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  • Articles  (49)
  • 32  (44)
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  • Springer  (49)
  • 1975-1979  (49)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (44)
  • Mathematics  (5)
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  • Articles  (49)
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  • Springer  (49)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (44)
  • Mathematics  (5)
  • Physics  (48)
  • Biology  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A secant method for multiple roots (1977)
    Springer
    BIT 17 (1977), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 5.15 ; nonlinear equation ; root finding ; multiple root ; secant method ; Steffensen procedure ; order of convergence ; efficiency ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A superlinear procedure for finding a multiple root is presented. In it the secant method is applied to the given function divided by a divided difference whose increment shrinks toward zero as the root is approached. Two function evaluations per step are required, but no derivatives need be calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01932152
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring photoionization cross-sections of excited atomic states (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 9 (1976), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method of photoionization cross-section measurement based on the observation of saturation in the ion yield as a function of radiation intensity has been proposed. The photoionization cross-sections for the 62P1/2 and 62P3/2 levels of Rb atoms of the fundamental and second harmonics of ruby laser radiation are measured, with a tunable pulsed dye laser used for excitation. The following values of cross-sections are obtained: (1.7±0.4)·10−17 cm2 and (1.5±0.4)·10−17 cm2 for the levels 62P3/2 and 62P1/2, respectively, ionized by radiation of v2=14403 cm−1, and (1.9±0.5)·10−17 cm2 for the 62P3/2 level ionized by v2=28806 cm−1 radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900460
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doppler-free resonant two-photon transition for isotope separation (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 9 (1976), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Doppler-free two-photon transition by the use of two opposing laser beams makes the highly selective excitation of isotopic molecules possible. Saturation and pressure dependence of Doppler-free two-photon excitation with arbitrary amplitudes of the optical fields have been calculated and compared with those of the two-step transition and the single-photon transition. The result at the Doppler limit for low pressure gas reveals that the probability of the selective two-photon excitation with a moderate laser power can be larger than that of the single-photon excitation as well as that of the two-step excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900611
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitation of multilevel molecular systems by laser ir field (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analytical results have been obtained for some aspects of polyatomic molecular interaction with resonant ir laser radiation. The following effects are investigated by use of Schrödinger's equation solution for natural multilevel models: the role of dynamic Stark effect in the transient region from molecular low levels to the quasi-continuum of highly excited vibrational levels; broadening of multiphoton transitions because of relatively fast decay into the quasi-continuum; threshold excitation property of multilevel systems with random detunings. Possible applications to constructing models for numerical calculations dealing with the molecule excitation problem are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931421
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman scattering cross section and density measurements of UF6 (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have applied laser Raman scattering to the measurement of the density of UF6 vapor. A linear relation between scattering intensity and density is shown. We have also measured the absolute Raman scattering cross section of the 665 cm−1 line of UF6 by the substitution technique and obtained a value of 1.02±0.09×10−29 cm2/sterad at 488 nm. Measurements of the line position and the depolarization ratio of this line are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882633
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saturation-dips in the weak calcium intercombination line (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lamb-dips have been observed in the weak calcium intercombination line by monitoring resonance fluorescence in an atomic beam excited by light of a stabilized cw dye laser inside or outside the laser cavity. A highly sensitive detection scheme is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885256
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on “measurement of the absorption coefficients for the He−Ne laser radiation in a pure hydrogen plasma” (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 251-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 52 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In a recent publication in this journal, Öke described an experiment designed to measure the total absorption coefficients for 0.6328- and 1.15-μm He−Ne laser radiation in a hydrogen plasma. It is the purpose of the present note to indicate some errors in the publication which invalidate the conclusions drawn by the author.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897224
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The resonance of two-photon absorption in separated optical fields (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 201-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A beam of molecules interacting with two space-separated light standing waves of light is considered. It is shown that a resonance of two-photon absorption is predicted. The width of the resonance is equal to the reciprocal of the time of flight between the waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920607
