ALBERT

Description: The three species Galium silvaticum L., Galium aristatum L. and Galium schultesii Vest show differences in morphology, cytology and geographical distribution. These differences are described and discussed. Crossing experiments between the three species were without results. No hybrid could be obtained. Galium silvaticum, Galium aristatum and Galium schultesii must be considered as separate species.

Description: Although a large number of Tortricoid species and several genera from the Indo-Malayan region have been described by earlier authors (Walker, Snellen, Walsingham, Meyrick, and a few others), no survey of the present group has ever been made. Edward Meyrick, the author of most of the new names, has never attempted a synopsis of the Olethreutinae. He made surveys of the Australian and New Zealand Tortricoidea (1911), but the results are too superficial for our modern standards. During a long sojourn, working and collecting in Java, I became greatly fascinated by that fauna. Having completed a number of preliminary studies of the subfamily Tortricinae (1939 et seq.), I turned next to the South Asiatic, especially Javanese, Olethreutinae. After a long delay due to World War II, their revision has been initiated by the study of the two then least known and most confused genera, Bactra Stephens and Lobesia Guenée (Diakonoff, 1950 et seq.).

Description: Some rain and savanna forests of western Suriname (Corantijn R., Winana Creek; Upper Marataka R.; Upper Nickerie R;) were studied and their composition was compared with that of forests of other parts of Suriname and Guyana. The savanna forests of western Suriname proved to be much related to Guyanan ( Walabaand Dakama-) savanna forests as described by Davis & Richards (1934) and Fanshawe (1952). On the other hand, there was less relationship as regards rain forests of western Suriname when compared with ones of Guyana and other parts of Suriname, except for the Demerara greenheart forest of the Upper Marataka R., which was closely related to the Demerara greenheart forests of Guyana as described by Davis & Richards (1934). In addition an upland rain forest was studied near Blanche Marie falls, Upper Nickerie R., which proved to be very much like that of the Stofbroekoe Mts., eastern Suriname, as described by Schils (1960). Species/area curves for some rain and savanna forests are given. The geographical distribution of some common western Surinam tree species was studied; of the seventeen species studied one was endemic for Suriname. An annotated list of all species of trees and palms occurring in the explored areas is provided.

Description: The genus Stenandriopsis was created by S. Moore in Journ. of Bot. 44: 153. 1906 for a plant collected first by Vaughan Thompson and afterwards by Baron in an unspecified part of Madagascar. As the plate by which the description is accompanied depicts the specimen collected by Baron (n. 6708), the latter is to be regarded as the type. Stenandriopsis was referred by its author to the Justicieae, but this tribe is apparently accepted by him in the delimitation it received in BENTHAM and HOOKER’s “Genera Plantarum”, and as it is in this sense a most heterogeneous mixture, this does not greatly enlighten us. Of more importance is that Moore compares it with Crossandra Salisb. and Stenandrium Nees, i.e. with genera belonging to my subfamily Acanthoideae and referred by me respectively to the Acantheae and the Aphelandreae. However, in my paper on “The Acantheae of the Malesian Area. I. General Considerations” in Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Ser. c. 58: 166. 1955, I pointed out that it can not belong to the Acantheae as the corolla throat lacks the incision in the adaxial side which is characteristic for that tribe. It can not belong to the Aphelandreae either as the corolla limb is subactinomorphous instead of distinctly bilabiate. As I had to rely at that time entirely on Moore’s description and on the plate by which the latter is accompanied, I was unable to arrive at a conclusion, but I suggested that the genus might represent a new tribe of my Acanthoideae. Since then I have had the opportunity to inspect in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History the material on which the genus was based, for which I tender my best thanks to the Keeper, and now I am able to express a more definite opinion.

Description: Three sections with a total number of four species of the genus Phyllanthus have been examined. The pollen grains show a strong resemblance to each other and also the taxonomic arguments to differentiate between the three sections proved to be rather weak. Because of both palynological and taxonomic reasons the sections Ceramanthus Baillon, Cluytiopsis Mueller Arg. and Anisolobium Mueller Arg. have been united into one section; viz. section Ceramanthus Baillon s.l.

Description: Dicranella riparia (H. Lindb.) Mårt. & Nyh. is reported for the first time from Greenland, where it was found on a fluvioglacial delta in the Angmagssalik District in plant communities belonging to the association Calamagrosto-Ditrichetum (all. Calamagrostion neglectae). This is the sixth locality known, and the first outside Fennoscandia.

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram. The pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities. Bouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Saône. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: The samples of the genus Calypogeia in the dutch institutional herbaria and private collections, those of C. arguta excluded, have been re-identified, according to the revision of the Swiss Calypogeias by Bischler (1957); distribution maps are given for all the taxa. More exact circumscriptions are given of several differentiating characters which were already established by previous authors. In C. fissa and C. sphagnicola the areolation of the leaves appeared to be a new differentiating character: in C. fissa the cells in the middle of the leaf show a great variation in length, whereas in C. sphagnicola the cell size is uniform. These differences are shown in histograms. C. muelleriana appeared to be restricted to the diluvial parts of the country, whereas C. fissa is common on both alluvium and diluvium; c. neesiana, C. sphagnicola and C. trichomanis are very rare, so that no clear geographical distribution can be given.

Description: This study deals with the taxa of the section Rubus of the genus Rubus L., so far as they are found in the Guelders district within the flora of the Netherlands. It concerns fifty species and some subspecies and varieties, mainly of the subsections Fruticosi Wimm. et Grab. and Discolores P. J. Müller. The similarity with the bramble-flora of northern Germany is obvious. A number of species, that occur in the latter region are absent however. Species of Central-European hills and mountains are as good as limited to the southern border of the Veluwe, which is mostly considered to belong to the Subcentreuropean district. South-European, often calciphilous species are absent. The nomenclature in the genus Rubus is very confused. There is an abundance of homonyms and synonyms. The number of misidentifications is rather large, meaning that a great deal of the literature is unreliable. The descriptions with many authors are absolutely insufficient, and type-specimens are often with difficulty or not at all to be traced. The difficulties arise from the fact that many taxa are not clearly separated. Some of them are well distinguishable, others are related by transitions. From a geographical point of view there is much difference as well. Some species have as their area almost the whole of Europe, others are limited to a very restricted area. In addition there is a difference in chromosome numbers (from diploids (2n = 14) to hexaploids (2n = 42). Most taxa are tetraploid. The abundance of forms within the section Rubus arises from a partly apomictic, partly amphimictic propagation. To set up some order in all those differences, the author has made the following distinctions: morphologically there are the different ranks of species and infraspecific taxa. Geographically distinctions have been made by means of a code of the capitals A to D inclusive: A indicates the taxa with the largest area, D the local taxa. Cytologically a code of Roman numerals has been given: I for diploids, II for polyploids. Beside the introductory theoretical part a short description of all taxa of the section above the specific rank has been given. All species and infraspecific taxa of this section, that are found to occur in the Guelders district have been described in detail, with mention of the type-specimen. Pictures have been added of the newly described taxa, and of some others as well. Maps of the distribution in the Netherlands of all the taxa have been inserted.

Description: This paper is an addendum to the author’s (1971) paper. At the time that the latter paper was finished, there were difficulties in taking photographs of the newly described male fructifications. Subsequently those difficulties have been solved, and the present paper contains the photographs of the male fructifications of the type specimens of Hastystrobus muirii v. Kon., Masculostrobus harrisii v. Kon., and Pityanthus scalbiensis v. Kon., and the photographs of the male fructifications, as described in the above-mentioned paper, of Ginkgo huttoni (Heer) Sternberg and Brachyphyllum crucis Kendall. All specimens are preserved in the Division of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Botanical Museum and Herbarium, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Most of the photographs were taken with the specimens illuminated obliquely in air, but some were taken with the specimens flooded with oil. This procedure is generally applied when the specimen requires enhancement of contrast, so that details are more evident than if the specimen was photographed dry.

Description: Vochysia sectio Ciliantha Stafleu, subsectio Ferrugineae Warming. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming stipulis incrassatis, foliis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, floribus calcari longo modice incurvo, petalo intermedio stamen aequante, stigmate terminali parvo instructis differt. Holotypus: “coll. unknown” (comm. D. Allen) in U, fl. 14 Nov. 1953. PERU, Nanay River near Iquitos, altitude 100 m., “quillo sisa”, tree more than 100 feet high, on clayey soil about 20 feet above river (Isotypes: US 2104976, Y 47782).

