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  • General Chemistry  (4,294)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,189)
  • Deutschland
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • 1975-1979  (5,486)
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Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Malaria in Deutschland (1979)
    In:  Bundesgesundheitsblatt 22, 8-13
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Description: einheimische Malaria als man-made-disease KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 2
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    Vergleichende Berachtung des Witterungsveralufs in den jahren 1975, 1976 und 1977 (1978)
    In:  Kartoffelbau 29 (1):15-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Kartoffelertrag und -qualität und Witterungsverlauf KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf den Ernteertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Mai, Juni) + und Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Pflanzenentwicklung -; Delta Bodenfeuchte -, dann Wachstum -; Delta T (März, April) 〈 0°C, dann Schäden +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1975-77 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 3
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    Holography and LDV techniques, their status and use in airfoil research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 4
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    Instrumentation, techniques and data reduction associated with airfoil testing programs at Wichita State University (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 5
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    Instrumentation for space flight experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 6
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    The Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) subsystem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 7
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    The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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  • 8
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    The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 9
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    DSN water vapor radiometer development: Recent work, 1978 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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  • 10
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    Frequency selection and calibration of a water vapor radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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  • 11
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    Preliminary design work on a DSN VLBI correlator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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  • 12
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 13
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 14
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 15
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 16
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 17
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 18
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 19
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 20
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    Development of a drift-correction procedure for a photoelectric spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 21
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Future role of scintillation detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 22
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    Mass-dependent channel electron multiplier operation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 23
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    Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 24
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    A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 25
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    A combined boundary-profile and automated data-reduction and analysis system (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A portable boundary-layer meteorological data-acquisition and analysis system is described which employs a small tethered balloon and a programmable calculator. The system is capable of measuring pressure, wet- and dry-bulb temperature, wind speed, and temperature fluctuations as a function of height and time. Other quantities, which can be calculated in terms of these, can also be made available in real time. All quantities, measured and calculated, can be printed, plotted, and stored on magnetic tape in the field during the data-acquisition phase of an experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 26
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    Reconstructing color images of astronomical objects using black and white spectroscopic emulsions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A color photograph of the peculiar elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) has been reconstructed from three Kodak 103a emulsion type photographs by projecting positives of the three B&W plates through appropriate filters onto a conventional color film. The resulting photograph shows color balance and latitude characteristics superior to color photographs of similar astronomical objects made with commercially available conventional color film. Similar results have been obtained for color reconstructed photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These and other results suggest that these projection-reconstruction techniques can be used to obtain high-quality color photographs of astronomical objects which overcome many of the problems associated with the use of conventional color film for the long exposures required in astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering; 2; Spring 1
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  • 27
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    Thermal diffusivity measurements of particulates using the differentiated line source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described in which thermal diffusivity measurements can be made on particulate materials using the identical instrumentation as described in previous papers for measuring thermal conductivity. The measurements for the two properties can be made simultaneously, thus eliminating the changes in conditions when they are made separately. This system has particular application for studies of simulated lunar, planetary, or asteroidal surfaces in which laboratory measurements can be correlated with astronomical observations of thermal inertia. A representative set of data is shown which gives thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity measurements on a particulate basalt in which the values for each temperature were taken simultaneously. A value for specific heat is calculated for measurements taken at each temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; May 1975
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  • 28
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    Testing of a photoelectric photometer. 2: Observational testing (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The versatility is demonstrated of the 41 cm. Tortugas reflector's photoelectric system through observations of V566 Oph and R CrB with four associated AAVSO comparison stars. These observations were made between May and October, 1974.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 154-158
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  • 29
