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  • Articles  (5,176)
  • Elsevier  (3,429)
  • Springer  (1,747)
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  • 1975-1979  (5,176)
  • Geography  (5,176)
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  • Articles  (5,176)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Radiosondendaten wurde eine Frontalzone, die am 30. März 1977 südlich von Denver, Colorado, verlief, im Detail analysiert. Die Frontalzone zeigte eine Mehrfachstruktur, die auch aus den Verteilungen von O3- und Kondensationskern-Konzentrationen zu ersehen war. Diese Konzentrationen wurden mit dem NCAR Sabreliner vermessen.
    Notes: Summary A detailed analysis of a frontal zone located south of Denver, Colorado, on 30 March, 1977 was made using radiosonde data. This zone revealed a multiple structure which also showed up in the distributions of O3 and condensational nuclei concentrations measured with the Sabre-linear aircraft of the National Center of Atmospheric Research.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 29. und 30. März 1977 wurden von einem Sabreliner-Flugzeug aus in einer Frontalzone südlich von Denver in Colorado Ozon und Kondensationskerne gemessen. Das Ozon diente als Tracer für stratosphärische Luft und die Kondensationskerne dienten als Tracer für troposphärische Luft. Sowohl der Langer-Kondensationskernzähler wie auch der Rich-100 Zähler können für Messungen der Kondensationskernkonzentration in der Nähe der Tropopause verwendet werden. Der erstere ist jedoch für niedrige Konzentrationen empfindlicher. Die gemessenen Kerne hatten meist einen größeren Radius als 0,005 μm und bestanden aus tausenden von Molekülen. Die Mesostruktur der Ozon- und Kondensationskernkonzentrationen stimmte gut mit der doppelten Struktur der Frontalzone überein, die aus einer Detailanalyse der Radiosondendaten ersichtlich wurde.
    Notes: Summary Ozone and condensation nuclei were measured on 29 March 1977 (and 30 March GMT) from a Sabreliner in a frontal zone south of Denver, Colorado. The ozone served as a tracer for stratospheric air and the condensation nuclei as a tracer for tropospheric air. Both the Langer condensation nucleus counter and the Rich-100 counter can be used to measure condensation nucleus concentrations in the vicinity of the tropopause. However, the former counter is more sensitive to low concentrations. The nuclei measured were found to be almost entirely larger than 0.005 μm in radius, consisting of thousands of molecules. The mesostructure of the ozone and condensation nucleus concentrations agreed well with a double structure of the frontal zone that became apparent from a detailed analysis of radiosonde data.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 111-112 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine theoretische annähernde Berechnung gibt die Bedingungen an, die für die Bildung der Wellenform eines Frontenprofiles erforderlich sind. Die Wellenform hat Charakteristiken von sekundären und primären Fronten. Aufgrund der systematischen Analyse der Beobachtungsdaten des meteorologischen Stationsnetzes von Jugoslawien wurde gefunden, daß es Wettersituationen gibt, bei denen das Frontenprofil Wellenform hat. Dafür werden zwei Beispiele vorgelegt.
    Notes: Summary One theoretical approach indicates the conditions required for formation of a waveform of the frontal profile. The wave form has characteristics of secondary and primary fronts. On the base of systematic analyse of data from network of meteorological stations over Yugoslavia it is found that there are weather situations when frontal profile is wave shaped. Two examples are presented.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 233-244 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three examples for non-frontal cloud system are discussed: 1) A cloud system that is created by positive vertical motion as a consequence of vertical wind shear; 2) a cloud system is created by horizontal and vertical temperature and humidity differences; 3) a cloud system is created by positive vorticity values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden drei Beispiele nichtfrontaler Bewölkungssysteme diskutiert: 1) Ein Wolkensystem wird durch positive Vertikalbewegung infolge vertikaler Windscherung erzeugt; 2) ein Wolkensystem wird durch horizontale und vertikale Temperatur- und Feuchteunterschiede erzeugt; 3) ein Wolkensystem wird durch zyklonale Vorticity erzeugt.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von den verschiedenen Termen, welche in den Wärmehaushalt eines Wasservolumens in der Nähe der Meeresoberfläche eingehen und welche Anomalien der Oberflächentemperatur (SST) beeinflussen, scheint die Advektion in den großräumigen Strömungssystemen, vor allem im Westpazifik, einige Bedeutung zu besitzen. Langzeitige Tendenzen in dieser Advektion scheinen zu einem gewissen Grade mit der Schubspannung der Passatwinde des Nordpazifik gekoppelt zu sein. Die Variabilität der Meeresoberflächentemperaturen innerhalb der Zeitspanne von etlichen Monaten scheint entlang der japanischen Küste, zumindest teilweise, von Strömungsmäandern und im offenen Ozean von windschubbeeinflußten Mechanismen kontrolliert zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Among the various terms entering the heat budget of an oceanic volume close to the ocean surface and affecting sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies, advection in the large current systems appears to be of importance in the West Pacific. Long-term trends in this advection appear to be coupled, to a certain extent, to forcing by zonal wind stress in the North Pacific trade-wind region. Variability of SST on time scales of the order of months off the coast of Japan seems to be governed, at least in part, by current meanders, and in the open ocean by winds-stress operated mechanisms.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the summer months of 1976 to 1978 the surface energy balance was measured at Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m a.s.l.) and at Hohe Mut (2560 m a.s.l.) in the Tyrolean Alps. As first result the components of the energy balance at the two stations were analyzed for 8 clear summer days. Microclimate is different at the two stations because of the vegetation (meadow and curvuletum, resp.), because of the location near the bottom of the valley and on a mountain ridge and because of the altitude difference of 600 m. Hourly values of the energy balance components are calculated from radiation measurements, from soil temperatures, and from profiles of air temperature and water vapour using the Bowen ratio method. For the period of positive radiation balance on clear summer days Bowen ratio values of 0.5 to 0.8 are representative for the curvuletum of the Hohe Mut, for the meadow at Obergurgl the values are 0.2 to 0.6. At the two stations the Bowen ratio values increase during summer because vegetation dries up. The diurnal variation of the Bowen ratio is different at the two stations due to vegetation and water balance. In order to check the laws of turbulent transport for applications in mountainous regions, the product of dimensionless wind shear and dimensionless temperature gradient was calculated from wind profile measurements and energy fluxes at the Hohe Mut. The relationship of these parameters to the stability parameters Richardson number and dimensionless height correspond to relations found over homogeneous, level terrain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Sommermonaten der Jahre 1976 bis 1978 wurden an den Stationen Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m) und Hohe Mut (2560 m) in den Ötztaler Alpen Wärmehaushaltsmessungen durchgeführt. Als erste Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden die Komponenten der Energiebilanz an beiden Stationen für je 4 heitere Sommertage 1976 und 1977 analysiert. Unterschiede im Mikroklima beider Stationen werden auf die Vegetation, Bergwiese bzw. Curvuletum der alpinen Grasheide, auf die Lage nahe dem Talboden bzw. auf einem Bergrücken und auf die Höhendifferenz von 600 m zurückgeführt. Die Komponenten der Energiebilanz wurden aus Strahlungsmessungen, aus Profilen der Bodentemperatur und aus Profilmessungen von Lufttemperatur und Dampfdruck über das Bowen-Verhältnis stundenweise berechnet. Für das Curvuletum der Hohen Mut sind an heiteren Sommertagen für die Periode positiver Strahlungsbilanz Bowen-Verhältnisse von 0,5 bis 0,8 repräsentativ, für die Bergwiese Werte von 0,2 bis 0,6. An beiden Stationen kann man am Anstieg des Bowen-Verhältnisses im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode die zunehmende Austrocknung erkennen. Im Tagesgang hingegen verhält sich das Bowen-Verhältnis an den zwei Stationen unterschiedlich, was durch Vegetation und Wasserhaushalt bedingt ist. Um für die Messungen im Hochgebirge die Anwendbarkeit der Gesetze des turbulenten Austausches zu überprüfen, wurde bei labiler Schichtung aus Windprofil und Energieflüssen auf der Hohen Mut das Produkt von dimensionslosem Temperaturgradienten und dimensionsloser Windscherung berechnet. Die Beziehung dieser Größen zu den Stabilitätsparametern Richardson-Zahl und dimensionslose Höhe zeigt an der Hochgebirgsstation einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie an Flachlandstationen.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The drainage behaviour of free water in various snow types is examined in detail. It was found a strong dependence on the grain-size and therefore also on the degree of metamorphism. For the parametern which determines the drainage behaviour results in dependence on the snow structure a range from 1,5 to 4,3. An error analysis of two evaluation methods shows, that it is preferable to obtain the parametern from the course of the measured outflowing water volume rather than from the course of the water flux. The gravity-flow-theory is suitable for describing the drainage process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Sickerverhalten von freiem Wasser wird in verschiedenen Schneearten näher untersucht. Es zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Korngröße und damit auch vom Grad der Metamorphose. Für den das Sickerverhalten bestimmenden Parametern ergibt sich in Abhängigkeit von der Schneestruktur ein Wertebereich von 1,5≤n≤4,3. Eine Fehleranalyse zu zwei Auswerteverfahren zeigt, daß die Ermittlung dieses Parameters aus dem gemessenen Verlauf des ausrinnenden Wasservolumens der Ermittlung aus dem Verlauf des Flusses vorzuziehen ist. Zur Beschreibung des Sickerverhaltens hat sich die “gravity-flow”-Theorie als geeignet erwiesen.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Laboratoriums experimente haben gezeigt, daß sich unter besonderen chemischen und physikalischen Bedingungen Mangan aus einer Mn++-angereicherten Lösung von Meereswasser in Form von kolloidalen Micellen absondert. Diese werden, statt zusammen mit dem Lehmmaterial abzuscheiden, davon abgesondert und häufen sich in der Sedimentlösungs-zwischenschicht an. Dies kann eine Erklärung sein für die in der Natur beobachtete Mangankonzentration am Meeresboden gegen die Oberfläche von Sedimentschichten hin. In manchen Fällen können die schwarzen magnetischen Kügelchen (B. M. S.) als Anhäufungskerne für die Fällung von Mangan-Micellen wirken.