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near-resonant light scattering and fluorescence in a dense high-temperature plasma (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Near-wing Rayleigh scattering, its polarization properties, and the collision-induced fluorescence from sodium atoms are studied in a high-pressure (〉1 atm) high-temperature (〉5000 K) metal-halide arc plasma. The collision-induced fluorescence gives a broad spectrum near the D1 and D2 resonance lines. The Rayleigh scattering yields a narrow peak at the laser wavelength. Due to the trapping and the collisional quenching of the fluorescence, the Rayleigh scattering is dominant. This scattering is used to determine local Na-densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897061
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracavity atomic beam laser spectrometer for low intensity spectral lines (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A laser spectrometer with an intracavity atomic beam having a spectral resolution of about 3 MHz was developed and applied to atomic resonance fluorescence spectroscopy of the very weak Ca intercombination line λ=6573 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900063
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-photon resonant parametric generation in alkali metal vapours (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two-photon resonant four-wave mixing has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Tunable infrared radiation between 2 and 20 μm has been generated in potassium and caesium vapours. The mixing efficiency is found to be severely limited by competition with Raman scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882475
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency conversion and amplification by stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR) (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 84 ; 32 ; 42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coherent response of a polarizable medium to the radiation stimulated by the interaction of an incident coherent electromagnetic wave with a charged-particle beam, moving with greater than critical speed, results in intense electromagnetic radiation in the form of one or more shock fronts. The shock frequencies are shifted significantly from that of the incident wave and are tunable by parametric variation of the incident beams. The mechanism for this new effect (SESR) differs fundamentally from the laser mechanism. Production of intense quasi-coherent x-ray radiation by SESR obviates the need for x-ray mirrors and is not inhibited by the large spontaneous emission rates at these frequencies. Substantial fraction of the particle-beam energy can be converted into frequency-shifted radiation, with intensity larger than that of the incident wave, because of quadratic dependence on the interaction distance in the medium of the energy radiated into SESR, as compared to the linear dependence of Cerenkov radiative energy. Specific shock frequencies cross from below to above a given resonance frequency of the medium as the relevant two level populations become inverted. This dynamical dependence of the shock frequencies on the level populations provides the basis for new pumping and amplification mechanisms. An example of a possible SESR-based transducing-amplification system is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882480
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of coherent radiation at 89.6 nm through two-photon resonant phase-matched tripling of fourth-harmonic Nd: Glass laser radiation in Hg vapors (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 239-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent radiation at 89.6 nm has been obtained through third-harmonic conversion of the 268.8 nm pulses in mercury vapors. Tunability of the fourth-harmonic frequency of the Nd: glass laser radiation to the 6s 1 S 0–8s 1 S 0 double quantum resonance of Hg atoms has been used for the resonant enhancement of the twelfth-harmonic output. Possibility to phase match the generated radiation and driving polarisation in pure vapors without employing of bufer gas has been demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928216
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Narrow resonances of two-photon absorption of super-narrow pulses in a gas (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A scheme to generate oppositely travelling super-narrow pulses is proposed. These resonant peaks are produced when the sum of frequencies of two synchronized modes coincides with the transition frequency. Their widths are not determined by the pulse duration but rather by the homogeneous width of the two-photon transition. The resonance intensity turns out to be the same as that at the single-frequency condition with the same power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900075
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    J-dependence of intensity-dependent polarization change (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 235-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract J-dependence of intensity-dependent polarization change of the elliptically polarized light in atomic resonance lines is studied both theoretically and experimentally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885118
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trapping and storage of atoms in a laser field (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 99-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the possibility of spatial trapping of cold atoms in a standing-wave laser field is presented. It is shown that cold atoms can be trapped for a long time in region ≈ λ in a nonresonant standing-wave field. In a resonant standing-wave field cold atoms can be stored for a long time in the region determined by the cross-section of the laser beam. Trapping and storage together with cooling of atoms that has been suggested earlier allow us in specific cases to increase the sensitivity and the resolution of spectroscopic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885037