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    Apparatus for production, measurement and reaction studies of dissociated gases at elevated temperatures (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An apparatus is described which is used for the controlled production, characterization, and study of dissociated gases in a microwave discharge at elevated temperatures. A unique feature is the ability to produce and study a microwave discharge plasma in the heated zone. This allows elevated temperature reactions to be studied in high concentrations of dissociated gases. Further, the system permits weight change measurements of specimens in the plasma, thus facilitating reaction rate determinations. Included is a description of a cavity for use on a 50-mm diameter cylindrical reactor. The effects of flow rate, pressure, temperature, power, metal sample, and sampling position on dissociation percentage of oxygen in the apparatus are described as well as a technique for sample temperature measurements in the plasma which permits determination of high temperature recombination coefficients and reaction rates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science; PS-3; June 197
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  • 30
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    Pulse modulation effect on velocity fringes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degradation of a hologram caused by object motion can be utilized to measure the rate of change of the length of an object beam. A rectangular shaped laser pulse is ordinarily used to illuminate the object in such an investigation. The velocity fringes obtained are considered in the calculation. There are no velocity fringes for Gaussian shaped pulses or for the pulses produced by a Q-switched ruby laser. It is shown with the aid of a mathematical analysis that a pulse of oscillating intensity or a pulse train will yield velocity fringes regardless of the shape of an individual pulse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; May 1975
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  • 31
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    The development of an L-band radiometer dual-mode horn (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An antenna was developed for the remote microwave measurement of ocean surface temperature during a flight test in a C54 aircraft. The basic antenna is a conical dual-mode horn similar to the dual-mode horn described by Potter (1963). The pertinent internal dimensions of the horn are given. The measured E and H plane patterns for the linearly polarized horn for a range of frequencies are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-23; May 1975
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  • 32
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    A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Feb. 197
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  • 33
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    Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with pre-retarding lens (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena; 6; 1975
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  • 34
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    An all-sky camera for time-resolved lightning photography (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 35
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    Calibration of a cylindrical RF capacitance probe (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ambient electron concentrations derived from observations with the Radio Astronomy Explorer 1 antenna capacitance probe have been compared with upper hybrid resonance measurements from the same spacecraft. From this comparison an empirical correction factor for the capacitance probe measurements has been derived. The differences between the two types of measurements is attributed to sheath effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 36
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    The use of Whatman-41 filters for high volume air sampling (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using W41 filter media on a routine TSP high-volume monitoring network was determined by comparison with glass fiber (GF) filtering. Results indicate that suspended particulate samples from GF filters averaged slightly, but not significantly, higher than those from Whatman-41 filters. Some extra handling procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygroscopic nature of W41 filters; these added procedures are not overly burdensome, however, and they allow the performance of analytical work, thus extending the capabilities of high-volume sampling. It was demonstrated that W41 filters are practical for air quality monitoring and elemental analysis in environments similar to Cleveland's.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 9; 1975
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  • 37
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of astronomical and laboratory sources at 8.5 microns (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the first successful infrared heterodyne spectrometer featuring semituneable semiconductor diode lasers was constructed and used near 8.5 micrometers to make laboratory measurements of line profiles in nitrous oxide and to detect thermal emission from Mars and from the moon. Questions of instrument design are discussed along with the significance of the results obtained in the investigation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 38
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two new methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1% and 1 deg, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 39
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    Plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two designs of plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m scanned in each case by a single photomultiplier of the FEU-49 type are described. The radial dependence of their light collection at the place of the path of the detected particle does not exceed 10% while the half width of the differential distribution of the pulse amplitudes from nonfiltered cosmic radiation at sea level is 90 to 95%, and 65%, the plastic thickness being 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the counter is 0.32% per 1 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 389-393
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  • 40
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    Generalization of formulas for ionization energy losses and collision cross section in threshold detectors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two types of formulas were obtained for (- dE/dx) and the number of collisions per unit of path length (dN/dx) = const, which depend on W sub m, with due account of the polarization effect of the medium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 355-360
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  • 41
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    Spark calorimeter: An instrument for determining particle energy of cosmic radiation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1964 a spark calorimeter was installed at the NOR-Amberd Station (2000 m above sea level). The advantages of this calorimeter over the ionization calorimeter are illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 349-354
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  • 42
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    An instrument for the study of the composition of the electron component of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A telescope consisting of three spark chambers and two control scintillation counters has been designed and is used for investigating the composition of the cosmic ray electron component within the range of energies from 1.0 to 10.0 BeV by the EN assymetry method. The geometrical factor of the telescope is approximately 20 sq cm ster. Discharges are recorded in the chambers on a photo film. The telescope is oriented to the azimuth with an accuracy of + or - 3 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 341-348