Description: Since the completion of Radlkofer’s monumental work on the Sapindaceae in Engler’s series “Das Pflanzenreich” 50 years have now elapsed, almost 40 since its publication. It is still the basis of virtually all taxonomic studies in the family. Some of the gerontogean genera have since been the subject of revisional work (Leenhouts 1969, 1971), but for the neogean representatives there are only some regional treatments (e.g. Rambo 1952; Barkley 1957; Reitz 1962; Soukup 1969), apart from descriptions of new taxa scattered through the literature. When studying the taxa native to Suriname in connection with the preparation of a supplement to the family treatment published previously in the “Flora of Suriname” (Uittien 1937) it soon became apparent to me that the genus Talisia was particularly incompletely known when Uittien published his account of the family, actually not much more than an extract from Radlkofer’s work. The number of species known or to be expected from Suriname proved to have doubled; this is not due to inadequateness of Uittien’s work but to much more extensive collecting. Two of the species met with since could not be identified with any species dealt with by Radlkofer or described after his time: these are described as new below. In order to establish that they were truly undescribed the descriptions and, where possible, types and/or other authentic specimens of all species described after Radlkofer were checked. A list of these follows; it may serve as a kind of bibliographic supplement to Radlkofer’s monograph. The two species marked with an asterisk have been posthumously listed in the supplement to his work.

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. “ Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth ” and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. “Heyne”; in the lower left comer another hand had added “Ind. or. Hb. Roth”. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH’s “Novae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,” there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH’s species, apparently had seen the type. ROTH’s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH’s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: Dicranella staphylina Whitehouse, a species recently described from Great Britain, is now recorded from Belgium, Denmark and The Netherlands. A new combination, Anisothecium staphylinum (Whitehouse) Sipman, Rubers & Riemann, is proposed. A study of the costal anatomy revealed that A. staphylinum in this respect most resembles A. rufescens.

Description: The author studied the morphology of Blackstonia perfoliata s.l. and compared its variability with that of the other representatives of the genus. She also carried out ecological studies of “Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina” on the Dutch island Voorne and compared her results with those in the literature relating to B. perfoliata in some adjacent regions, notably the Upper Rhine area. On morphological and ecological grounds B. perfoliata ssp. perfoliata and ssp. serotina are to be regarded as two distinct species, B. perfoliata and B. acuminata.

Description: In a forthcoming publication (Kramer, in prep.) floristic and taxonomic data of the pteridophyte flora of Suriname will be assembled, with keys and notes on their local distribution and ecological preference. The present paper deals with the geographical distribution of Suriname pteridophytes beyond the boundaries of Suriname (Fig. 2), a subject that lies beyond the scope of a local fern Flora. In the past, some (but relatively not very many) authors of fern Floras included a paragraph on the distribution of the taxa (Posthumus, 1928; Christensen, 1932; Backer & Posthumus, 1939). In some other fern Floras some space is devoted to ecology, but very little to geography (Holttum, 1954). In still others, considerations of a general kind on ecology and geography are altogether lacking (Vareschi, 1969). Lyell (1870), in his rather little-known book on the distribution of ferns, tried to bring together all the data known at his time; his work is now, of course, almost exclusively of historical significance.

Description: During my studies of the Surinam specimens belonging to this genus my attention was drawn to the often wrong interpretation of several old species. To avoid future misidentifications it seems useful to give a short review of the American species that are known up till now. It is emphasized, however, that this paper does not have the pretension to be a monograph of the American species. For the greater part my study of the species was confined to the type material and the variability therefore is not known. However, this contribution may serve as a base for a future monograph of this interesting group. Attention is drawn to the fact that only older leaves of the plants should be studied, because the leaf apex of the younger leaves is in all species acute and the lamina may not have reached its definite form.

Description: The pollen analyse of a raised-bog on the High Vosges crest shows the vegetation regional development since 3200 years. A prehistoric civilization, the Gallo-roman period, the great migrations and the Carolingian period are reflected in the pollen diagram by N.A.P. minima and maxima. A discussion on curves fluctuations of the main A.P. follows.

Description: This vegetation survey is the outcome of an investigation of the islands of the Netherlands Antilles carried out under the auspices of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. The data on which the present study is based were obtained during a trip which lasted from September 1952 until October 1953. During this trip the following islands were visited: Curaςao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. A short visit was also paid to the island of St. Kitts (B.W.I.). The present work gives an account of the actual vegetation of the Netherlands Antilles. Other studies, comprising the systematic results and conclusions of the survey, are being prepared, and will possibly be published in 1958.

Description: In my “Notes on the Acanthaceae of Java” (in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2nd Sect. 45, 2: 29,1948) I discussed the three epithets that had been applied to Rumph’s “Folium tinctorum” after the latter had been transferred to the genus Peristrophe, which, as is well known, was based on this species. Nees, the author of the genus, has used the name P. tinctoria, because he regarded Justicia tinctoria Roxb. as the oldest binomial that had been applied to it. This was contested both by Merrill and by Hochreutiner. Merrill was of opinion that Justicia bivalvis L (1759) was its oldest name, but as I pointed out l.c. this binomial must be regarded as a “nomen confusum”; the description indicates a Dicliptera species, whereas the plate in the “Hortus Malabaricus” and the specimina in Burman’s herbarium to which Linné referred, represent respectively Adhatoda vasica Nees and indeed “Folium tinctorum”. Hochreutiner, on the other hand, thought, that Justicia purpurea L (1753) was identical with Rumph’s plant, but this too proved to be a mistake. J. purpurea belongs, as R. Brown already had recognized, to Hypoëstes. As the binomials proposed by Merrill and Hochreutiner therefore had to be rejected, I accepted l.c. Peristrophe tinctoria (Roxb.) Nees as the correct name. This, however, is also erroneous, for Justicia tinctoria Roxb. itself is an illegitimate name, for which already long ago a legitimate one had been substituted. J. tinctoria Roxb. (1820) is a later homonym of J. tinctoria Lour. (1790). This was recognized already by Schultes (Mantissa 1: 140, 1822), who replaced Roxburgh’s epithet by roxburghiana quoting “ J. tinctoria Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Car. et Wall. I p. 124, n. 13 et hoc teste: Folium tinctorum Rumph. Amb. VI 51. t. XXII. f.l” adding “nomen mutandum erat ob tinctoriam antiquissimam Lour”. As Loureiro expressly stated that the plant described by him as J. tinctoria was not the same as “Folium tinctorum” of Rumph, it is clear that J. roxburghiana Schult. must be accepted as the oldest legitimate binomial for the latter. The correct name therefore becomes Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Brem. n. comb.

Description: Cytological investigations within Galium palustre L. showed the occurrence of three cytotypes, a diploid with 2n=24 chromosomes, a tetraploid with 2n=48 and an octoploid with 2n=96. Comparative morphological investigations, together with transplantation and crossing experiments confirmed the complexity of the species. The cytotypes are here considered to be subspecies of Galium palustre L.

Description: The wood descriptions of Juniperus communis L. ssp. communis are compared with those of earlier authors. The average and maximum tracheid lengths and the ray height distribution frequencies offer a means of separating the wood of the erect J. communis L. ssp. communis from that of the subspecies nana Syme with an entirely different habit.

Description: Caudalejeunea grolleana Gradst. spec. nov. from Madagascar is referred to this genus with some doubt because of the absence of gemmiparous branches. Ptychocoleus cristilobus (Steph.) Steph. from S. E. Asia has gemmiparous branches and therefore is a true Caudalejeunea: C. cristiloba (Steph.) comb. nov. This species is remarkable by its complicated ciliate leaflobule and by its polystratose rhizoid-disc. Two subspecies are distinguished: ssp. cristiloba from Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, and Singapore, and ssp. samoana (Steph.) comb. nov. (Caudalejeunea samoana Steph.) from Samoa. Both C. grolleana and C. cristiloba have a 4-5-carinate perianth, which shows that the trigonous perianth present in most species of Caudalejeunea is not a stable character of this genus.

Description: Dalbergia and Machaerium are two distinct genera. The former genus Ecastophyllum is a distinct entity in the genus Dalbergia. The former genus Drepanocarpus differs from Machaerium only in certain pod characters and is considered as congeneric with it.

Description: Cytologioal investigations within Galium boreale L. showed the occurrence of tetraploids (2n=44) as well as hexaploids (2n=66) in Europe. Comparative morphological studies failed to demonstrate any differences in characters between the two cytotypes. Crosses between the tetraploid and hexaploid were unsuccessful, due to the occurrence of a strong and effective barrier between the two levels of ploidy. From a taxonomical point of view the two cytotypes are considered as to belong to the same taxon.

Description: A subdivision of pollen types based only on different dimensions is very dubious. An example is given, taken from the miocene browncoal in the Lower-Rhine area of Germany and the Netherlands.

Description: The Veluwe is a stretch of high ground in the central part of the Netherlands, north of the river Rhine and south of the IJssel Meer, i.e. the former Zuiderzee, and the polders reclaimed from the latter. Geologically the area consists of three formations: 1. ridges which owe their origin to the pressure of the land ise, and which consist of sands deposited as river sediments in preglacial times; 2. a fluvioglacial formation; on some of these plains small but steep hills are found; 3. aeolian sediments: löss and cover-sands (cf. VINK, 1949); they were deposited in the late-glacial period.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 67 species of Dutch Angiosperms were determined. Notes on 11 species are added.

