ALBERT

Description: Using the fault plane mechanisms of the shallow earthquakes occurring along the Hellenic arc and the extent of the intermediate seismic belt, we make a quantitative estimate of the relative motion occurring between the Hellenic arc and the adjacent sea floor. This estimate is then used to evaluate the deformation in the Aegean area and to reconstruct the pattern of motion over the Eastern Mediterranean region for the last 13 m.y. It is shown that this pattern is compatible with the neotectonic and seismicity studies in Aegea. We then discuss the dynamics of the area and propose that, since Serravallian-Tortonian time, Aegea has been spreading gravitationally in front of the southwestward advancing Turkey. The reasons for this gravitational spreading are discussed.

Description: Data gathered by recent “Islas Orcadas” cruises reveal the seafloor spreading pattern for a region south of the Agulhas/Falkland fracture zone system. The presence of a magnetic anomaly bight about the Agulhas Plateau indicates that the Agulhas Plateau may have developed at the site of a tectonic plate triple junction during the Late Cretaceous. A westward jump in the seafloor spreading center during the Late Maestrichtian (anomaly 34−31) reduced the offset across the Falkland/Agulhas fracture zone system and resulted in the formation of two conjugate aseismic ridges here described as the Meteor and Islas Orcadas Rises. The magnetic lineation pattern in the Agulhas Basin suggests that a tectonic plate (Malvinas Plate) existed during Campanian to Maestrichtian times. Relative rates of motion are calculated for Antarctica, South America, and Africa for the Late Cretaceous.

Description: This chapter discusses the carbon turnover, calcification, and growth in coral reefs. Carbon turnover within a total reef community is a function of two distinct, biochemically interacting cycles. The first is the metabolic cycle consisting of the photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and the release of CO2 by respiration and decomposition processes. Superimposed on this are the direct incorporation of organic compounds (dissolved or particulate; living or non-living) originating outside the reef systems (in the adjacent ocean waters), and the loss of organic compounds from the reef system into the out-flowing water. The second is the inorganic carbonate cycle involving the biological and non-biological precipitation and dissolution of carbonates. Superimposed on this is the loss of particulate carbonates in suspension in the out-flowing water. The main chemical component of a coral-reef system is calcium carbonate, which occurs either as high-Mg calcite, aragonite, or low-Mg calcite. The mean calcification values in various environments at One Tree Reef are presented in the chapter. These data may be converted to an implied vertical growth rate potential assuming that accrual is dominantly aragonite (density = 2.89 g cm–3) and that there is 50% porosity after normal compaction.

Description: The usually high concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu in the most recently accreted portions of ferromanganese nodules from the western Baltic Sea are thought to reflect increased metal input due to anthropogenic mobilization. If so, the point of increase represents a time horizon within the structure of the nodule. Similar trace metal distributions of radiometrically dated sediments from the same area suggest that the ferromanganese nodules have grown in thickness between 0.02 and 0.16 mm yr−1. From this growth rate anthropogenic Zn flux to the nodule surface was calculated to be 80 mg m−2 yr−1.

Description: Microbial decomposition of organic matter in recent sediments of the Landsort Deep—an anoxic basin of the central Baltic Sea—resulted in the formation of a characteristic assemblage of authigenic mineral precipitates of carbonates, sulfides. phosphates and amorphous silica, The dominant crystalline phases are a mixed Mn-carbonate [(Mn0.85Ca0.10Mg0.05)CO3]. Mn-sulfide [MnS] and Fecarbonate [FeCO3]. Amorphous Fe-sulfide [FeS]. Mn-phosphate [Mn3(PO4)2] and a mixed Fe-Ca-phosphate [(Fe0.86Ca0.14)3(PO4)2] were identified by their chemical compositions only. The variability in composition of these solid phases and their mode of occurrence as a co-existing assemblage constrains the conditions and solution composition from which they precipitated. Estimates of activities for dissolved Fe. Mn. PO4, CO3 and S in equilibrium with such an assemblage are close to those found in recent anoxic interstitial water-sediment systems. It is important to have detailed knowledge of the composition and stability conditions of these solid precipitates in order to refine stoichiometric models of interstitial nutrient regeneration in anoxic sediments.