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  • 43
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    Gas threshold Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The report describes two designs are reported of gas threshold Cerenkov counters for recording electrons of primary cosmic rays without recording protons. Also presented are design and technological measures which ensure maximum light collection of the Cerenkov radiation originating on the photocathode of the photomultiplier inside the radiator. The dependence of the reflection factor on the length of the light wave for different coatings is shown as well as for the throughput of the different optical materials employed. A range of methods for determining the efficiency of the counters during the recording of cosmic ray nucons and ways of increasing it further are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 327-332
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  • 44
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    Certain problems in the development and design of scintillation and Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility is examined of increasing the effectiveness of the scintillation and Cerenkov counters through improving light collection of the recorded radiation on the photoelectric cathode of the photomultiplier. An example of how to select a detector of the directional plexiglas Cerenkov counter is given. Also presented are experimentally obtained amplitude distributions during the recording of cosmic ray muons. The necessity to obtain agreement between the characteristic spectrum of the photocathode of the photomultiplier and the spectrum of the recorded radiation is stressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 302-307
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  • 45
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    A system for multichannel recording and automatic reading of information (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A system for the recording and processing of telescope data is considered for measurements of EW asymmetry. The information is recorded by 45 channels on a continuously moving 35-mm film. The dead time of the recorder is about 0.1 sec. A sorting electronic circuit is used to reduce the errors when the statistical time distribution of the pulses is recorded. The recorded information is read out by means of photoresistors. The phototransmitter signals are fed either to the mechanical recorder unit for preliminary processing, or to a logical circuit which controls the operation of the punching device. The punched tape is processed by an electronic computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 293-297
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  • 46
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    Description of an ionization calorimeter complemented with proportional counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionization calorimeter is described with a system of proportional counters which are used to determine the charge of the particles incident to the calorimeter and to estimate the number of the secondary charged particles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 287-289
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  • 47
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    Large neutron counters for supermonitors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large neutron counters designed for the neutron supermonitor with an area of about 20 sq m are reported. Statistical accuracy of the counters is 0.1% per 2 hours. Dimensions: length--2 m; diameter--150 mm; pressure--200 mm Hg. The counters are filled with BF3 gas containing over 80% of B-10.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 279-281
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  • 48
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    The Surface Contour Radar, a unique remote sensing instrument (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 36 GHz computer controlled airborne Surface Contour Radar (SCR) is described, which was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory and NASA. The system uses pulse-compression techniques and dual frequency carriers spaced far enough apart to be decorrelated on the sea surface. The continuous wave transmitter is biphase modulated, the return signal is autocorrelated, and the code length and clock rate are variable, providing selectable range resolutions of 0.15, 0.30, 0.61 and 1.52 m. The SCR generates a false-color coded elevation map of the sea surface below the aircraft in real time, and can routinely produce ocean directional wave spectra with off-line data processing.
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  • 49
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    Quasi-microscope concept for planetary missions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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  • 50
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    Large-area multi-crystal NaI/Tl/ detectors for X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An array of large multicrystal NaI(Tl) detectors was constructed and used in a balloon-borne experiment to observe weak transient bursts of cosmic origin. The array had an active area of about 1 sq m and was sensitive to photons above 50 keV. Localized bursts which were observed are attributed to long-lived phosphorescence following large energy deposits by cosmic rays in the crystals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 140; 1976
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  • 51
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    Maximum theoretical angular accuracy of planar and linear arrays of sensors (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that can be obtained by using a planar or linear array is studied. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established noting that the presence of thermal noise does not affect the structure of the estimator. Comparisons with the conventional multiple interferometric techniques are made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-13; Mar. 197
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  • 52
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    Ultraviolet response of InGaAsP photocathodes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three type VPM 164 photomultiplier tubes with III-IV compound InGaAsP reflective photocathodes were developed for use in ground-based and space-borne astronomical detectors. Although the achieved response of about 0.02% quantum efficiency at 1.083 microns fell short of the goal of 1% quantum efficiency, the broadband characteristics are still considerably better than those of the S-1 photocathode.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 53
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    Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 54
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    CCD correlation techniques (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two CCD techniques were discussed for performing an N-point sampled data correlation between an input signal and an electronically programmable reference function. The design and experimental performance of an implementation of the direct time correlator utilizing two analog CCDs and MOS multipliers on a single IC were evaluated. The performance of a CCD implementation of the chirp z transform was described, and the design of a new CCD integrated circuit for performing correlation by multiplication in the frequency domain was presented. This chip provides a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or inverse DFT, multipliers, and complete support circuitry for the CCD CZT. The two correlation techniques are compared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 6 p