Description: With the appearance in 1889 of Engler’s treatment of the Urticales in “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” there came a pause in the interesting development of the classification of this group, which was defined, albeit somewhat vaguely, by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789 in his “Genera Plantarum” as the order Urticeae. Since the 1830’s, many, including Gaudichaud, Trécul, Miquel, Bureau, Eichler, Baillon, and Bentham, have contributed to the establishment of the Engler system which until recently has been generally accepted. An important moment in this history was the appearance of Trécul’s treatment of the then most problematical group, the “family” Artocarpeae. Trécul (1847) considered the “families” which at that time were distinguished within the “class” Urticineae, viz Moreae, Urticeae, Ulmeae, Celtideae, and Cannabineae, as being very closely related to the Artocarpeae. Along with the Conocephaleae, split off from the Artocarpeae, we find these “families” as tribes of the “class” Urticaceae in the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker (1880) and as subfamilies or families in Engler: the subfamilies Moroideae, Artocarpoideae, Conocephaloideae, and Cannaboideae in the family Moraceae, the subfamilies Ulmoideae and Celtoideae in the family Ulmaceae, and finally the family Urticaceae. Since the end of the last century and until recently no revisions of any large groups of Moraceae and Urticaceae had appeared. But with the development of monographic taxonomic research the system has come out of its static situation, as can be seen from the study by Corner (1962). He proposed a new delimitation of the Moraceae and Urticaceae and another subdivision of the Moraceae sensu stricto.

Description: Controversy over the taxonomic relationship of the Taxineae with the Coniferineae has created a new interest in the field of wood anatomy. This has been reflected by the flurry of investigations being conducted in families such as the Podocarpaceae. The systematic position of Amentotaxus is somewhat uncertain (see Keng, 1969). While many authors place Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, this genus has also been referred to the Cephalotaxaceae or even considered to represent a separate family, the Amentotaxaceae. When Kudo and Yamamoto (1931) described this last family, it was considered to be represented by only a single species, Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. In his revision of Amentotaxus Li (1952) recognized four species. However, the description and publication of three new species of Amentotaxus based on leaf morphology would appear to have been overly optimistic and has not gone unchallenged. Hu (1964) recognized only three of the species, since she thought that Amentotaxus cathayensis Li could not be usefully upheld as distinct. Moreover, Chuang and Hu (1963) considered that Amentotaxus formosana Li was better referred to Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. The divergence of opinion has increased the need to investigate any anatomical features that may be of taxonomic importance. In connection with this work it was thought an examination of the wood anatomy would be worthwhile, even though taxonomic evaluation at the subgeneric level is not often successful in this field. A comparative study of the wood anatomy within the genus Amentotaxus is considerably limited by the lack of availability of suitable material; most locations of Amentotaxus are in China. The scanty and now somewhat rare wood specimens were collected before 1935, with the exception of some from Taiwan.

Description: This paper is a preliminary account of investigations on species of Campylopus, mainly from the high Andes of Colombia and from adjacent regions. The studies are based on herbarium specimens, field studies and cultural experiments. The genus Campylopus was founded by Bridel (1819) on the basis of a curved seta only and included, therefore, species of Grimmia and other genera. Later he modified his earlier circumscription (Bridel 1826) so that the genus then contained (except for one uncertain species) only species of Campylopus as known today. A subdivision of the genus was made by Limpricht (1886) based on the structure of the costa as seen in cross section: Pseudocampylopus Costa without stereids, ventral layer of large cells, other cells containing chlorophyll with moderately thickened walls. Campylopus Costa with dorsal stereid groups. Palinocraspis Costa with dorsal and ventral groups of stereids.

Description: A key is offered to the wood of 35 out of 38 Inga species known from Suriname and the other Guianas. The wood structure indicates that the sections Leptinga, Diadema, Bourgonia and Euinga sensu Bentham are taxonomically sound. Section Pseudinga is unnatural and should be subdivided. The author is in favour of keeping the sections Leptinga and Diadema apart.

Description: Peculiar slit-like apertures in the walls of the fibre tracheids of Dicranostyles mildbraediana described in a previous paper, were recognized by the co-author as the result of a ‘soft-rot’ fungal attack. Consequently these structures are not a characteristic feature of this species.

Description: A small set of bryophytes collected on the islands of Malta and Gozo in April-May, 1968, and April, 1969, by K. U. Kramer and L. Y. Th. Westra (Utrecht) was handed to the author for identification. The results are presented here as a supplement to a paper on the vascular plants of the Maltese islands (Kramer et al. 1972). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht. In the past few years many new data have been published on the bryophytes of the Mediterranean islands, cf. Sunding (1967,1971), Koppe (1965), Lübenau & Lübenau (1970), Düll (1967), Gradstein (1971), and Townsend (1965). The liverwort flora of the Mediterranean coasts is being studied thoroughly by Jovet-Ast & Bischler (cf. 1968). Yet the bryophyte flora of the Maltese islands received very little attention in the literature. A brief survey of the main data follows here.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 85 species of flowering plants from the Canary Islands were determined; 5 of the counts turned out to be new. Notes on some species are given. Numbers deviating from previous counts proved to occur in Polycarpaea divaricata (Pit.) Poir. and Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. 49 counts are new for the Canary Islands and are listed in table 2.

Description: As has been stated in the introduction of the second part, this third part will include the remainder of the American part of the tribe Eupodostemeae of the subfamily Eupodostemoideae which was not treated in part I, viz. the genera Oserya, Devillea, Ceratolacis, Mniopsis, Podostemum and Castelnavia. Included are the dubious genera, and it also contains additions and corrections to part I, latin descriptions of new taxa, a list of collectors’ numbers in this part, new references to the literature, and a general index to the third part. The attention of the reader is drawn to a publication of SZAFER (1952) in which a fossil Podostemacea from Europe has been described. As I have not seen the material it is at present impossible to judge the value of the discovery though it seems highly improbable that Podostemaceae ever lived in Europe.

Description: The present paper, the fifth¹) in this series, is a continuation of the documented list of chromosome numbers of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands. In this paper 49 species and two hybrids are listed. Some species show variation in chromosome number, as was concluded after comparison of our results with those of other authors [cf. the lists published by Löve and Löve (1961); Cave et al. (1956-1964); Ornduff (1967, 1968, 1969); Solbrig and Gadella (1970); Moore (1970)]. Some notes on 14 species and two hybrids are given.

Description: De ontwikkeling van het vegetatiekundig onderzoek heeft in de laatste 10 jaar althans in ons land geen gelijke tred gehouden met de daarvoor in sommige gevallen noodzakelijke uitbouw van het terminologisch apparaat. Het mag sommige buitenstaanders misschien voorkomen, dat de terminologie van de vegetatiekunde reeds rijkelijk ingewikkeld is. Dit is echter slechts schijn. Weliswaar bestaat er een indrukwekkende reeks van termen, doch de meeste hiervan spelen in de practijk van het onderzoek geen enkele rol, en zijn slechts bedacht om er zich van te kunnen bedienen in extreme en vaak gezochte probleemstellingen. In de practijk van het onderzoek heeft men behoefte aan behoorlijk omschreven termen voor alle verschillende gevallen die zich kunnen voordoen bij het onderscheiden van vegetatie-eenheden. Daarbij moet bovenal zo nodig een scherp onderscheid gemaakt kunnen worden tussen concrete vegetaties, – die in het Duits “Bestand” genoemd worden, maar waarvoor geen Nederlands woord bestaat, – en abstracte eenheden. Wij hebben reeds herhaaldelijk betoogd, dat het veelal ontbreken van het besef van de noodzaak van dit onderscheid niet bevorderlijk is geweest voor de methodische ontwikkeling van de vegetatiekunde (zie bijv. Westhoff, 19501). Mat name bij de Zweedse, Engelse en Noordamerikaanse onderzoekers heeft dit besef veelal ontbroken. De zgn. Frans-Zwitserse school baseert haar methodiek wel op dit onderscheid, maar het wordt toch niet altijd scherp in het oog gehouden. Opvallend is bijv., dat in het laatst verschenen nummer (1957) van de “Mitteilungen der floristisch- soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft” door prof. Tüxen een poging werd gedaan om het begrip plantengezelschap opnieuw te definiëren, en dat hij deze definitie, die overigens niet onverdienstelijk is, het concrete en het abstracte weer niet uit elkaar gehouden worden. Aan de andere kant is het juist een bezwaar van de Frans-Zwitserse school, dat men zich hier te veel heeft vastgelegd op de associatie als zgn. fundamentele eenheid, zonder er zich altijd voldoende rekenschap van te geven, dat het niet mogelijk is en ook niet de bedoeling van het Frans-Zwitserse systeem is om het gehele vegetatiedek in associaties op te delen. Wanneer men dus de associaties van een bepaald gebied heeft onderzocht en beschreven, blijven er een aantal vegetaties over, die niet of nauwelijks of slechts met gewrongen kunstgrepen tot deze associaties gebracht kunnen worden. Werden deze gevallen door vroegere onderzoekers min of meer gebagatelliseerd of eventueel genegeerd, dit is bij gedetailleerder en nauwkeuriger onderzoek niet aanvaardbaar en met name niet bij vegetatiekartering, waarbij men zich van elk stuk vegetatie methodisch rekenschap moet geven. Een derde moeilijkheid is hierin gelegen, dat vegetatie niet eendimensionaal, doch meerdimensionaal variëert, of om het wat beperkter en daardoor aanschouwelijker uit te drukken, dat een associatie niet alleen door de werking van locale edafische en biotische factoren variëert en dus in verschillende sub-associaties, varianten enz. verdeeld kan worden, doch ook over een grotere ruimte bezien een geografische differentiatie vertoont, zonder dat het nochtans altijd mogelijk is deze beide vormen van varianten scherp te scheiden. Dit probleem heeft in de laatste 20 jaar zeer zeker in de volle aandacht van de onderzoekers gestaan en het gevolg daarvan is eerder een verwarrend teveel dan een tekort aan terminologie geweest.