    Notes: Summary Laboratory experiments have shown that in particular chemical and physical conditions, manganese separates from a Mn++-enriched solution of seawater in the form of colloidal micelles. These, instead of co-precipitating with the clay matrix, are repelled from it, and accumulate at the sediment solution interface. This may be an explanation of the manganese concentrations observed in nature on the seafloor towards the surface of sediment columns. In some cases, the black magnetic spherules (B. M. S.) might act as aggregation cores for the precipitation of manganes micelles.
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electrical field-strength fluctuations, produced by a person walking in front of an open metal cage, become weaker and almost disappear, if an electric DC-field of about 200 to 1000 V/m is generated within the cage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Elektrische Feldstärkeschwankungen, die durch Umhergehen einer Person vor der Öffnung eines Metallkastens erzeugt werden, erscheinen wesentlich schwächer, wenn im Kasten ein elektrisches Gleichfeld von etwa 200 bis 1000 V/m erzeugt wird.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse der Monatsmittel der Gesamtwolkendecke in den Tropen weist die Existenz einer quasibiennalen Oszillation der Gesamtwolkendecke nach. Die Amplitude dieser Oszillation liegt zwischen 1 und 2,5% in den zonalen Anteilen der Gesamtwolkendecke über den äquatorialen und südlichen Breiten. Diese Oszillation wurde auch mit den entsprechenden Oszillationen der stratosphärischen Temperaturen verglichen. Die quasibiennale Oszillation der tropischen Gesamtwolkendecke ist längerzeitigen Schwankungen überlagert, was im Text besprochen wird.
    Notes: Summary An analysis of monthly mean total cloud cover fractions in the tropics showed the existence of a quasi-biennial oscillation in total cloud cover. The amplitude of the oscillation is between 1 and 2.5 percent in zonal total cloud cover fractions, over the equatorial and southern latitudes. This oscillation is also compared with the corresponding oscillations in zonal mean stratospheric temperatures. The QBO in the tropical total cloud cover is superimposed on longer-term fluctuations (trends) which are discussed in the text.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 2. November 1977 ist im Gebiet von Athen ein ungewöhnlich starker Regen gefallen. Die gefallene Regenmenge von 165 mm ist die größte seit Beginn der Beobachtungen im Jahre 1871 registrierte Niederschlagsmenge. Nach Darstellung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung des Regens wird die synoptische Situation beschrieben. Es wird angenommen, daß dieses Ereignis in erster Linie auf den Einfluß des verbauten Gebietes auf eine potentiell instabile Luftmasse zurückzuführen ist und daß das Ergebnis als stadtbedingter Regen bezeichnet werden kann.
    Notes: Summary A spectacularly heavy rainstorm occurred in the Athens area on 2 November 1977. The 165 mm of rain which fell was the heaviest recorded in Athens since records began in 1871. After showing the distribution of the rain spatially and temporally, the synoptic situation is described. It is suggested that the event was due primarily to the influence of the built-up area on a potentially unstable airmass and that the result was an “urban rainstorm”.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 396-396 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Ergebnisse von Messungen der Radon-Aktivität, die während des Monson-77 Beobachtungsprogrammes über der Arabischen See und der Bucht von Bengalen durchgeführt worden sind, dargelegt und zusammen mit Beobachtungsdaten des früheren ISMEX-73 Programmes (Indisch-sowjetisches Monsun-Experiment) diskutiert. Der Radon-Gehalt in der Monsun-Region zeigt beträchtliche Änderungen im Ausmaß von 1 bis 15 pCi pro m3 Luft. Die Werte über der Arabischen See zeigen eine merkliche Zunahme in Breiten um 20°N, die Werte von 8 bis 10 pCi/m3 erreicht, womit auf eine gesteigerte Zufuhr von kontinentaler Luft hingewiesen wird. In niedrigeren Breiten liegen die Werte bei wenigen pCi/m3, was für maritime Luft in den äquatorialen Gebieten charakteristisch ist. Kontinuierliche Messungen an weit voneinander entfernt gelegenen festen Stationen in der Arabischen See ergaben ähnliche Änderungen im Radon-Gehalt. Diese Änderungen scheinen mit Monsunstörungen und ihrer Verlagerung gegen Westen in Verbindung zu stehen, die eine Verminderung des Radon-Gehaltes durch eine Verstärkung der Monsunströmung aus Süden, die nur einen geringen Radon-Gehalt hat, mit sich bringen. In der Bucht von Bengalen zeigen sich niedrigere Radon-Werte während Monsunpausen. Dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, daß während Monsunpausen ein Isobarenverlauf in Nord-Süd-Richtung vorherrscht, wodurch äquatoriale maritime Luft direkt in die Bucht von Bengalen geführt wird, ohne über das Festland von Indien zu kommen.Während des Monsuns kommen die Luftmassen aber erst nach Überstreichen von Indien in die Bucht von Bengalen und haben daher größeren Radon-Gehalt. Nahe der Küste ist der Radon-Gehalt erwartungsgemäß groß.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of Radon activity carried-out during the Monsoon-77 Observational Programme over the Arabian Sea—Bay of Bengal Region are presented and discussed along with the earlier ISMEX-73 data. Levels of radon within the monsoon region show considerable variations in the range of one to fifteen picocuries per cubic meter of air. The levels in the Arabian Sea showed a marked increase at latitudes near-about 20°N, reaching values of eight to ten picocuries per cubic meter, thereby suggesting increased input of continental air. At lower latitudes, the levels are a few picocuries per cubic meter which is characteristics of maritime air from equatorial regions. Continuous measurements at stationary positions in the Arabian sea at widely separated locations show similar variations in radon levels. These variations seem to be connected with monsoon disturbances and their westward movements which reduce radon levels due to the strengthening of the southerly monsoon current having low radon content. In the Bay of Bengal, there is some evidence of lower radon values during “break” monsoon conditions. This could be due to the prevailing pressure pattern during the “breaks” with isobars running in north-south direction resulting in the movement of equatorial maritime air mass directly to the Bay without going over the land mass of India. During strong monsoon conditions, the air mass enters the Bay after travelling over India and consequently has higher randon levels. Near the coast, randon values are high, as is to be expected.
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  • 16
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 100-103 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 103-104 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 186-188 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 8-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Problems of specifying a proper functional form for estimating sales tax revenues of a state are discussed. A general functional form is introduced, in which linear and log-linear forms are special cases. The maximum likelihood approach and data for Tennessee are used to estimate parameters in the general form. Empirical results disclose that the null hypotheses indicating the functional form is linear or log-linear are both rejected. The best functional form obtained from the general form provides not only better R2 and Durbin-Watson statistic, but also generates estimates of sales tax collections with smaller errors than the linear and log-linear forms.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 19-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Soil and water conservation measures can comprise a wide range of activities, both structural and non-structural. Their potential benefits range from protection and productivity increases of the directly affected lands to widely dispersed downstream benefits. While in most situations it is rather difficult to evaluate the latter, it can be shown that in many cases the direct upstream benefits are sufficiently large to justify soil and water conservation programs regardless of potential additional downstream benefits. A benefit-cost model was developed that compares program costs per unit of directly protected agricultural land with the net benefits resulting from two on-site consequences, land productivity enhancement from improved water conservation and elimination of productivity losses from gradual soil destruction. This model was applied to ongoing governmental programs in two Mexican states. The results show that benefits from the prevention of soil destruction are substantially larger than those from immediate productivity increases, although the latter were considered by Mexican authorities to represent the major program benefits.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 29-46 
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    Notes: Abstract Q mode factor analysis is used to isolate the latent structure of the pattern of telephone calls between Montana towns. An eleven axis component solution accounts for 82.6% of the variance of data set and defines a series of nodal regions in the state. A higher order factor analysis is used to generalize these results into second and third order levels of connectivity. Comparison of the first order regions with results derived from Huff's gravity model demonstrates the utility of this theoretical formulation. The overall spatial structure of connectivity bears close relationships with the hierarchical and reciprocal propositions about urban structure formulated by Friedmann but there are a lot of overlapping connections and local distortions which modify the pattern.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 102-105 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 106-108 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 170-173 
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses insect activity, especially take-off activity in locusts, in relation to weather disturbances. A hypothesis is presented suggesting that atmospheric electromagnetic radiation in the VLF range acts as a take-off stimulus in locusts. A method of recording the spontaneous take-off rate in locusts is described, and two observation series onSchistocerca gregaria are discussed.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 243-254 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of thermal stress were identified in terms of a calf's systemic response. The following physiological parameters were monitored during successive exposure of eight Holstein calves to five temperature levels ranging from 15.5°C to 37.7°C at 60% RH: stroke volume, heart rate, arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, plasma cortisol and thyroxine levels, and internal and skin temperatures. Results indicated that 3 to 4- week-old male calves respond to acute heat stress only above 32.2°C at 60% RH and do not demonstrate a marked attempt to acclimate until at least four to five hours of exposure at 37.7°C.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 279-284 
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    Notes: Abstract A numerical mesoscale model is proposed for the study of the spatial and temporal variation of heat load indices over Israel. The effects of topography, distance from the coast and synoptic conditions are considered. Two experiments were carried out. The first one consists of a verification analysis of the Discomfort Index and the Skin Temperature during a typical summer day. The second experiment is a numerical simulation of the Discomfort Index pattern under advective Sharav (hot, dry) conditions. The model predictions agree well with observed data.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 331-335 