Description: Goban Spur lies on the continental margin of northwest Europe, southwest of Ireland. It is a marginal plateau underlain by Hercynian granites and Palaeozoic sediments, which form large horsts, grabens and tilted fault blocks with a trend that is approximately parallel to the main Celtic/Armorican Shelf edge. The spur is thought to be a westward continuation of the buoyant Cornubian Ridge, and is bounded to the north and south by large fault lines which probably represent reactivation of Hercynian structural trends. The continental basement is further divided longitudinally into a low-lying outer zone (Intermediate Zone) and a high inner region (Goban Spur proper). The ocean/continent boundary is thought to lie at the outer edge of the Intermediate Zone, Sea-floor spreading anomalies immediately west of the Intermediate Zone suggest that the adjacent ocean crust was created prior to anomaly 33 (say at ca. 90 m.y. B.P.). The sedimentary sequence on Goban Spur can be subdivided into four layers which can be tentatively correlated with the stratigraphic succession on the Meriadzek Terrace (IPOD sites). Such a correlation suggests that the lowermost sediment layer (?Jurassic-Albian) represents a tectono-sedimentary rift infill, and that Layers 2–4 (Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary) were deposited during slow epeirogenic downwarping of the plateau and that the sedimentary processes involved both draping and strong current moulding. The relatively buoyant nature of Inner Goban Spur has inhibited the accumulation of a thick post-rifting sedimentary sequence (700–1000 m), and has shielded the Intermediate Zone from downslope mass movements of material. This has resulted in the accumulation of an anomalously thin post-rift stage outer margin sediment prism (ca. 1000 m) compared to most continent rises (up to 10 km).

Description: A bathymetric map of the deep-sea floor off southeastern Africa shows the Agulhas Plateau to be separated from the continental margin of southeastern Africa by a narrow (50 km) elongate depression, the Agulhas Passage, which acts as a deep-water connection between the Agulhas and Transkei basins. Three regionally developed sediment layers occur in the deep (〉 4500 m) Transkei Basin/Agulhas Passage area. With the aid of a simple ocean crust sinking/carbonate compensation level (CCL) model these layers are related to the sedimentation history of the area. The model suggests that acoustic basement (Horizon X) represents Lower Cretaceous limestones draped over oceanic basement, and that this is overlain by an acoustically transparent sequence of pelagic/terrigenous material (Horizon A) that was deposited during a lengthy period (95 m.y.) beneath the carbonate compensation level. Post-Late Miocene sedimentation (Horizons B and C) has probably taken place above the CCL. Local sedimentation has always been influenced by strong sea-floor currents, but since middle Palaeogene times these currents have operated on a regional scale and have generated numerous large ridge and billow-like bed forms.

Description: Many occurrences of mineral resources in ocean water, on the ocean floor and in its deeper parts have long been well-known. This is readily understandable, because numerous ancient mineral products which are exploited on land were originally formed in marine milieus as far back as the Precambrian , e.g., marine sedimentary iron ores, rock salt, potassium, phosphate and manganese , as well as petroleum and natural gas. This book deals with ores in sediments, and in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary (Fowler and Fowler , 1964), ore is defined as "solid native mineral aggregate from which valuable constituents not necessarily metal may be usefully extracted". Therefore , in tllis chapter only mineral resources of inorganic origin in ocean water and on the ocean floor are discussed and not those of organic derivation, although the existence of petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, of coal in the subsurface of the ocean shelves is of greater economic importance. The amount of oil and gas produced in 1969 represented more than 90% by value of all mineral resources obtained from the oceans and ocean floors. Ore deposits in bed-rock formations of the shelf region, such as those which are exploited near Cornwall (England) and Newfoundland for example, are also irrelevant, as these are merely extensions of discoveries on the nearby mainland. The purpose of this chapter is to give a general review of the (inorganic) mineral resources of the oceans and the ocean floors . In this respect, not only are the economically important products which are already in use discussed, but also those materials which, in their oceanic environment, can become of economic value in the near or more remote future. For a better understanding of the existence of such materials, some deposits have also had to be reviewed which will not become of economic value . Since some contributions in this book are specifically dedicated to Recent marine ferromanganese deposits and Recent phosphorite deposits, these mineral resources are only briefly discussed in tllis chapter. (For details on Recent marine and lacustrine manganese deposits see Chapters 7 and 8 by Glasby/Read and by Callender/Bowser, respectively, in Volume 7.) The litarature on the mineral (inorganic) resources of the oceans and ocean floors is extremely extensive, so that a choice had to be made and, therefore, the bibliography added to this chapter consists mainly of recent publications.