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization spectroscopy with ultrashort light pulses (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a train of ultrashort pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser. The sensitivity of the method is compared with saturation spectroscopy with a single-mode laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885511
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic hyperfine spectrum of isolated (199Hg)+ Ions (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The (199Hg)+ ions were stored in an RF quadrupole electric field and their ground state hyperfine populations pumped optically using the ion resonance radiation at 1942 Å from a (202Hg) isotope enriched lamp. A microwave field at 40.5 GHz was phase-locked to the 1350th harmonic of the output of a frequency synthesizer, referenced to a Cs-beam frequency standard. Using a digital averager, a high background suppression optical system monitored the fluorescence light from the ions. Linewidths on the order of 3 Hz were observed for the “field-independent” 0-0 transition, and a value of 40, 507, 348, 051±50 Hz was deduced for the magnetic hyperfine interval, corrected to zero magnetic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928209
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The identification of nonlinear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Wiener functional expansion method for the analysis of nonlinear systems is applied to identify and analyze both nonlinear and linear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods. As the sampling filter (monochromator) of any spectroscopic apparatus may be defined by a Weber-Hermite polynomial, an analysis of the refracted or scattered light by orthogonal polynomials is easily achieved. Time averaging obtains the Weber-Hermite coefficients which permit the characterization of the molecular system with respect to the polarization of the incident and scattered light. In the case of two series of measurements made with incident and emerging light polarized in different directions: the identification of the JonesM matrices for the molecular system irradiated is possible. In the case of three series of measurements made, for example, with incident and emerging light (a) circularly polarized corotating, (b) circularly polarized contrarotating, and (c) plane polarized perpendicular: the identification of the molecular system's McClain invariants related to the vibrational symmetry group for Raman inelastic light scattering is possible. The analysis presents a unified picture of elastic and inelastic light scattering and one-photon and two-photon processes. The apparatus described would detect those instances in molecular systems for which Beer's law does not apply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928211
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power resonances in a Raman gas laser (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The observation of a new type of resonance due to double-quantum transitions in the standing-wave field of a Raman gas laser is reported. A resonance dip with a width equal to that of the optically forbidden transition was experimentally detected in the output-vs-timing curve of a Raman Ne laser (λ=1.15 m) upon pumping by radiation of a He−Ne laser at 1.52 m. The theory presented shows that the resonance arises in the third order of perturbation theory when in resonant SRS the line is inhomogeneously broadened. The resonance can be considered as resulting from the overlap of dips in the velocity distribution of the nonlinear polarization induced by the standing laser wave.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00895019
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear optical effects for plasma diagnostics (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 52 ; 42.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compare two nonlinear optical effects which show promise of yielding directly plasmon frequencies, damping rates, and intensities in small, transient (submicrosecond) plasmas. The Raman-induced Kerr effect is shown to offer significant advantages over three-wave mixing when the plasma screening length is much smaller thanc÷[plasmon frequency]. When the screening length is much smaller than the optical wavelengths, then the former effect can yield an electron-density fluctuation spectrum with laser powers (∼MW) that are readily available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920594
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unidirectional saturation spectroscopy, II (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general probe absorption coefficient derived in Part I is specialized to homogeneous- and inhomogeneous-broadening limits and illustrated as the dipole lifetime is increased from 0 to values comparable to the level lifetimes. This progression reveals the relation between pulsation dips of the short-dipole lifetime limit and the dynamic Stark effect in general. Interpretations of the coherent interactions involved are given in terms of modulator and Raman effects and of dressed atoms. The single-probe unidirectional pulsation dip is shown to be a special case of the grating dip in which the fringe spacing becomes infinite. Analogies with three-level systems are given in which both two and three-level cases are seen to obey an “equal-area theorem”, and to involve level crossing. Some comparison is made with corresponding spectroscopy in which spontaneous emission provides the probe radiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920589
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  • 23
