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  • Other Sources  (3,901)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,189)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (1,113)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)  (850)
  • SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (749)
  • 1975-1979  (3,901)
Collection
  • Other Sources  (3,901)
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Keywords
Years
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  • 1
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    Astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Principles of rocket engineering, flight dynamics, and trajectories are discussed in this summary of Soviet rocket development and technology. Topics include rocket engine design, propellants, propulsive efficiency, and capabilities required for orbital launch. The design of the RD 107, 108, 119, and 214 rocket engines and their uses in various satellite launches are described. NASA's Saturn 5 and Atlas Agena launch vehicles are used to illustrate the requirements of multistage rockets.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 198-271
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  • 2
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    Motions of a liquid in a pulsating bulb with application to problems of blood flow (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Potential flows may be utilized to represent motions produced in pulsating bulbs. While the initial bulb shape may be arbitrary, sequential shapes are related by affine transformations. Two components appear in the distribution of pressure, one dependent on the instantaneous velocity and the other on the acceleration. For flows with stationary streamlines the inertial impedance is that of a simple mass, and is proportional to the first moment of the actual mass of fluid contained within the bulb. Examples treated are: (1) Expanding and collapsing circular cylinders, and (2) elliptical cylinders in which the perimeter is held constant. The thickness of the pulsatile laminar boundary layer is found to be approximately on millimeter for conditions in the vicinity of the heart. Conditions for separation and turbulence differ from those in steady flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 957-965
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  • 3
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    Investigation B: Laminar confined coaxial entrance flow with heat generation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The results of a parametric study on the entrance flow region in a gas core nuclear reactor are presented. The physical system is modeled as laminar confined, coaxial flow with heat generation in the inner fluid. The governing equations include the boundary layer approximations and the assumptions of only radial radiative transport of energy represented as an energy diffusion term. The Von Mises transformation and a zeta transformation are used to transform the equations into nonlinear nonhomogeneous convective-diffusion equations. A unique combination of forward and backward difference equations which yields accurate results at moderate computational times, is used in the numerical method. Results show that the rapidly accelerating, heat generating inner stream actually shrinks in radius as it expands axially.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Turbulence Coefficients and Stability Studies for the Coaxial Flow or Dissimiliar Fluids; 76 p
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  • 4
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    Nonlinear effects in thermal stress analysis of a solid propellant rocket motor (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Direct characterization procedures were used to determine the relaxation modulus as a function of time, temperature, and state of strain. Using the quasi-elastic method of linearviscoelasticity, these properties were employed in a finite element computer code to analyze a thick-walled, nonlinear viscoelastic cylinder in the state of plane strain bonded to a thin (but stiff) elastic casing and subjected to slow thermal cooling. The viscoelastic solution is then expressed as a sequence of elastic finite element solutions. The strain-dependent character of the relaxation modulus is included by replacing the single relaxation curve used in the linear viscoelastic theory by a family of relaxation functions obtained at various strain levels. These functions may be regarded as a collection of stress histories or responses to specific loads (in this case, step strains) with which the cooldown solution is made to agree by iterations on the modulus and strain level.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 111-135
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  • 5
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    Metallurgical processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The metallurgical processing experiments on Skylab were chosen to: (1) elucidate the unknown effects of a low gravity environment on certain processes; (2) determine to what extent nongravitational driven flows operate in the processes; and (3) explore the possibilities of containerless solidification. Welding and brazing experiments were conducted to provide an understanding of solidification mechanics in a weightless environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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  • 6
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    Early space experiments in materials processing: Future programs (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: A list of the present state of knowledge in materials processing is presented. The fluid behavior in a low gravity environment is summarized. Materials processing in the Space Transportation System facility is discussed. Prospects for space commercialization are reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 16 p
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  • 7
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    Post-Skylab activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Program is described. A modification of the Skylab furnace was developed for the ASTP mission that had a maximum temperature of 1200 C, a programmed cool down to give more uniform growth rates, and a He quench system to shorten the time required to reach allowable touch temperature. The Space Processing Applications Rocket (SPAR) program was initiated to provide some continuity in flight experimentation. Liquid mixing, immiscible alloy solidification, composite materials, bubbles and dispersed particles during solidification, and containerless processing techniques were studied in the SPAR program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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  • 8
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    Fluid behavior in low g (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Several experiments and a number of demonstrations were performed during Skylab to elucidate the behavior of fluids in space. The purposes of these experiments were to confirm hypotheses on how systems would behave in a low-g environment, determine to what extent residual accelerations and nongravity-driven convection affected processes, and provide graphic demonstrations of fluid behavior in space for classroom use and to stimulate new ideas for low-g research.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 33 p
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  • 9
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    Possible applications of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Numerous applications take advantage of low gravity. These range from research, such as study of basic properties of materials or developing a better understanding of various processes and how they might be controlled, to actual production of unique materials, either in very limited quantities for research purposes to serve as paradigms for determining the limiting results of processes in which gravity effects are removed, or in large quantities, to fill certain high technology needs that cannot be met by other means. Examples of these are given in the following topics discussed: (1) crystal growth; (2) metals, alloys and composite materials (metallurgy); (3) glass and ceramics (containerless processing); (4) fluid and chemical processes; and (5) processing of biological materials.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 60 p