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  • 55
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    RECON 6: A real-time, wide-angle, solid-state reconnaissance camera system for high-speed, low-altitude aircraft (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maturity of self-scanned, solid-state, multielement photosensors makes the realization of "real time" reconnaissance photography viable and practical. A system built around these sensors which can be constructed to satisfy the requirements of the tactical reconnaissance scenario is described. The concept chosen is the push broom strip camera system -- RECON 6 -- which represents the least complex and most economical approach for an electronic camera capable of providing a high level of performance over a 140 deg wide, continuous swath at altitudes from 200 to 3,000 feet and at minimum loss in resolution at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 129-134
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  • 56
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    High data rate performance of a BCCD for rapid scan imaging (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A commercially available 1728 element shallow bulk channel CCD line array was clocked at output data rates up to 30 MHz. Temporal noise was near 200 electrons and was largely independent of clock rate. Charge transfer efficiency was in excess of 0.9999 at 30 MHz. Utilization is feasible for visual simulation and aerial mapping.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 72-82
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  • 57
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    Development of large area CCD imagers (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High performance CCD imagers with 800 x 50 resolution elements were fabricated using a coplanar, double polysilicon, electrode system. The imager was developed as a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of an 800 x 800 array for application to deep space photography where data rates of 10K to the 2nd power and operating temperatures of -40 C are required. The performance is discussed and comparisons made to the existing 400 x 400 imager.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 3 p
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  • 58
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    Improved acoustic viscosimeter technique (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An improved technique has been developed for studies of the shear viscosity of fluids. It utilizes an acoustic resonator as a four-terminal electrical device; the resonator's amplitude response may be determined directly and simply related to the fluid's viscosity. The use of this technique is discussed briefly and data obtained in several fluids is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 60
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  • 59
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    Problems in the use of interference filters for spectrophotometric determination of total ozone (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the use of ultraviolet narrow-band interference filters for total ozone determination is given with reference to the New Zealand filter spectrophotometer under the headings of filter monochromaticity, temperature dependence, orientation dependence, aging, and specification tolerances and nonuniformity. Quantitative details of each problem are given, together with the means used to overcome them in the New Zealand instrument. The tuning of the instrument's filter center wavelengths to a common set of values by tilting the filters is also described, along with a simple calibration method used to adjust and set these center wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 60
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    Liquid helium-cooled MOSFET preamplifier for use with astronomical bolometer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A liquid helium-cooled p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the 3N167, is found to have sufficiently low noise for use as a preamplifier with helium-cooled bolometers that are used in infrared astronomy. Its characteristics at 300, 77, and 4.2 K are presented. It is also shown to have useful application with certain photoconductive and photovoltaic infrared detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Apr. 197
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  • 61
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    Apparatus for measuring the force of gravity on freely falling electrons (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about ten to the negative 11th power eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5-cm-diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about six times ten to the negative 11th power eV/m when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Jan. 197
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  • 62
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    The effect of bandwidth on filter instrument total ozone accuracy (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 63
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    Spectral radiance calibrations between 165-300 nm - An interlaboratory comparison (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance of deuterium lamps calibrated by the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPI), by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are compared to check the agreement of UV radiometric scales. The NBS group used the optically thin continuum radiation from a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc as its fundamental radiometric standard, while the MPI and PTB groups used the synchrotron radiation facility in DESY. It is found that the spectral radiance scales based upon the DESY synchrotron and the NBS hydrogen arc are consistent, at least for one wavelength relative to another.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; July 197
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  • 64
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    Photographic image intensification by autoradiography (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Images on developed photographic emulsions can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation. Because the print, an autoradiograph, reproduces the original with significant increases in density and contrast, the method can be used to enhance underexposed emulsions and to increase the limits of photographic detection. This paper reports a new, practical chemical method for activating the silver, using thiourea labeled with sulfur-35, a process convenient for use in photographic laboratories. Speed increases of 13 and contrast increases of 18 were achieved with Kodak Plus-X film in this initial phase.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Nov. 197
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  • 65
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    A K-band radiometer for the microwave weather project (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of a K-band radiometer for use in the microwave weather project is discussed. The major components of the system, such as feedhorn, waveguide switch, and receiver assembly are described. The system will be installed at DSS 13 at Goldstone, California, when completed.