Description: Het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” tussen Wartena en Eernewoude blijft nog steeds voor nieuwe verrassingen zorgen. In 1958 konden wij het terrein slechts een drietal malen bezoeken; toch werd er weer een aantal nieuwe soorten aangetroffen. Alleen de nieuwe soorten worden hier vermeld; vondsten van 1955, 1956 en 1957 vonden reeds eerder een plaatsje in het Corr.blad (no. 1,4,8).

Description: Mijn eerste aantekeningen over Solanum triflorum, die hier plaatselijk veelvuldig groeide, dateren van september 1952. Na 1955 was ik hier echter niet meer geweest en toen ik op 26 juli 1959 met A. Dijkshoorn opnieuw genoemde duinen onderzocht, was ik zeer benieuwd naar het voorkomen van deze soort. Op de ons vroeger bekende groeiplaats bleek Solanum triflorum geheel verdwenen te zijn en plaats gemaakt te hebben voor een ruige vegetatie van Calamagrostis epigeios en Hippophae rhamnoides. Op kleine afstand hier vandaan nu is kort geleden een stuk duin gedeeltelijk afgegraven en grote aantallen grote sterns, visdiefjes en meeuwen gebruiken deze zandvlakte als rustplaats. Het droge zand met veel schelpen is gedeeltelijk overdekt met een dun kleilaagje, He klei werd vroeger gebruikt om de dijken bij de monding van het Noordzeekanaal te verstevigen en is waarschijnlijk door verstuiven op deze plaats terecht gekomen, Deze zandvlakte van ongeveer 20 x 50 m bleek vrijwel uitsluitend begroeid te zijn met Solanum triflorum. Stuivend zand hoopte zich op tussen de Solanumpolletjes, die rijkelijk van vogelfaeces voorzien waren.

Description: Lolium perenne L. staat in de flora’s opgegeven als zodevormend. In het algemeen is dit stellig juist. Wat echter aan floristen minder bekend zal zijn, naar aan grasland-specialisten eerder, is dat er rassen van L. perenne bestaan die korte, ondergrondse uitlopers vormen. Schrijver dezes was er tenminste nogal verwonderd over van Engels Raaigras, groeiende op de kade van het Noorderhoofd in het westelijk havengedeelte van Amsterdam de “grasbosjes” aan korte uitlopers ontsproten te zien. De vindplaats net resten van veekoeken maakte het waarschijnlijk, dat hier agrarische producten verladen werden en dat de L. perenne-planten van aangevoerd “graszaad” afkomstig zijn. Landtouwliteratuur verschafte spoedig de gewenste inlichtingen. In “Ons Grasland” door W.P. Cnossen (Uitgave P. Noordhoff, 1947) staan op p. 32 uitstekende foto’s van uitlopersvormend Engels Raaigras. Genoemd geschrift bevat op p. 7 een overzicht van verschillende grassen, die boven- en ondergrondse uitlopers kunnen vormen, waarin deze soort ook is opgenonen. Asmus Petersen, “Die Graser” (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1953) geeft op p. 140 de uitspraak van de graslandexpert C.A. Weber, dat het uitlopersvormende Engels Raaigras voor weidegrasland hij uitstek geschikt is en de teelt ervan aanbeveling verdient. Hoewel niet floristisch, is het misschien aardig er gewag van te maken, dat Cnossen nog wel een bezwaar vermeldt tegen het uitlopersvormende Eng. Raaigras nl., dat de in de nazomer aan uitlopers ontstane spruiten slecht bewortelen en door het vee gemakkelijk worden losgetrokken (plukken); overal over het land liggen dan de grasrestjes verspreid. Er zijn zeker nog wel meer vermeldingen aangaande deze uitlopersvormende rassen van Engels Raaigras te vindon. Voorstaande opgaaf is maar een greep.

Description: Aan hen die nog ingevulde hoklijsten onder hun berusting hebben, wordt verzocht deze op te sturen aan het Rijksherharium, afd. Nederland. Er wordt op het ogenblik hard gewerkt aan het inboeken van alle gegevens in de albums.

Description: Van Polygonum cuspidatum zijn mij de volgende vier standplaatsen op de Veluwezoom tiekend: 1. Bronbos van de Hemelse Berg te om bronnen en langs bronbeekjes, Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, nitraat- en humusrijk slibhoudend zand, iets zuur, beschaduwd. 2. Oever van het beekje door het Zwijersdal te Oosterbeek, noordelijk van de oude kerk; Polygonum ouspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 3. Verdroogde beekbodem, zuidelijk van de weg Arnhem-Dieren, bij Daalhuizen, Velp; fragmentaire Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie met Polygonum cuspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 4. Oever van de Beekhuizerbeek ter hoogte van de grote vijver. Beekhuizen hij Velp; Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. Voor alle vier standplaatsen geldt het volgende: Polygonum cuspidatum wordt tot 2½ meter hoog en bedekt grote, gesloten oppervlakten, waardoor de bestaande vegetaties zeer verarmd worden; alleen Ranunculus ficaria handhaaft zich goed en kan plaatselijk, zoals b.v. op de Hemelse Berg, de gehele bodem bedekken.

Description: Door F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) en mij werd thans een door J. Poolman op 27 aug. 1944 te Noorbeek (Zuid-Limburg) gevonden groenwier herkend als Chlorotylium cataractarum Kütz. Volgens W. Heering (in Pascher, Süsswasserfl. H.6, 1914), H. Printz (in Engl. -Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed.2, Bd-3, 1927) en G.M. Smith (Freshw. Alg. U.S., Behoort deze soort tot de Chaetophoraceae, volgens F.E. Fritsch (Struct. and Reprod. I, 1935) tot de Trentepohliaceae. Zij groeit op hout en stenen in snel stromend water, zodat de soortnaam goed gekozen is. Uit Nederland was deze soort nog niet eerder Bekend, In Noorbeek groeide het wier in een drinkbak voor dieren, waar het water in stroomde uit een beek.

Description: Tragopogon dubius Scop. Het duinterrein te Nieuwe Sluis in de gemeente Groede, waar verleden jaar de planten van Tragopogon dubius Scop. groeiden, is de afgelopen winter in verband met herstellingen aan de zeewering met behulp van draglines en bulldozers geëgaliseerd, waardoor de Tragopogon naar ik dacht volkomen uitgeroeid zou zijn. Ik bemerkte dit pas dit voorjaar en kon dus geen maatregelen nemen om een gedeelte van het terrein te sparen. Bovendien vrees ik, dat men aan mijn verzoek toch geen gevolg had kunnen geven. Enkele weken geleden bezocht ik het terrein weer en tot mijn vreugde vond ik toch nog twee planten, die het overleefd hadden. Mij bleek echter, dat kneuen bijzonder verzot zijn op de onrijpe zaden van deze soort. Zij pikken de omwindsels stuk en halen zo de onrijpe zaden er uit, zodat het de vraag zal zijn of er nog iets voor het volgend jaar zal overblijven. Ook verleden jaar was mij dat opgevallen, doch bij de vele planten, die er toen groeiden, was dat niet zo’n bezwaar. Eigenaardig is, dat ik aan planten van Tragopogon pratensis iets dergelijks nimmer heb waargenomen. Hebben anderen dat wellicht wel gedaan?

Description: In Juni, Juli en September 1955 werden aan de oever van het gedeelte van de Maas, dat door het Juliana-kanaal is afgesneden, resp. door een I.V.O.N.-excursie, de excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek uit de K.N.B.V. en ondergetekenden een opvallend groot aantal adventieven verzameld, waarvan een 10-tal nog niet eerder in Nederland was aangetroffen. Door de zeer lage waterstand hadden deze adventieven zich volop kunnen ontwikkelen op plaatsen, waar door het graven van grint vele kuilen waren ontstaan en op de zand- en rolsteenstrandjes aan de luwe zijde van de bochten van de rivier. De zaden en vruchten zijn wel zeker door de Maas aangevoerd van hogerop in het stroomgebied gelegen fabrieken en losplaatsen; de wolfabrieken aan de Vesdre hebben waarschijnlijk een belangrijk aandeel in deze aanvoer gehad. De gevonden soorten zijn voor een groot deel oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit het Middellandse Zee – gebied. Hieronder volgt eerst een lijst van de vindplaatsen en data, daaronder de zo goed als volledige lijst van de aangetroffen soorten. De nummers achter de soorten geven de vindplaatsen aan; de namen der voor de eerste maal in Nederland gevonden taxa zijn onderstreept. Vindplaatsen: (1) Maasoever tussen Obbicht en Grevenbicht; 7-VI, 20-VII, 23-IX-1955. (2) idem bij Meers, gem. Elsloo; 9-VI, 21-VII, 23-IX-1955. (3) idem ten N. van Grevenbicht; 8-VI-1955. (4) idem tegenover Maaseyck; 22-VII-1955. (5) idem bij Uhe en Laak; 24-IX-1955.

