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  • Articles  (44)
  • Lepidoptera
  • temperature
  • Springer  (44)
  • California Department of Fish and Game
  • 1975-1979  (44)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 7 (1978), S. 373-383 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ferric ; hydrolysis ; ionic strength ; temperature ; enthalpy ; ferric hydroxide ; ultraviolet ; spectroscopic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet absorbance spectra of ferric ions in 0.68m NaClO4 were studied as a function of pH at 4.0, 14.9, and 25.0°C. The results provided an evaluation of the stability constant for the formation of FeOH2+ which is *β1=[FeOH +][H +]/[Fe 3+]. The enthalpy change for the reaction Fe3++H2O⇌ FeOH2++H+ was calculated as 10.0±0.3 kcal-mole−1. Increasing temperature was also found to promote the reaction Fe3++2H2O⇌ Fe(OH) 2 + +2H+. Our results were combined with the results of other to produce an expression describing the first hydrolysis equilibrium at ionic strengths between 0 and 3m and temperatures between 4.0 and 45.0°C at 1 atm total pressure. At 25°C and 0.68m the ionic strength *β1=1.90×10-3
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Evolution ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated fromBombyx mori, Galleria mellonella andSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Male genital disk ; Implantation ; Regeneration ; Control of metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete and bisected male genital disks (HO) from full-grown (T9) larvae were transplanted either into larvae and pharate pupae of different age (T4, T7, T9 larvae, A1–A5 pharate pupae) or repeatedly transferred into full-grown larvae before being implanted into a final larval host. After metamorphosis of the hosts, most of the complete transplants and regenerated HO halves showed normal morphological features, but the implanted genitals from old pharate pupae (A4 and A5) were abnormally differentiated. Frequency of Regeneration. After transplanting both halves of the bisected HO into T9 hosts, three groups of results were observed: (1) each of the two halves regenerated into a complete genital organ; (2) only one half regenerated; (3) neither of the two halves regenerated. In the pharate pupae no regeneration of the implanted halves took place. If the lapse of time between the transplantation and, the onset of metamorphosis (=onset of pharate pupae phase) was long enough by transplanting into young larvae (T4) or by repeatedly transferring into old larvae and subsequent transplantation into a final larval host, all the implanted halves were able to regenerate. Size of the Implanted Genital Organs After prolonging the in vivo culture in larval hosts by implanting into young larvae or repeatedly transferring into old larvae, it was found that the regenerated genitalia grew to the same size as the complete transplants, but the size of the complete transplants increased, if at all, only insignificantly. Duration of Development of the Hosts. Regeneration of one HO half implanted into a full-grown larva caused an average delay of further development of about 2 days. An additional delay was recorded when both halves had regenerated. However, no delay was observed when HO halves implanted into young (T4) larvae regenerated, and no delay occurred in the final hosts when the repeatedly transferred halves had reached a certain stage of regeneration. The developmental capacities of the tranplanted disks and the control of metamorphosis by regenerating disks are discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidines ; Ithomiinae ; Danainae ; alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The plantHeliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. When dried, it is a powerful attractant for male ithomiine and danaine butterflies, which congregate and feed at its dead shoots. The butterflies use alkaloids derived from the plants for the formation of chemicals with pheromone/allomone activity. Baiting with alkaloids and “esterifying acids,” which form a part of the alkaloid molecules, indicates that a volatile product derived from the esterifying acids attracts males to the plants, where intact alkaloids then act as phagostimulants.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 587-594 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; acceptors ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; maturation ; senescence ; age ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; male pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram responses of male and femalePseudaletia unipuncta to the two major components of the presumed pheromone associated with the male anterior abdominal scent brushes vary with age. There is a postemergence period of maturation of responsiveness, followed by senescence. The age of maximum responsiveness differs according to the sex and to the compound tested.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 565-574 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Tortricidae ; Archips cerasivoranus ; trail marker ; pheromone ; interspecific response ; tent caterpillar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory trails deposited on paper strips by the forest tent caterpillar (FTC),Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and the eastern tent caterpillar (ETC),M. americanum (Fabricius), as well as extracts of these trails, readily elicited interspecific trail-following behavior. In 2-choice tests involving simple Y mazes constructed from these paper strips, the caterpillars of both species preferred by approximately 3∶1 the trails of the FTC. Studies involving whole colonies of the ETC maintained under nearnatural conditions in the laboratory, however, indicated that the trails deposited by successful foragers of the ETC as they returned to their tent from feeding sites were more attractive than the exploratory trails of either the ETC or FTC. The pronounced interspecific response of these congeners to each other's trails suggests that they utilize either qualitatively similar or identical trail-marking chemicals. Both species preferred their own trails to those ofArchips cerasivoranus (Fitch) (Tortricidae), providing the first evidence that more distantly related lepidopterous larvae utilize distinct trails.