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  • Spektralphotometrie  (167)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (69)
  • Drosophila melanogaster  (67)
  • Springer  (303)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1975-1979  (303)
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  • Springer  (303)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of cells capable of transdetermination in a specific region of the male foreleg disk ofDrosophila (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Male foreleg disk ; Capacity of transdetermination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the male foreleg disk ofDrosophila melanogaster the cells capable of transdetermination are clustered in a specific region within the upper half of the disk. Cells outside this region cannot transdetermine under any of the experimental conditions thus far applied. Transdetermination occurs when cells capable of transdetermination are stimulated to a certain extent of additional proliferation. This can be achieved either by exposing these cells at a wound surface of an intact fragment, or by dissociation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848088
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized synthesis of specific proteins during oogenesis and early embryogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 151-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Two-dimensional gels ; Protein synthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protein synthesis in egg follicles and blastoderm embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster has been studied by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Up to 400 polypeptide spots have been resolved on autoradiographs. Stage 10 follicles (for stages see King, 1970) were labelled in vitro for 10 to 60 min with35S-methionine and cut with tungsten needles into an anterior fragment containing the nurse cells and a posterior fragment containing the oocyte and follicle cells. The nurse cells were found to synthesize a complex pattern of proteins. At least two proteins were detected only in nurse cells but not in the oocyte even after a one hour labelling period. Nurse cells isolated from stages 9, 10 and 12 follicles were shown to synthesize stage specific patterns of proteins. Several proteins are synthesized in posterior fragments of stage 10 follicles but not in anterior fragments. These proteins are only found in follicle cells. No oocyte specific proteins have been detected. Striking differences between the protein patterns of anterior and posterior fragments persist until the nurse cells degenerate. In mature stage 14 follicles, labelled in vivo, no significant differences in the protein patterns of isolated anterior and posterior fragments could be detected; this may be due to technical limitations. At the blastoderm stage localized synthesis of specific proteins becomes detectable again. When blastoderm embryos, labelled in vivo, are cut with tungsten needles and the cells are isolated from anterior and posterior halves, differences become apparent. The pole cells located at the posterior pole are highly active in protein synthesis and contribute several specific proteins which are found exclusively in the posterior region of the embryo. In this study synthesis of specific proteins could only be demonstrated at those developmental stages which are characterized by the presence of different cell types within the egg chamber, while no differences were detected when stage 14 follicles were cut and anterior and posterior fragments analyzed separately. The differences in the pattern of protein synthesis by pole cells and blastoderm cells indicate that even the earliest stages of determination are reflected by marked changes at the biochemical level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848268
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 249-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern-formation ; Embryogenesis ; Maternal-effect mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationbicaudal (Bull, 1966) causes embryos to develop a longitudinal mirror image duplication of the posteriormost abdominal segments, while head and thorax are missing. These embryos occur with varying frequencies among eggs laid by mutant females, irrespective of the paternal genotype. Recombination and deletion mapping indicate thatbicaudal (bic) is a recessive, hypomorphic, maternal-effect mutation mapping at a single locus on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster close tovg (67.0±0.1). The frequency of bicaudal embryos depends on the age of the mother, her genetic constitution and the temperature at which she is raised. Best producers are very young females hemizygous forbic (bic/Df(2)vg B ) at 28° C. Under these conditions 80% to 90% of the eggs which differentiate can show the bicaudal embryo phenotype. Upon ageing of the mother the frequency of bicaudal embryos declines rapidly, and most of the eggs develop the normal body pattern. Temperature shift experiments suggest a temperature-sensitive period at the onset of vitellogenesis. The mutation causes several types of abnormalities in the segment pattern of theDrosophila embryo, which are interpreted as various degrees of expression of the mutant character. The most frequent abnormal phenotype is the symmetrical bicaudal embryo with one to five abdominal segments duplicated. Less frequent are asymmetrical types, in which the smaller number of segments is always in the anterior reversed part. Other phenotypes are embryos with missing or rudimentary heads, and embryos with irregular gaps in the segment pattern. In bicaudal embryos, the pole cells, formed at the posterior pole of the egg prior to blastoderm formation, are not duplicated at the anterior. The significance of thebicaudal phenotypes for embryonic pattern-formation inDrosophila is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867325
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of clones in the nervous system ofDrosophila melanogaster (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Clones ; Nervous system ; Shibire ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic recombination was induced, by X-irradiation at the blastoderm stage, in flies heterozygous for one of the temperature-sensitive paralytic mutationsshibire andtp-2. The results show that these mutations can be used to detect the presence of clones in the central nervous system through the temperature-sensitive paralysis of individual legs. Mitotic recombination can also be used to examine the effects of these mutations in the peripheral nervous system; shibire is thus shown to affect the function of sensory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848786
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isozymic patterns and functional states of cell lines ofDrosophila melanogaster cultured in vitro. II (1976)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Cell lines ; Isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our previous isoenzyme investigation ofDrosophila melanogaster cell lines in vitro has been completed with twelve further enzyme systems. The “enzyme profiles” seem to be in good agreement with a previous hypothesis concerning the precise origin of these cell lines (probably from imaginal discs or nervous tissues). Our results have been summarized with reference to the biochemical genetic map ofDrosophila melanogaster in order to consider a possible functional organization of the genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the female germ line in mosaics ofDrosophila (1978)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Female germ line ; Mosaics ; Stem cell divisions ; Metafemale ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our report presents an analysis of the development and dynamics of the female germ line inDrosophila. Females were produced that were mosaic either for attached-X chromosomes $$(\widehat{XX})$$ and a ring-X (triplo-X-diplo-X), or for $$\widehat{XX}$$ and a marked Y-chromosome $$(\widehat{XX}/Y - \widehat{XX}/O)$$ . The germ-line and genitalia of these females were analysed by direct microscopic observation or by examination of the progeny. Eggs derived from triplo-X germ cells were hardly capable of supporting development, with most of the zygotes dying during embryonic development. The analysis of the germ line was therefore carried out mainly by direct observation of histochemically stained developing oocytes in the ovaries of mosaic females. The total germ cell population of both ovaries of a female was mosaic in 22–29% of the tested animals. From this frequency of mosaicism we estimated the number of functional primordial germ cells to be betwen 3 and 6 cells at the blastoderm stage. At this stage the cell lineages for the left and right ovary are not yet separated. The germ cell population of individual ovarioles was frequently mosaic which shows that the few stem cells in an ovariole are recruited as a group and are not clonal descendants of a single ancestor cell per ovariole. An analysis of the sequential pattern of oocyte-nurse cell cysts in mosaic ovarioles revealed that neighbouring cysts tend to be of the same genotype. This suggests that the stem cells of the adult ovaries preferentially divide in bursts, one of them giving rise to two, three and sometimes even more cystocytes in a row. In addition, the foci for lethality and sterility of the triplo-X condition were determined. Non-mosaic triplo-X females (metafemales) are hardly viable and invariably sterile. Using our mosaics, the focus forlethality could be mapped to a region very near the ventral prothoracic discs. The focus forsterility resides in the genitalia, since flies with triplo-X genitalia never laid any eggs, regardless of the genotype of their ovaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848668
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rudimentary mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; rudimentary mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The X-linkedrudimentary (r) mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster are pyrimidine auxotrophs and require exogenous pyrimidines (Nørby, 1970; Falk, 1976). We have established a set ofrudimentary cell lines that are derived from embryos, homozygous for eitherr 1 orr 36. The enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine synthesizing enzymes were measured in the mutant lines. We have further investigated the nutritional requirements of the mutant cells in vitro by using a pyrimidine free culture medium. Ther 1 cell lines were found to express 3–7%dihydroorotase (DHOase) activity as compared to a wildtype cell line. Reducedaspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity was measured in somer 1 cell lines whereas wildtypecarbamylphosphate synthetase (CPSase) activity is expressed in allr 1 cell lines. Ther 36 cell line expresses wildtype activity ofDHOase andCPSase. ATCase activity was found to be reduced to 10% of the wildtype activity. The mutant cell lines do not proliferate in pyrimidine free minimal medium and cell proliferation is obtained by the addition of crude RNA. Proliferation of ther 1 cells is restored by the supplementation of the minimal medium withdihydroorotate whereas proliferation of ther 36 cells is restored by supplementation with eitherdihydroorotate orcarbamylaspartate. The results demonstrate that therudimentary phenotypesr 1 andr 36 are expressed at the cellular level and that the two mutant cell types behave as cellular pyrimidine auxotrophs in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848269
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of fat body on the differentiation in vitro of wing imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1976)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ecdysones ; Imaginal discs ; Fat body ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of suboptimal levels of α-ecdysone on the differentiation in vitro ofDrosophila melanogaster wing discs was enhanced by the addition of larval fat body to the cultures. However, similar experiments with β-ecdysome showed no enhancement. It is suggested that a partial conversion of α-ecdysone to β-ecdysone by the fat body may well account for these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848885
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental potentials of the cells of the male foreleg disc ofDrosophila (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Male foreleg disc ; Pattern regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The developmental potentials of the four quadrants of the male foreleg disc ofDrosophila melanogaster were analysed by culturing excised quadrants for 3 days and 10 days in adult hosts prior to metamorphosis. 2. The cultured pieces underwent different types of pattern regulation in a circular direction. The upper medial piece was able to regenerate the missing structures of the disc, thus confirming the findings of earlier reports. The three remaining pieces could undergo pattern duplication in mirror-image symmetry. The lower medial piece revealed in addition a slight capacity for regeneration from the vertical cut surface. 3. The duplicating pieces differed markedly in their frequencies of pattern duplication: duplications occurred with very high frequencies in lower medial pieces, with intermediate frequencies in upper lateral pieces, and with very low frequencies in lower lateral pieces. 4. Both lower lateral and upper lateral pieces underwent a progressive loss of most markers with increasing culture time. 5. Claws were regenerated solely by upper medial pieces. 6. Transdetermined structures, too, were encountered only in upper medial pieces. 7. The results are discussed with respect to the two major current models of pattern regulation in imaginal discs, the “gradient model” and the “clock model”. 8. It is suggested that the differences in the frequencies of pattern duplication reflect the unequal spacing of circular positional values within the three duplicating quadrants. Under this assumption the data indicate a progressive decrease in the density of circular positional values with increasing distance from the upper medial quadrant of the disc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848058