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    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 66-69
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  • 66
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    Charge coupled device integration-time coding for detection of images moving with unknown velocities (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Existing techniques for the detection of a moving low light level image by a CCD array have required velocity synchronism between the image and the photogenerated charges. This was necessary to prevent blurring during the long duration of charge integration. A new detection scheme is described which causes the image to be convolved with a clock modulation signal as the photocharges are collected. The charge accumulating from each image point will now be spread over many photoelements due to the absence of velocity synchronism, but the output is not blurred in the usual sense. Instead the charge is distributed through the array in a controlled way so that the image can be reconstructed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 139-144
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    Recent progress in photoelectron image detection with CCDs (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensified CCDs (ICCDs) were built and operated. These ICCDs were electrostatically and magnetically-focussed image tubes which use CCDs as anodes. The ICCDs detected single photoelectrons, and have electron gain very near that which was predicted. The first single-pixel pulse-height distributions were presented, and the leakage current was shown to increase as a function of photoelectron irradiation. The advantages and disadvantages of front- and rear-illuminated designs were discussed in light of differing applications requirements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 101-105
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    Low-noise video amplifiers for imaging CCD's (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various techniques were developed which enable the CCD (charge coupled device) imaging array user to obtain optimum performance from the device. A CCD video channel was described, and detector-preamplifier interface requirements were examined. A noise model for the system was discussed at length and laboratory data presented and compared to predicted results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 83-88
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  • 69
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    Si/Li/ X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principles of operation of solid state nondispersive spectrometers are reviewed. Si(Li) is shown to be the preferred nondispersive X-ray spectrometer because of its inherent resolution advantages and its adaptability to the constraints and philosophy of the HEAO-B observatory. A schematic diagram is presented of the geometry of the HEAO-B solid state detector assembly as a block diagram of the primary logic mode of the HEAO-B X-ray spectrometer.
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  • 70
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    The Helios A/B cosmic ray instrument /E 7/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a cosmic ray particle experiment for the Helios A/B space missions. This experiment had to be very lightweight, low power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements, and very similar to those on the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV per nucleon. Additionally, the Helios experiment includes a proportional counter to monitor the solar X-ray activity. The experiment has functioned quite well for 5 months in space, and large quantities of data are now being received.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 71
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    Development of a water vapor radiometer to correct for tropospheric range delay in DSN applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The rationale for a Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) as an aid in predicting tropospheric delay correction is presented. Included is a block diagram and a description of the present developmental WVR with the semiautomated operating sequence outlined. A brief summary of field tests at El Monte airport and Pt. Mugu is given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 77-84
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  • 72
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer /SBUV/TOMS/ for Nimbus G (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS measures the atmospheric ozone vertical profile and the solar ultraviolet spectrum, and provides a total ozone map by means of a mechanical scan across the Nimbus track. While the SBUV/TOMS instrument has noteworthy design features such as a state-of-the-art double monochromator and fixed optical components on a nonmetallic structure, its most significant characteristic is an optimum system design based on technology proven on the BUV instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; July-Aug
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  • 73
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    Plasma flow and fast particles in a hypervelocity accelerator - A color presentation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new concept for particle acceleration for micrometeoroid simulation was developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, using a high-density self-luminescent fast plasma flow to accelerate glass beads (with a diameter up to 1.0 mm) to velocities between 15-20 km/sec. After a short introduction to the operation of the hypervelocity range, the eight-converter-camera unit used for the photographs of the plasma flow and the accelerated particles is described. These photographs are obtained with an eight-segment reflecting pyramidal beam splitter. Wratten filters were mounted between the beam splitter and the converter tubes of the cameras. The photographs, which were recorded on black and white film, were used to make the matrices for the dye-color process, which produced the prints shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 74
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    CAMAC and NIM systems in the space program (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The CAMAC and NIM instrumentation systems were developed originally to serve the needs of nuclear research institutions in Europe and North America. CAMAC and NIM are currently considered in several studies at the systems level conducted by NASA and ESRO groups. NIM and CAMAC studies for applications related to the space shuttle are discussed along with the advantages provided by aspects of modularization and standardization, a use of NIM and CAMAC equipment in connection with a group of astrophysics experiments, and questions of cost effectiveness.