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    Unidirectional saturation spectroscopy, I theory and short dipole lifetime limit (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-intensity multimode laser theory is used to derive the absorption coefficients for 1) a coherent light beam (probe) interacting with a possibly inhomogeneously broadened medium in the presence of an intense second corunning beam, and for 2) the sedibands of a weakly modulated light beam interacting with the medium. The general expressions are specialized to non-saturating probes and the short dipole-lifetime limit, yielding coherent pulsation-dip formulas. These are given for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening and typically consist of simple power-broadened Lorentzians with widths equal to the smaller level-decay constant. The amplitude modulation case features pulsation dips twice as deep as the single-probe case, while the frequency modulation case exhibits no pulsation dip at all. Spectroscopic methods are discussed including the heterodyne advantage obtained with collinear light beams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00895016
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on measuring photoionization cross sections of excited atomic states (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of the measured absolute photoionization cross section from the 72 P excited states of cesium are reported. The following values have been obtained: (6.2±0.5)×10−18 cm2 and (8.8±1.6)×10−18 cm2 for the levels 72 P 1/2 and 72 P 3/2, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900077
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  • 25
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    Spectroscopic investigation of sparks produced by short laser pulses in He (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 52 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spatial and temporal development of the temperature and the electron density of a spark produced in He at 10 atm in the focus of a lens by a mode-locked laser pulse having only 1.5 mJ energy have been investigated. Measuring the absolute intensity of the continuum radiation emitted by the spark and the broadening of a Heii-line it can be concluded that local thermodynamic equilibrium has established 15 ns after the initiation of the plasma. At this time a temperature of 65000 K and a maximum electron density of 1.4·1019 cm−3 was found with a pressure of 20 times the initial gas pressure. These values are in agreement with the values required for an expansion model given in an earlier work basing on a radiation mechanism which explains the stepwise growth of a laser spark under the influence of a train of mode-locked pulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882470
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotope analysis by infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 91
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of IR laser spectroscopy as a technique for the measurement of small abundances of stable and radioactive isotopes has been examined. Theoretical considerations and first experimental results with two laser systems are presented: 1) Coincidences between emission lines of a CO2-laser and absorption lines of13C-substituted ethylene can be used to determine the13C-concentration of C2H4. 2) A tunable PbS-diode laser emitting in the 4.3 μm-spectral region of the rotation-vibration bands of CO2 can be used to determine abundances of12C,13C,16O,17O and18O in small samples of CO2. With optimized performance, sensitivities up to 10−9–10−10 seem possible, and for higher abundances an accuracy of 10−3. This should allow geophysical isotope studies to be performed and it is hoped that the technique will eventually be applicable to measuring the activity of long-lived radioisotopes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882474
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    Wide-band intracavity microwave cells for laser-microwave double resonance spectroscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design and use of two wide-band microwave cells suitable for double resonance experiments within the resonator of a cw CO2-laser are described. The high sensitivity of the intracavity arrangement allowed very strong double-resonance and two-photon transition signals to be observed with high microwave-frequency scan-rates (1 GHz/min), and low microwave pumping powers (≦10mW/cm2). Both cells were used over a range 15 to 63 GHz, with transmission and VSWR measurements made over the range 18 to 26.5 GHz.
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    Observation of two-photon absorption resonance in spacially separated fields (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 43-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the results obtained in investigating the lineshape of two-photon absorption in the field of two spacially separated standing waves at the 3S–4D transition of Na. Measurements were carried out by using a CW dye laser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896888
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    Narrow resonances in radiation spectrum of the He-Ne laser with methane absorber (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 231-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new phenomenon, a resonance in the radiation spectrum of a gas laser with a nonlinear absorber, is reported for the first time. Frequency stabilization of the He−Ne laser with a methane cell was made by use of the new type of resonance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897221
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    Infrared-microwave two-photon spectroscopy with13C16O2 and12C18O2 lasers of the ν2-band of ammonia (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 261-264 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A tunable microwave frequency was added to, or subtracted from fixed frequency13C16O2 and12C18O2 laser lines using the nonlinearity of molecular absorptions. In this way the frequency of 30 transitions of the ν2-band of ammonia were measured with an accuracy of ±0.0005 cm−1. A further four transitions were measured with an accuracy of ±0.0001 cm−1 by saturating the two-photon transition and observing the Lamb dip. For laser lines up to 11 GHz off-resonant with in frared transitions Doppler-limited signals were observed with microwave power densities of only 10 mW/cm2 using a wide-band intracavity cell.