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of enamel matrix proteins on root-analogue surfaces of rabbit permanent incisor teeth (1977)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 223-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel-cementum-morphology ; Immunocytochemistry ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The continuously erupting rabbit incisor tooth is normally thought of as having an enamel covered “crown” on its labial surface and a cementum covered “root” on its lingual surface. We have examined both surfaces of continuously erupting rabbit incisor teeth taken from near term embryos by a variety of means, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, biochemical fractionation, and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, we could detect no qualitative difference in the early extracellular matrices taken from the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth. Both matrices were shown to be composed of dentin and enamel, although the thickness and geometry of the enamel matrix on the lingual surface was somewhat different from that on the labial surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223320
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytochrome photoreversibility: Empirical test of the hypothesis that it varies as a consequence of pigment compartmentation (1978)
    Springer
    Planta 141 (1978), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Avena ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytochrome of oat (Avena sativa L., cv. Garry) coleoptile cells in the red-light-absorbing form, Pr, is diffusely distributed while after conversion to the far-red-light-absorbing form, Pfr, it is observed only in very small areas within the cell. Comparison of phytochrome photoversibility measurements to the distribution of the pigment within the cell indicates that the spectral assay is not influenced by the observed compartmentalization of the chromoprotein. However, the observed compartmentalization of phytochrome is correlated with a loss in spectrophotometrically detectable Pr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387878
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional control of xanthine dehydrogenase. II. Effects on xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase of culturing wild-type and mutant Drosophila on different levels of molybdenum (1975)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 13 (1975), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; xanthine dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two new mutants, deficient in aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, have been isolated from a wild-type stock of Drosophila melanogaster and have been provisionally termed lxd c and lxd d, respectively, as both mutants appear to be allelic with lxd (low xanthine dehydrogenase). An analysis has been made of the effects of dietary molybdenum on lxd, lxd c, lxdd, lao (low aldehyde oxidase), mal (maroon-like eye color), and pac (Pacific) wild-type flies. On the lower dietary levels of 10 −3 M and 10 −2 M molybdenum, increases in specific activity of both enzymes were observed only in lxd. Furthermore, two- to three-fold increases in specific activity of both enzymes occurred in all strains, except mal, when cultured on 5×10 −2 M molybdenum. The lxd and lxd c strains failed to survive on this high concentration of the ion. Similar concentrations of molybdenum had no effect in vitro. An extra electrophoretic band of xanthine dehydrogenase was observed on polyacrylamide gel from extracts of wild-type flies cultured on certain levels of molybdenum, but its appearance was not always correlated with the increases in specific activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486006
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The size of poly(A)-containing RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster embryos (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; poly(A)-containing RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The size range of poly(A)-containing RNA from Drosophila melanogaster embryos has been estimated by hybridization with 3H-labeled poly(U) and subsequent fractionation on sucrose gradients. The median size of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA is about 30 S (6000 nucleotides), and the median size of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA is about 17 S (1800 nucleotides). The relationship of these sizes to messenger RNA needed to code for protein and to the length of DNA contained in a chromomere is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484774
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial purification and properties of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase from Drosophila melanogaster (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: GTP cyclohydrolase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pteridines ; dihydroneopterin triphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The first enzyme (named GTP cyclohydrolase) in the pathway for the biosynthesis of pteridines has been partially purified from extracts of late pupae and young adults of Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolytic removal from GTP of carbon 8 as formate and the synthesis of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(d-erythro-1′,2′,3′-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine triphosphate (dihydroneopterin triphosphate). Some of the properties of the enzyme are as follows: it functions optimally at pH 7.8 and at 42 C; activity is unaffected by KCl and NaCl, but divalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+) are inhibitory; the K m for GTP is 22 μm; and the molecular weight is estimated at 345,000 from gel filtration experiments. Of a number of nucleotides tested, only GDP and dGTP were used to any extent as substrate in place of GTP, and these respective compounds were used only 1.8% and 1.5% as well as GTP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484765
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The suppressor of forked mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: Interactions with the lozenge gene (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phenol oxidases ; spectrophotometry ; electrophoresis ; suppression ; ribosomal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An interaction between the lozenge gene and the suppressor of forked gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated both spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically. The nature of this interaction is such that certain lozenge alleles appear to be phenotypically suppressed while others are enhanced or unaffected, and the results reported demonstrate that the effect can clearly be observed at the biochemical level. Earlier observations have suggested that the suppressor of forked gene codes for a ribosomal protein, and this hypothesis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00485839
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection against homozygotes in the ADH polymorphic system of Drosophila melanogaster associated with the lethal factor l(2) Stm (1977)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 15 (1977), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ; genetic polymorphism ; selection ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the natural populations +Tüb, +Prov, and +Rov, similar Adh F allele frequencies occur (q F=0.11, 0.18, and 0.08, respectively). However, there is a discrepancy in that the Adh F allele in +Tüb is closely linked to the lethal factor 1(2)Stm, which reduces relative fitness of the F phenotype to zero. In spite of this, polymorphism is maintained also in +Tüb, because the heterozygotes are superior to the homozygous S type (relative fitness=0.88). Under laboratory culture conditions, in +Tüb the relative fitness of the S genotype further decreases to 0.6. After outcrossing the lethal factor, relative fitnesses for S, FS, and F become 0.6, 1, and 0.48, respectively, implying that fitness for S remains the same. Relative values for S, FS, and F in +Prov, not affected by the lethal factor, are calculated by the maximum average fitness method to be 1, 1.2, and 0.2 under the assumption that heterozygous FS are similarly superior to S as in the natural +Tüb population and all allele frequencies found are stable equilibrium values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484551
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster and their functional relationship in the α-glycerophosphate cycle (1977)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 15 (1977), S. 235-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) ; isozymes ; development ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The basis for the differentiation of l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) into larval and adult isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by the correlation of a lack of appearance of each isozyme during development within Drosophila bearing α-GPDH “null” alleles and by the study of a putative conversion factor. Conversion studies indicate the presence of a heat-labile RNase-resistant conversion factor present in crude larval extracts with the ability to convert GPDH-1 to GPDH-2 and GPDH-3 but not vice versa. In addition, “null” mutations at the Gpdh locus obliterate all isozymatic species of α-GPDH in all developmental stages. These observations suggest that all α-GPDH isozymes are the product of a single structural gene and that the multiple forms of this enzyme arise during successive developmental stages through an epigenetic modification of the primary Gpdh + polypeptide. Finally, observations are reported which bear on the functional divergence of the α-glycerophosphate cycle in the adult and larval stage of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484456
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and genetic characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants occurring in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1977)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 15 (1977), S. 971-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; thermostability ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; natural populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster collected from natural populations were examined fo thermostability variants within electrophoretic mobility classes of two enzymes. In alcohol dehydrogenase, two discrete forms of the “slow” allozyme and three discrete forms of the “fast” allozyme were revealed by postelectrophoretic treatments ranging from 15 sec at 40 C to 40 sec at 43 C. All variants have been mapped to within 0.7 unit of the Adh locus. Results of a geographic survey indicate that two alleles giving rise to fast-moderate and slow-moderate allozymes are common everywhere; other variants have a collective frequency ranging from 0% to 7%. In a test of the possibility that the rare Adh alleles could be generated by intragenic recombination between the two common alleles, electrophoresis and heat treatment of progeny recombinant for flanking markers of Adh revealed no new allozymes. Among 27 stocks containing slow α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allozymes and 109 fast stocks, heat treatments revealed no additional variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483992
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of drosopterin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Mutants showing an altered pattern of GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; GTP cyclohydrolase ; development ; pteridine biosynthesis ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase is the first unique step of pteridine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster and is therefore likely to be an important control point. GTP cyclohydrolase activity varies during development, showing two distinct peaks of activity—one at pupariation and a much larger peak at emergence. Most of the early pupal enzyme is located in the body region, whereas in late pupal and early adult life most of the activity is found in the head. Mixing experiments indicate that developmental changes in activity are not due to changes in the level of a direct effector of GTP cyclohydrolase. The mutants raspberry and prune show an increased GTP cyclohydrolase activity at pupariation relative to wild type, but a decreased enzyme activity at emergence. The changes in GTP cyclohydrolase activity are reflected in changes in pteridine levels in these mutants. Several lines of evidence suggest that neither locus is the structural gene for GTP cyclohydrolase. The raspberry and prune gene products may play a specific role in regulating GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484381
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  • 20
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    A genetic and developmental analysis of an acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 1113-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; isozymes ; position effect ; segmental aneuploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A deoxyribonuclease, called DNase-1, that is active at acid pH in the presence of EDTA has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus for the enzyme maps genetically to 61.8 on the right arm of the third chromosome. Cytogenetically, DNase-1 has been localized to within five to ten bands between 90C-2 and 90E. This analysis utilizes both electrophoretic variants and the Y-autosome translocations of Lindsley et al. (1972). DNase-1 is present in all stages of the life cycle, and the paternal genome actively contributes DNase-1 to the embryo between 0 and 1 hr after fertilization.