Description: Het aantal adventieven, dat wij tot nu toe in Friesland vonden, was zeer gering. Wel was ons bekend, dat in vroeger jaren op de terreinen van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken te Leeuwarden verscheidene (niet gepubliceerde) vondsten waren gedaan, maar het gelukte ons nooit daar enig spoor van terug te vinden. De direktie van de meelfabrieken was echter zo vriendelijk ons mee te delen, dat de graanverontreinigingen vervoerd werden naar het vuilverwerkingsterrein van de gemeente Leeuwarden, gelegen onder Wartena. In de nazomer van 1955 bezochten wij dit terrein voor het eerst en inderdaad bleken hier verscheidene adventieven voor te komen. Dat het terrein tot nog toe aan de aandacht van de floristen is ontsnapt, is ongetwijfeld te wijten aan de ligging. Men kan het n.l. alleen per vaartuig bereiken. Nu ligt het wel vlak in de nabijheid van de prachtige terreinen van “It Fryske Gea” onder Eernewoude, die bezoek genoeg trekken, maar juist dit natuurgebied lokt de floristen veel meer dan het stortterrein. Bovendien is de toegang tot het vuilverwerkingsterrein streng verboden. Wij laten hier volgen een lijst van de in 1955 tijdens twee bezoeken aangetroffen planten. Daar al het vuil van de stad Leeuwarden hier wordt aangevoerd, zal men er ook verscheidene tuin- en sierplanten onder aantreffen. De adventieven zullen practisch alle afkomstig zijn van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken. De graanverontreinigingen worden in gesloten papieren zakken aangevoerd, die op het terrein worden gestort.

Description: In 1957 waren wij weer herhaaldelijk in de gelegenheid het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” aan de Langesloot tussen Wartena en Eernewoude te het laatst op 1 november, samen met M.T. Jansen. Hier volgt een opgave van de nieuw waargenomen planten (zie Corr.bl. no. 1 en 4). Buiten adventieven was het aantal verwilderde kultuurplanten vrij groot. De heren dr. S.J. van Ooststroom en Th.J. Reichgelt waren weer bereid het materiaal te controleren, terwijl de heer G. Bakker, direkteur der Gemeentereiniging Leeuwarden, opnieuw toestemming verleende het terrein te betreden.

Description: Er bestaat op het ogenblik de neiging de kleine waterweegbree Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. te noemen in plaats van Echinodorus ranunculoides (L.) Engelm. In de nieuwste druk van de flora van Heukels-van Ooststroom werd deze naam in de Nederlandse literatuur geïntroduceerd. In mijn Alismataoeae-bewerking voor de Flora Malesiana (1957) heb ik de naam reeds afgewezen, doch een nadere argumentatie zal de Nederlandse floristen stellig interesseren. In 1854 heeft Parlatore Schinodorus ranunculoides als het type van een nieuw monotypisch genus Baldellia aangevoerd, doch hij werd niet nagevolgd. Volgens Pichon (1946) is er evenwel alle reden voor om dit wel te doen, want hij meende niet minder dan 4 kenmerken gevonden te hebben, waarin E. ranunculoides van de andere Echinodorus-soorten zou afwijken.

Description: Het Instituut voor het Vegetatie-onderzoek van Nederland (I.V.O.N.) werd opgericht in 1930 en is thans gevestigd in het Rijksherbarium, Nonnensteeg 1 , Leiden, Het stelt zich o.a. ten doel om door stelselmatige inventarisatie een overzicht te verkrijgen van de verspreiding der in Nederland voorkomende Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta. Reeds in 1902 werd door de heren Dr. J.W.C. Goethart en W. J. Jongmans, destijds resp. conservator en assistent aan het Rijksherbarium, een aanvang gemaakt motdit biogoo grafische onderzoek. In de jaren daarna werd het met medewerking van een aantal Nederlandse floristen voortgezet, waarna men wegens de toenemende betekenis van het werk en met medewerking van de heren Goethart en Jongmans in 1930 kwam tot de oprichting van het I.V.O.N. Bij de inventarisatie werd tot voor enige jaren – het oorspronkelijke werk werd nl. in 1949 afgesloten – gebruik gemaakt van de Topografische kaart van Nederland, schaal 1 : 50.000, welke ten behoeve van het onderzoek door verticale en horizontale lijnen in vakken was verdeeld van 1045 bij 1250 m. Deze vakken, kwartierhokken genaamd, vormden de eenheden van de inventarisatie. Per kwartierhok werd nl. genoteerd welke planten daarin werden waargenomen, hetgeen gebeurde op excursies in verschillende jaargetijden, waardoor een zo volledig mogelijk overzicht der voorkomende soorten werd bereikt. De zo verkregen gegevens werden vervolgens soort voor soort in albums overgebracht, waarbij ieder album betrekking heeft op een der 62 bladen van de Topografische kaart 1 : 50.000. Tenslotte was het mogelijk om de in de albums vervatte gegevens op een kaart van Nederland te noteren, zodat een overzicht werd verkregen van de verspreiding van de betreffende soorten over het gehele land. Als resultaat werd een serie z.g. Plantenkaartjes van Nederland uitgegeven. Deze kaartjes geven, dank zij de grote volledigheid, die bij de inventarisatie bereikt werd, een betrouwbaar beeld van de verspreiding der plantensoorten. Het ligt in de bedoeling om de publicatie van deze serie Plantenkaartjes zo lang voort te zetten tot een beeld van de verspreiding van alle Nederlandse Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta verkregen zal zijn. In de nog te verschijnen kaartjes zullen daarbij alle gegevens tot en met 1949 verwerkt worden.

Description: In ons land is Galanthus nivalis L. „vrij algemeen, doch steeds verwilderd” (Bekn. Schoolflora, 8e druk). Het blijft daarbij in het midden gelaten van hoe lang geleden zulk een verwildering stamt. In sommige gevallen (De Kaagoevers; de omgeving van Leimuidon) is de situatie ter plaatse van die aard, dat men aan een zeer grijs verleden gaat denken. Het begrip verwildering zou dan nog slechts inhouden, dat de plant oorspronkelijk verwilderd is en in deze zin ware het ook van toepassing op sommige andere soorten, die men als regel niet verwilderd noemt. Werkelijke datering is bij ons weten echter nergens mogelijk en daarmee blijft het probleem onopgelost. Wij willen daarom iets meedelen over een vindplaats ten opzichte waarvan althans een vaag vermoeden van datering kan worden uitgesproken. In het dorp Warmond kan men naar het Westen afslaan langs de Kloosterlaan. Even vóór de plaats waar deze zich in een pad door de weilanden verliest, ligt aan de Zuidzijde van de weg een nagenoeg cirkelvormige akker, omringd door een ongewoon diepe sloot waaromheen een ringvormige met struikgewas bezette strook, die wederom door oen sloot omgeven is. Vlak hierbij stond in do late middeleeuwen het mannenklooster Marienhove. De vorm van do akker wekt overigens meer associaties met een burcht, dan met oen klooster on inderdaad werd het klooster (volgens de .gangbare beschrijvingen der Warmondse kastelen en kloosters) in 1413 gesticht „op een woeste of verlaate plaats, Oud-Tellingen genaamd.” Door sommigen wordt dit geïnterpreteerd als een aanwijzing, dat, nog vroeger, het kasteel of tenminste de „hofstede” Oud-Teilingen hier stond; anderen projecteren de ligging daarvan enige honderden meters zuidelijker.

Description: During 1954 the Gray Herbarium, the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, the paleobotanical collections of the Botanical Museum and a portion of the herbarium collections and the library of the Arnold Arboretum were moved into a new building in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This move was the culmination of a long period of planning to determine how the best interests of each institution as well as the field of systematic botany could be served best in this period of rapidly developing interrelationship of diverse scientific fields of knowledge. Additional considerations prior to the move were the isolation of the various taxonomic units at Harvard, the duplication of resources, efforts and goals, as well as the more mundane problems of increasing costs of labor, material and demands for additional storage facilities. In 1946 the President and Fellows of Harvard College appropriated from its unrestricted funds the sum of one million dollars to construct and equip a new and modern building to house the systematic work and collections of these institutions in Cambridge, to be in close proximity to the resources of the Department of Biology, the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. The building, designed around the requirements established by the taxonomists of these institutions, was under construction during 1953 and was finished in the early months of 1954.

Description: Backer, C.A.: Butch-English taxonomic-botanical vocabulary. ed. 2. Bound. Dfl. 12,50; US$ 3. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. Specific and infraspecific delimitation (repr. from Fl. Mal. vol. 5). Dfl. 7,50; US$ 2.