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larval corpus allatum ; Activity cycles ; Lepidoptera ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars. In gland cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm. In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations. The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 519-531 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Ommatidial organization ; Polarized light reception ; Retinal ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of ommatidial components of the retina of the moth, Galleria mellonella are described from electron microscopic observations. Each ommatidium is composed of 12 common retinula cells and one basal eccentric cell. The retinula cells are connected together by a desmosomal strip along their length. The rhabdom occupies the basal thirty percent of the ommatidium and can be divided into nine segments of parallel microvilli. Several cells may contribute to an individual rhabdomere. The rhabdomeres are arranged in a cross with single cell rhabdomeres lying between the arms of the cross. Thin sections of ommatidium absorb polarized light differentially. The total amount of plane polarized light absorbed varies with angle of rotation for an entire ommatidium but there are also differences between the amount of absorption of adjacent rhabdomeric segments. Galleria appears to be the only lepidopteran in which the possibility of the polarized light reception has been reported.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scent scales ; Lepidoptera ; Secretion discharge ; Gland cells ; Insect cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal scent apparatus of male Caligo eurilochus was examined at different ages by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glandular epithelium is covered with specialized scales and forms a pad on each side of the 4th to 6th abdominal segments. The pads are surrounded by smooth, elastic cuticle and can protrude toward the opposite hind wing hair pencil. The scales have a poreless cuticle with a fibrillar texture. They are impregnated by an oily, slowly volatile substance. The scales are elongated toward the base, forming hoods over the long coneshaped sockets. The scale pedicel is anchored tension-free by rootlets in the central socket base. The slightly asymmetric cuticular sockets are very elastic, due to their high water content. They are stabilized by internal epicuticular rods. The release of the secretions from the cell and a possibly active microvillar transport is discussed. Different secretions are found in the space between the microvillar surface of the gland cell and the socket floor. They are probably discharged from the supraglandular space into the scale lumen by means of pressure and bending of the sockets. A flowback might be prevented by capillary effect of a “ball” of vesicles, which lies exactly above the outlet of the scale pedicel.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Symptom ; potato virus Y ; temperature ; detection ; serology ; A6 test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Klimakammern wurde der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Symptomausbildung und die relative Viruskonzentration in Kartoffeln der Sorte Erstling, die mit PVYN und PVYO infiziert waren untersucht. Die relative Viruskonzentration. angegeben als Reziprokwert der grössten Verdünnung, bei der noch Reaktionen beobachtet wurden, wurde mit dem Mikropräcipitintest (van Slogteren, 1972) und dem A6-Biatttest (de Bokx. 1972) bestimmt. Folgende Informationen konnten erwartet werden: 1. über die Beziehung zwischen der Viruskonzentration und der Symptomausbildung. 2. über die Empfindlichkeit des Mikropräzipitin- und des A6-Blatttestes für die Feststellung von PVY. Die Pflanzen standen in Klimakammern (4 Pflanzen pro Kammer) bei einer Tag Nachttemperatur von 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 22/17 und 26/21°C und einer Photoperiode von 15 Stunden bei 15000 lux. Eine Woche später wurden alle Blätter von 2 der 4 Pflanzen trocken mit PVYN inokuliert, die übrigen 2 mit PVYO. Die Verdünnungsreihen (unverdünnt, 1/4. 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) wurden aus Pressaft der obersten, vollständig entfalteten Blätter infizierter Pflanzen 22, 33, 48 und 61 Tage nach der Inokulation hergestellt. Pflanzen, die bei 22°C und 26°C gewachsen waren, zeigten 2 Wochen nach der Inokulation mit PVYN oder PVYO deutliche Mosaik- und Kräuselsymptome. während in Pflanzen, die bei 14°C und 18°C wuchsen, die Symptome schwächer waren und erst nach ungefähr 4 Wochen auftraten (Abb. 1). Pflanzen, die bei 10°C aufwuchsen, zeigten nach Inokulation mit PVYN bis zum Versuchsende, d.h. 8 Wochen nach der Inokulation, keine Symptome und nach Inokulation mit PVYO nur schwaches Mosaik. In Pflanzen, die bei 14 bis 26°C gehalten wurden, nimmt in den frühen Wuchsstadien die Konzentration von PVYN zu und mit der Abreife der Pflanzen wieder ab PVYN konnte in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 10°C, serologisch nicht nachgewiesen werden (Tabelle 1), was mit den Ergebnissen von Bode (1959) übereinstimmt. Die Vermehrung von PVYO in Kartoffelpflanzen verläuft wie die von PVYN mit der Ausnahme, dass die Konzentration von PVYO während des gesamten Versuches in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 14°C und 18°C auf einem hohen Niveau bleibt und die selbe Konzentration von Pflanzen, bei 10°C gewachsen, 61 Tage nach der Inokulation erreicht wird. Das Auftreten der Symptome war mit der relativen Viruskonzentration korreliert. Keine Korrelation wurde zwischen der Zahl der Kokalläsionen auf A6 nach Inokulation mit PVY und der serologischen Nachweisbarkeit des Virus gefunden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass der A6-Test, wie andere biologische Prüfungen (Beemster 1958), für die Nachweisbarkeit von PVY empfindlicher ist als der Mikropräzipitintest (Tabelle 1).