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  • 75
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    Entopistic scintillators (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trajectories of cosmic rays through a balloon-borne experiment will be determined by pulse height analyzing the signals from each of the two or more phototubes coupled to each scintillator. Thin or tapered scintillators produce sufficiently strong gradients of phototube signal with respect to scintillation position that position uncertainties of about 1 cm can be achieved over 1-sq-m areas. Calculations and some test results for entopistic, or position determining, scintillators are presented.
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  • 76
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    Miniature probe for transonic flow direction measurements (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A miniature probe is developed for measuring flow direction in one plane as well as stagnation pressure in the boundary layer and near wake of a transonic airfoil. The probe tip geometry and calibration curves are given, along with near wake survey data obtained for a supercritical airfoil. The advantages of the probe are ruggedness, ease of fabrication, ability to measure flow direction at a point, and insensitivity to out-of-plane velocity components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 77
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    Digital high density (80 Mb/s) tape (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-118
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  • 78
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    Mechanical testing - In situ fracture device for Auger electron spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An in situ fracture device for Auger spectroscopy is described. The device is designed to handle small tensile specimens or small double-cantilever beam specimens and is fully instrumented with load and displacement transducers so that quantitative stress-strain measurements can be made directly. Some initial test results for specimens made from 4130 and 1020 steel are presented. Results indicate that impurity segregation at interfaces other than grain boundary may play a significant role in the mechanism of ductile fracture.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 79
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    Noise calibration repeatability of an airborne third-generation radiometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A third-generation S-band radiometer has been calibrated at intervals over 3.5 years. The built-in stabilization concepts have proven to be very effective. In spite of some nonideal conditions (on runway, in wind, and in rain), an rms value of 0.7-K calibration repeatability has been observed with an average temperature deviation (bias error) of 0.03 K.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-25; Oct. 197
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  • 80
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    Instrumental sensing of stationary source emissions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of programs have been conducted within EPA to evaluate the capability of various ground-based remote-sensing techniques for measuring the SO2 concentration, velocity, and opacity of effluents from coal-burning power plants. The results of the remote measurements were compared with the results of instack measurements made using EPA reference methods. Attention is given to infrared gas-filter correlation radiometry for SO2 concentration, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, ultraviolet matched-filter correlation spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, infrared and ultraviolet television for velocity and SO2 concentration, infrared laser-Doppler velocimetry for plume velocity, and visible laser radar for plume opacity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Environmental Science and Technology; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 81
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    Capabilities of germanium detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma ray detection efficiency and energy resolution of germanium detectors is reviewed. A general sensitivity equation for gamma-ray detectors is presented and calculated sensitvity curves are shown for a large volume balloon-borne spectrometer using germanium detectors. Improvement anticipated from a planned satellite experiment using germanium detectors is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 450-461
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  • 82
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    Sensitivity of an astronomical infrared heterodyne spectrometer (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The factors determining the sensitivity of a real astronomical heterodyne spectrometer are described. The deviation from the ideal heterodyne system for line detection is described in terms of a series of degradation factors. A discussion of degradation due to a low local oscillator power and to line profile detection is presented. Representative values for the degradation factors are given. Even with a total degradation of not less than 30, the heterodyne spectrometer is still found to be a highly sensitive tool in IR astronomy.