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    Notes: Abstract Bel-W3 Tobacco, which is highly sensitive to ozone, was grown in two glass chambers and exposed to the ambient air at the periphery of Tel-Aviv, during winter, spring, summer and autumn 1978. During the exposure time, atmospheric ozone was continuously measured by a chemiluminescent monitor. Throughout the experiments, plants' height was measured and the number of leaves was determined three times weekly. The extent of injury to the tobacco plants was measured by the percentage of injured plants, the percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured. Necrotic lesions, typical for ozone injury, appeared on the mature leaves of the exposed tobacco plants in three out of four exposures. Appearance of incipient injury differed among the experiments and depended not only on exposure duration and on ozone concentrations, but also on the exposure conditions (like light intensity, temperature and humidity), which considerably influenced the appearance of the injury. The percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured, increased with the duration of exposure and with rising cumulative ozone concentrations.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 337-342 
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    Notes: Abstract Only a small fraction of the energy which is needed for the maintenance of the biological structure during the dry and hot summer in a phryganic ecosystem comes from non-structural carbohydrates. Possibly the higher fraction comes from hemicellulose which is deposited in the inner part of the xylem cell wall during the mild winter.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 343-351 
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    Notes: Abstract Transpiration rates of potted spray carnation plants Cerise Royalette decreased about 0.04% per vpm CO2 between ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration and 1500 vpm CO2 at several light flux densities and leaf temperatures. Measurements of daily water losses of potted spray carnation plants placed under high solar radiation conditions in two minigreenhouses with 300 and 5000 vpm CO2 demonstrated that elevated CO2 concentrations reduced water losses by 20–30%. The effect of the increase in global CO2 concentration on stomatal closure was calculated to have decreased the yearly transpiration rate of an outdoor crop by 1.6% in this century and is expected to cause a decrease of 10% within the next 50 years if all other factors remain unchanged. From a model of CO2 uptake of carnation plants it was calculated that the expected water use efficiency (net photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate) will increase by about 40–50% over the next 50 years due to the expected increase in global CO2 concentration.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 9-14 
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    Notes: Abstract Three Zebu and three Highland mature heifers were used to study the effect of a moderately high environmental temperature (31°C) on temperatureregulatory responses of cold- and heat-tolerant cattle to thermal stress. Following a 7-day period of adjustment to 31°C, the Highland heifers decreased their internal heat production by decreasing feed consumption by 31% and oxygen consumption by 19%. They also increased their evaporative heat losses by an increased respiration rate of 92% and total vaporization (33%). At 31°C, water consumption increased 190% and body fluid compartments showed a significant increase, with the exception of plasma volume. The Zebu decreased feed consumption by 19%, increased respiration rate 100%, total vaporization 80%, water consumption 58%, and plasma volume by 17%. The Highland cattle could not prevent hyperthermia upon exposure to the moderate high temperature, while the Zebus maintained normal rectal temperature. Breed differences in ability to maintain homeothermy are documented in this study.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 63-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Beans exposed to intense static electric fields are observed to experience large scale damage although corona occurs from only a few points on the leaves. Increased evaporative loss is considered to be the physical mechanism which accounts for the observed effects.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 107-114 
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    Notes: Abstract Correlations were examined between 10 climatological variables and 8 types of death rate for the 143 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA. Most of the relationships could be attributed to population factors such as proportion of foreign stock and median age in the areas. The data support weather conditions as possible causal factors in fatal heart attacks and accidents only.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 177-181 
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 183-184 
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 219-230 
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    Notes: Abstract Rise in rectal temperature (Tre) and survival time was determined on exposure to 38°C in adult normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin treated) rats and 1 h following glucose feeding or insulin administration or both, and in young rats with and without glucose feeding or insulin treatment. The heat tolerance of adult animals treated with streptozotocin and insulin plus glucose and of adult and young animals treated with glucose feeding or insulin was less than that of their respective normoglycemic controls. The rectal temperature on exposure to heat in the treated animals was significantly higher than that of controls in the adult, but not in young rats. Exposure to heat of the normoglycemic and glucose-fed animals resulted in a rise in blood glucose in the adults and a fall in the young. The already raised blood glucose level in the streptozotocin-treated animals rose further on exposure to heat. The rate of recovery of the blood glucose was not significantly altered by exposure of the animals to heat 60 min after administration of insulin or insulin plus glucose.
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    Notes: Abstract Anthropometric measurements and observations of physiological responses to heat were made in the summer on 20 young male residents of the Japan mainland who were born in Okinawa but moved to the mainland within less than three years (group S) and 15 young male migrants of Japanese from Okinawa who had lived in the Japan mainland for more than 10 years (group L). Group L showed a thicker skinfold and greater body fat content than group S. Group L showed a greater sweat loss and higher rise in oral temperature than group S. Heat tolerance of group L was inferior to that of group S when assessed by our numerical index for evaluating human heat tolerance. The inferior heat tolerance of group L might reflect a lower efficiency of sweat for cooling the body and an inferior capacity for non-evaporative heat dissipation when compared with group S. The physiological responses of subtropical natives to heat were lost after longterm residence in the temperate zone.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 311-329 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature data for 42 Chilean locations were analysed and heat sums calculated (for base 5°C and 10°C). Also, the length, starting and ending dates of the growing seasons were obtained. Temperature values normally found in Chilean climatological records, i.e. monthly and annual means, were related with temperature accumulations. In Chile it is possible to predict the accumulation of temperature from the annual mean temperature (r=0.995, P〈.001, for base 5°C and r=0.984, P〈.001, for base 10°C) or from the mean monthly temperature of January. In this latter case, a good adjustment with an exponential curve is found (r=0.76, P〈0.001, base 5°C; r=0.78, P〈0.001, base 10°C). For Chile, temperature courses along the year were approximated by using a harmonic analysis. No significant differences were observed between predicted and observed values. By integrating these equations as a function of time, it is possible to determine both the accumulation of temperature and the length of growing seasons for different threshold temperatures. A significant relationship was found between these variables and the latitude, and gradients were also obtained. Differences exist between littoral and continental stations in the extension of growing seasons and the accumulation of temperatures.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 1-7 
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    Notes: Abstract The most frequent means of spread of rinderpest, a cause of major epizootics and of great economic losses among cattle in the tropics, remains undetermined. Studies on airborne virus in vitro demonstrated survival for at least 30 min at low RH and a somewhat inferior period of survival at high RH; viability was greatly reduced at 50–60% RH. The infectivity of 3 strains of airborne rinderpest virus for cattle was demonstrated by a technique employing direct inhalation of viral aerosols.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 31-49 
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    Notes: Abstract Cold resistance of male Sprague Dawley rats (300 g) fed a laboratory chow (P) or a semi-purified diet (T4F or H) for 14 days was evaluated by the degree of hypothermia developed under unrestrained conditions at −18°C or under restraint at +6°C or +1°C. Cold tests were started either at 09:00 h, 14:00 h or 23:00 h. Rats fed a semi-purified diet were more resistant to cold than P-fed rats in winter and summer but not in spring or fall. Cold resistance followed a circadian cycle, being very high at 23:00 h, very low at 14:00 h and in between at 09:00 h. The higher resistance to cold of rats on semi-purified diets coincided with a higher liver glycogen reserve throughout the day and a higher production of corticosterone in stressful conditons than in rats on P diet. However, unrelated diurnal cycles of cold resistance and liver glycogen, absence of hypoglycemia and maintenance of a high level of blood corticosterone in hypothermic rats fed P or semi-purified diets indicate that cold resistance is not limited by glycogen availability in liver or glucose and corticosterone in blood respectively. The lower fecal lactobacilli content found in rats fed a semi-purified diet supports the hypothesis that heat producing organs of these animals may have to compete with a smaller bacterial population in their small intestine for essential nutrients than the P-fed rats which could be a factor in their greater degree of cold resistance.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 77-87 
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    Notes: Abstract Mortality, exclusive of that caused by accidents, for Houston, Texas, from 1971 to 1973 was studied for temporal patterns and for associations with daily maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and precipitation. The sensitive and unbiased method of spectral analysis permitted the consideration of time lags between events. The findings revealed significant seasonal difference in mortality with the highest being in winter and more interestingly, strong lagged associations were found between short-term upswings in mortality and specific weather conditions, such as those characterized by low air temperature and high barometric pressure. In combination these weather features are typical of winter anticyclones. The peaks in mortality were evident after cold spells within periods of two weeks. Furthermore, episodes of elevated mortality also were observed subsequent to heat waves such as those during the summer of 1971.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 123-130 
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of small and large ion concentrations and concentrations of Aitken nuclei in various places indoors, outdoors and in an air-conditioned room in Pau (South France, 200 m) and indoors at high altitude (2,870 m) show that human activity produces increases in large ion concentrations to the detriment of the small ions which are captured by condensation nuclei to form large ions. In the airconditioned room small ion concentrations were very low, probably as a result of capture by the filtration mechanism, while at high altitude exceptionally high concentration of small ions were found and this is thought to be due to radio-active gases emitted by the earth and trapped under the snow cover.
