinary mode has opposite signs forω〉ω c andω〈ω c, whereω c is the electron cyclotron frequency. The self-focusing due to this effect is predicted at frequencies except forω c /2〈ω〈ω c . The focusing of the ordinary mode is adversely affected by the magnetic field. On a larger time scale, the non-uniform heating of electrons by the beam and the resulting redistribution of the electron density is a source of non-linearity. This non-local non-linearity is several orders of magnitude higher than the ponderomotive non-linearity. We predict self-focusing of the extraordinary mode only above the gyroresonance (ω〉ω c ), while the ordinary mode can be focused at all frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 181-184 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 185-187 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 189-190 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 197-198 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 191-196 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 199-200 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 217-223 
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    Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the damage of Si solar cells due to Q-switched ruby laser radiation has been made. Four kinds of specimen with different surface states were used in order to examine how the damage depends on the surface state: (a) chemically etched to a mirror finish, (b) mechanically polished by a 0.5 μm Al2O3 powder, (c) chemically etched, but rough, (d) coated with SiO on the (c) surface. The threshold power densities, at which a change in the photo-current occurs, were for the specimens (a) to (d) respectively 60 MW cm−2, 20 MW cm−2, 30 MW cm−2 and 9 MW cm−2. Attenuations of the photo-current of the specimens, a, c and d were observed over the whole range of wavelength 500 to 1000 nm. For the b cell, however, increase of the photo-current was observed mainly in the short wavelength region.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 235-241 
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    Notes: Abstract A cross-correlation function of two time-varying signals and two spatial signals is considered analytically for real-time signal processing. An electro-optical heterodyne signal processor with a set of two successive ultrasonic light modulators and two optical masks is simply used because this optical system is not so sensitive in its alignment as conventional Mach-Zehnder-like interferometers for photomixing. As two special cases, a convolution function of two rectangular pulses fed to both the modulators and a correlation function of a rectangular pulse, fed only to one of the modulators, with a rectangular aperture made in one mask are produced experimentally for verification.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 199-216 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for the doping and current dependence of the refractive index of direct-gap semiconductors has been developed and applied to GaAs in order to explain certain properties of single heterostructure injection lasers. The model involves the concept of an effective energy gap which takes account of the effects of doping and free carriers via the Burstein shift, the exchange interaction, and the average screened Coulomb potential of the impurities. This effective gap, together with empirical results for the energy dependence of the refractive index, facilitates the calculation of refractive index changes with doping and current. Numerical results are given for GaAs, and the model is applied particularly to the substrate and active regions of single heterostructure injection lasers. In these devices the refractive index values are particularly important in determining the dielectric waveguide properties. With the aid of our model, this feature can be discussed in detail, with special reference to the breakdown of the waveguide effect which occurs (a) for substrate doping levels below a critical value, and (b) for currents well above threshold ('saturation').
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 225-234 
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    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved measurements have been made of stimulated and spontaneous emission, voltage and current in a transversely excited nitrogen laser giving 50 kW peak power at 337 nm. The excitation rates to the laser levels were calculated from literature data using the results of electrical measurements, a check being obtained from measurements of spontaneous emission. The Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution gives better agreement with measurements than the Maxwellian. Laser pulses were calculated by solving numerically the space-dependent rate equations for population and photon number densities. Recent literature data on the transition probabilities and the pressure-dependence of the lifetime of the upper laser level were introduced into the calculations. The formation of a thin discharge channel was found to be essential for the high gain achieved. The onset of stimulated emission as observed on oscilloscope pictures was found to have a delay of the order of 1 ns in relation to the onset of current and spontaneous emission. This delay was confirmed by the calculations and explained as the time required to build up the population inversion and radiation density.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 243-244 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 245-247 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. I 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 249-261 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes and reviews experimental results on both the processes involved in the establishment of ultrashort light pulses during their build-up from noise and in their subsequent growth and narrowing. Schemes for the improvement of the USP train are suggested.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 263-269 
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    Notes: Abstract The possibility of heterodyning between electromagnetic waves scattered by particles separated in space is explained from a classical point of view and from a quantum mechanical point of view. The last description being carried out using only the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and a rather coarse, but intelligible particle picture of electromagnetic waves. The analysis is carried out with special emphasis on the heterodyning process in the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) because the main purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of this instrument. An aid for this purpose is the evaluation of a visual comprehensive interference pattern (Moiré pattern), which furthermore reveals some important features of the optical set-up.