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  • 10
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    The evolution of apparatus for materials processing on Skylab (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The following topics are discussed: (1) the inception of space processing; (2) earth-based experimental activities prior to Skylab (drop tower and research aircraft experiments); (3) preliminary experiments in space (Apollo and sounding rocket experiments); and (4) Skylab experimental facilities. Apparatus for contained materials processing; for brazing in space; and containerless processing are presented and discussed. The Skylab materials processing system and miscellaneous design considerations are also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 48 p
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  • 11
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    A numerical comparison with an exact solution for the transient response of a cylinder immersed in a fluid (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The transient response of an elastic cylindrical shell immersed in an acoustic media that is engulfed by a plane wave is determined numerically. The method applies to the USA-STAGS code which utilizes the finite element method for the structural analysis and the doubly asymptotic approximation for the fluid-structure interaction. The calculations are compared to an exact analysis for two separate loading cases: a plane step wave and an exponentially decaying plane wave.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 23-28
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  • 12
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    NASA workshop on outgassing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: The materials and processing constraints that are involved in the construction of a molecular wake shield for the shuttle orbiter are discussed. Stainless steel, having outgassing rates less than the required 10 to the minus 12th power Torr-liters/sq cm per second was the primary material suggested for the construction of the shield.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 17 p
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  • 13
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    Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the assessment of models of a wake shield environment around various spacecraft, Universities Space Research Association (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the ambient atmosphere which can overtake the spacecraft vacuum shield are presented. The subject areas discussed are: possible changing effects on the wake shield environment; possible utilization of the induced environmental contamination monitor; present state of the knowledge of the parameters used to describe the intermolecular collisions; the possibility of using simple models to describe the wake shield environment; possible errors associated with using kinetic theory to calculate that part of the atmosphere overtaking the shield; and a general assessment of the Monte Carlo techniques used to calculate the shield environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 6 p
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  • 14
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    Proceedings of workshops to define engineering requirements for a space vacuum research Facility: Summary (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the collision dynamics in the near vicinity of a body orbiting in the upper atmosphere were studied to investigate degassing techniques for a vacuum facility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 3 p
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  • 15
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    The plume impingement test program at AEDC utilizing the S-2 ullage motors (November 1973), section 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Proposed experiments for analyzing rocket plumes are reported. Two groups of experiments were studied: (1) those that would help define some of the parameters that characterize the plume and (2) those that would enable evaluation of some of the contamination effects of the plume environment on various items of interest. The items investigated, the purpose of the investigation, are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 12-95
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  • 16
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    The small motor plume/material impingement test program at MSFC utilizing nine different propellant formulations (April and May 1974), section 2 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The relative effects of several candidate SSRM propellant formulations and their plume impingement effects on HRSI and RCC materials were evaluated. Nine solid propellant formulations were tested. The selected propellant matrix allowed an evaluation of propellants with and without metal additives, with and without burning rate catalyst, and low (approximately 1927 C) and high (approximately 2649 C) combustion temperatures. Motors were fired at a simulated SRB staging altitude of 3.96 km (130,000 ft) (nominal). The altitude pressure was predicted to drop approximately 0.6 km (20,000 ft) during a motor firing. All motors were loaded with 1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb) of propellant and burned for approximately 2 s.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 96-151
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  • 17
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    The large motor plume/material impingement test program at AEDC utilizing the four selected propellants from the small motor tests at MSFC (July, August, and September 1974), section 3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Efforts made to determine the vulnerability of Orbiter and ET materials located at various positions within exhaust plumes from test SSRM's using four different propellant formulations are discussed. Data also cover the effect on TPS materials from a single SSRM plume and dual SSRM plumes, and definitions of test SSRM plume environment at material specimen locations.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 152-203
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  • 18
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    Electrophoresis of biological materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The selection of biological products was studied for electrophoresis in space. Free flow electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and isotachophoresis are described. The candidates discussed include: immunoglobulins and gamma globulins; isolated islet of langerhans from pancreas; bone marrow; tumor cells; kidney cells, cryoprecipitate; and column separated cultures.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 177-190
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  • 19
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    High purity tungsten targets (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: High purity tungsten, which is used for targets in X-ray tubes was considered for space processing. The demand for X-ray tubes was calculated using the growth rates for dental and medical X-ray machines. It is concluded that the cost benefits are uncertain.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 159-176
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  • 20