Description: He in het vooruitzicht gestelde literatuur-rubriek zal in het volgende nummer worden geopend.

Description: Op 14 Jan. 1952 vond de heer E.E. van der Voo op een oud bruggetje ten noorden van Woerden, gemeente Kamerik, oen groeiplaats van Asplenium trichomanes. Hiervan werd melding gemaakt in een rapport van do Afd. Natuurbescherming van het Staatsbosbeheer van de hand van de heer J. van der Veer (14 April 1955). Dit rapport kwam ter kennis van Ir. N. Roorda van Eysinga, Directeur van het Zuid-Hollandsch Landschap en deze verzocht de heer Kipp, Bosbouwkundig Ambtenaar van de Prov. Planologische Dienst on mij de groeiplaats te bezoeken en plannen voor te bereiden het gehele bruggetje zo nodig naar elders over te brengen, wanneer dit gevaar liep door de eigenaar afgebroken te zullen worden. Dit gevaar is niet denkbeeldig want de muren staan niet goed recht meer en alle dergelijke bruggetjes in de omgeving zijn in de loop der jaren reeds door meer solide bouwsels vervangen. Bij het bruggetje aangekomen zag ik op 18 Dec. 1956 direkt een 100 tal prachtige planten van de genoemde Asplenium trichomanes tegen het oostmuurtje.

Description: The circular which was enclosed in Bulletin 24 has received full attention of our readers and a large number of cards were received. The large majority favours the continuation of our annotated bibliography as it is, not cutting off references on the Australian and Pacific floras, and not discarding the references on the Cryptogams. A review of Mr. Ferguson’s Index is given on p. 1912. October 21, 1970, Foundation Flora Malesiana existed twenty years. This anniversary was marked by a small festivity in the Rijksherbarium. Although curtailed financially since January 1958, it has kept its promise to promote all studies encompassing progress of the botany and plant geography of the Malesian subcontinent. It is gratifying that with the distinct tendency of the rehabilitation of the economical and political situation in Indonesia during the last few years, science in general, and biology in particular, are getting a new impetus. Amongst others through international agreement and co-operation, two master organisations have been set up, SEAMEC and BIOTROP, the latter being the centre of biological studies and education allotted to Bogor. It is clear that this focus will be a great stimulant and will sponsor biological activity. It was particularly pleasant to learn from Professor Sarwono and Dr. Didin, chairman and secretary of LIPI respectively, that this general scientific rehabilitation scheme included assistance towards the Flora Malesiana Foundation. Although the scientific elaboration of Flora Malesiana has been transferred as a major work project to the Rijksherbarium, a necessity since 1958, there are various desiderata left, amongst others contributions from Indonesian systematists. Unfortunately, the net result of Dr. Kostermans’s efforts to have promising Indonesian students thoroughly trained and prepared to share the tremendous task still before us, is meagre. Two of them, Dr. Soegeng and Dr. Didin, are occupied with very responsible and very necessary but largely administrative tasks, Dr. Prijanto died unexpectedly, and Dr. Soepadmo spends his time largely on educational matters. Clearly something must be done and we trust that in the near future creative work by Indonesian systematists can be resumed. We shall, I sincerely hope, overcome, and the future carries certainly very promising features for a more intense co-operation. And disinterested loyal co-operation is the very basis of ensuring achievement. It is with immense satisfaction that I see this perspective of a bright future ahead.

Description: Dr. W. Meijer, who is Dutch-born, worked in Indonesia from 1951 to 1958, first at Bogor, then at Pajakumbuh, Sumatra, and was Forest Botanist in Sabah for several years, revisited Indonesia with a National Science Foundation travel grant under an NSF-AID (Agency for International Development) program for Scientists and Engineers in Economic Development. The University of Kentucky Research Foundation covered part of the travel costs in Indonesia together with the Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP) in Bogor, and Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., which is now also financing the printing at U.K. of a guide on trees in Indonesia which should be an excellent tool for better training of foresters in Dendrology (tree knowledge). The Japanese Sumitomo Timber Company also acted as liaison for Dr. Meijer during his visit to East Kalimantan. Dr. Meijer has written a fully documented final report which he hopes to submit to the Indonesian government through its Academy of Science. Parts of the report will be published in the Indonesian Forestry Journal and in International Nature Conservation Journals. He hopes for continuing support from the University, its Office for International Affairs, and the U.K. Research Foundation to get this report published. Officials in the World Bank in Washington D.C. and the Smithsonian Institution have also expressed great interest in the results of Dr. Meijer’s recent mission to Indonesia. The editor is glad to print this preliminary report:

Description: Uit afschriften van door de heer W.W. Schipper te Winschoten in de jaren omstreeks 1904 ingevulde kwartierhokstaten blijkt, dat voor H8-61-42 (Bovenhuren bij Winschoten), H8-62-34 (bij Winschoten Oostereind) en H8-63-32 (bij Klein Ulsda) Agrimonia eupatoria L. opgegeven werd, doch nergens Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. Uit kwartierhok H8-61-41, eveneens Bovenburen, Winschoten, nl. langs de Kloosterweg, is mij Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. van 1917 tot ca. 1942 bekend geweest. De standplaats langs een meestal droge sloot op hoge fluvioglaciale zandgrond is ca. 1935 verwoest door verbetering van de weg en aanleg van lintbebouwing. Gelukkig bleek de plant toen een honderd meter verder aan de overkant van de weg een nieuwe groeiplaats te hebben verworven, die thans helaas niet meer bestaat. Ik heb er toen wat vruchten van verzameld, die zeven forse planten hebben opgeleverd, maar in de oorlogsjaren verloren zijn gegaan. Van de vruchten van deze exemplaren heb ik twee planten kunnen opkweken aan een veendijkje te Oude Pekela, doch ook die planten zijn vernietigd, toen in 1957 dat dijkje wegens een nieuwe waterschapsindeling werd afgegraven. Haar mijn weten komt Agrimonia odorata thans niet meer in Oostelijk Groningen voor. Ik vermoed evenwel, dat de bovenvermelde planten van A. eupatoria ook A. odorata geweest zullen zijn en dat het areaal in de Noordduitse laagvlakte zich over Groningen tot in Friesland uitstrekte.

Description: The rapid accumulation of data necessitated the issue of a new bulletin. It was with deep gratitude that I remembered, in the Xmas holidays during which I was compiling this text, the many letters received from various sides expressing appreciation for our enterprise. Editor’s hearts need sometimes a little warming; ours remains distinctly encouraged. Particular encouragement I got from the British Colonial Office which, stimulated by the Government of Malaya, has given a grant to our Foundation to cover part of the travel and accomodation expenses of Dutch collaborators in the United Kingdom, provisionally for two years. This manifest sign of appreciation from the British and Malayan Governments for our work is significant and most gratefully remembered here.

Description: 1. Occurrence.--Lemnaceae may occur in stagnant or sluggish streaming waters, specially in ditches, pools, streamlets, inundated rice-fields, etc. They are also found in all other waters in which larger swamp plants offer anchorage to the tiny Lemnaceae. They can be expected between stands of sedges, grasses, cat’s-tail, etc. or between or under swimming water plants, for example Azolla, Eichhornia, waterlilies, etc. The smallest Lemnaceae, consisting merely of a rootless globule, Wolffia, which is always submerged, is easily escaping attention under other water plants. 2. Collecting.--Lemnaceae are mostly found in sufficient quantity and can easily be collected in a bottle or plastic bag. In case they are sparse and small (Wolffia) the use of a wire—netting (old coffee sieve) may be handy. They are kept wet in the bottle or plastic. If they should be kept for several days or longer they should be stored in an open container with a small amount of earth added; the container should be kept in the shade.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, who retired from the Sarawak Forest Service, and now lives at 15 Church Hill, Edinburgh EH10 4BG, will continue his interest in Malesian botany and ecology as a consultant forester and ecologist. The MS. of a project on which he had been working for several years is now in the final stage. This is a ”Check List of the Trees of Sarawak”; the scientific names will be coded and alphabetically arranged by families, genera and species, together with a moderately comprehensive list of vernacular names. This should be of value to the Forest Department in Sarawak. Miss P. Aston, senior botanist at the Melbourne Herbarium, is Australian liaison officer at Kew where she will remain until mid-1974. She is specialized in aquatic plants of Australia on which subject she wrote a most informative book (1973) which will be duly reviewed in this journal.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Australia. Forestry and Timber Bureau. Illustrations of the bud and fruits of Eucalyptus species with an alphabetical index (covering 486 species, and varieties). 2nd ed. pp. (ix) 31 pls. fol. Canberra. 1954. Grasses and pastures of South Africa. Compiled by L.K.A. Chippindall, J.D. Scott, J.A. Pentz, A.W. Bayer, O. West, H. Weinmann, and others. 26 col. pls and 420 line drawings, 776 pp. 1955.

Description: Flora Zambesiaca. On page 413 I have given, unfortunately, an entirely misleading statement on the organization of this planned Flora, which will be a joint effort of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the British Museum. There will be two editors of equal status, Mr Exell, of the British Museum, and Mr Brenan, of Kew, with an editorial Committee.