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    Variation in amount of enzyme protein in natural populations (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 159-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; allozyme properties and amounts ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Among strains of Drosophila melanogaster each derived from a single fertilized female taken from natural populations, there is variation in both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and the amount of ADH protein. The correlation between ADH activity and number of molecules over all strains examined is 0.87 or 0.96 in late third instar larvae depending on whether the substrate is 2-propanol or ethanol. With respect to the two common electrophoretic allozymic forms, F and S, segregating in these populations, the FF strains on the whole have higher ADH activities and numbers of ADH molecules than the SS strains. Over all strains examined, enzyme extracts from FF strains have a mean catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule higher than that of enzyme extracts from SS strains when ethanol is the substrate, and much higher when 2-propanol is the substrate. One FF strain had an ADH activity/ADH protein ratio characteristic of SS strains.
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    Alcohol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: Uselessness of the most active aldehyde oxidase produced by the Aldox locus (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 203-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; alcohol tolerance ; alcohol utilization ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde oxidase ; allozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenase is necessary for ethanol detoxification and metabolic utilization. It has been generally assumed that aldehyde oxidase (AO) produced by the Aldox locus (3–56.7) is necessary for a further transformation of acetaldehyde into acetate. We find that various mutant strains (ma-l or Aldox n) which do not produce an active enzyme show about the same tolerance to alcohol as do wild strains. This physiological paradox is probably to be explained by the discovery of another locus (not localized) which produced a small amount of AO in all tested strains. The adaptive significance of the genetically polymorphic Aldox locus is probably to be looked for in physiological pathways other than ethanol metabolism.
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    A simple approach for discovering common nonelectrophoretic enzyme variability: A heat denaturation study in Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 299-305 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: nonelectrophoretic structural variability ; Drosophila melanogaster ; phosphoglucomutase ; genetic polymorphism ; heat denaturation study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple procedure is described to detect genetic heterogeneity within electrophoretic classes at a locus in Drosophila, based on electrophoresis and heat denaturation studies. Temperature-resistant (tr) and temperature-sensitive (ts) isoelectrophoretic alleles at the phosphoglucomutase locus (Pgm) are present at polymorphic frequencies in natural and in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.
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    Developmental changes of sepiapterin synthase activity associated with a variegated purple gene in Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: sepiapterin synthase ; variegation ; purple ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pteridine eye pigments ; drosopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variegated position effect on the autonomous gene, purple, has been studied enzymologically in Drosophila melanogaster. Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system associated with pr +, was examined for activity in different developmental stages of the fly. The results indicate that T(Y:2) pr c5, cn/prc4 cn flies (flies in which pr + has been translocated and which exhibit variegation) have a reduced amount of enzyme activity as compared with both Oregon-R and pr 1 flies. This reduction in activity was not found in larval stages, which suggests that the inactivation process probably occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. The phenotype of the variegated adult has white eyes with red-colored spots and patches where drosopterins occur. The phenotype of the fly carrying the translocation is modified by the presence of additional Y chromosomes. This extends the observation from other systems that extra heterochromatin acts to suppress the variegated position effect. The advantages of studying the variegation by measuring enzyme activity, as well as the phenotypic expression, are several; for example, the developmental time at which variegation occurs may be estimated even though drosopterin synthesis is not occurring.
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    Polymorphism at the G6pd and 6Pgd loci in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Developmental and biochemical aspects (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 1131-1144 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; enzyme polymorphism ; G6PD ; 6PGD ; enzyme activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophoretic variants of G6PD and 6PGD isolated from the Bogota Drosophila melanogaster population were characterized developmentally and biochemically. Changes in in vitro enzyme activity during development were comparable to those found for other dehydrogenases: an increase in the larval and adult stage and a decrease in the pupal stage. During the whole life cycle the “S” enzyme of both loci showed a higher activity than the “F” enzyme. MgCl2 had a stimulating effect on the activity of both enzymes whereas their heat stability was decreased. The allozymes of 6PGD had different Vmax's but were comparable with respect to Km values, pH optimum, and stability at 45 C. the allozymes of G6PD showed different Vmax's and differed in stability at 35 C, but had similar Km values and pH optima. As the difference in stability was probably due to differences in molecular structure of the allozymes, the differences in activity found at high pH and high MgCl2 concentration were most probably due to this difference in stability.
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    Transport defects as the physiological basis for eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1975)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 13 (1975), S. 603-613 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: transport mutants ; eye color mutants ; kynurenine ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Malpighian tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kynurenine-H 3 transport and conversion to 3-hydroxykynurenine were studied in organ culture using the Malpighian tubules and developing eyes from wild type and the eye color mutants w, st, 1td, ca, and cn of Drosophila melanogaster. Malpighian tubules from wild type have the ability to concentrate kynurenine and convert it to 3-hydroxykynurenine. The tubules from w, st, 1td, and ca are deficient in the ability to transport kynurenine, as are the eyes of the mutants w, st, and 1td. This defect in kynurenine transport provides a physiological explanation for the phenotypic properties of the mutants. The relationship of these measurements to previous observations on these eye color mutants is discussed and the transport defect hypothesis is consistently supported. We have concluded that several of the eye color mutants in Drosophila are transport mutants.
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    Correlation of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase activity and the synthesis of pterins in Drosophila melanogaster (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; GTP cyclohydrolase ; pteridine biosynthesis ; development ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enzyme guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTP cyclohydrolase), which in bacteria is known to be the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of pteridines, has been discovered in extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Most of the enzyme (80%) is located in the head of the adult fly. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila has revealed the presence of a relatively small peak of activity at pupariation and a much larger peak that appears at about the time of eclosion. Enzyme activity declines rapidly as the fly ages. Analyses for the production of the typical pteridine pigments of Drosophila have indicated that the small peak of GTP cyclohydrolase activity evident at pupariation coincides with the appearance of isoxanthopterin, sepiapterin, and pterin, and the larger peak at eclosion roughly corresponds to the accumulation of drosopterin as well as to the appearance in larger amounts of pterin and sepiapterin. These observations strongly suggest that in Drosophila, like bacteria, GTP cyclohydrolase is involved in the biosynthesis of pteridines. Analyses of a variety of zeste mutants of Drosophila melanogaster have shown that these mutants all contain GTP cyclohydrolase equal approximately to the amount found in the wild-type fly. These observations do not support the suggestions made by Rasmusson et al. (1973) that zeste is the structural locus for GTP cyclohydrolase.
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    Genetics and physiological expression of β-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase in Drosophila (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 333-342 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: β-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase ; chromosome ; dosage compensation ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant Had nl was induced in Drosophila melanogaster and found to be deficient in β-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase. This mutation was utilized to study the genetics and physiological expression of Had +. Had+ was mapped to the X chromosome at 54.4 and seems to be the structural gene for the enzyme. Enzyme activity in male and female flies indicates that the gene shows both dosage compensation independent from dose effect and differential activity during ontogeny. Electrophoretic mobility data indicate that the enzyme is a dimer which forms by random association of subunits. The fact that the mutant shows no detrimental effect implies that the enzyme is dispensable, at least under laboratory conditions. The biological and technical implications of this gene-enzyme system are discussed.
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    Dietary rescue of a lethal “null” activity allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 469-475 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; Pgd n lethal alleles ; rescue by dietary supplements ; hexose monophosphate shunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic rescue of Pgd n lethal alleles, accomplished by combining them with mutations lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, has led to the hypothesis that Pgd n lethality may be due to the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. In this article we report the rescue of Pgd n /Y males by dietary supplements (fructose and linolenate) designed to minimize 6-phosphogluconate production.
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    Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase 6 ; allozymes ; biochemical properties
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using partially purified preparations from three genotypes, 1/1, 1/2, and 2/2. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be about 90,000, and treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate cleaves the enzyme into four units with a molecular weight of about 22,000. The activity toward 28 naturally occurring esters was assayed and shown to vary considerably with substrate, the 1/1 preparation having in general higher activity than 1/2 and 2/2, which were very similar. Heat sensitivity, the effect of metal ions, and the effects of the presence or absence of an end product were also studied. The differences demonstrated between allozymes would allow considerable scope, under appropriate conditions, for differential selection to operate between genotypes.
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    Properties of the two common electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucomutase in Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 825-836 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phosphoglucomutase ; polymorphism ; enzyme kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) of adult stage in Drosophila melanogaster has been characterized by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The two common electrophoretic variants, PGMA and PGMB, differ with respect to their kinetic and stability parameters. PGMA is more thermostable than PGMB but shows the same pH optimum, equal dependence on Mg2+, and identical molecular weight. There is no significant kinetic difference between the two allozymes at the optimum pH value, but at pH 6.0 the K m value for glucose-1,6-diphosphate of PGMB is significantly higher than that of PGMA. This difference might explain the observed selective advantage of the Pgm A allele in population studies.
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    Biological role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster to aliphatic alcohols: Utilization of an ADH-null mutant (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 989-997 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme biological activity ; toxicity of alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of the first eight primary alcohols and of four secondary alcohols was compared in a wild-type strain (having active ADH) and an ADH-negative mutant. Differences between lc 50 measured in the two strains allowed an evaluation of the biological activity of the enzyme. In vitro, ADH is mainly active on secondary alcohols, while in vivo its main role is the detoxification and metabolism of ethanol. These observations suggest that originally ADH was involved in unknown metabolic pathways and that its utilization in ethanol metabolism could be a recent event.
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    Preparation of specific antisera to Drosophila acid phosphatase without rigorous protein purification (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: null alleles ; antibody purification ; Drosophila melanogaster ; immunological methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts from an acid phosphatase CRM− null mutant of Drosophila melanogaster were used to eliminate contaminating antibodies in a nonspecific preparation of anti-acid phosphatase serum. This method of producing specific antisera makes unnecessary the rigorous purification of an antigen prior to immunization attempts in those cases where CRM− null mutants of the antigen are available. Antisera so prepared could be used for a wide variety of purposes.