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  • 83
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    An efficient read-out system for multiwire proportional counter hodoscopes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An efficient scanning method for read-out of a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope is presented. This method which utilizes the grouping of wires in the hodoscope read-out system offers distinct advantages in speed and simplicity over systems employing long shift registers. Power consumption and cost can be minimized with this method because of slower clock speeds and a low parts count. This system has been constructed and used on a hodoscope for cosmic-ray trajectory measurements and a lower-power version has been designed for satellite applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 117; 1975
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  • 84
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    Holographic recording materials - A review (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Holographic recording materials in current use are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort is made to rank the commercial materials, since satisfactory results can be obtained with any of them. The discussion covers silver halide plates and films, photoresists, thermoplastics, photopolymers, dichromated gelatin, photochromic materials, electrooptical crystals, styryl free radical film, and TEP film. A convenient summation of some material properties is presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; Sept
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  • 85
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    Composition analyzer for microparticles using a spark ion source (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Iron microparticles were fired onto a capacitor-type microparticle detector which responded to an impact with a spark discharge. Ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra showed the elements of both detector and particle materials. The total extracted ion current was typically 10 A within a period of 100 nsec, indicating very efficient vaporization of the particle and ionization of the vapor. Potential applications include research on cosmic dust, atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets, particles ejected by rocket or jet engines, by machining processes or by nuclear bomb explosions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Nov. 197
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  • 86
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    Infrared upconversion for astronomical applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performance of an upconversion system is examined for observation of astronomical sources in the low to middle IR spectral range. Theoretical values for the performance parameters of an upconversion system for astronomical observations are evaluated in terms of the conversion efficiencies, spectral resolution, field of view minimum detectable source brightness, and source flux. Experimental results of blackbody measurements and molecular absorption-spectrum measurements using a lithium niobate upconverter with an argon-ion laser as the pump are presented. Estimates are given of the expected optimum sensitivity of an upconversion device that may be built with presently available components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 87
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    Upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical applications (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black body measurements and absorption spectra of methane near 3.3 microns are presented and used as examples in a discussion of upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical application. Factors determining the system conversion efficiency and the minimum detectable flux for a typical system are presented. The spectrometer described uses an Argon-ion laser and a temperature turned LiNbO3 crystal in a CW mode. Satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated performance parameters is obtained. An estimate of the highest performance parameters attainable using current technology is given.
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  • 88
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    Effect of velocity gradients on measurements of turbulent shear stress (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of normal velocity gradients on hot wire measurements in a subsonic boundary layer of the same size as the flow investigated by Johnson and Rose (1975). Both hot wire and film anemometers were used to measure the turbulent properties of the boundary layer. A special X-wire probe with one wire vertical and the other at an angle of about 40 deg to the flow was used to demonstrate the gradient effects. The results indicate that major errors are encountered when mean and turbulent velocity gradients exist along the length of hot wire sensors, the problem being more pronounced at high speeds. Although the split film sensor results show a significant improvement over the X-wire sensor, further reduction in the space resolution of sensors by roughly an order of magnitude would appear to be necessary to reduce the error to acceptable values near the wall.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 89
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    VLBI clock sync and the earth's rotational instability (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preparation is being made by the DSN to monitor the stability of its clocks and frequency standards in the 64 meter net by means of VLBI. Since variations in the earth's rotation rate represent an error source to VLBI clock synchronization, the Allan Variance of the earth rotation was calculated to find that, in a long-term sense at least, these variations do not noticeably increase the differential instability of two clocks as measured by Intercontinental VLBI.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 81-84
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  • 90
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    Experimental design of laminar proportional amplifiers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: An experimental program was initiated at Langley Research Center to study the effects of various parameters on the design of laminar proportional beam deflection amplifiers. Matching and staging of amplifiers to obtain high-pressure gain was also studied. Variable parameters were aspect ratio, setback, control length, receiver distance, receiver width, width of center vent, and bias pressure levels. Usable pressure gains from 4 to 19 per stage can now be achieved, and five amplifiers were staged together to yield pressure gains up to 2,000,000.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD Fluidics Technol.; p 209-227
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  • 91
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    Development of 1366 K /2000 F/ strain sensor and biaxial strain transducer for use to 1033 K /1400 F/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
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  • 92
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    Detection of hairline cracks in textured silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using a focused laser scanner, the optical technique described in the present paper can be used to detect hairline cracks of the type occurring in solar cells subjected to surface texturing. The technique is capable of detecting cracks of the order of a few microns, which, otherwise, can be observed only under high magnification using an optical microscope. The technique consists of scanning a solar cell with a finely focused laser beam and recording the photoresponse (short circuit current or open circuit voltage) as a function of beam position. The presence of a crack is manifested by a sharp dip in the photoresponse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 1
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  • 93
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    The low-noise 115-GHz receiver on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft radio telescope (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superheterodyne millimeter-wave radiometer on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft telescope is described. This receiver uses a room-temperature Schottky diode mixer, with a resonant-ring filter as LO diplexer. The diplexer has low signal loss, efficient LO power coupling, and suppresses most of the LO noise at both sidebands. The receiver IF section has a parametric amplifier as its first stage with sufficient gain to overcome the second-stage amplifier noise. A broad-banded quarter-wave impedance transformer minimizes the mismatch between mixer and paramp. At 115 GHz, the SSB receiver noise temperature is 860 K, which is believed to be the lowest figure so far reported for a room-temperature receiver at this frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-27; Mar. 197
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  • 94
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    Infra-red measurements of stratospheric composition. I - The balloon instrument and water vapour measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design and construction of a balloon-borne instrument for remote-sensing of stratospheric composition is described. Thermal emission from the constituents is detected and the spectral selectivity of the instrument is tailored to a specific gas by the use of a cell of the same gas in the optical path of the radiometer. The pressure of the gas in the cell is cycled and the resultant transmission function is shown to be highly selective to radiation from the same gas in the atmosphere. The first flight of the instrument and the retrieval of a water vapour profile in the range 15-40 km is described.
