ALBERT

Description: A female blue-ringed octopus, Hapalochlaena sp. (probably lunulata), was maintained in an aqarium for nearly 3 months, during which time it spawned and cared for the eggs until hatching. The young are planktonic. Embryonic development does not differ markedly from that observed in other octopods, uniting certain features of the development of Octopus vulgaris and Eledone cirrosa. In terms of reproductive biology and development, the species differs from the lesser blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa in its mode of spawning, egg size and mode of life of its young. These differences correspond to conditions recorded for Octopus spp. and Eledone spp.

Description: Mineral resources on and beneath the seafloor are briefly reviewed and the present and future economic value of specific mineral resources is discussed. The results obtained from the cruises of the German research vessel "Valdivia" during its first three years of operation are presented.

Description: Calcium carbonate in sediments can greatly effect the engineering properties of those sediments. Factors that may effect engineering properties are: 1) great variation in primary void ratios, (2) inherent strength of carbonate grains, (3) degree of sorting, (4) ratio between grains and matrix, (5) nature and amount of cement, and (6) depth of burial. Deep-sea carbonates appear to be anomalous but do exist in rather large quantities. Their existence must depend upon a combination of physico-chemical and organic-chemical factors that need to be investigated in much more detail.

Description: Mutterkorn, das Dauermycel des auf Roggenähren wuchernden Fadenpilzes Claviceps purpurea, enthält eine Gruppe hellgelber, schwach saurer, optisch aktiver Farbstoffe. Obwohl die ersten Präparate dieser Farbstoffe schon vor fast 100 Jahren von DRAGENDORFF und Mitarb. (14) isoliert wurden, konnte deren Strukturaufklärung im wesentlichen erst in den letzten Jahren durchgeführt werden. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß für die Reindarstellung der schwer trennbaren, teilweise diastereomeren Farbstoffe leistungsfähige chromatographische Methoden entwickelt werden mußten (1, 27, 29, 47). Als sich gezeigt hatte, daß diese Farbstoffe eine Naturstoffgruppe aus mehr als 10 Vertretern mit sehr ähnlichen Strukturen bilden, wurde für sie der Sammelname Ergochrome und eine einfache Nomenklatur vorgeschlagen (19, 25, 29).

Description: A new method is proposed for determining absolute surface water paleotemperatures by means of Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny. This method is based on the relationship between the percentage of sinistral specimens in a population of the species mentioned and the temperature of the water. The advantages and disadvantages of the method proposed are discussed.

Description: The problems of reproduction of Octopus vulgaris and the seasonal distribution in the sea of planctonic larvae, benthonic juveniles and adults are discussed. The influence of environmental factors on growth is shown by experimental studies in the laboratory, and the difficulties of interpreting field data are emphazised.

Description: The bottom sediments of Sörfjord, West Norway, contain unusually high concentrations of Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn. The concentrations of Zn and Pb reach ∼ 10% by weight in some sediments. The concentrations of most of the elements are positively correlated, those of Pb, Cd, and Cu with Zn being particularly well developed; correlations also exist between Sb and Zn, and Ag and Cu. The concentrations of the metals in the bottom sediments decrease southwards and northwards from a locality close to a source of industrial waste.

Description: Three species of Foraminifera, which were ususally regarded as members of the Ammonia beccarii (L.)-group or closely related, are investigated. The material comes mainly from the lagoon of Cochin and from the shelf off Cochin (SW-India), Malabarcoast). Sections and Stereoscan-microphotographs revealed considerable differences in the internal structure (double or simple septae, different shape of the tooth-plates, areal or interiomarginal situation of the septal apertures). This leads to the conclusion, that only one species (Rotalia beccarii var. sobrina SHUPACK 1934) is a true Ammonia. Rotalia beccarii var. tepida CUSHMAN 1926 should be put to the genus Discorbis, Rotalia pauciloculata PHLEGER & PARKER 1951 is regarded as a species of Pseudoeponides. Some ecological observations are added.

Description: Shipworms or Teredinidae may be dispersed either as adults in floating wooden objects or as pelagic larvae drifting near the sea surface. Five shipworm species, i.e., half of those having an amphi-Atlantic geographical distribution, are known also to have pelagic phytoplanktotrophic larvae which can be carried by ocean currents. From a series of 742 plankton samples taken from throughout the temperate and tropical North Atlantic Ocean, it can be shown that shipworm larvae are not uncommon in the open sea. Teredinid veligers were found in 19% of all samples taken. One species of larvae, identical in all details to that described by Rancurel (1965), is particularly prevalent and is tentatively identified as Teredora malleolus (Turton). A definitive identification will be possible only after the pelagic larvae of the other Atlantic species are known. The larvae of Teredora malleolus are found throughout the North Atlantic Gyre and the adjacent temperate and tropical seas, and from scattered records in the South Equatorial Current. Larvae of other unidentified Teredinidae species were also found. The distance that larvae may be transported depends upon the length of pelagic larval development and the velocity of the currents. From the known current velocities it can be shown that, even in a few weeks, larvae may be dispersed many hundreds of kilometers. The geographical distribution of shipworm larvae suggests that they are carried along the coasts of continents and even across ocean basins, and that this dispersal must be an important factor in the geographical distribution of the adult forms and in the maintenance of genetic continuity between populations otherwise isolated from one another.

Description: A technique for rearing the loliginid squids Sepioteuthis sepioidea and Doryteuthis plei is reported. Specimens of the former were reared from eggs to sexually mature adults, and maintained for a maximum of 146 days; adult D. plei were maintained for 38 days. Choice and quantity of food was most important for the survival of all sizes, particularly young squid. Newly hatched specimens thrived on Mysidium columbiae. Both species fed at a rate of 30 to 60% of their body weight daily; starvation occurred when intake fell below 10 to 15%. Food conversion efficiency averaged between 10 to 20%. Growth was rapid and steady. S. sepioidea grew to a maximum of 105 mm and 77 g in less than 5 months; D. plei grew an estimated 20 mm/month. Experimental data indicate a lethal minimum salinity for both species at about 27‰. Lethal minimum and maximum temperatures for young S. sepioidea are 17.5° to 18.0°C, and 32.5° to 33.0°C, respectively. Young consume 0.64μl O2/mg wet weight/h. Opaque tanks, with a semi-natural bottom substrate and special ultra-violet (UV) illumination, are advantageous for rearing and maintenance.

Description: Analyses of bottom trawl samples and feeding experiments in the laboratory revealed a reproduction period ranging from late March to early August in Eledone cirrosa of the Catalonian Sea (Western Mediterranean). The embryonic development, studied for the first time on eggs laid in the laboratory, shows no basic difference from that of other Octopodiae. The newly hatched animals are planctonic; Morphologically, this feature is expressed by a relatively small arm-length.

Description: Five species of Sepiola were reared in the laboratory from egg to adult size. Spawning was achieved in 3 species of Sepiola afteer 5 to 7 months. The growth rate of the species reared did not depend upon temperature, which ranged from 12,5° to 20°C. A fairly constant size increase (2,5mm mantle length/month) was observed in Sepiola during the 5 months after hatching. In Sepietta, the same growth rate was observed until the fourth month after hatching, when it increased to the rate of 5 mm mantle length/month.