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    Association and the Adh locus with a lethal factor (l(2) Stm) in Drosophila melanogaster (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 299-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Keeping Drosophila cultures at 28 C results in elimination of all minor multiple ADH bands, thought to be due to conformational change. Thus in diploid and triploid adults heterozygous for the Adh F and Adh Salleles, relative staining intensities are found for the three bands which were in conformity with the assumption that both alleles are equally expressed. Among all polymorphic strains derived from natural Central European and Mediterranean populations, the strain +Tüb is unique in that its Adh Fallele is closely linked to a new recessive lethal factor, named 1(2)Stm. All Adh F 1/AdhF 1 pupae are unable to emerge, and die. The lethal effect is obvious 50 hr earlier by retarded eye, bristle, and body wall pigmentation. Although all pupae of the phenotype F die, Adh F allele frequency scarcely seems to be lowered in this natural population.
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    Further evidence of thermostability variation within electrophoretic mobility classes of enzymes (1976)
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    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 383-387 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; thermostability ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two Drosophila melanogaster strains, each heterozygous for “fast” and “slow” alleles at the Adh locus, and each having balanced second chromosomes, were found to differ in the apparent thermostability of the slow allozyme. The two strains were crossed, and F1heterozygotes were separated on the basis of the origin of the slow allele. After electrophoresis, the cellulose acetate strips were treated 1 1/2 min at 35 C. The putatively more sensitive allozyme showed a strikingly greater response to heat. These findings further support the conclusion that electrophoretically cryptic allelic differences exist which are expressed in thermostability differences. Further application of this approach has revealed one similar sensitive slow allozyme and three cases of a relatively resistant fast ADH allozyme in wild-caught flies.
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    Demonstration of 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity in Drosophila melanogaster using a null allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 1023-1029 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconolactonase ; hexose monophosphate shunt ; Pgd n Zw n mutants
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a double mutant strain, Pgd n Zw n , we have developed an assay for 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity and have demonstrated its occurrence in adult Drosophila melanogaster.
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    Enumeration of Drosophila form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase initiation sites on Drosophila DNA (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; form II RNA polymerase initiation sites ; chromomeres
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro incorporation of γ-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates into RNA by Drosophila melanogaster form II RNA polymerase from template sites which afford protection from the initiation inhibitor, polyriboinosinic acid (poly [I]), is used as a method for enumerating a specific class of transcription initiation sites on D. melanogaster DNA. Such sites number about 4000 per haploid genome for D. melanogaster. This value is in good agreement with the number of functional genetic units in the D. melanogaster genome as determined by classical cytogenetics.
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    Purine transport by Malpighian tubules of pteridine-deficient eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 565-573 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Malpighian tubules ; purine transport ; eye color mutants ; riboflavin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Uptakes of guanine into Malpighian tubules of wild-type Drosophila and the eye color mutants white (w), brown (bw), and pink-peach (p p) have been compared. Tubules for each of these mutants are unable to concentrate guanine intracellularly. The transport of xanthine and riboflavin is also deficient in w tubules. The transport of guanosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine monophosphate is similar in wild-type and white Malpighian tubules. These data and other information about these mutants make it likely that these pteridine-deficient eye color mutants do not produce pigments because of the inability to transport a pteridine precursor. This view supports the hypothesis that mutants which lack both pteridine and ommochromes do so because precursors to both classes of pigments share a common transport system.
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    Variants of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in diploids and triploids of Drosophila melanogaster (1975)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 13 (1975), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozymes ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of band staining intensities in electrophoretic runs of single flies homozygous and heterozygous for two alleles at the autosomal locus for GPDH, F allele activity is believed to be 8% lower than S allele activity. Indeed, the intensity distribution in the patterns of FSS and FFS triploid females shows that both are not equally expressed. On a per fly or live weight basis, females with two and three doses of the Gpdh gene show bands with equal staining intensity, thus exhibiting a dosage effect when GPDH activity is estimated on a per cell basis.
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    Variation between electrophoretically identical alleles at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1975)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 13 (1975), S. 721-731 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; enzyme variation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; electrophoretically identical alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new variant of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH 71k) was found in a laboratory stock of Drosophila melanogaster. ADH in this stock had the same electrophoretic mobility as the F variant both on acrylamide and on agar. Activity levels were similar to the levels in F flies at temperatures between 15 and 25 C. But while ADH F enzyme is inactivated rapidly at 40 C, ADH 71k is still active. Also, ADH S is not inactivated at this temperature, but has a far lower activity per fly than ADH 71k. Genetic analysis showed that the new variant is an allele of the Adh locus.
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    Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. VIII. The alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in north carolina populations of D. melanogaster (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 47-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila melanogaster ; isozymes ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult Drosophila melanogaster flies collected from populations broadly dispersed over ecological and geographic strata of North Carolina, and over a period of 4 years, were analyzed for alcohol dehydrogenase phenotypes by gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies in spring-summer-fall field collections were remarkably stable over all strata. Two winter collections exhibited contrasting gene frequency changes. In one case the results are interpreted in terms of long-distance migration from Florida, while the other is explicable by assignment of a causal role to environmental factors which accompany the winter season.
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    Heat stability studies at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 769-775 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hidden variation ; α-GPDH ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The level of hidden variation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster at the Gpdh + locus was determined by thermal stability studies of the protein. The results indicate a lack of variation using these methods both in and between the two common electrophoretic variants. It is suggested that α-GPDH is conserved in primary structure, which may be related to its critical role in flight muscle metabolism.
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    Mutagenesis at the cinnabar locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1978)
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    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 855-865 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: kynurenine hydroxylase ; cinnabar locus ; EMS mutagenesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to isolate mutations affecting the temporal appearance of kynurenine hydroxylase in Drosophila melanogaster. Such mutations, lacking or having reduced enzyme activity at the larval or pupal stage only, could represent changes in regulatory functions. Mutagenesis was carried out using EMS. Potential mutations were isolated from mass F1 cultures. The screening of large numbers of individuals was made possible by the use of the mutant red, which allowed visual classification for the presence or absence of the enzyme at both stages. From a series of six mutagenesis experiments 111,561 chromosomes were tested, and 122 phenotypically mutant F1 individuals were found. From these, 38 inheritable mutations were isolated which, by phenotypic observation, lacked or had reduced enzyme activity at the larval and pupal stages. Assay of enzyme activity levels in several of the mutants confirmed the phenotypic data. All of the 27 mutations that could be tested further are recessive and behave as cinnabar alleles. Complementation tests were performed between these 27 mutant stocks, and no complementation in the production of eye color has been seen between the mutants examined. When extended collection periods were used, a significantly higher percentage of inheritable mutations was isolated from the first 3 days of the screen. Over 80% of the F1 phenotypic mutants could be classified as mosaics, which indicates that cinnabar can be autonomous under certain conditions. The failure to isolate mutations in possible regulatory function is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483738
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    Isolation and biochemical analysis of a temperature-sensitive scarlet eye color mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: xanthommatin synthesis ; scarlet mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster ; temperature-sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six new EMS-induced scarlet mutants were selected. Four of these were partially pigmented, with xanthommatin levels ranging from 12% to 45% of normal. In one (st 754ts), pigment production was temperature sensitive; the level of xanthommatin changed from less than 10% of normal at 29 C to more than 70% at 18 C. In all of the new mutants tested, the level of early pupal 3-hydroxykynurenine was as low as low as that in st 1. Thus reduced larval accumulation of this metabolite also appears to be a characteristic feature of scarlet mutants. Temperature-pulse and temperature-shift experiments were carried out with st 754ts to determine the temperature-sensitive period for the scarlet gene during development. The major sensitive period commenced prior to the onset of pigmentation and was over before adult emergence. Thus the initiation of xanthommatin synthesis is not brought about by the activation of the scarlet gene. In similar experiments carried out with a temperature-sensitive white mutant (w bl), a similar temperature-sensitive period was obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484480
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  • 45
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    Partial purification and some properties of biopterin synthase and dihydropterin oxidase from Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 351-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; biopterin synthesis ; oxidation of dihydropterins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An enzyme which has been named “biopterin synthase” has been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme, which has been purified 200-fold from extracts of Drosophila, catalyzes the conversion of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin, or oxidized sepiapterin to biopterin. The K m values for the two substrates are 63 µm for sepiapterin and 10 µm for oxidized sepiapterin. NADPH is required in this enzymatic reaction. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila indicates a correlation between enzyme activity and biopterin content at various development stages. Another enzyme, called “dihydropterin oxidase,” was also discovered and partially purified. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of dihydropterin compounds to the corresponding pterin compounds. For example, sepiapterin (a dihydropterin) is oxidized to oxidized sepiapterin in the presence of this enzyme. The only dihydropterin that has been tested that is not a substrate for this enzyme is dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the compound thought to be a precursor for all naturally occurring pterins and dihydropterins. Since the action of dihydropterin oxidase is reduced significantly when the concentration of oxygen is very low, it is likely that this enzyme uses molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent during the oxidation of dihydropterins. Neither NAD+ or NADP+ is required. In the presence of the two enzymes dihydropterin oxidase and biopterin synthase, sepiapterin is converted to biopterin. However, in the presence of biopterin synthase alone, sepiapterin is converted to dihydrobiopterin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498975