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    Notes: Abstract Adult male rats were exposed to a combination of hypoxia (6,060 m) and cold (−5°C) for 21 days. In one group the left testis was restricted to the scrotum by a suture to the inguinal canal. After exposure, body weight was reduced and the reproductive organs (testis, epididymis and vas deferens) were reduced in weight and showed atrophic changes. There was deterioration in sperm quality. The above changes increased as the exposure was extended from 7 days to 21 days. Cold appears to aggravate the effects of hypoxia on the male reproductive organs. The damage to these organs was greater when cold-induced cryptorchidism was allowed to occur during exposure than when it was avoided. The secretory activity of the epididymis was reduced after exposure. The significance of changes in the biochemical composition of these organs is discussed.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 205-217 
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    Notes: Abstract Fall in rectal temperature (Tre) and survival time was determined on exposure to−20°C in adult normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin treated) rats and 1 h following glucose feeding or insulin administration or both and on exposure to−10°C in young rats with and without glucose feeding. The susceptibility to frostbite was determined by exposure of the limbs to freezing mixture of−19°C or−23°C. The rate of fall of Tre was less and the survival time more in glucose and insulin plus glucose treated animals. On the other hand, the rate of fall of Tre was more and the survival time less, in dia betic and insulin-treated animals. The rectal temperature at which the animal died was the same in the control and the treated animals. The susceptibility to frost bite was more in insulin treated and diabetic animals and less in glucose-fed animals. Exposure to cold during the second h after glucose or glucose plus insulin injection did not alter the blood glucose from that obtained at room temperature. In insulin-treated animals the rate of rise of blood glucose during the second h was much higher at low temperature than at room temperature. The rise in blood glucose in diabetic animals was much higher than in normoglycemic animals exposed to cold.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 263-270 
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    Notes: Abstract The peripheral vascular responses during local cold stress, (heat output from the hands and cold induced vasodilatation-CIVD response) were studied on 4 groups (10 each) of Indian population, viz., South-Indians, North-Indians, Gurkhas and High Altitude Natives (HAN) of 3,500m. The parameters were recorded at Delhi, and at 3,500 m in thermoneutral laboratory (25–28°C). The sea level readings of HAN were taken after 3 weeks of their stay at Delhi; and that of lowlanders at 3,500 m were taken after 3 weeks of their sojourn. The results show that the heat output and CIVD were highest in HAN, and lowest in the South-Indians. The responses of the other two groups were similar in nature and were better than that of South-Indians. Based on an earlier study which has shown that individuals with higher heat output and CIVD are better protected against the occurrence of cold injuries, it can be suggested that HAN are most resistant and the South-Indians are highly susceptible to the occurrence of cold injuries.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 285-298 
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    Notes: Abstract Three different models for the induction of gastric ulcers in rats (phenylbutazone, 200 mg/kg; swimming, 3 × 30 min, water temperature 26–27°C; immobilization, 30 hours) were used to investigate the influence of weather and season. In a systematic study experiments were carried out weekly over a period of one year with male (phenylbutazone, immobilization) and female (swimming) rats of the same age kept under controlled conditions. The highest incidence of gastric ulcers was found in the swimming test; the lowest in the immobilization test. Maximum and minimum gastric ulcer rates were observed for each test but at different times. There was no uniform seasonal pattern. With decreasing atmospheric pressure a higher incidence of gastric ulcers was found 24 hours before the phenylbutazone and immobilization tests. Low atmospheric pressure and high relative humidity during the phenylbutazone and swimming tests also caused a higher incidence of gastric lesions (P〈0.05). No correlation was found between the other meteorological conditions and the incidence of gastric ulcer.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 299-310 
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    Notes: Abstract Eight 1/2-year old calves were exposed in a climatized altitude chamber to the following four conditions: 400 and 4,000 m at constant Ta (17°C), 400 and 4,000 m at alternating Ta (−5° to 25°C). Each exposure lasted for 24 h and for the rhythmic conditions included a cold night and warm midday hours, supplemented by infrared heaters. During exposure, hourly measurements were made of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal and three skin temperatures. Every 3-h blood samples were collected for the determination of 10 blood variables. The following main results were obtained: (a) Altitude alone caused increases in respiratory rate, heart rate, erythrocyte number, haemoglobin, specific gravity of blood and plasma, LDH and all four body temperatures. (b) In the rhythmic exposures, high correlation coefficients were found between ambient temperature on the one hand and skin temperatures (0.88 to 0.94), rectal temperature (−0.43) and respiratory rate (0.49) on the other hand. A change in ambient temperature by 1°C lead, on average, to a change in ear temperature by 1.2°C. (c) in response to falling ambient temperature during the night, rectal temperature and heart rate increased. This was interpreted as indicating a compensatory elevation in meta bolic heat production. At the same time, there was haemoconcentration as shown by elevations in erythrocyte number, haematocrit and haemoglobin. This haemoconcentration might have reflected splenic discharge, possibly supplemented by some loss of water from the plasma. (d) The warm environmental conditions around midday produced mild heat responses in terms of elevated values for respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperatures. (e) It is concluded that the rhythmic temperature with alternating stress of cold and mild heat, especially in combination with high altitude, was a strain on the animals and that they were forced to expend extra energy for combatting altitude- and temperature stress, energy which no longer would be available for productive processes.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 15-20 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of stressful temperature-humidity conditions on output from dairy cows on farms near Wauchope (31°S Lat.), Australia, was examined by comparing weekly milk production and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) values over a two-year period (1973 to 1975). Production during weeks with relatively high THI values (70 or over) was higher than production in weeks with lower temperature-humidity stress. In autumn and winter when THI values were low, the quantity and quality of pasture available was inadequate to sustain high levels of milk production. Short-term (weekly) responses of milk output to changes in temperature-humidity conditions above THI values of 70 were not consistent, either in terms of the direction or magnitude of production change. THI values may not have been high enough to adversely affect week-to-week production from predominantly Jersey herds, although some depression in lactation yields may have occurred. The reduction in digestibility and palatability of grasses during late summer appeared to be of greater importance in influencing production patterns than the direct effects of stressful temperature-humidity conditions on cows.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 115-122 
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    Notes: Abstract A sign of deviation type of index was used to convert standard temperature and precipitation data into a readily used form for the study of deer population dynamics. Statistically significant correlations between the climate index and mule deer fawn survival were demonstrated for four different mule deer populations in Montana. These correlations led to reasonable biological hypotheses delineating the linkage between climate and fawn survival in each of the four areas. The correlations support the frequent observations in the wildlife literature concerning the importance of summer and winter range. They also suggest that human activities may interact with climate in a manner which affects deer fawn survival. In general, in these areas, fawn survival was favored by relatively warm-moist summer, warm-dry winter and cool-dry hunting season weather. The apparent affect of spring weather was variable. Fawn survival in two areas was enhanced by cool-dry summer weather. This reversed response could be the result of human use of the areas, including livestock grazing. It is concluded that this index of climatic fluctuations can be a versatile and useful tool in assessing the impact of climate upon deer populations. In general, weather can be described as a strong biasing factor even when direct effects cannot be consistently demonstrated.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Abstract Use of a cerebral electro-therapy (CET) device, called PENTA, for weather-sensitive patients is described here. It applies 6–45 V D.C. monopolar triangular shaped pulses of 0.75 ms duration, allowing an input of 0–600 mA mean current via 2 frontal and 1 indifferent occipital electrode. To avoid adaptation it is programmed to two alternating frequencies of 20 and 65 Hz. Its successful application to 15 cases of disturbed neuro-endocrine regulation in weather sensitivity is reported. It resulted in cures for 3–12 months, depending on the type of weather sensitivity treated. The mechanism of CET treatment may be due to a bio-feedback on the limbicsystem, involving hypothalamic and pituitarian hormones. The normalising effects described here were followed up by neurohormone urinalysis of 17-KS, 17-OH, adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, 5-HIAA, histamine and thyroxine.—This method proved itself as a valuable and objective tool for psychosomatic complaints due to weather sensitivity.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 185-193 
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    Notes: Abstract OviparousC. pilicornis deposited eggs in October and early November, the dry weight, but not the fresh weight, decreasing during winter. Diapause terminated in early March, eggs hatched in early May. Mean egg supercooling points varied during the winter, the variation being related to the temperature in the period preceding sample collection. Both glycerol and mannitol were isolated from the eggs. Mannitol levels decreased to zero by mid-winter, levels increasing after diapause termination. Glycerol levels increased up to diapause termination and thereafter decreased, none being present just prior to egg hatch. Neither glycerol nor mannitol were related to supercoolingability, the variation being related to low temperatures which possibly induced changes in the levels of an unknown factor.
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    Notes: Abstract Some physiological and behavioural responses were observed in German Brown, Holstein-Friesian and White Fulani heifers during four different quarters of the year in an attempt to assess their adaptability to the seasonal equatorial climate of Southern Nigeria. Rectal temperatures under shade conditions showed slight but significant (P〈0.05) fluctuations. Holstein heifers experienced hyperthermia and panted in the sun, unlike the Brown and Fulani cattle. Breathing rate showed a highly significant (P〈0.01) seasonal variation. The heifers were generally most comfortable during the wettest periods of the year. The Holstein and Fulani showed the highest and lowest responses respectively. The Fulani did not seek shade; the Holstein sought shade more frequently than the Brown heifers. The Brown are more adaptable than the Holstein to the hot humid environment in which the Fulani cattle are relatively comfortable.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 271-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Many investigations show that electric and magnetic fields of low frequency may cause biological effects. However, the results of experiments differ considerably. In this paper, possible reasons for the limited reproducibility are pointed out, i.e., problems of generation, detection and definition of artificial fields. In particular, it is shown mathematically that the usual statements of electric field intensity are strongly misleading. The actual intensity is proportional to the ratio of the object height and the electrode distance as well as to the thinness of the object. Recommendations for the standardization of future investigations are given.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 21-30 
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    Notes: Abstract Cell mediated immunity (CMI) was assessed by determining total and differential leucocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts, T and B-rosettes, PHA-blast transformation of lymphocytes, lymphocyte migration index (LMI), and DNCB response in 66 sea-level residents, 45 temporary residents, and 24 natives at high altitude (3,692 m). An accentuated CMI, indicated by increase in PHA-blasts, increased lymphocyte migration index, and intense DNCB response, was present, despite a mild decrease in total leucocytes in temporary residents and in lymphocytes in natives at high altitude. While T-rosettes did not show any change in numbers, B-rosettes were increased in temporary residents, and natives at high altitude. A qualitative change had, therefore, occurred in lymphocytes at high altitude. CMI is equally augmented in temporary residents and natives at high altitude and prevails at a higher plane than at sea-level. Augmentation of CMI at high altitude, therefore, could be used as a therapeutic measure.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 51-62 
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    Notes: Abstract In winter, summer, spring and fall, groups of 200 g Sprague Dawley male rats were kept for 14 days at constant Ta 28°C±°C and LD 12:12(07:00–19:00 h). They were fed a laboratory chow (P) or a semi-purified diet (H). They were weighed at 0, 7 and 14 days. Cold resistance was determined by the fall in rectal temperature during 4 hours of restrained exposure to +1°C either in the morning (09:00 – 13:00 h) or in the afternoon (14:00 – 18:00 h). Rats fed the H diet could better tolerate cold exposure in the morning than in the afternoon, whereas the chow-fed rats were more vulnerable and became severely hypothermic both in morning and afternoon. The greater morning resistance provided by the H diet was evident in summer and winter but not in spring or fall. With both diets, cold resistance as well as growth decreased during spring and fall. Frozen storage of the diets and the water for use during other seasons showed that the nutrients per se were not a factor in the observed seasonal cycle. Although humidity in the 28°C room varied between a minimum of 26.5% in April to a maximum of 44.3% in August, it was not a statistically significant factor in the growth cycle. Arguments are presented to rule out relative humidity as a significant factor in the seasonal variation in the degree of cold resistance. A significant correlation was found for growth and cold resistance with geomagnetic activity.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract At a printing-works in Munich it was observed over a period of several years, in fully air-conditioned rooms, that the diffusion times of ions, penetrating a gelatin layer during the etching process of the printing cylinders, showed irregular fluctuations about the expected value within the range from −20% to +110%. Concurrent measurements of several meteorological parameters led to the detection of a strong linear relationship between the diffusion time of ions and the absolute humidity (AH-value) of the outside air. The AH-value seems to act as an indicator for part of the natural electromagnetic radiation affecting the properties of the gelatin film.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 89-105 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Notes: Abstract The study and interpretation of temporal variability in mortality requires the consideration of both exogenous and endogenous influences as underlying factors. In the present paper the relative contribution of fluctuations in daily weather was investigated using the unbiased techniques of lagged cross-correlation and spectral analyses. The study focused on patterns of daily mortality in Kyoto, Japan. Studied herein were total mortality of all ages less accidental, ischemic heart (IHD), cerebrovascular (CVD), cardiovascular (IHD + CVD), cancer and among elderly (over 70 years of age) deaths. The meteorological factors were mean, maximum and minimum daily temperature, mean barometric pressure, mean relative humidity, and mean and maximum wind speed. It was found that after extreme weather conditions, such as heat waves (with mean air temperature in excess of 30°C) or the intrusion of cold waves (with mean air temperature below 0°C), mortality increased to about three times the daily average with a lag effect of usually one—three days and up to one week. Over the year, however, weather fluctuations were found to account statistically for no more than 10% of the overall annual variability in mortality. Importantly, the short-term upswings in mortality were usually accompanied by noticeable drops in the number of deaths on the subsequent days suggesting a triggering effect of external factors. The most weather-sensitive mortality group was people over 70 years of age.