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    Costs and benefits of turbine blades (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The potential demand for space processed turbine blades, and the dollar benefits to be derived from this technology were analyzed. It was found that an adequate demand to justify space processed blades will exist. The cost benefits per blade for replacements in existing aircraft is estimated to be $997.50 per blade, and for new aircraft the savings per blade would be over $21,000.00.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 40-90
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  • 21
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    Application of fluidics to new control components (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: The inherent tolerance for nuclear radiation makes fluidic devices candidates for nuclear rocket control systems. Also, they are being considered for supersonic jet engine inlet control because of their high temperature and vibration tolerance. Three new control components being considered for these applications are described. A fluidic circuit to control a pneumatic stepping motor for nuclear rocket control drum actuation is discussed. An all-fluidic sensor being developed for determining the position of the normal shock in the inlet of a supersonic jet engine is outlined. A new vortex valve configuration is developed to prevent supersonic jet engine inlet unstarts by regulating bypass flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 365-386
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  • 22
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    Holography and LDV techniques, their status and use in airfoil research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 23
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    Instrumentation, techniques and data reduction associated with airfoil testing programs at Wichita State University (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 24
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    Flow phenomena peculiar to calculation of compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Calculation procedures for compressible turbulent boundary layers were based upon techniques, modeling constants, etc., developed originally for the low speed case. Significant differences and new or altered physics which occur in the compressible case were considered, as compared with the low speed situation. Possible pitfalls and sources of inaccuracy in the calculations were indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 9-46
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  • 25
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    Instrumentation for space flight experiments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 26
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    Skylab: A beginning (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A major goal of Skylab was to learn more about man and his responses to the space environment for missions lasting up to 84 days. A review of Skylab data pertaining to this goal is given.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 408-418
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  • 27
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    A survey of Rocketry and astronautics in Spain (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The entire field of rocketry and astronautics in Spain was studied. Congreve war rockets in military actions were emphasized in the African war, the Cuban campaign and the Spanish Civil War. Rockets in space travel were also summarized along with space science fiction.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 78-101
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  • 28
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    On the works of S. S. Nezhdanovsky in the field of flight based on reactive principles, 1880 - 1895 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The work of a Soviet scientist and inventor of the 19th century, S. S. Nezhdanovsky, is discussed. Investigations in the field of aircraft science and technology are emphasized in relation to Nezhdanovsky's studies of using the jet principle in solving the problem of human flight. Nezhdanovsky dealt with calculations of the speed at which combustion products flow, and considered such problems as fuel feeding into the combustion chamber by means of pumps, and the use of one of the fuel components for cooling the walls of the combustion chamber.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 125-139
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  • 29
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    History of the development of rocket technology and astronautics in Poland (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of rocket technology in Poland is outlined. The history cites 13th century use of war rockets in combating Tartars as well as 20th century studies of the future and reality of space flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 102-111
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  • 30
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    First works by K. E. Tsiolkovsky and I. V. Meshchersky on rocket dynamics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A study of rocket dynamics done by K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1896 is reported. Problems in rectilinear movement of rockets were studied. Calculations were done on velocity efficiency, motion in free space, motion in a homogeneous gravitational field and motion with constant acceleration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 115-124
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  • 31
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    Platforms in space: Evolutionary trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of physical crowding and the proliferation of separate communication links and ground support systems for multiple free-flying satellites can be overcome by using space platforms and multiplexing the data streams. Pertinent features of the space shuttle orbiter payloads, the solar power satellite, and geostationary and geosynchronous platforms are discussed. Typical payload requirements data which are needed to allow meaningful study of payloads as candidates for platform implementation are cited and factors affecting the compatibility/grouping of payloads are outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 159-182
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  • 32
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    Propellant mass usage and flow measurement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a system to be used for measuring propellant flow in a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Design guidelines rather than detailed specifications are provided for the critical components of each portion of the system. System elemental uncertainties are presented in an appendix.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 32 p
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  • 33
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    The Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) subsystem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 34
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    The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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    Surface-tension-induced convection experiment MA-041 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In the absence of gravity, stirring in a liquid is suppressed because of density differences caused by thermal or compositional gradients. However, other mechanisms resulting in natural convection in a microgravity environment exist. One of the most important mechanisms for liquid metals is surface tension driven convection, which becomes predominant in the low gravity environment. In this case, surface tension differences caused by compositional or temperature gradients have been demonstrated to cause stirring in liquids during experiments performed onboard Skylab. Compositional gradients were created by adding a soap solution to a large water globule, which caused vigorous fluid motion for some moments after the addition.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 36