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    Structural and functional analysis of the scute locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1979)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Scute locus ; Maps ; Operon-like model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The functional expression of 12 scute alleles in homozygotes and compounds of Drosophila melanogaster at 14°, 22°, 30°C is analysed. Based on the data obtained, linear maps for bristles and mutations are built. The basic features of the maps, clustering and polarity, are invariable with respect to temperature, scute gene dosage and cross direction. In addition local dominance of the norm over bristle reduction was produced by the scute mutation; different types of complementation reactions were established for each bristle. The gene scute is treated as an operon-like system, composed of 3–4 cistrons with each controlling the formation of bristles on a particular region of the fly's body. This model argues well with the structure of maps constructed and implies a post-translational level of initial events of bristle-formation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268117
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    Immunocytochemical localization of vasotocin and mesotocin in the hypothalamus of lacertilian reptiles (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Lacertilian reptiles ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of lizards was studied with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level. It was shown that vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. The vasotocinergic as well as the mesotocinergic perikarya are of different sizes. Both cell types occur in close juxtaposition, but without a distinct pattern of distribution. The external zone of the lacertilian median eminence contains numerous immunoreactive vasotocinergic fibers and only few immunoreactive mesotocinergic fibers. The general organization of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of lizards, as revealed by immunocytochemistry, is essentially similar to that revealed with unspecific staining methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236415
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    Electron microscopical-immunocytochemical evidence of ecdysteroids in the prothoracic gland of Galleria mellonella (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 285-290 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ecdysteroids ; Prothoracic gland ; Insect hormones ; Galleria mellonella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixation of prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella with a solution containing saponin permits immunocytochemical staining of the entire gland. By this means ecdysteroids were demonstrated electron microscopically to be present in the hyaloplasm and microtubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236420
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  • 49
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    Immunocytochemical identification of enkephalinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish, Carassius auratus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Isotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Goldfish (Carassius)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system in the goldfish hypothalamus reveals enkephalin (ENK)-containing neurons interspersed among the vasotocin (VT)- and isotocin (IT)-containing neurons of the preoptic nucleus. The perikarya of the ENK, VT, and IT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy and are not located preferentially within the nucleus. Separate ENK, VT and IT fibers course laterally and ventrally through the hypothalamus as they descend toward the pituitary gland. All three fiber types form terminals around blood vessels in the neurohypophysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236894
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    Immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP) occurs in the central and peripheral nervous system: Preliminary immunocytochemical observations (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ; Neurones ; Central nervous system ; Peripheral nervous system, gut ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammals ; Birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a candidate hormone of unknown physiological significance. It is produced by a population of endocrine cells in the pancreas. In the present study a PP-like peptide was found to occur in the mammalian and avian central and peripheral nervous systems. Immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies were widely distributed in the brain. Dense accumulations of nerve fibres occurred in the following areas: nucleus accumbens, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, para- and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and medial preoptic area. In addition, nerve fibres were regularly seen in cortical areas. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following regions: cortex, nucleus accumbens, neostriatum and septum. In the gut, immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the myenteric plexus, in smooth muscle, around blood vessels, and in the core of the villi. Immunoreactive perikarya occurred in the submucosal and myenteric plexus, suggesting that PP immunoreactive nerves are intrinsic to the gut. In the species examined, the neuronal PP-like peptide could be demonstrated with an antiserum raised against avian PP, but not with those raised against bovine or human PP. Thus, neuronal PP is distinct from the PP that occurs in pancreatic endocrine cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236410
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    Autoradiographic studies of 3H-dexamethasone uptake by immunocytochemically characterized cells of the rat pituitary (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 347-356 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Dexamethasone ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 3H-Dexamethasone (10 μg/kg) was injected intravenously in adrenalectomized rats and after survival times of 5, 30, 60, and 180 min its uptake within the pituitary was studied by autoradiography. Radioactivity was concentrated in cell nuclei in the pars nervosa and pars distalis. Within the pars intermedia, only cells of the marginal zone were labeled. In the pars distalis, some cells showed a weak nuclear accumulation of radioactivity as early as 5 min after injection. The tissue radioactivity was nearly maximal at 5 min, and the proportion of radioactivity in nuclei reached a maximum of 60–70% by 30 min. In competition experiments, non-radioactive steroids (1 mg/kg) were injected 5 min before 3H-dexamethasone and sacrifice was 30 min later. Dexamethasone markedly diminished the nuclear accumulation in the pars distalis, but corticosterone and progesterone did not. In the pars nervosa, corticosterone and progesterone competed for nuclear uptake of 3H-dexamethasone, although less effectively than dexamethasone itself. Different cell types in the pars distalis were characterized by treating autoradiograms with an immuno-peroxidase bridge procedure. Cells treated with anti-ACTH 17–39 had the greatest nuclear concentration of radioactivity, and those stained with anti-TSH were least heavily labeled. Cells treated with antisera to GH, PRL, and hCG were moderately labeled.
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate neurophysin-vasopressinergic and neurophysin-oxytocinergic nerve fibres in the neural lobe of the rat hypophysis (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat posterior pituitary ; Neurophysin-vasopressinergic and neurophysin-oxytocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was demonstrated that the hormones of the neural lobe of the rat hypophysis are located in separate neurophysin-vasopressinergic and neurophysin-oxytocinergic nerve fibres. These observations confirm the results of our previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219698
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    Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH) pathway of the rat hypothalamus revealed by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 423-430 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone ; Somatostatin ; Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Utilizing the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, we investigated the distribution of hypothalamic elements immunoreactive with antibodies to growth hormonerelease inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH). Immunostained elements, resembling neural processes, are distributed along a pathway corresponding to a portion of the tuberoinfundibular tract. However, GH-RIH fibers are caudal, dorsal and medial to LH-RH fibers detected by the same technique. Similar topographic arrangements are noted in coronal and sagittal sections. Comparable results were obtained with two different preparations of antisera to GH-RIH. No cell bodies specifically stained by anti-GH-RIH were detected. Our data agree with those of other investigators using immunohistochemical techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225761
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    Quantitative autoradiographic assessment of 3H-estradiol uptake in immunocytochemically characterized pituitary cells (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cell types ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dry-mount autoradiography was combined with peroxidase immunocytochemistry to examine estrogen uptake in four pituitary cell types. Quantification by silver grain counts was used to compare 3H-estradiol uptake in nuclei of pituitary cells 60 min after i.v. injection into short-term (control) and long-term ovariectomized and in long-term thyroidectomized rats. Under all three hormonal states, the order of labeling intensity was: gonadotropes 〉 somatotropes 〉 lactotropes 〉 thyrotropes. Long-term ovariectomy caused a significant increase in estrogen uptake of gonadotropes, somatotropes and lactotropes, while uptake in thyrotropes decreased. Long-term thyroidectomy decreased uptake in somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes while gonadotropes remained unchanged.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215122
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    Immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the submandibular gland of adult mice by light and electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 289-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Submandibular gland mice ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the submandibular gland of adult male mice by a direct immunocytochemical method using highly purified antibodies against NGF coupled to horseradish peroxidase. In light microscopic sections the reaction product was entirely confined to the cells of the secretory tubules. The acinar part of the gland was free of reaction product. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. Within the cells NGF was localized exclusively in the apical secretory granules. No reaction was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi region or in the granules of the basal part of the cells. This observation favours the assumption that NGF is derived from a precursor molecule and that the precursor is transformed into immunologically active NGF within the secretory granules during their transport from the basal to the apical part of the tubular cells. Stimulation of the submandibular gland with carbachol (2 mg/kg) led to a massive release of the content of the secretory granules, including NGF, into the salivary duct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219602
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the median eminence of the guinea pig (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LH-RH was localized at the ultrastructural level in axons and nerve terminals of the median eminence of the male guinea pig. LH-RH positive neuronal profiles were most concentrated in the medial-dorsal aspect of the infundibular stalk and in the post-infundibular median eminence at the level immediately following separation of the stalk from the base of the brain. LH-RH containing axon profiles were most abundant in the palisade zone; nerve terminals in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature were relatively rare. The hormone was present within granules that measured 900–1,200 Å in axons of the palisade zone and 400–800 Å in nerve terminals abutting on the portal plexus. The differently sized granules represent heterogeneous populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214205
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    Cell differentiation of the fetal rat anterior pituitary in vitro (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal pituitary ; Cell differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adenohypophysial primordia of rat embryos at 13 to 15 days gestation were cultured in Parker 199 synthetic medium for 2 to 11 days. At the end of the culture period their fine structure and the presence of immunoreactive trophic hormones using the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique were investigated. The degree of differentiation in the glands depends largely on the age of the embryos furnishing the explants. Cultured pituitaries explanted on the 13th day of gestation contain only ACTH-positive cells and about 15% of the cells are granular. The granules are 50–100 nm in diameter in some cells, while in other cells they range from 50 to 200 nm. In cultivated adenohypophysial primordia of embryos on the 15th day of intrauterine life ACTH, prolactin, LH and TSH cells are evident, but only the same two kinds of granular cells can be observed with the electron microscope. The extent of cytodifferentiation in the glands explanted on the 14th day of gestation is intermediate between the two other groups. The data suggest that the fetal rat pituitary has the capacity of self-differentiation but to a lesser extent than that of the in situ hypophysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224303
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin and vasopressin in the median eminence and posterior pituitary of the guinea pig (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Vasopressin ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of tissue prepared by freeze-substitution and the unlabelled antibody enzyme technique, neurophysin and vasopressin were localized at the ultrastructural level in the posterior pituitary and median eminence of the guinea pig. In the posterior pituitary neurophysin was found in the large neurosecretory granules (1300–1500 Å) of axons, Herring bodies, and nerve terminals. In some of these axons immunoreactive neurophysin was found outside of granules in the axoplasm. By light microscopy neurophysin was found in both the zona interna and zona externa of the median eminence; this was confirmed by electron microscopy. In the zona interna as in the posterior pituitary, neurophysin was localized both inside and outside the large neurosecretory granules. In the zona externa, immunoreactive deposit was primarily located in granules with a diameter of 900–1100 Å in nerve terminals abutting on the primary portal plexus. The distribution of vasopressin paralleled that of neurophysin except that the hormone was rarely extragranular. These results demonstrate for the first time that both neurophysin and vasopressin are present in granules of axons that are in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221777
