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  • Bone  (70)
  • evolution
  • nitrogen
  • Springer  (95)
  • 1975-1979  (95)
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  • Springer  (95)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma proteins present in human cortical bone: Enrichment of theαHS-glycoprotein (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Protein ; Bone ; Blood plasma ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spectrum of plasma proteins present in human cortical bone and permanent dentine has been determined. One plasma glycoprotein, theαHS-glycoprotein, was found to be present at a high concentration in both bone and dentine and was shown to be concentrated in the mineralized tissues with respect to the other plasma proteins by factors of between 30 and 100. In this respect theαHS-glycoprotein is analogous to the G2B-glycoprotein and α-glycoprotein of bovine and rabbit b one, respectively. The binding ofαHS-glycoprotein and albumin to calcium phosphates generated within serum samples has been studied at different serum: precipitate ratios. In each case all theαHS-glycoprotein was removed from the samples and theαHS-glycoprotein was concentrated with respect to albumin by factors ranging from 370 at the highest serum: precipitate ratio to 25 at the lowest ratio. The plasmaαHS-glycoprotein concentrations of patients with Paget's disease of bone were shown to be substantially lower than the normal range, with significant negative correlation between theαHS-glycoprotein concentration and the plasma alkaline phosphatase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010343
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new tracer method for the calculation of rates of bone formation and breakdown in osteoporosis and other generalised skeletal disorders (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 191-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Strontium ; Apposition ; Tracer analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1. Evidence has accumulated that the rate of acceretion (A) of calcium to bone is the sum of two fluxes; apposition involving the laying down of new bone and augmentation which is the result of slow exchange of non-surface bone calcium with plasma calcium pools as the result of solid state diffusion. 2. A method has been devised for separating A into its two components. It requires the use of45Ca or, for clinical studies,85Sr as a calcium tracer. Studies which are initiated with a combined accretion rate-calcium balance study, are concluded with an estimate of the exponent of the power function which has been found to describe the whole body retention of tracer from the second month onward. 3. The impulse response function of the skeleton for the tracer is then calculated, making the assumption that in any uniform volume of bone, osteoclastic resorption is a first order process. Making in addition certain simplifying assumptions, which are shown to have a modest influence on the final results, a mean rate of bone resorption can be calculated using a development of the well known Stewart-Hamilton formula. The apposition rate is calculated as the sum of the resorption rate and the calcium balance. Augmentation and diminution, defined as equal and opposite exchange processes, are given by the difference between A and the apposition rate. 4. The results of our first thirteen studies in normal subjects and patients with metabolic bone disease are presented, together with analyses of some data from the literature. It is concluded that the development of an atraumatic method for measuring rates of bone formation and resorption in the whole body would be an important advance in the study of metabolic bone disease, and this work is presented so that critical comparisons may be initiated between this tracer method and independent histological methods for measuring these parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010358
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of growth retardation and of osteomalacia on the uptake of albumin by bone (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Albumin ; Bone ; Growth retardation ; Osteomalacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary 125I-labeled rat albumin injected intravenously into rats was taken up by growing bone. Some of this radioactive albumin could be removed from bone by washing with saline, the proportion so removed decreasing from 82.5% at 1 day to 7.4% at 8 days. Both the total radioactivity, and that remaining in bone after saline wash, were reduced when growth was slowed by alteration or restriction of the diet. Although the amount of125I albumin in rachitic bone was reduced, autoradiography showed that radioactivity was present in rachitic osteoid. Immunoprecipitation using anti-rat-albumin serum showed that about half of the radioactivity released from normal bone by EDTA was still attached to albumin. These results suggest that albumin plays some part in the growth of bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010748
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The comparative effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) and ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on growth and modeling of the rat tibia (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diphosphonates ; Bone resorption ; Bone formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Male rats weighing 100 g were assigned to groups and injected daily for 10 days with vehicle (control), 0.4, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg/day of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP). The proximal tibial metaphysis and epiphysis were assayed for changes in percentage of hard tissue and bone formation parameters. From the data, information about hard tissue resorption was deduced. All doses of Cl2MDP and doses of 2.0 mg EHDP/kg/day and greater caused significant increases in percentage of hard tissues with Cl2MDP being more effective than similar doses of EHDP in decreasing bone resorption. Osteoclast population parameters were increased with all doses of both Cl2MDP and EHDP with Cl2MDP having a greater effect than similar doses of EHDP. Decreases in the proliferation of the osteoprogenitor pool parallel the decreases in osteoblasts and bone formation parameters. These decreases in osteoprogenitor pool proliferation do not account for the increases with diphosphonates in osteoclast population parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012787