Description: Harold St. John has (in Le Naturaliste Canadien 98, 1971, 571-580) given an evaluation of J.R. & G. Forster plants described in their Characteres generum which is newly dated to have been issued March 1, 1776. We feel induced to correct some inaccuracies. Gingidium montanum (l.c. 574, no. 21) — later transferred to Ligusticum as L. gingidium by Forster f., Prod. (1736) 22; DC., Prod. 4 (1830) 159, as an illegitimate homotypic synonym — is unnecessarily named as a new (superfluous) combination Angelica forsteriana St. John. Hooker f., Handb. New Zeal.Fl. (1867) 97, had this (according to the present Code, art. 72) correctly named Angelica gingidium, as because of the earlier Angelica montana Brot. (1804) he could not use the epithet montanum. For the rest Dawson (New Zeal.J.Bot. 5, 1967, 90) has reinstated the generic name Gingidium. He has still more recently changed the name Gingidium Forst., non Hill (1756), into Gingidia as Hill’s herbal has been said to be declared nomenclaturally valid.

Description: Besides the importance of correct identification the revision of a large genus should add considerably to knowledge of phytogeography and of infrageneric diversification. In all respects Ficus has much to contribute. It is a genus which the collector meets in abundance in all parts of tropical Asia and Australasia, whether in primary or secondary environments, and which he soon learns to recognise. It can be exploited, therefore, provided the species can be identified. The purpose of this note is to request intensified collection, because I believe it is possible to name satisfactorily sterile material. Only too often, valuable sterile material is left uncollected, as I know from my own experience, for sooner or later it can be recognised as a positive record from some locality. Some figs, too, fruit rarely and are in consequence ill-represented, though really frequent.

Description: In the Synopsis of Proposals for the Botanical Congress at Montreal Dr Lanjouw has in his capacity of Rapporteur général given his well-considered opinion on each proposal, except for that on nomina specifica conservanda where he found fit to postpone his comment. There are three proposals on which I cannot follow his advice. These three instances are the following.

Description: Mr A.G.L. Adelbert of Herbarium Bogoriense was transferred to the new Garden Setia Mulya near Padang, Sumatra’s Westcoast, as leader of the staff, Dec. 1954. Cf. also chapter 6. Dr A.H.G. Alston was in Malaysia. Cf. chapter 5.

Description: Mr Smitinand, Officer-in-Charge, Section of Botany, Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest-Department, Bangkok, Thailand, writes, that there is still a large tract of virgin tropical rain-forest in the Peninsula not yet properly explored. An expedition from any foreign country is heartily welcome with cordial co-operation.

Description: Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker, Genera plantarum. Cf. W.T. Stearn on its history and dates of publication in J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 3 (1956) 127-132.

Description: 9th Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok. According to the Preliminary Announcement the Congress will take place Nov. 18- —Dec. 9, 1957. Organising chairman is M.C. Lak Kashemsanta, Dep. of Agriculture, Bangkok. Fifteen general subjects have been entered for contributing papers and discussion, viz: (a) Problems confronting tropical botanical institutions, (b) Vegetation types of the Pacific basin, (1) Tropical, (2) Temperate, (c) Ethnobotany of Thailand and contiguous countries, (d) Vernacular names of Pacific plants. (e) Phycology in the Pacific basin. (f) Algal ecology, with special reference to coral reefs and atolls. (g) Bibliographic problems in the natural sciences in the Pacific. (h) The teaching of botany and the training of botanists in the tropics. (i) Systematics, evolution and distribution of Pacific plants, (j) Botany of medical plants in the Pacific basin, (k) Forest botany in the Pacific basin. (l) Botany of agricultural plants and weeds. (m) Plant ecology in the Pacific. (n) Mycology and phytopathology in the Pacific. (o) Plant physiology in the Pacific. Besides, a special symposium on Climate, Vegetation, and Land Utilization in the Humid Tropics, sponsored by Unesco, will be convened by Dr F.R. Fosberg.

Description: Blatter, E. & W.S. Milliard. Some beautiful Indian trees. 2nd edition revised by W.T. Steam. Publ. by Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, India. March 3, 1955. 8°. i-xv, 1-165 pp., 43 photogr., 31 coloured plates, and text-figures; clothbound. Sh. 30/- net. A simple, illustrated guide to some of the most beautiful flowering trees to be seen in India and Pakistan. It should be of use and interest throughout the tropics as most of the plants treated are grown as ornamentals outside their native country. Thirty nine species have been fully described with accurate synonymy, and notes on distribution, gardening, uses, economic value, vernaculars, domestic uses, medicinal properties, ethnobotany, and ecology of leafshedding, flowering and fruiting seasons. In some cases also closely related species are briefly indicated or described. In appendices descriptions are given of families represented, further a key to the genera, a glossary of some botanic terms, and a bibliography to some sources of further information. An index concludes this very attractive, nicely executed, and relatively very cheap book which is a valuable educative tool to laymen and those interested in gardening in the tropics. It contains much concise adequate information on the plants treated. In a way it is a counterpart to Bor & Raizada’s Some beautiful Indian climbers and shrubs, published by the same Society.

Description: History. In order to understand its present function, a short historical account is necessary. Bibliotheca Bogoriensis is the oldest science library in Indonesia, established in 1842 at the proposal of J.K. Hasskarl, assistant hortulanus of the ’s-Lands Plantentuin in Buitenzorg, West Java (now called Kebun Raya Indonesia Bogor). The very first 25 books were bought from Dr. Jacques Pierot, a botanist who was sent by the Dutch Government to China. Ever since many visiting botanists left or sold their book collection, the reason why Bibliotheca avails of fine old antiquarian books in the field of botany. Among the library’s treasures are the reprint collection belonging to Melchior Treub with his own hand-written catalogue, as well as his correspondence, and all his awards received from many countries and scientific societies in the world.

Description: Owing to shortage of time, this most precious element in the life of a taxonomist, nearly two years have elapsed since the last number (10) appeared (Febr. 1953). It should not be understood that our interest in editing this Bulletin has waned; we still regard it as a useful bond between Flora Malesiana Foundation, its collaborators, and its sympathizers. It also aims to chronicle some selected miscellaneous news to many people in Malaysia who are far from libraries or have only limited facilities to keep informed about progress. It tries to assemble data on activities of botanical work in the wide sense performed in the Malaysian area. Much work that is done in the field or is going on in establishments of forestry and botany in the Malaysian tropics is often locally known or published in technical reports which hardly reach the scientific botanic world. There is, hence, a field of mutual interest which this Bulletin tries to cover.

Description: The preparation of a new account of the pteridophytes of the whole Malayan region is a very large undertaking, and when one is at the beginning of it, one cannot foresee what may happen during the course of its execution. It is in part a voyage of discovery. The work will have to be done in stages, and published in parts. To wait until it is all completed, and then to coordinate and re-arrange it before publication, would mean an unreasonably long delay. But to publish it in parts will inevitably mean that one will have new ideas about the early parts as one works on the later ones. My hope is that, when the work is finished, it will be possible to have a new and better conception of the inter-relations of the parts. Present schemes for definition of families for the great majority of ferns are no more than tentative, and that is one reason why I see no need to carry out the work in any pre-arranged sequence.

Description: On p. 475 it was erroneously mentioned that Miss S. Darnton accompanied Miss W.M.A. Brooke in Sarawak; she rightly collected in North Borneo.

Description: Flora of Java. The translation of Backer’s Flora of Java into English is steadily progressing. Dr Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has been responsible for finishing the Monocotyledonous families Palmae, Araceae, and Scitamineae and Mr Monod de Froideville has practically finished, the last family left, Gramineae. Dr Bakhuizen is further trying to scan the nomenclature. It is expected that the printed English version will not be available before 1962. Malaysian Vegetation. The MS of this work which will occupy volume 2 of the Flora Malesiana is steadily progressing and more than halfway completed. It has been found useful to insert in some chapters artificial keys to characteristic species for the types, for example in the Sea-grasses, Pescaprae, Barringtonia, Mangrove, and Aquatic formations. It is hoped that printing can be started in 1960.

Description: Bryophyta. The new collections built up during the last years under the supervision of Prof. R. van der Wijk, Groningen, have now all been arranged and provisionally been identified by him and his collaborator Mr Margadant. Revisional work has started. Pteridophyta. A most important collaboration, anticipated for years, is that of doctors Holttum, Kew, and Alston, London, who have now definitely agreed in compiling the series II of the Flora Malesiana containing the account of the Pteridophyta. Dr Alston spent a year (Oct. 1955-Oct. 1954) in Indonesia on the invitation of the Indonesian Government. Dr Holttum has finished his large work on the ferns of Malaya; he is now finishing off an account of the bamboos of Malaya and will then set definitely to the study of Malaysian Pteridophytes. Some limited families will be worked out by both specialists as a sample.