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    Ontogeny of the pig hypothalamic neurosecretory system with particular reference to the distribution of neurophysin (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 543-557 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei ; Fetal and neonatal pigs ; Anti-porcine neurophysin serum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Slab gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoperoxidase cytochemical reaction was applied to the localization of neurophysin-containing elements in the fetal and adult pig hypothalamus. In the 60 day fetal pig, cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were the only structures in the hypothalamus in which neurophysin was detected. However, by 87 days the cell bodies in both the SON and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained neurophysin-like material. The distribution of immunoreactive material in the 111 day fetal animal was similar to that found in the adult pig. In transverse section of the mature pig the SON exists in two discrete components; an antero-lateral group of cells connected by scattered cells to a smaller postero-medial group. Anteriorly, the PVN appears as a line of cells bordering the third ventricle but as we proceed posteriorly the dorsal aspect expands laterally to give a wedge-shaped group of cells. In mid-sagittal sections, the cells of the PVN are distributed over a wide area of the anterior hypothalamus in a triangular profile. The borders between the SON and PVN became more difficult to define in medial sections than in lateral sections. Continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out on the neural lobe extracts from fetal, newborn and adult pigs. Proteins with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of porcine neurophysins-I,-II and -III were present in the newborn and 98 day fetal pig. It is concluded that material immunoreactive with anti-neurophysin serum is present in the hypothalamus of the 60 day fetal pig. Furthermore, at late fetal development and during the postnatal period it is tentatively suggested that the neurophysin present in the pituitaries of these animals is chemically identical with that of adult neurophysin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219944
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic neurons in the amphibian hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amphibian hypothalamus ; Vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic neurons ; Neurophysins ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it was demonstrated that, in the amphibian magnocellular hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system, vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. A tendency to preferential location of the two kinds of neuronal perikarya is described. The neurosecretory perikarya are the origin of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic axons. In the neural lobe, the pattern of distribution of the two types of axons is different. The coarse ventricular “dendrites” of both kinds of neurons are hormone-containing processes. Staining with anti-bovine neurophysin I serum suggested that the vasotocinergic and the mesotocinergic neurons synthesize different neurophysins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218707
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    Isolation, characterization and localization of bovine adrenal medullary myosin (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 17-38 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myosin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Adrenal medulla ; Exocytosis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myosin was isolated in high purity from the bovine adrenal medulla by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified myosin was analyzed by electrophoresis in gels containing SDS and found to contain a 200,000 molecular weight heavy chain and major light chains of molecular weights 20,000 and 17,000 in a 1∶1∶1 molar ratio. At high ionic strength the myosin had high Ca-ATPase and K-EDTA-ATPase activities and low Mg-ATPase activity. At low ionic strength, the Mg-ATPase was activated to a low level by rabbit muscle actin. The myosin was found to decorate F-actin in the absence, but not the presence of ATP. In low ionic strength solutions, the myosin assembled into characteristic bipolar filaments. The distribution of this myosin in the adrenal medulla and of cross-reacting myosin in several other bovine tissues was determined with the use of antimedullary myosin immunoglobulin G as a specific stain that was detected by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. In the medulla strong staining was seen between the chords of chromaffin cells indicating the presence of a highly muscular vasculature that may perform functions analogous to those of the myoepithelium of exocrine glands. The chromaffin cells showed weak positive staining around the nuclei and in a pattern radiating toward adjacent blood vessels. Cells of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex showed strong staining in the peripheral cytoplasm while cells in the intermediate and outer zones did not stain. In a blood smear, platelets and the cytoplasm of leukocytes stained strongly while erythrocytes did not stain. In striated muscle and the gray and white matter of the cerebrum only the capillaries and larger vessels stained. In the liver the phagocytic cells bordering vascular sinuses stained strongly while the hepatocytes were separated from one another by a 2 micron trilaminar band possibly representing the microfilament web surrounding the bile canaliculi and associated with junctional complexes. The results suggest that myosin is present in several highly differentiated, non-motile tissue cells where it may play a role in secretion or other specialized functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232821
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    Spectrophotometric determination of palladium by means of 2-chlorophenothiazine (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 208-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit 2-Chlorphenothiazin ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424116
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    Mesityl oxide as an extractant for titanium(IV) as its thiocyanate complex (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 364-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion als Thiocyanat mit Mesityloxid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429515
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    Spectrophotometric determination of traces of cobalt with 6-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dithiol (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 127-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit 6-Nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dithiol ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432574
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    Study of complexes involved in the determination of copper using 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 285-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-resorcin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Untersuchung der Komplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445642
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    Electrothermal AAS studies of Sm, Eu, Dy, and Er separated from uranium (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthaniden, Europium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Samarium in Uran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies were conducted on the assay of Sm, Eu, Dy and Er separated from uranium using aqueous standards by electrothermal AAS with Massmann type graphite furnace. The working curves were found to be linear in the ranges Sm (1–10 μg/ml), Eu (0.05–0.6 μg/ml), Dy (0.1–0.8 μg/ml) and Er (0.1–1.0 μg/ml). The values obtained for synthetic samples agreed favourably with those obtained by emission spectrographic method. Experiments using pyrolytic carbon coated tubes with and without pretreatment by La, Ta and Y have shown an enhancement with treatment upto a maximum of 15% and improve the memory effect marginally. The effect of Ta treatment was found to be singularly useful in improving the general behaviour of Sm. The interference effects of lanthanides, other than the analyte, were found to be negligible. However, the presence of uranium was found to affect the absorbance. The absorbance of Eu was found to be nearly independent of uranium after an initial increase. On the other hand, the absorbance of other elements studied was found to drastically decrease after an initial enhancement. Detailed investigations of temperature dependence of absorbance were carried out using Eu, Dy and Er. The differences in the behaviour of these elements is attributed to probable differences in the modes of their atomization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe des Graphitrohrofens nach Maßmann durchgeführt. In folgenden Bereichen ergaben sich lineare Eichkurven: Sm 1–10 μg/ml, Eu 0,05–0,6 μg/ml, Dy 0,1–0,8 μg/ml, Er 0,1μ-1,0 μg/ml. Die aus synthetischen Proben erhaltenen Ergebnisse stimmten gut mit den durch Emissionsspektrographie erhaltenen überein. Versuche wurden mit Röhren mit pyrolytischen Kohlenstoffüberzug mit und ohne Vorbehandlung durch La, Ta und Y durchgeführt und ergaben eine bis 15%ige Steigerung durch die Behandlung sowie eine mäßige Besserung des Memoryeffektes. Eine Behandlung mit Ta war besonders für Sm vorteilhaft. Störungen durch andere Lanthanide waren vernachlässigbar. Uran beeinflußte jedoch die Absorption. Im Falle von Eu zeigte sich nach anfänglicher Zunahme fast eine Unabhängigkeit, während bei den anderen untersuchten Elementen nach anfänglicher Zunahme eine beträchtliche Abnahme auftrat. Mit Eu, Dy und Er wurde ebenfalls die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorption untersucht. Festgestellte Unterschiede im Verhalten werden auf unterschiedliche Atomisierung zurückgeführt.
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    Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin D2 (calciferol) by reaction with HCl and tetrachloroethane (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Vitamin D2 ; Spektralphotometrie ; HCl, Tetrachloräthan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471467
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    Spectrophotometric determination of picric acid with zinc and ammonium chloride (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pikrinsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Zink und Ammoniumchlorid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471468
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  • 69
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    Spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI) with Chlorophosphonazo III after tri-n-octylamine extraction (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 284-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Chlorphosphonazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trioctylamin-Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481652
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    Indirect spectrophotometric determination of phosphate using the reaction between cerium(III) and xylenol orange (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 285-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat in Ferrosilicium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Cer/Xylenolorange, indirekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481654
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    Extraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt as pyridine-azide mixed ligand complex (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 413-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyridin und Azid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aussalzungsmittel, Mischkomplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468540
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    Optimierung der spektralphotometrischen Uran(VI)-Bestimmung mit Arsenazo III in starksauren Lösungen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 43-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Arsenazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; starksaure Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481329
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    Spektralphotometrische Bestimmung von Thallium(I)- und Dimethylthalliumverbindungen in geringen Konzentrationen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 46-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium(I), Dimethylthalliumverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481332
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    Indirect photometric determination of microamounts of cerium(IV) using iron(III)-resacetophenone oximate complex (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 270-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; indirekt, Fe(III)-Resacetophenonoximat-Komplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481492
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    Zum Einsatz der Anthronmethode für die Kohlenhydratbestimmung in Huminsäuren (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 264-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenhydraten in Huminsäuren ; Spektralphotometrie ; Anthronmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine modifizierte Anthronmethode zur Bestimmung des Kohlenhydratgehaltes in Fraktionen von Huminsäure-Blei(II)-Chelatverbindungen, die mit chemischen und gelchromatographischen Methoden getrennt wurden, wird beschrieben. Um die Störung der Methode durch die Absorption der Huminsäuren, die mit abnehmender Wellenlänge ansteigt, gering zu halten, wird die Extinktion des Anthron-Kohlenhydrat-Reaktionsproduktes bei 620 nm gemessen. Die Huminsäurekonzentration darf 0,1 g/dl nicht überschreiten. Da die molare Extinktion des Anthron-Reaktionsproduktes von der Art des Kohlenhydrates abhängt, wird der Kohlenhydratgehalt auf das Hauptkohlenhydrat des Huminsäurehydrolysats berechnet (d.h. Glucose).