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    Redistribution of molecular velocities by optical processes (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 287-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 34
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we formulate the theory of spontaneous decay with recoil included. The vacuum is treated as a reservoir absorbing the spontaneously emitted photons. This assumes no correlation between consecutive emission events and zero probability of photon reabsorption. The spontaneous emission is assumed independent of the strong fields present. Some simple consequences of the theory are discussed. We solve the two-level system with one strong running wave and plot the velocity distribution of the two levels. We find modifications both of the average velocity and the line shapes. In particular the lower level Bennett hole experiences a narrowing in certain parameter ranges.
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    Rapid optical sampling of relaxation-phenomena employing two time-correlated picosecond pulsetrains (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 399-401 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two flashlamp-pumped, mode-locked and optically coupled dye lasers produce trains of picosecond pulses with definite, but variable time correlation. One pulsetrain is used to bleach the sample, while the other probes the decay of its transient transmission. Relaxation times between 15 ps and 1 ns can be monitored by one simultaneous activation of the two lasers.
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    Collisional effects upon optical coherences: Experimental study in a xenon three-level system (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 34 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser induced nonlinear absorption profiles in a three-level system have been recorded to study the effect of elastic collisions upon optical coherences. In our particular system, the signal is due to a pure double-quantum term, where we have separated the effect of phase-interrupting collisions from the effect of velocity-changing collisions. Experimental results show that the effect of velocity-changing collisions is very small, and that broadening of the signal is due to phase-interrupting collisions mainly. We are able to determine the increase of the decay rate of the coherent superposition (the “coherence”) of two levels of same parity [Dγ 13/dp=(6.5±1) MHz/Torr] and an upper limit for the mean velocity change (ũ≲5m/s).
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    The SRS line-shaped nonlinear resonance in consideration of flight effects (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 225-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problem of nonlinear interaction of a gas of three-level atoms with the field of standing waves in the situation where the atomic free path length at the initial and final metastable levels is comparable with the transverse dimensions of the field. The standing waves are resonant to adjacent Doppler-broadened transitions. The case of fields of Gaussian profile is analysed. It has been shown that in the limiting case of large free path length the nonlinear resonance width is of the order of the inverse time of flight of an atom in the field. The first and second derivatives of resonance with respect to frequency are considered. It has been shown that in the situation of flight they contain narrow resonant structures with a width of the order of a homogeneous width of the forbidden transition between metastable levels.
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    Rotation of the polarization plane in a gas near resonance (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 303-305 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic investigation of the Xe line at λ=5823.89 Å in a gas discharge by measuring the angle of rotation of the polarization plane of the laser radiation passing through a gas-discharge cell in a longitudinal magnetic field is discussed in the paper. An optical scheme of the experiment is described. It is predicted that the sensitivity of this method which implies the measurement of an absorption coefficient is characterized by a value ∼10−9 cm−1
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    Optoacoustic laser spectroscopy of excited vibrational molecular states (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 15-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new detection method for absorption from excited vibrational states is suggested, based on optoacoustic detection of weak absorption in a heated gas. Using this method CO2 laser radiation (λ=9.6 μm) absorption was investigated from excited vibrational states of CO2, BCl3, and BF3 molecules.