Description: The next monographic study which will be undertaken for the series Pteridophyta of the Flora Malesiana will be devoted to the tree ferns of the Cyatheaceae. In connection with the large size of these plants and the desirability of having more and complete material at our disposal, the following notes are addressed to field collectors who may be in a position to obtain specimens. For securing essential parts tree ferns appear less unmanageable than they may look at first sight.

Description: A fern plant consists of a stem, bearing leaves and roots. The leaves (or some of them) bear dehiscent sporangia, each sporangium containing unicellular spores, which are in most cases Wind-dispersed. A spore germinates to produce a small green plant called a prothallus. The Prothallus bears sexual organs ( archegonia and antheridia). After fertilization by an antherozoid, the female cell in an archegonium grows to form a new fern plant. The life cycle of a fern thus has two phases, asexual (the fern plant) and sexual (the prothallus). These phases are also called the sporophyte and the, gametophyle. The sporophyte is much longer-lived, larger and more diversified than the gametophyte, and its characters are mainly used in taxonomy. The following statement deals with the parts of the sporophyte in turn, with discussion of the kinds of modification of each which occur, and of special terminology. Finally, a note on the gametophyte will be given, including reference to the not infrequent condition in which the sexual process is omitted. Stem, (a) Shape, size, and habit of growth.—A fern stem may be long and creeping or limbing, in which case it is usually called a rhizome, or it may be short and compact, in which case it is often called a stock, rootstock or caudex. If it grows erect, as in tree-ferns, with a tuft of leaves at its apex, it is called a trunk.

Description: 1. Sporangia in two rows, embedded in an almost terete spike . . . . . . Ophioglossum 1. Sporangia on branches of the fertile segment of a frond.

Description: CARL FREDRICK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN (1872-1942) was the founder of modern fern taxonomy. To appreciate the scope of his work, it is necessary to understand the confusions of thought on the subject which persisted through the 19th century and were still evident in the summary prepared (by DIELS) for ENGLER & PRANTL’S Pflanzenfamilien in 1899. CHRISTENSEN’S first great work was his Index Filicum (1905-6) in which he listed all known fern binomials and also relegated many to synonymy. In the main he adopted the classification and nomenclature of DIELS. While preparing the Index he came to realize that many generic concepts accepted in the Index were unnatural or confused. This was especially evident in the great complex of species which he listed under the name Dryopteris. He next made a study of the tropical American species of that complex, and in so doing discovered how to separate them into natural groups (1913, 1920). At the time I first made contact with him (about 1925) he had begun to study ferns of the Old World tropics. I maintained a regular correspondence with him from 1925 to 1940, and sent him many specimens for identification. I also met him in Europe in 1930, 1934 and 1938 and had long discussions with him. I benefited from his wisdom also indirectly through the publications of R. C. CHING, who studied with CHRISTENSEN in 1929-1932 and applied CHRISTENSEN’S ideas to Chinese and Indian ferns in an important series of papers in the 1930s. CHRISTENSEN’S identifications of my collections and his comments upon them were the basis on which my own work was built; in the present Series of Flora Malesiana I have tried to extend his methods and his ideas to a much wider range of species than he could have encountered. To him I am profoundly grateful, and I am concerned also to acknowledge my debt, through him, to some perceptive earlier workers, notably G. H. METTENIUS and JOHN SMITH. The objectives of any scheme of biological classification are to show natural relationships and to provide a means for the identification of individual organisms. It has sometimes been suggested that only the latter objective is important, and that a ‘practical’ scheme is all that is needed. The history of fern classification has shown that artificial schemes, made without thought as to relationships, do not work; and distribution-maps based on such schemes are meaningless. Fern classification as understood today should be based not only on gross-morphological characters but also on microscopical characters pertaining to the fern's anatomy, indument, spores, gametophytes, etc., and on cytotaxonomy.

Description: In mid-1971 Dr. K. Iwatsuki made a four-weeks’ collecting trip in Thailand, 10 Sept.- 10 Oct. From Oct. 1971 till mid-January 1972 a joint Leyden exploring expedition was made by Mr. C.P. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink to various parts of Thailand.

Description: I must apologize that this Bulletin appears late. Material had been assembled for it and I had anticipated to compose this number about Christmas 1971. But on my birthday, 31 Oct. 1971, it was announced as a complete surprise that the firm of Brill was authorised to publish a book on the Javanese Mountain Flora of which the core is 57 hand-coloured plates on which 456 different species are depicted. The fieldwork was done, and drawings were composed in 1939-1941. After the war no publisher could be found; a precursor with 4 plates appeared in Endeavour (21, 1962, 183-193). The condition attached to this allowance was that I should promise stante pede to deliver the text by end December 1971 or at least as soon as possible, because the promotors of the plan intended to present me with the printed book on the occasion of my retiring from office, 1 Sept. 1972. So the rather peculiar situation arose that I had to make my own present. With my already tight time schedule for my last year of office I hesitatingly agreed. The available text was, however, very incomplete, having been written in the war prison camp, thirty years ago. Moreover it was at that time intended to be very popular for a pocket size atlas, as Schröter’s ’Pflanzenführer fur Alpenwanderer’ which had stood model for the purpose. With the generous life-size plates and folio format book now envisaged to edit, this text had to be completely rewritten in much enlarged scope and all captions carefully checked with the present literature and with the herbarium. Though the plates are explained by the captions, the general text also needed illustration and so figures had to be made or selected and photographs sorted. I had to give this project absolute priority. Notwithstanding the most liberal assistance rendered to me by my senior staff members, to whom I could entrust several time-consuming official duties, the composition of the text was real slave labour for seven days a week until late for five months. The captions were delivered end January, the general text May 22nd. The colour plates are printed and come out magnificently, practically as good as the original water-colour drawings, and the captions are by now in page proof, so that I hope the work will indeed be printed early September and available in October. Publication of Flora Malesiana proceeds well. In April 1971 the third instalment of the Fern volume appeared (Lindsaea-group by Dr. Kramer) and the text for a fourth instalment by Prof. Holttum & Drs. Hennipman is almost finished in MS. The final instalment of vol. 6 is in press and will appear presumably in September. Of vol. 7 the first instalment containing revisions of 12 families appeared in Jan. 1972. The second instalment of vol. 7 is in print (Fagaceae, Passifloraceae) and will appear in autumn. There is the prospect of publishing in the rather near future three very large families: Moraceae, Cyperaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. From the third chapter of this Bulletin it can be observed that progress with revisional work is satisfactory, though speed of publication still falls short of my expectation.

Description: A list of books and papers dealing with the taxonomy of Malaysian ferns, published subsequent to Christensen, Index Filicum, Suppl. 3 (1934)

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Dioecious or monoecious small shrubs with thick woody roots. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, fleshy, with a distinctly saccate, colourless base. Stipules minute. Flowers unisexual, either solitary and terminal or axillary, or in small axillary spikes. ♂ Flowers subtended by bracts, enclosed in a membranous spathella which opens with one or two transverse or radial slits giving rise to 2-4 lobes. Tepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, alternitepalous; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing lengthwise with 2 slits. Sometimes an abortive gynaecium present. ♀ Flowers merely consisting of a naked ovary, in the axil of leaves when solitary, in the axil of cordate bracts when growing in spikes, 2-carpellate, 4-celled by one true and one false septum; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, anatropous, with a long funicle. Stigmas 2, sessile, distinctly papillate. Fruit a septicidal berry dehiscing with 2 valves, either solitary or many united together with the bracts into a connate, spikelike whole. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, exalbuminous. Distr. The Batidaceae, consisting of one genus with two species, show a remarkably discontinuous area, viz B. maritima L. growing along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, while B. argillicola has hitherto only been found in South New Guinea. As the distribution of the species is still rather insufficiently known and they are confined to littoral districts it has been found advisable to include both of them in the key given below.

Description: In the past century Cornaceae were mostly delimited in a wide sense and they represented a fairly heterogeneous assemblage. HARMS (Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 15, 1897, 28 and in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 8, 1898, 255) distinguished 7 subfamilies. Of these Garryoideae were later mostly recognized as a separate family Garryaceae, as Alangioideae Alangiaceae, Nyssoideae and Davidioideae together as Nyssaceae, leaving Cornaceae with the remaining three subfamilies Cornoideae, Curtisioideae (monotypic, South Africa) and Mastixioideae (monotypic, Indo-Malesian tropics). Cf. WANGERIN, Pfl. Reich Heft 414 (1910) 18. In recent years, however, the other genera (6) of the Cornoideae, besides Cornus, have also been recognized as monotypic families, with the exception of Corokia which was transferred to Saxifragaceae-Escallonioideae. Notably TAKHTAJAN (Proiskh. Prokruitosem. Rast.: 89, non vidi) is in favour of these monotypic families. In his ‘Flowering Plants’ (ed. C. JEFFREY; 1969: 227) he accepted 7 segregate families besides Cornaceae sens. str. (omitting mention of two Madagascan genera, one of which he had formerly also raised to family rank, according to SHAW, 1973). These 7 families he arranged, together with Araliaceae and Umbelliferae, in the order Cornales, a phylogenetic construction of affinity not much different from earlier conceptions. The general impression is thus that the distinction of the segregate families is largely an inflation in rank.