    Notes: Summary A modified anthrone method is described for the determination of carbohydrates in fractions of lead(II)-chelate compounds of humic acids separated with chemical as well as gel-chromatographic methods. To reduce the disturbance of the method by the absorption of humic acids increasing with the decrease of wavelength, the absorbance of the anthronecarbohydrate reaction products is measured at 620 nm and the humic acid concentration is not allowed to exceed 0.1 g/dl. Because the molar absorptivity of the anthrone reaction-products depends on the type of carbohydrate investigated, the content is calculated for the main carbohydrate of the humic-acid hydrolysate (i.e. glucose).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00488414
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    Formazane als funktionelle Gruppen chelatbildender Ionenaustauscher. I (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 366-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber mit Formazanen ; Spektralphotometrie ; chelatbildende Ionenaustauscher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Darstellung substituierter Formazane und ihre chemische Fixierung an Cellulose, amino- und chlormethyliertem Polystyrol wird beschrieben. Die Kapazitäten der Austauscher liegen zwischen 0,05 mÄq/g (Cellulose) und 0,6 mÄq/g (Polystyrol). In neutralem Medium zeigen sie eine besondere Affinität zu Hg(II), Pd(II) und Ag(I), aber keine Affinität zu Cu(II). Weiterhin wurde eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Hg(II) und Ag(I) mit dem wasserlöslichen Formazan (FII)-NO2 ausgearbeitet [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546 =38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
    Notes: Summary The preparation of substituted formazans and their fixation on cellulose, amino- and chloromethylated polystyrene is described. The capacities of the exchangers vary from 0.05 meq/g (cellulose) to 0.6 meq/g (polystyrene). They show in neutral medium greater affinity to Hg(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I), but no affinity to Cu(II). Further, a spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I) with the watersoluble formazan (FII)-NO2 has been worked out. [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546=38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
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    Über die analoge on-line-Differentiation höherer Ordnung zur Feinauflösung von UV-Visible-Spektren und anderen elektrischen Meßsignalen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 233-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Ableitungen höherer Ordnung, Analogdifferenzierer, Derivativverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine neu entwickelte Analog-Recheneinheit berichtet, mit der man Ableitungen von Spektren und anderen Meßsignalen erstmalig bis zur 7. Ordnung on-line verwirklichen kann. Wie die Prüfungen ergaben, ist die optimale Auflösung in den meisten Fällen mit der 4. Ableitung erreicht. Dann sind nämlich alle Schultern und Wendepunkte der Kurven in bipolare Signale übergeführt. Eine Aufstellung der wichtigsten bisherigen Anwendungsgebiete wird gegeben.
    Notes: Summary This report deals with a newly developed analogue computing accessory by which derivations of spectra and other electric signals up to the seventh order were realized on-line. A thorough study of this apparatus showed that in most cases fine-resolving is reached by the fourth derivation. In this case, all shoulders and points of inflections are resolved to bipolar signals. A number of examples for applying derivative spectrophotometry of higher order (DSHO-method) is also given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491814
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    Application of the orthogonal functions to spectrophotometric analysis (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 400-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bestimmung von Meclozin, Pyridoxin in pharmazeutischen Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonalfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid spectrophotometric method for the analysis of tablets containing the title compounds without preliminary separation is developed. Thus, pyridoxine is determined by measurement at λ max while the six-points quadratic orthogonal polynomial has been used to determine meclozine. The mean percentage recoveries (8 determinations) were found to be 101.71±0.64 and 99.77±0.62% (P=0.05) for meclozine and pyridoxine hydrochlorides, respectively. Neither the Vierordt's nor the absorbance ratio methods gave accurate results as the proposed method. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of market preparations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Verfahren zur schnellen Bestimmung der beiden Verbindungen ohne Vortrennung ausgearbeitet. Pyridoxin wird durch Messung beim Absorptionsmaximum von 292 nm bestimmt, Meclozin wird mit Hilfe eines quadratischen Sechspunkte-Orthogonalpolynoms berechnet. Die Wiederfindungsrate (8 Bestimmungen) lag bei 101,71±0,64 bzw. 99,77±0,62% (P=0,05). Vergleichsbestimmungen nach der Methode von Vierordt und dem Verfahren der Extinktionsverhältnisse gaben weniger genaue Resultate. Die vorgeschlagene Methode wurde mit gutem Erfolg auf handelsübliche Präparate angewendet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481561
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    Extraction and spectrophotometric determination of nickel with potassium ethyl xanthate (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 364-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel mit Äthylxanthat ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00531103
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    BTM, TBTM und SBTM-Reagentien für photometrische Bestimmungsverfahren — aus 4(6)-Amino-2-chalkogeno-uracilen (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 220-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trimethin-Reagentien aus Aminochalkogenuracilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich werden Trimethinfarbstoffe, als Reagentien für die photometrische Magnesiumbestimmung, durch die Kondensation von Malonaldehyd und Barbitursäure bzw. ihren Derivaten hergestellt. Auf ähnliche Weise erhält man mit 4(6)-Amino(2)-chalkogeno-uracilen und Malonaldehyd die Ammoniumsalze der Trimethinfarbstoffe, die sich ohne weitere Aufarbeitung als Reagentien für die photometrische Bestimmung einsetzen lassen. Die Herstellung der Verbindungen wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary It is known that trimethine dyes used for the photometrie determination of magnesium ions can be prepared by the condensation of malonicaldehyde with barbituric acid or its derivatives; In a similar way it is possible to use 4(6)-amino-2-chalcogeno-uracils giving with malonicaldehyde ammonium salts of the trimethine dyes, which are suited for the photometric determination without further manipulations. The preparation is described.
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    2-carboxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylazobenzene-4-sulphonic acid (CHDMAS) as a spectrophotometric reagent for the simultaneous determination of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 304-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Kobalt mit 2-Carboxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylazobenzol-4-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00491333
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    Die Mechanisierung der photometrischen Analyse mit den Bausteinen der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 356-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Mechanisierung, Prinzip, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Prinzip der Automatisierung der photometrischen Analyse mit kontinuierlichem Reagentienfluß und die speziellen Vorteile der Verwendung von Bausteinen der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie werden ausführlich diskutiert. Die Optimierung folgender Parameter wird besprochen: Verweilzeit (Reaktionszeit), Einspritzmenge, Pumpgeschwindigkeit, Säulenabmessungen, Partikeldurchmesser.
    Notes: Summary The principle of automation of photometric analysis by the continuous flow method and the particular advantages of the use of component parts of liquid chromatography are discussed in detail. The optimization of the following parameters is pointed out: residence (reaction) time, injection volume, pumping rate, column dimensions and particle diameter.
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    Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in steel with N-Hydroxy-N-phenyl-N′-p-tolylbenzamidine (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 47-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Hydroxyphenyl-p-tolylbenzamidin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00490948
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    Analytische Bestimmung von Aniontensiden in Schweb- und Sinkstoffen sowie Klärschlämmen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tensiden in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aniontenside, Reinigungsstufen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aniontenside werden an Feststoffen der Gewässer wie auch der Kläranlagen adsorbiert und teilweise angereichert. Ihre analytische Bestimmung erfordert eine mehrstufige Vorarbeit. Sie führt über die Extraktion des Probengutes, die Abtrennung der Tenside von Störstoffen durch Ausblasen (grobe Vorreinigung) und die chromatographische Reinigung der Rohfraktion auf Kieselgelschichten. Die Konzentration der reinen Tensidfraktion kann colorimetrisch oder IR-spektrometrisch bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary Anion tensides are adsorbed on solids in surface waters and sewage treatment plants and enriched to some extent. Their analytical determination requires multi-stage preparations, including sampling, separation of the tensides from disturbing material by air stripping (rough preliminary cleaning), and chromatographic cleaning of the raw fraction on silica gel. The concentration of the pure tenside fraction can be determined colorimetrically or by way of IR spectrometry.
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    Selective and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of Vanadium(V) with p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and Hydroxyamidine (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium(V) mit p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd und Hydroxyamidin ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483599
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    Photometric determination of some aromatic aldehydes with barbituric acid and of barbituric acid with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 302-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aldehyden, aromat. mit Barbitursäure ; Spektralphotometrie. Best. von Barbitursäure mit p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493705
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    Schnelle Bestimmung von Uranspuren in Wasser und Meerwasser (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Arsenazo, Fällg. mit Al-Phosphat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur schnellen und genauen Bestimmung von Uranspuren in natürlichen, auch salzhaltigen Wässern, wird Uran durch Spurenfällung mit Aluminiumphosphat abgetrennt. Durch Auflösen des mit Zinkpulver vermengten Niederschlages erfolgt Reduktion zu U(IV), das mit Arsenazo III bestimmt wird. Der Extinktionskoeffizient beträgt 97000 cm2/Mol.