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    Spectral considerations in the laser isotope separation of Uranium Hexafluoride (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 15-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Key spectral features important in the laser isotope separation of Uranium Hexafluoride are reviewed. Specifically the (v 3+v 4+v 6) band lying in the frequency range of the CO2 laser, the 3v 3 band which is covered by the CO laser, and the fundamentalv 3 band of UF6 are considered. Computer-calculated spectra show that the ternary combination bands (v 3+v 4+v 6) and 3v 3 are completely dominated by the solid Q-branches of some 300 to 1000 hot bands, but that the fundamentalv 3 band has structured P-and R-branches with peaks and holes, provided the pressure is below a few torr. Laser isotope separation can be achieved either on the isotope-shifted slopes of the Q-branches envelopes (“Q-slope method”) or on the coincidence of a peak and a hole in the P-or R-branches regions (“peak-hole method”). Room temperature experiments were carried out in 1972/1973, which used a CO2 laser with an internal U238F6 filter tube that forced lasing on what is believed to have been the P-16 line falling on the right-hand Q-slope of the (v 3+v 4+v 6) band of UF6. With a chemical reaction for final isotope separation, the measurements yielded a U-235 enrichment factor of about 1.1, in agreement with the maximum possible value of 1.5 for Q-slope operation and the fact that a high cut was used.
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    Collective and single-electron interactions of electron beams with electromagnetic waves, and free-electron lasers (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.60 ; 84
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The field of radiation emission from electron beams is reviewed with special reference to work related to free-electron lasers. Different schemes of interaction in periodic structures, electromagnetic slow-wave structures, and in transverse confining force are distinguished. Various effects and devices such as traveling wave amplifiers, Smith-Purcell radiators, Cerenkov and bremsstrahlung-free electron lasers, cyclotron resonance masers, coherent bremsstrahlung and channeling radiation are discussed and the differences and relations among them are explained. A simple comprehensive model is developed to describe electron-beam interaction with an electromagnetic wave in periodic electromagnetic structures. The model is general enough to describe both collective and single-electron modes of interaction and quantum mechanical, classical and Fermi degenerate regimes. Simplified expressions are developed for the gain by stimulated emission of radiation and for gain conditions of the Smith-Purcell-Cerenkov type free-electron lasers under conditions of very thin electron beams and infinite interaction length.
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    Velocity redistribution by standing waves (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 34
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the modifications of the atomic velocity distribution imposed by a standing wave. The recoil due to induced and spontaneous processes provides an effective force on the particles. We formulate the general problem of a two-level atom in the field of two counter-propagating waves. We derive the rate equation limit for these equations and show how it can be generalized to treat a broad-band source of radiation. The connection with generalized relaxation theory is discussed. The ensuing integral equations are solved numerically for various cases of cooling and heating.
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    Excited state absorption of 1,3,3,1′,3′,3′-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide: A quantitative study by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 333-339 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative investigation of HITC dissolved in methanol has been made using the method of ultrafast absorption spectroscopy with a streak camera. Samples were excited by picosecond pulses of a mode-locked ruby laser. Analysis of time-resolved spectra yielded non-exponential decay kinetics consisting of a fast (τ variable) and a slow (τ=1.13±0.08 ns) component. The excited state absorption spectrum has its maximum at 493 nm and shoulders at 415 and 540 nm. The excited state absorption cross section was determined by simulataneous measurement of the bleaching of ground state absorption taking polarization of excitation and probe light and excited state absorption at the laser wavelength into account. A value of σ1 (493 nm)=1.0·10−16 cm2 was found.
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    Yield optimisation aspects in two-photon excitation (1978)
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 33
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The question of choosing optimum laser intensities, detunings and relaxation rates in two-photon excitation is considered. It is shown that under steady state conditions the best excitation efficiency is achieved when rather modest laser powers are used and the atoms excited are not extracted too rapidly. The latter conclusion relates to coherence effects playing a non-negligible role in the excitation, which fact can be exploited to enhance the yield.
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    Raman scattering resonances in separated fields (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 217-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects in separated standing-wave fields that are resonant to adjacent Doppler-broadened transitions of many-level atoms are studied. It is shown that due to coherent transfer, at large distances, of polarization on a forbidden transition between the initial and final metastable levels of atoms in a gas, light emission arises at combination frequencies. It is also shown that a resonance with the width reciprocal to the time of flight between separated fields is available in the Raman scattering and absorption line shapes.