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    International journal of biometeorology 23 (1979), S. 151-176 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 89-106 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie hat den Zweck, einen Beitrag zur Tektonik der westlichen Himalaya-Regionen von Jammu, Kashmir und Ladakh zu leisten. Während des Sommers 1978 wurde die Orientierung vieler Klüfte in Aufschlüssen längs der Straße von Jammu über Srinagar nach Leh gemessen. Aufgrund der Annahme, daß die sichtbaren Felsklüfte Gleitflächen des neotektonischen Spannungsfeldes darstellen, ist es möglich, die Hauptspannungsrichtungen aus den Kluftstellungen mit einer statistischen Methode zu berechnen. Weiters wurde auch schon der Ansatz gemacht, daß die Talrichtungen ebenfalls neotektonischen Gleitzonen entsprechen. Somit wurde auch eine statistische Analyse der Talrichtungen von Jammu und Kaschmir gemacht und mit den Kluftstellungen verglichen. Es ergab sich, daß sowohl bei Klüften als auch bei Talrichtungen zwei Paare je zueinander konjugierter Richtungssysteme existieren. Das erste ist vorrangig; es zeigt Polrichtungen von N 55°E und N 138°E, was einer Hauptdruckspannung in Richtung N 7°E entspricht. Das zweite Paar ist bei den Klüften nur spärlich entwickelt; es hat Polazimute von N 92°E und N 358°E. Feldbeobachtungen zeigen, daß dieses zweite System durch das erste, vorrangige, begrenzt ist, so daß es als älter gelten und daher einer früheren Orientierung des tektonischen Sapnnungssystems entsprechen muß. Bei den Tälern sind beide Richtungspaare vorhanden, was bedeutet, daß die älteren Orientierungen hier länger konserviert werden als bei den Klüften. Die Orientierung des neotektonischen Spannungsfeldes, wie es aus den Kluftstellungen abgeleitet wurde, ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Vorstellungen der Plattentektonik. So schiebt sich Indien nordwärts; die Klüfte sind Gleitflächen, die in dieses Schema passen.
    Notes: Summary The present study aims at making a contribution to the tectonics of the Western Himalayan Regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. During the summer of 1978, the orientation of many joints has been measured in outcrops along the road from Jammuvia Srinagar to Leh. Based upon the contention that the visible rock-joints are shear surfaces produced by the neotectonic stress field, the principal stress directions of the latter can be calculated from a statistical analysis of the orientations of the joints. Furthermore, it has also been proposed that many valley trends follow tectonic shear zones. Thus, a statistical evaluation of the valley trends in Jammu and Kashmir has been made. The analysis of the orientations of joints and river valley trends has shown that, in both these features, there are two pairs of conjugate systems of directions. The first, the preponderant one, has preferred pole directions of N 55°E and N 138°E; it is produced by a principal horizontal compression with an azimuth of N 7°E. The second system is only vestigially developed in the joints, it has preferred pole-azimuths around N 92°E and N 358°E. Field evidence shows joints belonging to this second system to terminate at joints belonging to the first (preponderant) system which permits one to infer that the second system is older than the first and, thus, belongs to previous orientation of the tectonic stress field. In the valleys, both systems are almost equally well developed which indicates that earlier orientations are preserved in valleys for a longer time than in joints. The orientations of the neotectonic stress field deduced from joint-orientation measurements are in good conformity with the ideas of plate tectonics. Thus, India “pushes” (or is dragged) northward; the joints are slip surfaces fitting into this pattern.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 113-126 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Meridionalkomponente der Passatwindsysteme des Nord- und Südpazifik sowie des Nord- und Südatlantik unterliegen Pulsationen über- und unternormaler Konvergenz. Diese Pulsationen besitzen eine Halbperiodendauer der Größenordnung eines Jahres und sind von Niederschlagsschwankungen in der intertropischen Konvergenzzone (ITCZ) begleitet. Es liegen nunmehr Anhaltspunkte vor, die auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Pulsationen und der “southern oscillation”, d. i. die Luftdruckoszillation zwischen Südpazifik und Südindischem Ozean, deuten. Überdies scheint eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen den Pulsationen der atlantischen Passatsysteme und der annähernd zweijährigen Periodizität (QBO) der äquatorialen Windsysteme in der Stratosphäre zu existieren.
    Notes: Summary Thev-components of the trade-wind systems in the North and South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans undergo surges of above- and below-normal convergence. These surges have a typical time scale of the order of a year and coincide with long-term fluctuations of precipitation in the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). There is now evidence that these surges are tied to the “southern oscillation”, i. e. the surface pressure oscillation between South Pacific and South Indian Ocean. Also a strong correlation between the convergence surges of the Atlantic trade-wind systems and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial winds is suggested.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Langfristprognose der 500 mb-Fläche über der Nordhemisphäre wird durch Anwendung autoregressiver, integrierter, gleitender Mittelwertbildung (ARIMA Modelle) versucht. Die Daten bestehen aus monatlichen Höhenwerten an 383 Längen-und Breitennetzpunkten nördlich von 20°N ab Januar 1949. Vorhersagen für ein Monat im voraus wurden erstellt, die zu einer Prognose der allgemeinen Zirkulation in der Norhemisphäre führten. Die Qualität der Prognosen wurde mit diagnostischen Hilfsmitteln und durch Vergleich mit aktuellen Daten überprüft.
    Abstract: Résumé On essaie, à l'aide de modèles basés sur les moyennes mobiles intégrées autorégressives (ARIMA modèles) d'émettre des prévisions à longue échéance des isohypses de la 500 mb pour l'hémisphère nord. Les données sont pour la période débutant de 1949 jusqu'au temps présent et consistent en des valeurs mensuelles à 383 points de grille, cette derniére étant située au nord de 20°N. Les points de grille sont aux intersections des latitudes et longitudes. Des prévisions pour un mois sont générées donnant ainsi des prévisions de la circulation générale pour l'hémisphère nord. Les prévisions sont évaluées en utilisant diverses méthodes de vérification et en les comparant avec les données observées.
    Notes: Summary Long range prediction of 500 mb heights over the Northern Hemisphere is attempted by applying autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The data consist of monthly values at 383 latitude/longitude grid points north of 20°N during the time period January 1949 to the present. One month forecasts are generated, resulting in prediction of general circulation patterns over the Northern Hemisphere. The forecasts are assessed by various diagnostic checks and by comparison with actual data.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 127-147 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Amplitude und die räumliche Struktur der Temperaturschwankungen von drei Stratosphärenschichten (10–30 mb, 30–50 mb und 50–100 mb) in globalem Ausmaß untersucht. Es ergeben sich neue Tatsachen, die ein Licht auf die allgemeine Zirkulation der Stratosphäre werden und die, wie folgt, zusammengefaßt werden können: a) Die quasibiennale Temperaturschwankung (QBO) weist in der äquatorialen Region (10°N) eine längere Periode auf als im Breitengürtel von 20 bis 40°N. b) Die halbjährige Temperaturschwankung (SAO) hat in niedriger Breite eine relativ große Amplitude, aber die Varianz ist über eine Bande von Frequenzen verteilt und nicht auf eine einzige Linie konzentriert. Die SAO verschwindet in 30°N, erscheint dann in 40°N wieder und nimmt bis zu einem Maximum in subpolaren Breiten zu. Es hat den Anschein, daß in 50°N die SAO durch die Änderung der zyklonalen Austauschprozesse vom Winter zum Sommer verursacht wird. In den polaren Regionen verschwindet die SAO in einer Grundvarianz, die über alle höheren Frequenzen verteilt ist. c) Die Grundvarianz nimmt bei Perioden kleiner als ein Jahr mit der Breite und Höhe bis 40°N zu und macht mehr als 10% der Gesamtvarianz in polaren Gebieten aus. d) Globale Schwankungen der Temperatur der Stratosphäre in Periodenlängen von einer Dekade oder mehr werden besprochen und mögliche Ursachen dafür werden vorgebracht.