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    Summary of calculation procedures for nonsimilar two- and three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (finite difference, finite element and weighted residual methods), appendix (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: This numerical prediction summary indicates the wide variety of such procedures which are available. Most procedures have detailed user manuals, and in many cases the codes are available. Many of the special effects treated by various methods (such as nonequilibrium or equilibrium chemistry, transition, roughness etc.) are indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 69-78
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    Calculation of three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: From comparisons of high speed data with low speed closure procedures using variable mean density, there does not appear to be any appreciable influence of compressibility upon turbulent shear stress modeling in compressible turbulent boundary layers, even for extreme cases such as Mach 14 to 20 with a change in density across the layer of up to a factor of 100. Other evidence of apparent lack of compressibility caused new physics which may alter the shear stress for the compressible boundary layer cases including: (1) fluctuation Mach number was generally less than 1; (2) the shear stress distribution through the boundary layer was not a function of Mach number for zero pressure gradient flows; (3) the Morkovin hypothesis was valid up to Mach 5 (based on fluctuation data); (4) profile N power was not a function of Mach number, at least up to Mach 10; and (5) the nondimensional burst period was approximately the same as that for low speed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 47-68
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  • 38
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    Equations and closure methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Basic differential equations governing compressible turbulent boundary layer flow are reviewed, including conservation of mass and energy, momentum equations derived from Navier-Stokes equations, and equations of state. Closure procedures were broken down into: (1) simple or zeroth-order methods, (2) first-order or mean field closure methods, and (3) second-order or mean turbulence field methods.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 6-8
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  • 39
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    Guido von Pirquet: Austrian pioneer of astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The works of Guido von Pirquet, Austrian pioneer of rocketry, were assessed. Major emphasis was given to Pirquet's calculation of the route to Venus which in fact was followed by the first Russian rocket to Venus. Of interest also is Pirquet's valuable construction of a space station and his analysis of interstellar space flight.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 140-155
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  • 40
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    Progress Report on Project Mercury (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Progress on Project Mercury, program for manned orbital space flight, is briefly reviewed. The original aims and concepts of the project are recounted. Various types of launch apparatus are mentioned along with safety factors.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 6 p
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  • 41
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    Basic stages in the development of the theory of Ramjet Engines (RJE) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Basic periods in the history of the development of ramjet engine theory are cited. The periods include the first experimental tests as well as the development of basic ideas and theoretical development of the cosmic ramjet engine.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 229-238
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  • 42
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    Guidelines for advanced manned space vehicle program, June 1960 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very broad mission objective was established; i.e., manned circumlunar flight and return to earth. It is implicit that the Saturn will be the primary propulsion system for this mission. The following attempts to: (1) define the objective so as to achieve as much capability in the vehicle as possible; (2) draw on Mercury experience to provide broad guidelines for vehicle performance and safety; (3) provide flexibility in the vehicle capability in the event that the manned lunar mission is proved to be subject to unacceptable risk in the target time period; and (4) indicate problem areas where work appears to be particularly needed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 66 p
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  • 43
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    Extraction processes for the production of aluminum, titanium, iron, magnesium, and oxygen and nonterrestrial sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The suitability of existing terrestrial extractive metallurgical processes for the production of Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, and O2 from nonterrestrial resources is examined from both thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. Carbochlorination of lunar anorthite concentrate in conjunction with Alcoa electrolysis process for Al; carbochlorination of lunar ilmenite concentrate followed by Ca reduction of TiO2; and subsequent reduction of Fe2O3 by H2 for Ti and Fe, respectively, are suggested. Silicothermic reduction of olivine concentrate was found to be attractive for the extraction of Mg becaue of the technological knowhow of the process. Aluminothermic reduction of olivine is the other possible alternative for the production of magnesium. The large quantities of carbon monoxide generated in the metal extraction processes can be used to recover carbon and oxygen by a combination of the following methods: (1) simple disproportionation of CO,(2) methanation of CO and electrolysis of H2O, and (3) solid-state electrolysis of gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, and H2O. The research needed for the adoption of earth-based extraction processes for lunar and asteroidal minerals is outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 257-274
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  • 44
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    The initial lunar supply base (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The first lunar supply base should have a mass less than 1000 tons, be deployed by 24 persons in 4 months, and be maintained by 10 persons. Output could be expanded 20 times in 5 years to 600,000 tons/yr by a factor of 10 expansion of the area of the solar array on the lunar surface, using low power soil beneficiation, increasing the fleet of mining vehicles, and illuminating the base continuously at night with lunar orbiting mirrors. The space manufacturing facility (SMF) will supply most of the mass (solar cells and orbiting mirrors) necessary for expansion. Several devices and procedures are suggested for development which could further reduce the total mass necessary to transport to the Moon to establish the initial lunar supply base.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center. Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 207-224
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  • 45
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    Pressure measurement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a pressure measuring system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Appendixes include: (1) pressure measurement system elemental uncertainties; (2) short- and long-term pressure measurement system uncertainty; (3) shunt calibration of pressure transducers; (4) special considerations for vacuum measurement; and (5) methods of determining the dynamic characteristics of pressure transducers. Design guidelines are provided for the critical components of each portion of the system to provide a pressure measurement system which meets the performance criteria specified.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 76 p