Description: Thick sediments (maximum of at least 4900 m) infill the Natal Valley, which lies between the coast of South Africa/Mozambique and the Mozambique Ridge. Eight physiographic provinces are recognised in the valley, and their boundaries can be related to well-defined sediment thickness or facies discontinuities within the basin infill. The acoustic stratigraphy of the area is established by reference to two regionally developed reflecting horizons, which, on the basis of previously published borehole and seismic data, are tentatively identified as mid-Cretaceous (McDuff) and mid-Cainozoic (Angus) hiatuses or important facies boundaries. Sedimentation began in the Natal Valley before mid-Cretaceous times and since then sediment dispersion has been strongly influenced by the disposition of large basement (? volcanic) highs: the approximately NE—SW Almirante Leite and Naudé ridges, and the larger N—S Mozambique Ridge. There is abundant evidence that sedimentation in the vicinity of these ridges has been current-controlled since at least mid-Cainozoic (Angus) times. The two main terrigenous sediment input points have been the Tugela and Limpopo rivers, which have large sediment cones adjacent to their mouths.

Description: Projekte: a) Erosionsbeobachtung im Bereich der Veisnäs-Rinne b) Geräteerprobungen für die Reise JASIN

Description: Food production is affected by climate and by climate change. The indices for climate change may be recognized in long-term systematic observations of oceanic water columns at selected referential sites. The Mediterranean Sea, as part of the global oceanic circulation system, may be sensitive to climatic variation and may have an influence upon climate. The establishment of international referencestations for the Mediterranean area is suggested.

Description: Petrographic examination of amygdules and veins associated with moderately altered pillow basalts dredged from the Peru Trench has revealed that a consistent pattern of mineral crystallization has occurred. This sequence is: (1) green, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. 〉 1.56); (2) dark yellowish brown, non-pleochroic clay (R.I. 〉 1.56); (3) light yellowish brown to colorless, fibrous, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. 〈 1.56); and (4) calcite or celadonite. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that all clay mineral amygdule and vein fillings are dominated by intimate mixtures of an Fe-rich saponite and nontronite with very small admixtures of serpentine and illite. It is argued that sequential mineral fillings of fractures and vesicles may provide significant information about the chemistry of circulating interstitial fluids. For the pillow basalts studied the first-formed clays were enriched in nontronite, thereby suggesting Fe-rich fluids. These in turn were followed by saponite-rich clays and calcite. The change from Fe-and Mg-rich fluids to dominantly Ca-rich fluids is thought to correspond to a change from mafic mineral alteration to plagioclase alteration in the pillow basalts. An increase in the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of clays toward the centers of vesicles may indicate a change toward a more oxidizing environment of alteration.

Description: Five separate exposures of oceanic basalts were dredged in the vicinity of the Peru-Chile Trench between 9° and 27°S latitude. Each dredge is dominated by abundant pillow basalts. Approximately ten of the most unaltered, glassy and fine-grained samples were selected for detailed chemical and petrographic analyses from each dredge area. All basalts recovered in the Peru-Chile Trench are olivine and quartz-normative tholeiites that are believed to have formed at the now extinct Galapagos Rise 30–50 m.y. ago. Detailed chemical analyses of the basalts, including major and selected trace and rare earth elements, indicate that considerable compositional variability exists both within each of the dredged areas as well as between areas. Most of the inherent chemical variability observed within particular basement sections appears consistent with the concept of temporal evolution of magma bodies at a former spreading center by shallow-level fractional crystallization involving primarily plagioclase and olivine. In contrast, important chemical differences between the dredged areas suggest compositional heterogeneities in the mantle source regions. Our results indicate that although shallow-level fractionation has brought about large changes in composition of basalts in each area, compositional trends are distinct and appear to reflect original mantle-derived compositional differences.