    Notes: Summary The amplitude and spatial structure of the temperature fluctuations of three stratospheric layers (10–30 mb, 30–50 mb and 50–100 mb) were examined on a global scale. Some new facts emerge which shed light on the general circulation of the stratosphere and which may be summarized as follows: (a) The quasi-biennial temperature oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial region (10 N) has a longer period than that in the latitude belt 20 N to 40 N. (b) The semiannual temperature oscillation (SAO) at low latitude has a relatively large ampltitude but the variance is distributed over a range of frequencies not centered in a line. The SAO disappears at 30 N then reemerges at 40 N and increases to a maximum at sub-polar latitudes. At 50 N the SAO appears to be caused by the variation in the eddy exchange process from the winter to the summer season. In polar regions the SAO disappears in a background variance that is distributed over all the higher frequencies. (c) The background variance at periods less than one year increases with latitude and altitude to the north of 40 N and accounts for more than 10% of the total variance in polar regions. (d) Global fluctuations of stratospheric temperatures on time scales of a decade or more are discussed and possible causes are advanced.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 19-38 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Korrelationen der monatlichen Niederschlagsmengen zwischen Stationen quer durch West-Afrika von der Atlantischen Küste über den Sahel bis zum Rande der Sahara untersucht. Die räumliche Verteilung der gefundenen Korrelationskoeffizienten gliedert sich in drei Regionen, die die Operationsbereiche der wichtigen den Niederschlag in der Region beeinflussenden atmosphärischen Mechanismen abgrenzen. Es zeigt sich ein Korrelationsmaximum für eine Verzögerung um zwei Monate zwischen dem Niederschlag an Stationen im Süden (z. B. Lagos und Bohicon) und an Stationen im Sahel. Dies deutet an, daß der Niederschlag im Sahel aus dem in der vorhergehenden Regenzeit im Süden beobachteten Niederschlag vorhergesagt werden kann. Da deutliche Trends und Periodizitäten in den langjährigen Niederschlagsreihen des Sahelgebietes nicht vorhanden sind, bietet diese Beziehung Aussicht auf eine Verwertung für eine ökonomische und landwirtschaftliche Planung in dieser von Trockenheit betroffenen Zone. Eine Autokorrelation von Beobachtungsdaten verschiedener Stationen in der Dekade 1951–1960 zeigt keine Persistenz an; es wurde aber eine jahreszeitliche Persistenz von Juni–August zu September–November (r=0.49) in der Beobachtungsreihe von Niamy von 1951 bis 1973 festgestellt.
    Notes: Summary This study investigates inter-station correlation of monthly precipitation across West Africa from the Atlantic coast, through the Sahel to the Saharan border. The spatial distribution of correlation coefficients resulting from this exercise falls into three dinstinct regimes which demarcate the domains of operation of the important atmospheric mechanisms affecting precipitation in the region. A two-month lag correlation maximum occurs between precipitation of the Southern stations (e. g. Lagos and Bohicon) and of those in the Sahel. This suggests that the Sahelian precipitation can be forecast from that observed in the South earlier in the rainy season. In the face of the lack of definitive trends and periodicities in the Sahelian long term precipitation records [2] this relationship holds promise for economic and agricultural planning in this drought affected zone. An auto-correlation of various stations' data over the decade 1951–1960 indicates no persistence but a seasonal persistence from June–August to September–November (r=0.49) is found in the Niamey data for 1951–1973.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 39-52 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine in einem allgemein verwendeten Modell der numerischen Wettervorhersage gebrauchte Gleichung vom Poisson-Typ wird mit Hilfe der ADI-Methode mit optimalen Parametern nach Wachpress auf einem trapezoidförmigen Gebiet, das mit dem Vorhersagebereich zusammenfällt, gelöst. Verschiedene Folgen von optimalen Parametern wurden für die entsprechenden Quadrate, die die in Betracht gezogene Region einschließen, erhalten, wobei die Leistungsfähigkeit der Berechnungsmethode das Kriterium war, das die Auswahl der schließlich gewählten besonderen Parameterfolge bestimmte. Hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit der Berechnungsmethode wurden die für einige Tage mit der ADI-Methode erhaltenen Ergebnisse mit den mit der SOR-Methode erhaltenen Ergebnissen verglichen. Es ergab sich, daß für ein Netz von 48×29 Gitterpunkten die ADI-Methode nahezu dreimal so schnell zum Ergebnis führt wie die beste SOR-Methode.
    Notes: Summary A Poisson-type equation arising in a commonly used numerical weather forecasting model is solved using an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method with Wachpress optimum parameters on a trapezoidal domain which coincides with the operational forecast domain. Various optimum parameter sequences were obtained for the corresponding squares which enclose the region under consideration, computational efficiency being the criterion which determined the choice of the particular parameter sequence finally selected. In regard to accuracy and computational efficiency, results over several forecast days using the ADI method were compared with those obtained using the successive overrelaxation (SOR) method. It turned out that for a 48×29 grid the ADI method was nearly three times as fast as the optimum SOR method.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Energiehaushaltsstudien über Festeis wurden in der Nähe von Broughton Island, North West Territory (Kanada) zwischen 13. und 20. Juli 1972 durchgeführt. Mittels der Windprofilmethode wurde der turbulente Wärmestrom abgeschätzt. Zwei klar differenzierte Energiebudgetregime können mit dem Zerfallsstadium des Festeises korreliert werden. Der Übergang zwischen den zwei Regimen erfolgt anfangs Juli. Mit Hilfe der Cluster-Analyse wurden Tage mit ähnlichen Turbulenzstromcharakteristiken innerhalb der zwei Regime gruppiert. In jedem der beiden Ensembles wurde je eine Klasse von Tagen gefunden, in der die Ablation gefördert und eine andere Klasse, in der die Ablation vermindert war. Die Gruppierung der Tage erwies sich als statistisch signifikant. Die Gruppierung innerhalb jedes der beiden Regime kann auch in bezug auf Luftdruckverteilung, Windrichtung und Mitteltemperatur differenziert werden.
    Notes: Summary Energy budget studies over fast ice were carried out near Broughton Island N.W.T. from June 13 to July 20, 1972. Turbulent flux calculations have been performed via an aerodynamic profile approach. Two clearly differentiated energy budget regimes can be related to the stage of decay of the fast ice. The division between the two regimes occurs at the beginning of July. Cluster analysis has been used to group together days with similar turbulent flux characteristics within each of these two regimes. In each set one group of days was found that tends to advance, and another that tends to retard, the snow or ice ablation. These groupings are found to be statistically significant. The groups in each regime can also be differentiated in terms of pressure patterns, direction of airflow and average temperature.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit einer mobilen Meßstation können die räumlichen Änderungen der luftelektrischen Faktoren elektrische Feldstärke und Ionenkonzentration der Luft von den zeitlichen Änderungen deutlich getrennt werden. Die Eignung dieser Methode wird durch Messungen an einer Küste demonstriert.
    Notes: Summary With a mobile measuring station the variations in space of atmospheric-electric factors such as electric field strength and air-ion concentration can clearly be separated from fluctuations in time. Measurements at the coast demonstrate the suitability of this method.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Wärmebilanz eines tiefen Sees mit einer Fläche von 15 ha und einer größten Tiefe von 44 m wird auf Grund von einfachen meteorologischen Daten mit Verwendung einer Parametrisierung von Wärme und langwelligem Strahlungsaustausch in einer Periode von 83 Tagen geschätzt. Die Schätzung wird qualitativ durch den Vergleich zwischen aus dem Wärmehaushalt und dem von Temperaturprofilen im Wasser abgeleiteten Wärmegehalt verifiziert. Dieser Vergleich zeigt, daß man eine gute Schätzung des Wärmehaushalts mit hinreichender Genauigkeit erhalten kann (mittlere Abweichung von 2 Wm−2 mit einer Streuung von ungefähr 50 Wm−2). Die vorgeschlagene Parametrisierung wird dann zur Prüfung einer Methode zur Vorhersage der Mitteltemperatur der Mischungsschicht verwendet. Mit Zeitschritten von 24 Stunden wird eine mittlere Abweichung zwischen den berechneten und den beobachteten Temperaturen um 0.1°C erhalten.
    Abstract: Summary The daily heat-budget of a deep lake, which covers an area of 15 hectares and has a maximum depth of 44 meters, is estimated from simple meteorological data using parametrizations of heat and long-wave radiation exchanges for a 83 days period. The estimation quality is verified by a comparison between the heat contents deduced from the heat budget and from the temperature profiles in the water. This comparision shows that we can get a reasonable estimate of the heat budget with sufficient accuracy (mean difference of 2 w.m−2 with a r.m.s. error of about 50 w.m−2. The proposed parametrizations are then used to test one method of prevision of the mixed layer mean temperature. With a time step of 24 hours, a mean deviation of 0.1°C is obtained between the calculated and observed temperatures.
    Notes: Résumé Le bilan thermique journalier d'un lac profond, d'une surface de 15 hectares et d'une profondeur maximale de 44 mètres, a été estimé à partir de données météorologiques simple et de paramétrisations des échanges de chaleur et radiatifs de grande longueur d'onde sur une période de temps de 83 jours. La qualité de l'estimation est vérifiée par comparaison entre le taux d'échauffement du lac résultant du bilan thermique et celui obtenu à partir de profils de température au sein de la masse d'eau. Cette comparaison montre que l'on peut estimer de façon satisfaisante le bilan thermique (écart moyen 2 w.m−2 avec une dispersion d'environ 50 w.m−2). Les paramétrisations considérées sont ensuite utilisées pour tester une méthode de prévision de la température moyenne de la couche de mélange lacustre. Sur un pas de temps de 24 heures, un écart moyen de 0.1°C entre la température calculée et la température mesurée est obtenu.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die für jahreszeitliche Vorhersagen des Monsunregens in Indien angewendete statistische Technik wird im Lichte neuer Untersuchungen klimatischer Fernbeziehungen überprüft. Eine derartige Analyse gewährt die Möglichkeit für jahreszeitliche Vorhersagen des großräumigen atmosphärischen Verhaltens in den Tropen.