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    Spatial inhomogeneity and mode competition effects in homogeneously broadened three-level atoms saturated by an intense standing wave (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 339-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 33
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses effects of spatial inhomogeneities introduced by a standing wave saturator and observed by a probe laser in a stationary three-level medium. AC Stark splitting gives rise to spatial selectivity which enables one to choose the region of strongest interaction by probe detuning. It provides an easy explanation to the probe spectrum which may exhibit somewhat unexpected features depending on the relative magnitude of the relaxation rates. The spatial selection method based on the ac Stark splitting is not limited to a standing-wave saturator, but may find applications in other field configurations, too. The model calculation is applied to an investigation of mode competition effects in a twowavelength laser.
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    A lineshape of the trapped particle in anharmonic potential (1979)
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 361-363 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The line of resonance absorption of an atom in a gas usually suffers Doppler broadening. It has been first shown that the particle trapped in an anharmonic potential emits a narrow line with no Doppler broadening.
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    On the sensitivity of ion traps for spectroscopic applications (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ba+ ions, created by surface ionization near one endcap of an rf quadrupole trap were slowed down by collisions with the background gas. At He pressures of 10−6 mbar or more 2% of the primary ions could be trapped. The sensitivity of ion detection by fluorescence radiation allows spectroscopic experiments, starting from less than 107 particles. The observation of the ground-state hyperfine splitting of137Ba+ is given as an example.
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    Stability, prediction-correction, and dynamic programming (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 17 (1975), S. 239-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Dynamic programming ; approximation methods ; Bolza problem ; stability ; prediction-correction ; reduction of dimensionality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is proven here that a bounded perturbation of the discrete dynamic programming functional equation arising from the Bolza problem yields a bounded change in its solution. This stability property encourages the development of approximation techniques for solving such equations. One such technique, involving the backward solution of an approximate functional equation as a prediction step, followed by a forward reconstruction using true equations as a correction step, is then discussed. Bounds for the errors arising from such an approximation procedure are derived. Successive approximations is suggested, in conclusion, as a means for obtaining improved solutions.
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    On a class of linear differential games (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 17 (1975), S. 511-522 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Differential games ; pursuit-evasion ; stability ; uncertain systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Saddlepoint strategies are deduced for a class of linear, single-input differential games. Conditions necessary for a saddle-point, as well as sufficient conditions, are discussed. The results are illustrated with a simple example. For the case of one control subject to a norm bound and the other to a quadratic penalty, the results are extended to the vector case and applied to the stabilization of a system subject to norm-bounded input disturbance.
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    Stabilization through taxation inn-person games (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: n-person games ; stability ; grand coalition ; taxation systems ; nondominated imputation ; multicriteria framework
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In formulating solutions forn-person cooperative games, the concept of stability has played a dominant role. Although the core concept has the strongest stability, the core of a game is often empty. In this paper, the taxation system is incorporated into our framework, so that a modified solution concept, which enjoys the stability of core, can be developed. Various formulations based on principles such astaxation proportional to income andequity after tax are given.
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    Complete stability of noncooperative games (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 485-505 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Game theory ; stability ; contraction mappings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a class of noncooperative games ofn players that are defined byn reward functions which depend continuously on the action variables of the players. This framework provides a realistic model of many interactive situations, including many common models in economics, sociology, engineering, and political science. The concept of Nash equilibrium is a suitable companion to such models. A variety of different sufficient conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of a Nash equilibrium point have been previously proposed. By sharpening the noncooperative aspect of the framework (which is really only implicit in the original framework), this paper attempts to isolate one set of “natural” conditions that are sufficient for existence, uniqueness, and stability. It is argued thatl ∞ quasicontraction is such a natural condition. The concept of complete stability is introduced to reflect the full character of noncooperation. It is then shown that, in the linear case, the condition ofl ∞ quasicontraction is both necessary and sufficient for complete stability.
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