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 271-286 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of propagating modes of an optical fibre consisting of a cylindrical core whose refractive index varies arbitrarily with radius, embedded in a homogeneous cladding of infinite outer radius, are studied numerically. It is shown that, to avoid strongly accumulating errors, the numerical solution of the field equations in the core region must be performed by a combination of solution techniques, namely, by step-by-step integration in cylindrical shells where the solution is of oscillatory type, and by a two-point boundary-value technique in shells where the solution is of exponential type. When the core solution is matched at the core boundary to the cladding solution, there results a characteristic equation whose roots specify the effective refractive indices of the propagating modes. A complete theoretical discussion is presented for modes with, as well as without, axial symmetry. However, numerical results are reported here only for axially symmetric modes. Mode-to-mode dispersion in SELFOC-type fibres is calculated in the wavelength region near 0.85 μm for several configurations having either parabolic-type or hypersecant-type index profiles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 287-296 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A leaky mode is a bound mode below its cut-off frequency. It attenuates in the direction of propagation and approximates the portion of the radiation field within the optical waveguide that is significant far from the source. The characteristics, including attenuation coefficients, of leaky modes on the circular fibre are compared with those of the more familiar slab waveguide. Except for the HE1m leaky modes, leaky modes attenuate much faster on the slab than on the circular fibre. The greater the /(azimuthal field variation) the smaller the attenuatioN. Thus, theI≫1 leaky modes are important even at great distances from the source. An effective cut-off frequency is proposed. Above this frequency the mode is either weakly leaky or trapped. An expression for the number of weakly leaky and trapped modes is given. The power of leaky modes due to illuminating one end of the fibre is determined. The effect of material absorption is considered.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 297-304 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The power transmitted within multimode circular optical fibres illuminated at one end by either coherent or incoherent light is determined. In general, a significant portion of this power is due to the radiation field even kilometres from the source. Thus an analysis in terms of bound modes alone is inadequate and so is geometric optics using Fresnel's lawS. Instead, we use a modified form of geometric optics in which the rays are appropriately weighted to account for the leakage (radiation) from the fibre not included by Fresnel's laws. Extensive numerical results are given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 305-311 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the techniques of extended pulse stroboscopic holography and holographic subtraction have been applied to the study of periodic, non-sinusoidal vibrations represented by a Jacobian elliptic function. Fringe irradiance distribution in reconstructed images has been evaluated for the two cases. For this purpose we make use of an expression for the characteristic fringe function derived from considerations of the effect of motion on the coherence. It is shown that the above-mentioned techniques are more advantageous for the measurement of periodic, non-sinusoidal vibrations than in the case of pure sinusoidal vibrations.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 317-318 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 313-315 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 317-318 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 319-332 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Automatic pattern recognition is the subject of a large literature, much of it theoretical. The present review paper deals primarily with optical pattern recognition techniques, and concentrates on the principles of recognition rather than the detailed physics and technology of opto-electronic transduction. Mathematical, sequential, and interactive techniques are mentioned only briefly because they have already been well reviewed by various authors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 333-348 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An introduction to current trends in the digital processing and manipulation of images is presented. The paper does not attempt a detailed survey of the field, but outlines instead the motivation behind it, and the relationships between the ‘disciplines’ such as image enhancement, pattern recognition and scene analysis involved with processing images. Selected examples are used to indicate the state of the art. Finally the typical configuration of an image processing system is described. The processing speeds of available digital processors are discussed, and the need for special purpose processors is emphasized.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 349-367 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Display systems are discussed in general terms to determine a set of criteria against which all display technologies can be assessed. A selection of the more recent display techniques will then be discussed in detail. Finally some general conclusions will be formulated about the future of these and other better known display technologies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 369-386 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the geometrical theory of pulse distortion and energy launching into multimode optical fibres is generalized when skew rays are taken into account. To this purpose, within the geometrical theory of skew rays, we firstly obtained a new expression for the numerical aperture. From this expression we derived an extensive analysis of the energy launched and the pulse response of a multimode optical fibre. A better launching efficiency and a different pulse form at the output of the fibre together with a larger broadening are obtained in comparison with the results derived from theories only for meridional rays. The theory is also applied to sources having planar geometry (such as LED) and linear geometry (such as semiconductor lasers), and the response to some rectangular-shaped pulses is investigated. Finally some considerations concerning scattering effects are described.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 387-392 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A ray tracing technique is used for calculating coupling efficiency between a light-emitting diode (LED) and an optical fibre. With an air interface, efficiency is estimated as a function of separation, waveguide diameter and source diameter, estimates are obtained using numerical methods. Initially the treatment considers a uniform source and is subsequently extended to Lambertian and weighted Lambertian distributions. The effect of numerical aperture on coupling coefficients is described.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 393-400 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on a model for the calculation of the variance of relaxation noise we show that it is possible in principle to modulate aminiature solid state laser at data rates (random) of 50 Mbit s−1 and higher by modulating the cavity loss, while keeping the relaxation oscillation noise small enough to permit a 10−9 error rate. Because of the small transit time through the miniature cavity a large modulation index (M ∼ 45) can be achieved, and although the laser power output suffers this can be compensated for in data transmission by the narrow output pulse shape that characterizes our intra-cavity modulation scheme. We discuss the design of a proposed miniature laser based on an acousto-optic intracavity modulator and compare its predicted performance with that of a modulated laser source based on an external modulator. Its major advantages are a somewhat lower electrical operating power and the simple construction which is based on an all-planar technology.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 401-409 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Former investigations of symmetric refractive index profiles in gradient waveguides are extended to include also asymmetric profile curves. The generalized delay expression is derived and illustrated by means of various examples. Possibilities of compensating symmetric by asymmetric components of the refractive index in the delay formula lead to a number of optimum profiles for low-dispersion transmission. The pulse broadening in a waveguide with a gradient profile being distributed in a ring-shaped form over its cross section, which is to serve as an example of a guide with an asymmetric profile, is assessed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 6 (1974), S. 417-417 
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