    Notes: Summary The statistical technique used for seasonal forecasting of monsoon rainfall over India has been closely examined in the light of recent studies on climatic teleconnections. Such an analysis provides a potential for seasonal foreshadowing of large-scale atmospheric behaviour in tropics.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 309-339 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand 8jähriger Registrierungen der Konzentration stratosphärischer Radionuklide und des Ozon in 3 km Höhe sowie des atmosphärischen Profils der Ozon-Konzentration und des Gesamt-Ozon wird die Abhängigkeit stratosphärischer Lufteinbrüche in die Troposphäre von solaren Ereignissen analysiert. Ein signifikanter, wenn auch schwacher Einfluß von Sektordurchgängen des interplanetarischen Magnetfeldes beim Polaritätswechsel vom Typ-/+ läßt sich nachweisen, jedoch geht ein jahreszeitlicher Einfluß mit ein. Signifikant und völlig unabhängig von der Phase des solaren Zyklus und der Jahreszeit ist die starke Zunahme der Häufigkeit bzw. der Stärke von stratosphärischen Lufteinbrüchen 2 bis 3 Tage nachH α-Eruptionen (Zunahme um 50 bis 80%). Das atmosphärische Gesamt-Ozon zeigt ebenfalls eine Korrelation mitH α-Eruptionen: Ein gut ausgeprägtes Maximum am Tag vor der Eruption wird festgestellt. Die Neutronendichte zeigt amH α-Stichtag deutlich den Forbush-Effekt. Verwendet man Stichtage mit einem Forbush-Effekt für die Überlagerungs-Analyse, so findet man am Tage vor dem Stichtag ein signifikantes Maximum der Be 7-Konzentration (Anstieg um 45–60%). Auffallend ist die folgende Zeitfolge: Etwa 3 Tage vor derH α-Eruption beginnt die Neutronendichte abzusinken, 1 bis 2 Tage vor der Eruption erreicht das atmosphärische Gesamt-Ozon das Maximum, 2 bis 3 Tage nach derH α-Eruption findet man das Maximum des Be 7 in der Troposphäre als Folge der stratosphärischen Lufteinbrüche. Um Tage mit maximaler Be 7-Konzentration ist die Treffsicherheit von Wetterprognosen eindeutig reduziert. Man hat es also zu diesem Zeitpunkt offensichtlich mit der akuten Aktivierung eines labilen atmosphärischen Zustandes zu tun. Anhand von Tabellen wird der zeitliche Ablauf von charakteristischen solaren atmosphärischen und geophysikalischen Größen im Zusammenhang mit solaren Ereignissen für einige charakteristische Einzelfälle dargelegt. Die zugehörigen Strukturen des vertikalen Ozon-Profiles werden besprochen. Einige vorläufige Gedanken über einen Kausalzusammenhang werden dargelegt.
    Notes: Summary The dependence of stratospheric intrusions on solar events is analyzed on the basis of 8-years' recordings of the concentration of stratospheric radionuclides and the ozone at 3 km altitude, as well as of the atmospheric profile of the ozone concentration and the total ozone. A significant, even though weak influence of solar magnetic sector structure boundary passages of type-/+ can be identified, a seasonal influence, however, is also observed. The strong 50 to 80% increase in the frequency of stratospheric intrusions after solarH α-flares is significant and completely independent of the phase of the solar cycle and season. The total atmospheric ozone shows also a correlation with solar flares: A well defined maximum on the day preceding the flare. The neutron density clearly shows the Forbush decrease on theH α-key day. Using key days with Forbush minimum for the superposed epoch analysis reveals a significant maximum of the Be 7-concentration on the day before the flare (rise by about 45 to 60%). Notable is the following sequence: Approximately 3 days before the solar flare the neutron density begins to decrease, 1 to 2 days before the flare the total atmospheric ozone maximizes, and 2 to 3 days after the flare one finds the maximum of the Be 7 in the troposphere as a consequence of the stratospheric intrusion. Around days with maximum Be 7-concentration the reliability of weather forecasts is clearly reduced — a fact, which at this point is obviously indicative of an acute activation of a labile atmospheric condition. We selected some characteristic individual cases to demonstrate by means of tables the time lapse of typical solar atmospheric and geophysical variables associated with solar flares. The attendant structures of the vertical ozone profile are discussed. Some preliminary reflections on a physical link are set forth.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 387-391 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der bisher wenig beachteten Tatsache, daß bei einer signifikanten Anzahl von mitteleuropäischen Erdbeden, welche eine Epizentralintensität intensität von mindestens 8° MSK erreichten, nach einer mittleren Zeitspanne von 130 Tagen ein weiteres, ähnlich starkes Beben folgte, für welches hier der Terminus „Wiederholungsbeben” verwendet werden soll; dieses Phänomen konnte für den Zeitraum der letzten tausend Jahre bei insgesamt zehn Erdbeben gefunden werden, bei einem weiteren Beben ist die Zuordnung fraglich. Die Reihe beginnt mit einem Erdbeben in der Schweiz im Jahre 1295 und endet mit der Friauler Katastrophe des Jahres 1976, wobei naturgemäß für die frühere zeit die Daten weniger vollständig sind, als dies für die beiden letzten Jahrhunderte der Fall ist. Die Möglichkeit der Existenz eines weiteren typischen Zeitraumes, eines von etwa 40 Tagen, nach dessen Ablauf dem Hauptbeben ein deutlich stärkeres Nachbeben folgt, wird ebenfalls angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with a hitherto little noticed fact that a significant number of earthquakes in Central Europe, reaching an epicentral intensity of at least 8° MSK, are followed by a comparably strong aftershock after a mean period of 130 days which is to be called “recurrence shock” here; this phenomenon could be found with a total of ten earthquakes during the interval of the past one thousand years, while the relationship of one further earthquake to this group is questionable. The series, begins with a Swiss earthquake in 1295 and ends with the Friuli disaster of 1976 whereat, of course, the data for earlier times are less complete than they are for the past two centuries. The possibility of another typical period existing, one of about 40 days, after, which the main shock is followed by a significantly strong aftershock, is also taken into consideration.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 245-254 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtwasserdampfgehalt der Atmosphäre, ausgedrückt als niederschlagbares Wasser (Pw), wurde über Westafrika aus Daten von Abidjan, Bamako, Dakar, Nouadhibou und Niamey berechcet. Der Jahresgang desPw und des tatsächlichen Niederschlages werden miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The total water vapour content of the atmosphere in the form of precipitable water (Pw) has been studied over West Africa, using data from Abidjan, Bamako, Dakar, Nouadhibou and Niamey. Seasonal variations ofPw and of actual precipitation are compared with each other.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der relative Einfluß der atmosphärischen Zirkulation in verschiedenen Niveaus (Meeresniveau, 700 mb und 500 mb-Niveaus) auf die Typisierung 5-tägiger und die Vorhersage 5-tägiger und 10-tägiger Monsunniederschläge in verschiedenen Regionen Indiens während des Sommers (Juni bis September) wird im Detail beschrieben. Regressionsgleichungen wurden entwickelt, in denen 5-tägige Höhenkarten, die durch Tschebyscheff-Polynome angenähert wurden, als unabhängige Veränderliche fungierten und Niederschlag als abhängige Veränderliche betrachtet wurde. Die Höhenkarten wurden über zwei verschieden großen Gebieten herangezogen, a) zwischen 5° und 35°N, 60° und 100°E und b) zwischen 10° und 50°N, 15° und 145°E, um den Einfluß der Gebietsgröße auf die Typisierung und die Vorhersage von Niederschlag zu untersuchen. Die Regressionsgleichungen wurden unter Verwendung jeweils eines einzigen Kartentyps entwickelt. Es wird gezeigt, daß für die Typisierung der 5-tägigen Niederschläge die 700 mb-Karten des kleineren Gebietes besser geeignet sind als die Karten der anderen Niveaus oder des größeren Gebietes. Niederschlagsprognosen hingegen zeigen eine Verbesserung, wenn Karten des größeren Gebietes verwendet werden. Die Resultate konnten noch nicht an Hand von unabhängigem Datenmaterial verifiziert werden, doch können etliche Argumente für die Gültigkeit der Regressionen angeführt werden. Die Resultate lassen darauf schließen, daß Niederschlagsvorhersagen mittels synoptisch-statistischer Methoden für zentral- und westindische Regionen möglich sind. Korrelationen zwischen den Druckverteilungen im Meeresniveau und auf den 700- und 500 mb-Flächen über dem kleineren der beiden Gebiete werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The relative importance of the atmospheric circulation at various levels (mean sea level, 700 mb and 500 mb levels) in specifying (5-day) and predicting (5-day and 10-day) rainfall of various subdivisions in India during the summer monsoon season (June through September) is investigated. Regression equations are developed by taking Chebyshev polynomials fitted to 5-day charts as independent variables and rainfall as dependent variable. Charts of two regions are considered, (i) bounded between 5° and 35° N, 60° and 100° E and (ii) bounded between 10° and 50°N, 15° and 145°E, to study the effect of increasing areal extent of charts in specifying and predicting rainfall. The regression equations are developed by taking parameters from only one type of charts at a time. It is found that for the specification of 5-day rainfall the 700 mb charts for the smaller region are better than those for the other levels or for the large region of 700 mb but the prediction of rainfall shows improvement on using the charts of the larger region. The results are not verified on independent data but certain arguments are put forth for proving their validity. The results show that rainfall prediction may be possible through synoptic-statistical techniques for the subdivisions in central and western India. Correlation coefficients between mean sea-level pressure, 700 mb and 500 mb contour heights for smaller region are also discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 255-265 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for objective forecasts of high fog is shown with especially consideration of the Viennese Basin. Following checks are discussed: 1. global radiation absorption of stratus clouds, 2. altitude of high fog layer, 3. vertical motion and 4. ground moisture. The application of these parameters will be expect an improvement of forecasts of duration and dissipation of high fog.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine neue Methode zur objektiven Vorhersagenerstellung von Hochnebellagen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Wiener Beckens wird vorgestellt. Folgende Prognosenunterlagen sind erarbeitet worden: 1. Globalstrahlungsabsorption der Stratusbewölkung, 2. Untergrenze der Hochnebelschicht, 3. Vertikalbewegung und 4. Bodenfeuchte bei Hochnebel. Die Anwendung dieser Parameter läßt eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Prognose der Hochnebelandauer bzw.-auflösung erwarten.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 267-270 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Dampfdruck wurde mittels der Psychrometergleichung unter Verwendung zweier verschiedener Formen der Psychrometerkonstante bestimmt. Mit zunehmender relativer Feuchte nimmt die Differenz zwischen den beiden Formulierungen ab.