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  • 46
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    The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 47
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    Science demonstrations (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Three demonstrations of scientific concepts concerning liquids were performed during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. Chemical foaming, spreading of liquids, and capillary wicking were the subjects of each demonstration photographed in space. The results clearly illustrated the basic principles, and films suitable for educational uses are now available from the first author.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 9 p
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  • 48
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    Zero-G processing of magnets experiment MA-070 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Solidification of magnetic materials in the low gravity orbital environment was studied. The magnetic compounds under study, manganese bismuth and copper cobalt cerium ((Cu, Co)5Ce), both have the potential for the development of high coercive strength. Preliminary results indicate that static fluid configurations, in the absence of the gravitational body force, differ substantially from the documented terrestrial behavior. Chemical homogeneity is substantially enhanced on a macroscopic and microscopic level. Single crystal matrices have been grown in the coordinated growth regions of the flight samples. Primary crystals one order of magnitude greater than those grown terrestrially have been noted and are limited in size by the ampoule dimensions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 13 p
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  • 49
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    Solar-induced variations of environment affecting manned space flight and spacecraft operations (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Estimates of short and long term solar activity are required for calculating variations in the environment with regard to spacecraft charging, radiation effects, and orbital lifetime. Correlations appear to exist between the time of solar activity and the time of operational anomalies due to electrical discharges when the dielectric surfaces of geosynchronous spacecraft are charged by interaction with the ambient plasma to levels above breakdown voltage. An ability to predict the solar induced variation variability of the plasmas could permit refinement of design criteria. The influence of the radiation on spacecraft materials, systems, and manned operations is summarized. Solar radition effects on the orbital altitude atmospheric density environment and spacecraft lifetimes are also considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 89-103
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  • 50
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    User requirements of solar-terrestrial predictions for spacecraft applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas which are influenced by solar-terrestrial coupling effects and which are internal to the Earth's magnetosphere are of interest to mission planners, spacecraft hardware designers, and those engaged in the operation of already orbiting manned or unmanned spacecraft. Accurate models are needed to predict energetic particle flux density, interactions between low energy (10 eV to 100 eV) near-Earth plasma and space systems, and neutral atmospheres. Parameters required for each of these areas are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 1-20
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  • 51
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    Crystal study and econometric model (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An econometric model was developed that can be used to predict demand and supply figures for crystals over a time horizon roughly concurrent with that of NASA's Space Shuttle Program - that is, 1975 through 1990. The model includes an equation to predict the impact on investment in the crystal-growing industry. Actually, two models are presented. The first is a theoretical model which follows rather strictly the standard theoretical economic concepts involved in supply and demand analysis, and a modified version of the model was developed which, though not quite as theoretically sound, was testable utilizing existing data sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 191-233
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    Turbine blade processing (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing of directionally solidified eutectic-alloy type turbine blades is envisioned as a simple remelt operations in which precast blades are remelted in a preformed mold. Process systems based on induction melting, continuous resistance furnaces, and batch resistance furnaces were evaluated. The batch resistance furnace type process using a multiblade mold is considered to offer the best possibility for turbine blade processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 91-158
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  • 53
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    DSN water vapor radiometer development: Recent work, 1978 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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    Frequency selection and calibration of a water vapor radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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    Preliminary design work on a DSN VLBI correlator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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    Extraterrestrial fiberglass production using solar energy (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A conceptual design is presented for fiberglass production systems in both lunar and space environments. The raw material, of lunar origin, will be plagioclase concentrate, high silica content slag, and calcium oxide. Glass will be melted by solar energy. The multifurnace in the lunar plant and the spinning cylinder in the space plant are unique design features. Furnace design appears to be the most critical element in optimizing system performance. A conservative estimate of the total power generated by solar concentrators is 1880 kW; the mass of both plants is 120 tons. The systems will reproduce about 90 times their total mass in fiberglass in 1 year. A new design concept would be necessary if glass rods were produced in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 225-232
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    Temperature measurement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a temperature measuring system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine are discussed. Appendixes include: (1) temperature measurement system elemental uncertainties, and (2) tables and equations for use with thermocouples and resistance thermometers. Design guidelines are given for the critical components of each portion of the system to provide an optimum temperature measurement system which meets the performance criteria specified.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 36 p
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    Force and impulse measurement (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Practices are outlined for the design, installation, checkout, calibration, and operation of a thrust measurement system to be used during tests of a liquid monopropellant rocket engine. Appendixes include: (1) thrust measurement system elemental uncertainties; (2) short- and long-term thrust measurement system uncertainty; and (3) shunt calibration of force transducers.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 28 p