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between tensile impact properties and microstructure of compact bone (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strength ; Tension ; Microstructure ; Osteon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Standardized human and beef femoral compact bone specimens were tested in tensile impact and the dynamic mechanical properties were determined. The microstructure of 45 beef and 47 human bone specimens were examined histologically to determine if there is a structural basis to account for strength differences in the bone samples. Strong negative correlations were obtained between the maximum stress and the percentage area of secondary osteons in each specimen. For human bone samples, the energy absorption capacity and the modulus of elasticity were also found to have strong negative correlations with the percentage area of secondary osteons present in each specimen. Linear regression equations were obtained describing the impact strength properties in terms of the percentage areas of secondary osteons and cavities in the samples. Fracture surfaces of the tested bone specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Most surfaces exhibited a fairly rough texture indicating a quasi-cleavage type of failure. Fractographic analysis of bone fracture surface was helpful in understanding the micromechanics of bone fracture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223298
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the role of calcification nodules in the mineralization of woven bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone formation ; Calcification ; Calcification nodule ; EM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteolathyrism has been used as an experimental model for the study of calcification nodules during the mineralization process. Periosteal exostoses developing in osteolathyrism characteristically have spherical basophilic structures (calcification nodules) in the vicinity of developing bone spicules. In thin sections, the nodules were seen scattered between collagen fibers in the intercellular matrix. Collagen fibers did not appear to be present within the nodules but sometimes were packed just outside them. Matrix vesicles were also present in areas of early mineralization. After EDTA decalcification, the majority of the nodules consisted of a fine granular material surrounded by an electron-dense peripheral zone. The peripheral dense zone was occasionally incomplete in small nodules in areas of early mineralization. An electron-dense central area could be observed in the center of the nodules. Evidence has been presented indicating that the calcification nodules arise from smaller mineralization foci, presumably matrix vesicles. The calcification nodules enlarge to approximately 1.0 µm in size, at which point development is slowed or halted allowing the formation of the peripheral dense zone. Although coalescence of nodules was observed, this was more a random event. The further mineralization of the trabeculae was achieved by the calcification of the collagen fibers. The mineralized trabeculae reflected this pattern of nodular and collagenous calcification. It is suggested that this pattern of calcification is characteristic of rapidly developing woven bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441162
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of the extracellular phase of bone as observed in frozen thin sections (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous mineral ; Bone ; Electron microscopy ; Ultracryotomy ; Ultramicro-incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15–30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 μm in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012788
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative histology of bone: A computerized method of measuring the total mineral content of bone (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Histology ; Microradiography ; Densitometry ; Computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A comparatively simple quantitative method for assessing bone morphology has been evolved. Microradiographs of thin sections of mandible have been scanned with a Joyce-Loebl double beam recording microdensitometer with a scanning autodensidater attachment, using a white beam. For each image the optical densities for all the pixels (picture elements) were divided into 10 groups. The limits of the division were fixed by the maximum and minimum densities occurring within the image. A computer generated map was produced which indicated the spatial distribution of the pixels within each group to which an arbitrarily chosen shading was attached. The number of pixels within each group is also shown on the map. The computer map was compared with the photomicrograph and, where necessary, the original section. The fractional area of hard tissue was then readily determined using the numerical values of each group of pixels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013239
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface area of dental enamel, bone, and hydroxyapatite: Chemisorption from solution (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chemisorption ; Surface area ; Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Enamel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The surface areas of three different samples of hydroxyapatite, samples of deproteinized bone, and samples of whole and deproteinized enamel were determined by adsorption of an adduct (the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with N-phenylglycine) from methylene chloride solution. In all cases, the surface areas of these samples agree well with those obtained by the BET (N2) method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013248
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