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet de la température sur l'expression des symptômes et sur la concentration en virus chez la variété Eersteling infectée par PVYN et PVYO et cultivée en serre a été étudié. La concentration relative en virus donnée par les dilutions limites. est déterminée par la méthode de microprécipitation (van Slogteren, 1972), et le test foliaire sur A6 (de Bokx, 1972). Le but de cet essai était d'obtenir des informations sur: 1) la relation entre la concentration du virus et l'expression des symptômes: 2) la sensibilité de la microprécipitation et du test foliaire sur A6 pour la détection du virus Y. Les plantes ont été placées dans des chambres de culture (4 plantes par chambre) à des températures jour/nuit de 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 12/17 et 26/21°C et une photopériode de 15 heures à 15 000 Lux. Une semaine plus tard toutes les feuilles de deux plantes de chaque lot ont été inoculées par projection d'un mélange de carborundum et de PVYN; les feuilles des deux autres plantes ont été inoculées de la même manière avec PVYO. Une gamme de dilution (pur, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) a été préparée à partir des feuilles complètement déployées du sommet des plantes infectées 22, 33, 48 et 61 jours après l'inoculation. Des symptômes de mosaïque et de frisolée ont été observés chez les plantes cultivées à 22 et 26°C deux semaines après l'inoculation avec PVYN ou PVYO, mais les symptômes ont été plus faibles et ne sont pas apparus avant environ quatre semaines, chez les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C (figure 1). Les plantes cultivées à 10°C n'ont pas donné de symptômes jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience lorsqu'elles ont été inoculées avec PVYN; infectées par PVYO elles ont présenté seulement une faible mosaïque. Il a été montré que dans les plantes placées à 18 et 26°C, la concentration de PVYN augmente dans les premiers stades de la croissance des plantes mais diminue quand celles-ci arrivent à maturité. PVYN n'a pas été détecté sérologiquement dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C (tableau 1). Ceci est en accord avec les travaux de Bode. 1959. Généralement, le processus de multiplication de PVYO dans la pomme de terre est le même que celui de PVYN. Toutefois, la concentration de PVYO reste à un taux élevé dans les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C, pour l'ensemble de l'expérience, et atteint une teneur analogue dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C aprés 61 jours d'inoculation. L'expression des symptômes est en correlation avec la concentration relative en virus. Aucune correlation n'a été observée entre le nombre de lésions locales provoqué par PVY sur A6 et la limite de détection du virus en sérologie. Onpeut en conclure que le test foliaire sur A6. de même que d'autres tests biologiques (Beemster, 1958), est plus sensible pour la détection de PVY que le test de microprécipitation (tableau 1).
    Notes: Summary Potato plants cv. Eersteling, grown in growth chambers with various day night temperatures, were inoculated with PVYN or PVYO three weeks after planting. Two weeks later there were clear symptoms in plants grown at 22/17°C and 26/21°C, but after four weeks there were only weak symptoms in plants kept at 14/9°C and 18/12°C. At 10/7°C 8 weeks after inoculation, only those plants infected with PVYO had developed symptoms. Virus concentration correlated well with the rate of symptom expression, and was similar with both strains, except that it was high 8 weeks after inoculation in plants infected with PVYO and grown at 10/7°C. For both strains the A6 leaf test was more sensitive than the serological test.
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