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    Data reduction and performance determination (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Definitions, algorithms, and procedures for the reduction of monopropellant thruster measurements to performance parameters are provided. A brief discussion of acquisition and recording systems is also included. Emphasis is placed upon monopropellant hydrazine engines, and some parameters relate specifically to the catalytic decomposition of hydrazine (e.g., percent ammonia dissociation). Performance of other types of monopropellant thrusters may, however, be determined by using procedures similar to those discussed. Two appendixes are included: (1) theoretical performance of monopropellant hydrazine; and (2) calculation of rotational performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance; 45 p
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    Mutual assistance in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Operating principles, system functions, and technological problems associated with developing compatible spacecraft, station approach, and docking facilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are reported. Two designs, the probe cone and the androgynous docking device are examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 20-38
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    The processing of semiconductor materials (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Five experiments involving the processing of semiconductor materials were performed during the Skylab mission. After discussions on semiconductors and their unique electronic properties, and techniques of crystal growth, these five experiments are presented. Four melt growth experiments were attempted: (1) steady state growth and segregation under zero gravity (InSb); (2) seeded, containerless solidification of InSb; (3) influence of gravity-free solidification on microsegregation; and (4) directional solidification of InSb-GaSb alloys. One vapor growth experiment, crystal growth by vapor transport, was attempted.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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    The promise of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The long exposure to a virtually zero-gravity environment is a truly unique situation that cannot be duplicated or even approximated for any length of time on earth. The topics discussed are: (1) low gravity; (2) atmospheric effects; (3) potential advantages of materials processing in space; (4) the absence of buoyancy-driven convection; (5) the absence of hydrostatic pressure; (6) the absence of sedimentation and buoyancy; (7) containerless processing; and (8) ultrahigh vacuum processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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    Summary and recommendations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An economic analysis using econometric and cost benefit analysis techniques was performed to determine the feasibility of space processing of certain products. The overall objectives of the analysis were (1) to determine specific products or processes uniquely connected with space manufacturing, (2) to select a specific product or process from each of the areas of semiconductors, metals, and biochemicals, and (3) to determine the overall price/cost structure of each product or process considered. The economic elements of the analysis involved a generalized decision making format for analyzing space manufacturing, a comparative cost study of the selected processes in space vs. earth manufacturing, and a supply and demand study of the economic relationships of one of the manufacturing processes. Space processing concepts were explored. The first involved the use of the shuttle as the factory with all operations performed during individual flights. The second concept involved a permanent unmanned space factory which would be launched separately. The shuttle in this case would be used only for maintenance and refurbishment. Finally, some consideration was given to a permanent manned space factory.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 234-251
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    Economic analysis of materials processing in space: Introduction (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing concepts investigated included an unmanned space factory, and a permanently launched factory. Product lines chosen for analysis were: (1) turbine blades, (2) tungsten targets for X-ray machines, (3) 1 sub G subclass separation by electrophoresis, and (4) high-price exotic crystals. The turbine blade, and 1 sub G products are considered promising candidates.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 1-7
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  • 65
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    Heat pipes in space: A NASA summary (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiences derived from the development, integration, and flight of NASA spacecraft and sounding rockets are presented. They include the International Heat Pipe Experiment, OAO 3, and ATS-6. Typical flight data are presented to show the performance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ESA Heat Pipes; p 647-653
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    Man in space - A time for perspective (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting crew performances in long-term space flights are examined with emphasis on the Space Shuttle-Spacelab program. Biomedical investigations carried out during four Skylab missions indicate that initially rapid changes in certain physiological parameters, notably in cardiovascular response and red-blood-cell levels, lead to an adapted condition. Calcium loss remains a potential problem. Space Shuttle environmental control and life-support systems are described together with technology facilitating performance of mission objectives in a weightless environment. It is concluded that crew requirements are within the physical and psychological capability of astronauts, but the extent to which nonastronaut personnel will be able to participate without extensive training and pre-conditioning remains to be determined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 68
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    Empirical correlations for heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of rectangular offset-fin plate-fin heat exchangers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 69
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    Inviscid interpenetration of two streams with unequal total pressures (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A theory is proposed for analyzing the inviscid interpretation of two streams in the case when the difference in total pressure between the streams is relatively small. A stream is considered which discharges from a nozzle or reservoir into a partially moving and partially stationary environment in such a way that the flows leave the solid boundaries in a tangential direction where the two streams first interact. The problem is solved by expanding in a small parameter related to the difference in total pressure between the streams, the zeroth-order solution is obtained by classical methods, and a technique similar to that employed in thin-airfoil theory is used to transfer the first-order boundary conditions to the zeroth-order boundary. A procedure is developed to transform the problem into one that can be solved by standard techniques of the theory of sectionally analytic functions. Solutions are obtained for flows with and without free streamlines, and the general theory is applied to several specific flow configurations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 70; Aug. 12
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  • 70
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 71
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 72