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  • 95
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    Geodetic interferometry submission for the IUGG Quadrennial Report (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present paper reviews the activities of two major VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) groups, within the United States, which have been concentrating on geodetic measurements for a number of years. The activities have resulted in the development of transportable VLBI terminals for regional surveying applications; development of VLBI techniques for obtaining station positions; establishment of relative epochs and rates of the hydrogen maser clocks at the stations; the acquisition of polar motion and earth rotation data in support of deep space tracking functions; and the development of VLBI techniques necessary for tectonic measurements on trans- and intercontinental baselines and for astrometry, polar-motion and earth-rotation observations.
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  • 96
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    Qualitative and quantitative flow visualization technique using ozone (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a new flow-visualization technique based on the absorption of ultraviolet light by ozone. Ozone is an excellent tracer, because as a gas it has the same effective physical properties as air. Ozone strongly absorbs the principal line (253.7 nm) of a mercury lamp, so that when an ozone-traced flow passes between a mercury lamp and a fluorescent screen, a sharp, shadow-like image of the ozone tracer is cast on the screen. Quantitative photometry can be carried out by replacing the screen with ultraviolet detectors that yield the path-integrated column density of ozone in the flow. High-speed quantitative point monitoring (10 Hz at 10 ppb O3) is possible with capillary probes and chemiluminescent analysis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; June 197
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  • 97
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    A high resolution holographic particle sizing system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper will review briefly the requirements of holography with respect to particle sizing techniques. A holographic construction system and the appropriate reconstruction system will be discussed regarding their characteristics and performance (i.e. system resolution, magnification, system aberration and correction of aberrations, and maximum total test volume). The capabilities of a commercial particle sizing system used to obtain particle sizes and distribution information from reconstructed holograms will be described and characterized. It will be shown that by using the methods described, high resolution throughout large test volumes can be achieved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 98
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    Measurement of the polarization effects of an instrument using partially polarized light (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Accuracy of a radiometer is adversely affected by scene polarization if the receiving optical system is sensitive to polarization. It is therefore necessary to specify and measure the sensitivity of the system to polarized light. The Mueller-Stokes matrix of an instrument may be determined experimentally and used to predict the effects of the instrument on any beam. The specification of a maximum polarization sensitivity stated in terms of the degree of polarization produced in an unpolarized beam can be experimentally verified even though an unpolarized beam is not available in the laboratory for direct measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 15
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  • 99
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    Detected noise levels guide radiometer design (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of component demands and design techniques for radiometers is presented. The design of a typical radiometer is traced from the antenna through the video and data-collection stages. Key design equations are given. An example is considered that shows how IF amplifier gain must be chosen to mask video noise. The influence of front-end losses on back-end design is studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: MicroWaves; 17; Sept
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  • 100
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    Visualization of relaminarizing flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiments described in the present paper provided conclusive evidence for the feasibility of achieving reverse transition by several different mechanisms. Turbulent-to-laminar transition in water was visualized by injection of purple and green dyes. Air flows were visualized by colored schlieren photography.
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