    Notes: Summary Vapor pressure was determined by the psychrometric equation using two forms of the psychrometric “constant”. As the relative humidity increased the differences between these two formulations decreased.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 279-291 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer ozeanographischen Untersuchung der Zirkulation im Ligurischen Meer wird ein Fall von Resonanz zwischen Luftdruck- und internen Wellenschwankungen beschrieben. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der durchgeführten Messungen werden im Detail die Techniken der Spektralanalyse dargelegt und auf die gesammelten Beobachtungsdaten angewendet. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse können als Resonanzübertragung zwischen Luftdruckschwankungen und einer internen Seiche des Beckens erklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary In the frame of an oceanographic research aimed at describing marine circulation in the Ligurian Sea, a case of resonance between pressure and internal waves fluctuations is described. More in detail, after a short presentation of measurements carried out, the spectral analysis techniques are presented and applied to the data collected. The results obtained can be interpreted as a resonant transfer between the pressure fluctuations and an internal seiche of the basin.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 308-308 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 349-359 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A prognostic application of satellite images is possible for meteorological developments that make themselves first noticeable in the cloud field. Two examples for an early recognition of waves in the cloud bands of a front and of upper level lows are discussed and appropriate meteorological parameters are attached.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Satellitenbilder können dann prognostisch verwertet werden, wenn sich Entwicklungen zuerst im Wolkenfeld bemerkbar machen. Beispiele für die Früherkennung einer Welle im Wolkenband einer Front sowie die Früherkennung von Höhentiefs werden diskutiert und geeignete meteorologische Parameter zugeordnet.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 393-396 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 81-92 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a statistical method, the transfer function, that may be useful to urban and regional modeling. An economic-base approach is used to model employment for Benton and Franklin Counties of Washington State. The dynamic structure between the dependent and independent variables is delineated using the transfer function. Thus, a greater understanding of the interrelationship between the time series is provided and more accurate analysis of economic impacts is assured.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 67-80 
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    Notes: Abstract The research premise is that shift-share analysis can provide some useful policy information. The question addressed is: do governmental policies influence the competitive share of a county. Ordinary least squares regression is used to test the relationship between selected state and local government policy choices and the county's competitive share for the time periods of 1962–72, 1962–67, and 1967–72. The policy variables proved to have limited predictive power. The number of cities over 10,000 population, distance to Milwaukee/Minneapolis, percent employed in trade and service activities, and median family income were the strongest influences on county competitive share. The conclusion is that the proxies for state and local economic policy choices are either inadequate or county competitive share is not influenced by governmental action.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 166-171 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 29-35 
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    Notes: Abstract Traditionally, the intraurban location patterns of industrial firms have been explained with an equilibrium bid-rent model. Recently, location theorists have begun to use models which recognize that cities are seldom in long-run equilibrium, largely because of the fixed nature of the stock of buildings and the costs of moving an industrial firm. Utilizing a regression model with qualitative explanatory variables, it is found that the variation of industrial locations is greater across urban areas than across industries. This finding supports the contention that the disequilibrium nature of urban areas should be recognized in explaining emergent location patterns.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 36-43 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examines the impact of academic quality, admissions selectivity, costs, the range of academic programs offered, and location of particular institutions on enrollment shares of these institutions. The findings clearly indicate that tuition and room and board costs, admissions selectivity, and the range of academic programs all strongly affect enrollments.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 44-54 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple econometric model of a state personal income tax is presented. The model is designed for economies subject to rapid population increase by means of a double log specification of an average tax schedule. Various tests are presented to validate the model. It is then incorporated into a full econometric model and the revenue and general equilibrium effects of two types of tax cut are considered. It is found that changes in state personal income tax rate schedules and deduction provisions have significant general equilibrium effects on open economies and these result in substantial induced revenue impacts.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 78-91 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines geographic patterns of firm relocation in the Denver metropolitan area and factors responsible for the decision to move. A sample of 106 manufacturing, commercial, and service enterprises that relocated between 1974 and 1976 are analyzed. Major relationships between selected business operational characteristics, distance moved, and reasons for relocation are discussed. A comparative analysis of firms is undertaken to examine significant differences in relocation and new site selection factors by origin-destination, type of industry, and type of operation. Firm growth is identified as the primary stimulus for relocations and as an important force limiting spatial searches for alternative locations. Market centrality, site economics, and agglomeration economies are shown to be major constraints governing the selection of new sites. Several major issues associated with governmental policy influences upon firm relocations are considered briefly within the context of the empirical results.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 92-97 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 1-7 
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 1-10 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the current public debate over allocation of interior Alaskan forests. It focuses on the timber opportunity forgone if this land is placed in one of the restrictive use categories favored by conservationists. Our finding is that there is no net timber opportunity forgone, now or in the future, under single use timber management. Furthermore, it is unlikely that either the multiple use opportunity including timber or the timber-based regional development opportunity is favorable.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 11-22 
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    Notes: Abstract A method for measuring the relative impacts of an agricultural use value tax program on local tax bases is developed and applied to the case of Hawaii. A simulation model is used to reconstruct local tax bases without the program. The model design takes into account the cumulative growth effects of foregone tax bases over time. The rationale for proper accounting of these foregone growth effects is strengthened by the tendency of tax capitalization effects to lessen the impacts and ultimate transfer effects. The relative impacts of the program on SMSA and rural tax bases are measured by comparing effective tax rates with vs. without the program. The relative impacts have been minor over the first decade of the programless than 0.10% for the SMSA and up to about 1.3% for the rural counties. For the future, even with a recently expanded program, the ultimate transfer effects will tend to be moderated by economic growth and capitalization effects. This moderating tendency is stronger for the SMSA, where there may be greater justification for use value taxation, than for rural counties.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 23-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Twin cities on international borders are common throughout the world. Although located in different countries their economic growth and current levels of income and employment are typically jointly determined through not only each city's basic economic activity but also international trade and resource flows. This paper combines elements of the regional economic multiplier and the foreign trade multiplier models to formulate a twin city multiplier model which shows the levels of income and changes in the levels of income in each border city as a result of changes in economic activity in one twin city.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 66-77 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of the crime deterrence process is formulated based on the assumption that the objective of the police in allocating resources among various programs is to minimize the social losses from crime. The independent deterrent effects of two such programs, patrol and investigation, are analyzed using linear regression analysis and employing data, from police departments in the Los Angeles region. The results support the hypothesized deterrence process and show that, while separate deterrent effects are important, extensive complementarity also exists between patrol and investigation. In addition, it is found that the most cost-effective law enforcement policies for curbing urban crime are those that merely redeploy existing police resources but that social policies, especially those aimed at reducing poverty, are also important alternatives.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 55-65 
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    Notes: Abstract The relation between the diversity of available housing within the black ghetto and the diversity of demand within the same region is the concern of this study. Specifically, the degree to which the black housing market is able to accommodate the variations in demand by black households is examined. The relation between social and residential distances, which is operationalized by employment of the index of dissimilarity, is used as the means for assessing this degree of housing accommodation. The black population of Milwaukee, Wisconsin is used as a case study, while the white population is included for comparative purposes. Results of the analysis show that the supply and location of housing has failed to provide a housing stock that is diverse enough to accommodate the needs of the city's blacks. Middle class blacks may be effected most by the constrained market, because these house-holds are less able to adjust housing according to income than are lower income groups. As a result of this housing allocation process, the social spatial form of the ghetto may differ substantially from the remainder of the city.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 47-53 
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    Notes: Abstract The principal issue addressed in this paper deals with the price profile for a regulated public utility when demand and supply vary spatially and temporally and when demands are temporally interdependent. No simple cost based solution proves possible. Price is determined as a weighted average of marginal operating costs in all periods, capital costs in all periods, and delivery costs.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 54-66 
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    Notes: Abstract The profound disenchantment with zoning as a tool for guiding urban growth has prompted researchers to present and examine a variety of alternatives. This paper examines three widely proposed alternatives to zoning, restrictive covenants, nuisance law and transferable development rights from a property rights perspective. The general case for deregulation of markets is examined and applied to the urban land market. Critical to the feasibility of deregulating the urban land market is the resulting incidence of transactions costs that attend any alternative planning mechanism. It is concluded that although these three alternatives have great potential, given the extreme difficulty of measuring the costs of planning apriori, the present experiments with these proposals must be closely monitored with special attention to the incomes of market intermediaries.
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    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an econometric schema for tax revenue forecasting for regions which are apparently insensitive to national business cycle phenomena. ARIMA methods and simulation procedures for forecasting exogenous income components are linked to standard regression tax forecasting equations for individual income, sales, and use taxes. The procedure is exemplified by the case for Iowa. Forecast accuracy suggests the worth of this approach.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 13 (1979), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We studied the suburbanisation process in Belgium. First, urban population density functions were calculated for Brussels, Antwerp and Ghent. We explained the historical evolution of the suburbanisation, using income and transport costs as the main determinants. Further, income and transport cost elasticities were calculated for the population of central city and the metropolitan area. The results indicate the sensitivity of the suburbanisation process to changes in these economic factors. Because important changes in income and transport costs can be observed during the last years, we conclude that suburbanization is probable to slow down in the near future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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