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    Radiation exchange for a system with partially transmitting wall (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An approach is presented for applying the net radiation method developed by Siegel and Howell (1972) and Sparrow and Cess (1966) to systems involving opaque and partially transmitting walls. The results obtained from the basic equations for various values of plate emissivities and temperatures are presented in graphs. Attention is given to the window temperature relative to the temperature of the hot wall and the heat transferred relative to that transferred without the window.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer; 2; Mar
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  • 73
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 74
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 75
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    Derivation and application of the reciprocity relations for radiative transfer with internal illumination (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Green's function formulation is used to derive basic reciprocity relations for planar radiative transfer in a general medium with internal illumination. Reciprocity (or functional symmetry) allows an explicit and generalized development of the equivalence between source and probability functions. Assuming similar symmetry in three-dimensional space, a general relationship is derived between planar-source intensity and point-source total directional energy. These quantities are expressed in terms of standard (universal) functions associated with the planar medium, while all results are derived from the differential equation of radiative transfer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 15; Sept
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  • 76
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    Radiation from an array of longitudinal fins of triangular profile (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiation from an array of longitudinal fins of triangular profile is analyzed, including fin-to-fin and fin-to-base interactions. The effect of base cylinder radiation and the fin-base radiative interaction is found to be significant for fin width/tube radius ratios less than 8. Results presented may be used to optimize the design of a fin array with respect to weight.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; May 1975
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  • 77
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 78
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 79
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    Comment on 'subsonic and supersonic boundary-layer flow past a wavy wall' (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 80
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 81
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    Materials and processes for space shuttle's engines (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that over 50 different alloys are used in construction of the space shuttle main engines (SSME). Primary construction of the SSME is by welding or brazing of wrought and cast components. Welding processes involve both gas tungsten-arc welds and electron-beam welds. Electroforming has been developed as a process to fabricate and bond structural members for the SSME. Important aspects in the selection of materials and processes are related to weight saving considerations and the high-pressure hydrogen environment. Special problems and their solution in the case of various engine components are discussed, giving attention to the oxidizer preburner, the high pressure oxidizer turbopump, and the heat exchanger.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 82
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    Man's future in space (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies evaluating potential operational and commercial uses of space are being conducted, taking into account astronomy, astrophysics, manned bases and laboratories in earth orbit, space colonization, terrestrial communications, space processing and manufacturing, interstellar probes, planetary exploration, and the use of space for terrestrial energy supply. The present status in the exploration of the solar system is examined, giving attention to Jupiter, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. A brief outline of the development of human colonies on Mars is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 83
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    Time bases, discretes, and interrupts (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effort performed to assure proper flight program handling of time bases, discretes, and interrupts was discussed. The following time bases are used as key mission events: guidance reference release, liftoff, S-1B low level sensors dry, S-1B outboard engines cutoff, S-IVB cutoff, and S-IVB de-orbit DCS command. The five discrete outputs in the discrete output register were verified for proper setting. Each discrete input is honored in the proper time frame by forcing each discrete in the following intervals: before the discrete is enabled, after the discrete has been detected, and after the discrete has been disabled. As an assurance that an interrupt is honored only in the proper time frames, each interrupt was forced during the following intervals: prior to the specified enable time, after the interrupt has been honored, after the interrupt has been disabled.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 10 p
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  • 84
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    Characteristics of the unsteady motion on transversely sheared mean flows (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An explicit representation for the unsteady motion on a transversely sheared mean flow is obtained which corresponds to the gustline motion on a uniform mean flow. The important features of this motion are discussed. It is shown that its velocity, pressure and vorticity are all induced by a certain disturbance field that is a linear combination of the vorticity and particle-displacement fields and is everywhere frozen in the mean flow. The general ideas are illustrated by considering the scattering of a gust by a half-plane embedded in a shear flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 84; Jan. 30
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  • 85
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    Parallel-burn options for dual-fuel single-stage orbital transports (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A parallel-burn version of a single-stage vehicle for transport from the earth to low-earth orbit using two fuels and rocket propulsion is considered. New engine results were incorporated in vehicle performance and design studies. The results indicate that a hydrogen-cooled gas generator cycle engine provides attractive vehicle performance and that there is little incentive for increasing the chamber pressure beyond 27 MPa.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 15; Jan
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  • 86
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    Utilization of the vacuum developed in the wake zone of space vehicles in the LDEF class (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Contaminating fluxes from upper atmospheric molecules found in the wake of a typical spacecraft of the Long Duration Exposure Facility class are studied with the aim of determining vacuum levels which may be employed by experiments mounted on the vehicle. A simplified representation for the spacecraft, the velocity-shifted Maxwellian distribution (to evaluate ambient flux which has a velocity sufficient to overtake the spacecraft), and a calculation for the backscattered contribution to the flux density of the wake figure in the study are presented. Results indicate that direct and backscattered fluxes of about 10 to the seventh power molecules per sq cm can be expected in the wake of a spacecraft at 550 km altitude.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 87