    Notes: Summary For the precise and accurate determination of uranium in natural, even saline, waters, it is separated by coprecipitation with Al-phosphate. The precipitate is mixed with zinc powder, dissolved and thus reduced to U(IV), which is determined with Arsenazo III. The molar absorptivity is 97000 cm2/mol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481551
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    A new method for separation and spectrophotometric determination of phosphate ion by the liquid-liquid extraction with benzophenone at an elevated temperature (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 23-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat neben Silicium, Arsen, Germanium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion mit Benzophenon, Molybdatmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new type of separation of phosphate ion, along with its spectrophotometric determination, was established by liquid-liquid extraction, where the yellow heteropoly acid formed by the reaction with ammonium molybdate in acid solution is quantitatively extracted into molten benzophenone at a temperature of about 60° C. When cooled down to room temperature, the benzophenone extract converts from the liquid state to the solid state. The resulting solidified extract is dissolved in methyl propionate, and the phosphate ion in the solvent is determined spectrophotometrically by the blue heteropoly acid method. Possible interference by Si, As and Ge is eliminated by the separation procedure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die mit Ammoniummolybdat in saurer Lösung gebildete gelbe Heteropolysäure bei 60° C in geschmolzenes Benzophenon extrahiert. Dieses wird durch Abkühlen verfestigt, in Methylpropionat gelöst und in dieser Lösung das Phosphat spektralphotometrisch als blaue Heteropolysäure bestimmt. Si, As und Ge, die ebenfalls mit Molybdat reagieren, werden durch die Extraktion abgetrennt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481995
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  • 89
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    Isonitrosodibenzoylmethane as an extractant and colorimetric reagent for palladium and ruthenium (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 158-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium, Ruthenium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Isonitrosodibenzoylmethan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521661
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  • 90
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    Spectrophotometric determination of ruthenium(III) with 3-hydroxy-3-(p-dimethyl-aminophenyl)1-phenyltriazene (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 160-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium(III) mit 3-Hydroxy-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-phenyltriazen ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521664
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  • 91
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    The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system and the one neuron -one neurohypophysial hormone concept (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236884
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  • 92
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis with antisera to hormones of the pars distalis (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 443-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cytology ; Pars tuberalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteinizing hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective was to acquire evidence regarding the secretory capacity of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat pituitary by the application of immunocytochemical staining. For this purpose the conjugated antibody and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge techniques were utilized with antisera to the following hormones of the pars distalis: human somatotropin, human thyrotropin, human β-melanotropin, ovine luteinizing hormone (LH), porcine β17–39-corticotropin, and β1–24-corticotropin. Only LH-containing cells were demonstrated. They were exceedingly rare in the cephalic pars tuberalis beneath the median eminence. The frequency of LH-cells was greater in the pars tuberalis associated with the infundibulum and increased distally. LH-cells were most common ventrolateral to the infundibular stem and occurred singly and in clusters. These results indicate that following hypophysectomy the portion of the pars tuberalis that remains in situ has the capacity to secrete only LH of all the pars distalis hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225104
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  • 93
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres in the neural lobe of the amphibian hypophysis (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amphibian posterior pituitary ; Vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was demonstrated that the hormones of the posterior pituitary of Rana temporaria are located in separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of our previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224308
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  • 94
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    Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pig ; Neurophysin-I ; Neurophysin-II ; Immunocytochemistry ; Specific neurophysin neurosecretory systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies raised against porcine neurophysin-I and porcine neurophysin-II using an injection regime in rabbits over a short time period, were used to localize neurophysin-I and neurophysin-II in hypothalamic neurosecretory elements of the domestic pig. In transverse section, neurophysin-II containing cells were more abundant in the dorsal medial region of the rostral supraoptic nucleus (SON) as compared with the distribution of neurophysin-I neurons. The main bulk of the cells of the SON were heavily stained for neurophysin-I with neurophysin-II containing cells positioned dorsal from the edge of the optic chiasma. Neurosecretory cells of the SON as seen in sagittal section also showed a differential staining for neurophysins-I and -II. Rostral regions of the pig paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained magnocellular elements near the third ventricle which were stained predominantly for neurophysin-II. In regions corresponding to the caudal PVN there appeared two populations of neurosecretory neurons: (a) an area of cells adjacent to the third ventricle which contained neurophysin-II antigen and (b) a group of densely populated cells in the dorsal-lateral region which was stained for neurophysin-I. The results support the existence in the pig of at least two distinct populations of neurosecretory neurons corresponding to the neurophysin-I and neurophysin-II neurosecretory system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232077
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  • 95
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    Topography of somatostatin cells in the stomach of the rat: Possible functional significance (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Somatostatin cells ; Rat stomach ; Paracrine action ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatin cells in the stomach of the rat have a characteristic shape and distribution. In the antral mucosa they occur together with gastrin cells and enterochromaffin cells at the base of the glands. In the oxyntic mucosa they are scattered along the entire glands with some predominance in the zone of parietal cells. Throughout the gastric mucosa the somatostatin cells possess long and slender processes that emerge from the base of the cell and end in clublike swellings. Such processes appear to contact a certain proportion of neighbouring gastrin cells in the antral mucosa and parietal cells in the oxyntic mucosa. Exogenous somatostatin given by intravenous infusion to conscious rats counteracted the release of gastrin stimulated by feeding, elevated antral pH or vagal excitation. Gastrin causes parietal cells to secrete HCl and endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa to mobilise and synthesise histamine. Somatostatin is known to block the response of the parietal cells to gastrin. In contrast, somatostatin did not block the response of the histamine-storing endocrine cells to gastrin, perhaps because these endocrine cells lack receptors to somatostatin. Conceivably, somatostatin in the gastric mucosa has a paracrine mode of action. The observations of the present study suggest that somatostatin may affect some, but not all of the various cell types in the stomach. Under physiological conditions this selectivity may be achieved in the following ways: 1) Communication may be based on direct cell-to-cell contact. 2) Only certain cell types are supplied with somatostatin receptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232233
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    Localization of thyrotropin (TSH) in the dog pituitary gland (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 399-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Dog ; Pars distalis ; Thyrotropin (TSH) ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (β) subunits of bovine and rat TSH1, selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in a specific cell population in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. These TSH cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. With the performic acidalcian blue (pH 0.2) -PAS-orange G procedure these cells stained blue-purple, demonstrating FSH/LH cells (blue or turquoise), ACTH/MSH cells (redpurple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The TSH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunocytochemical double staining. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the TSH cells were mostly shown to be smaller in size and less numerous than in bitches in the anestrous phase of the sexual cycle. Moreover, cytological alterations in the immunoreactive thyrotrophs in the pituitary of male and female dogs generally paralleled the spontaneous changes in thyroid function associated with thyroid atrophy and/or pituitary insufficiency, and thyroid hyperplasia or goiter. In conclusion, because of their specificity and high potency, the antisera to the β-subunits of bovine and rat TSH represent an effective tool for the selective immunocytochemical localization of TSH in the dog pituitary. This allows the study of the morphology and function of TSH cells under different physiological, pathological and experimental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224930
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  • 97
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    Immunocytochemical identification of an LHRH-producing system originating in the preoptic nucleus of the duck (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH-neurosecretion ; Avian hypothalamus ; Vasotocin neurosecretion ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fluorescent technique applying specific LHRH and vasotocin antisera was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the respective neurosecretory systems in the hypothalamus of gonadectomized, testosteronetreated and/or serotonin injected male domestic ducks. An immunoreactive (IR) LHRH-producing system, with perikarya located in the preoptic nucleus, could be traced through the ventral hypothalamus down to the external layer of the rostral and caudal ME, in close vicinity to the hypophysial portal system. An IR-vasotocin system originating in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ran through the ventral hypothalamus, but terminated in (i) the external layer of the rostral ME, and (ii) in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220517
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  • 98
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    Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Sheep ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum cross-reactive against ovine neurophysins-I-II and -III has been used in conjunction with the immunoperoxidase histochemical procedure to localize the cells of the sheep paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). In order to describe the topographical distribution of the SON and PVN a study was made on the serial sections cut (a) transversely from rostral to caudal positions and (b) sagittally from lateral to medial positions of the hypothalamus. The cells of the SON, when examined in the transverse aspect, extended approximately 1900 μ caudally and when examined in the sagittal plane were contained within a lateral-medial distance of 4830 μ. In each case the SON cells lay adjacent to the optic chiasm. As sections were cut transversely, the cells of the PVN first appeared in a rostral position defined as 0 μ and close to the ventral lining of the third ventricle. This general ventral and ventro-lateral distribution of cells maintained up to a caudal distance of approximately 840 μ. From positions 1260–2310 μ there was a dramatic dorsal shift of the PVN cells which by this time had also extended laterally. The total rostral-caudal distance occupied by the PVN cells was 3150 μ. That the lateral-medial distance occupied by the PVN was small (1050 μ) was determined on examining the magnocellular nuclei in sagittal section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220519
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  • 99
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    Immunocytochemical study of neurohypophysial peptides during corticotropic maturation of infant rats (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Post-natal development ; Neurohypophysial peptides ; Magnocellular and parvocellular neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical localization of vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OXY) and neurophysins I and II (NI and NII) in the hypothalamus of growing rats revealed several new features. Hormones and neurophysins were present in magnocellular neurons of newborn rats: VP and NII in a first neuronal population, OXY and NI in a second neuronal population. For the first three days after birth, the ratio of detected VP to detected NII increased whereas the ratio of detected OXY to detected NI appeared constant. It was obvious that maturation of the OXY/NI magnocellular system occurred later than maturation of the VP/NII magnocellular system. During the first three weeks of development, VP/NII fibres in the median eminence were separated into two distinct groups: the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract in the internal part of the median eminence, and pericapillary endings heavily loaded with VP and NII in the external part of median eminence. OXY/NI fibres did not show this particular distribution. Therefore, during this post-natal period, loading of infundibular VP endings was related to the increase of ACTH synthesis demonstrated by various authors. Therefore, we suppose that simultaneous participation of VP and corticotropin-releasing hormone does not only appear during experimental and chronic stimulation of ACTH synthesis (after adrenalectomy, for example) but that it also exists during physiological stimulation of corticotropic function. At birth, parvocellular suprachiasmatic neurons were devoid of VP and NIL A slight immunological reactivity appeared in 6-to 10-day-old rats and it became equivalent to the immunological staining in the adult rat during the third post-natal week. Thus, the appearance of suprachiasmatic VP preceded the differentiation of the rhythmic activity of the pituitary adrenal axis. These chronological relationships suggest the involvement of the suprachiasmatic VP-related-peptide in the circadian periodicity of the corticotropic function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235067
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  • 100
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    Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236995
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