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    Orbiting molecular-beam laboratory (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope provide unique conditions for forming a high-purity, moderate energy beam (about 5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km, for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high-purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam-forming truncated conical shells. Characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. Gas-surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 88
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    Development of a drift-correction procedure for a photoelectric spectrometer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 89
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    On humanity's role in space (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Manned spaceflight is considered within the framework of two broad categories: human exploitation of space for economic or scientific gain, and human habitation of space as a place where man may live, grow, and actualize himself. With the advent of the Space Shuttle, exploitation of space will take the form of new product development. This will continue during the 1990s as the new products are manufactured on a scale large enough to be profitable. The turn of the century should see major industries in space, and large space habitats. Thus, the question of mankind's existential needs arises. In addition to basic physical needs, the spiritual and cultural requirements of human beings must be considered. The impact of man's presence in space upon human culture in general is discussed with reference to international cooperation, public interest in space programs, scientific advancement, the basic urge to explore, and the density of mankind as a whole; which will become free of external constraints as we step into the cosmos.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 90
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    International Sun-Earth Explorer - A three-spacecraft program (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) is a three-spacecraft system developed by NASA and ESA to study the magnetospheric structure, paying attention to the quantitative mechanism of magnetospheric response to external perturbations, and the structure of its parts. In particular, the nature, structure, motion, and stability of magnetospheric boundaries will be studied, including bow shock, magnetopause, plasmapause, and neutral sheet. Spacecraft ISEE-A and ISEE-B will be launched into the same orbit (of apogee 23 earth radii) but separated by a small, controllable distance, and will make observations from within the magnetosphere. The ISEE-C spacecraft will be launched into a heliocentric orbit (234 earth radii upstream) and will make observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 198; Oct. 14
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  • 91
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Future role of scintillation detectors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 92
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    Planning and operating experiments S-183 on the three skylab missions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: CNES Technol. of Sci. Space Expt.,; p 119-134
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  • 93
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    Mass-dependent channel electron multiplier operation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 94
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    Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 95
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    Three-dimensional low Reynolds number flows with a free surface (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The two-dimensional leveling problem (Degani, Gutfinger, 1976) is extended to three dimensions in the case where the flow Re number is very low and attention is paid to the free surface boundary condition with surface tension effects included. The no-slip boundary condition on the wall is observed. The numerical solution falls back on the Marker and Cell (MAC) method (Harlow and Welch, 1965) with the computation region divided into a finite number of stationary rectangular cells (or boxes in the 3-D case) and fluid flow traverses the cells (or boxes).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 24; May 1977
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  • 96
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    Flight to Mercury (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The project development and active flight of the Mariner 10 deep-space probe mission is recounted in detail, with sequential blow-by-blow coverage. Early studies and speculation on the planet Mercury are reviewed, and the spin-orbit coupling and near-synchronous rotation of the planet are described. Use of Venus as a slingshot in a gravity-assist maneuver is described, and Mariner 10 records of Venus are shown. The three encounters of Mariner 10 with Mercury (March 1974, Aug. 1974, March 1975) are described in detail, with purposes, problems, mishaps, and glossy photographs recovered from Mariner 10 data. Information on the planet's magnetosphere, surface topography, inferred internal structure, and IR signature is provided, and the end-of-mission improvised solar-sail experiment is outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 97
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    A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 98
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    A combined boundary-profile and automated data-reduction and analysis system (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A portable boundary-layer meteorological data-acquisition and analysis system is described which employs a small tethered balloon and a programmable calculator. The system is capable of measuring pressure, wet- and dry-bulb temperature, wind speed, and temperature fluctuations as a function of height and time. Other quantities, which can be calculated in terms of these, can also be made available in real time. All quantities, measured and calculated, can be printed, plotted, and stored on magnetic tape in the field during the data-acquisition phase of an experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 99
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    Reconstructing color images of astronomical objects using black and white spectroscopic emulsions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A color photograph of the peculiar elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) has been reconstructed from three Kodak 103a emulsion type photographs by projecting positives of the three B&W plates through appropriate filters onto a conventional color film. The resulting photograph shows color balance and latitude characteristics superior to color photographs of similar astronomical objects made with commercially available conventional color film. Similar results have been obtained for color reconstructed photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These and other results suggest that these projection-reconstruction techniques can be used to obtain high-quality color photographs of astronomical objects which overcome many of the problems associated with the use of conventional color film for the long exposures required in astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering; 2; Spring 1
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The proposed approach to the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation is thought to be more plausible and easier to understand than other derivations that can be found in works on fluid mechanics. The tensor character of the stress is central to the derivation. In particular, a linear relation between stress and strain rate is assumed only for the shear, rather than for the full stress tensor as is done in most other derivations. An assumption for the shear is naturally simpler and easier to verify experimentally. The use of tensor analysis is shown to greatly simplify the derivation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: American Journal of Physics; 44; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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