Description: Thirty-four ash layers of Pleistocene and Pliocene age from DSDP Site 192, northwestern Pacific Ocean, have been subjected to detailed chemical and optical study to evaluate: (1) the chemical and optical variability in glass shards from deep-sea ash layers, and (2) secondary changes brought about by prolonged exposure to seawater. Glass shards from approximately half of the ash layers studied were found to have uniform compositions which approach the precision of the microprobe chemical analyses, whereas the remainder are compositionally diverse (e.g., SiO2, variations of 5–15% among shards from the same ash layer) and appear to be the eruptive products of compositionally zoned magma chambers. Optical studies of glass shards confirm the absence of devitrification or the formation of pervasive secondary alteration products. By contrast, chemical studies suggest that the glass shards have experienced progressive hydration with possible minor ion exchange of K, Mg, Ca and Si. The hydration occurs rapidly and leads to a rather uniform water content of 4.5–5% after several hundred thousands of years exposure to seawater. Step-wise heating dehydration experiments, optical effects, and published'oxygen isotope studies indicate that the water of hydration is incorporated uniformly within the glass. Systematic chemical differences between electron microprobe analyses of glass shard interiors and corresponding bulk chemical study by atomic absorption lead us to postulate that glass shard margins have undergone a minor chemical exchange with major cations in seawater. They have gained 0.10–0.20 wt. % K20, MgO, and CaO while losing a corresponding amount of Si2O. Although the glass shards from DSDP Site 192 are hydrated and may have experienced subtle, surficial ion exchange, we stress that they are the most chemically representative samples available of magmas that were explosively erupted from volcanic arcs.

Description: A complete set of linearly independent relationships among the different cross spectral components obtained from pairs of moored instruments is derived which can be utilized to test whether or not the observed fluctuations within the internal wave frequency band represent a field of propagating internal waves. A further complete set of relationships is derived which enables to test whether or not the internal wave field is horizontally isotropic and (or) vertically symmetric. These relations are compared with corresponding relations for alternative models (standing internal wave modes, three-dimensional isotropic turbulence) and their capability to discriminate between the various models is investigated. The tests are applied to a set of data for which it is found that the observed fluctuations are consistent with both propagating and standing internal waves whereas isotropic turbulence must be rejected for the most part of the internal wave frequency band.

Description: Deep‐sea drilling in the Antarctic region (Deep‐Sea Drilling Project legs 28, 29, 35, and 36) has provided many new data about the development of circum‐Antarctic circulation and the closely related glacial evolution of Antarctica. The Antarctic continent has been in a high‐latitude position since the middle to late Mesozoic. Glaciation commenced much later, in the middle Tertiary, demonstrating that near‐polar position is not sufficient for glacial development. Instead, continental glaciation developed as the present‐day Southern Ocean circulation system became established when obstructing land masses moved aside. During the Paleocene (t = ∼65 to 55 m.y. ago), Australia and Antarctica were joined. In the early Eocene (t = ∼55 m.y. ago), Australia began to drift northward from Antarctica, forming an ocean, although circum‐Antarctic flow was blocked by the continental South Tasman Rise and Tasmania. During the Eocene (t = 55 to 38 m.y. ago) the Southern Ocean was relatively warm and the continent largely nonglaciated. Cool temperate vegetation existed in some regions. By the late Eocene (t = ∼39 m.y. ago) a shallow water connection had developed between the southern Indian and Pacific oceans over the South Tasman Rise. The first major climatic‐glacial threshold was crossed 38 m.y. ago near the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary, when substantial Antarctic sea ice began to form. This resulted in a rapid temperature drop in bottom waters of about 5°C and a major crisis in deep‐sea faunas. Thermohaline oceanic circulation was initiated at this time much like that of the present day. The resulting change in climatic regime increased bottom water activity over wide areas of the deep ocean basins, creating much sediment erosion, especially in western parts of oceans. A major (∼2000 m) and apparently rapid deepening also occurred in the calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD). This climatic threshold was crossed as a result of the gradual isolation of Antarctica from Australia and perhaps the opening of the Drake Passage. During the Oligocene (t = 38 to 22 m.y. ago), widespread glaciation probably occurred throughout Antarctica, although no ice cap existed. By the middle to late Oligocene (t = ∼30 to 25 m.y. ago), deep‐seated circum‐Antarctic flow had developed south of the South Tasman Rise, as this had separated sufficiently from Victoria Land, Antarctica. Major reorganization resulted in southern hemisphere deep‐sea sediment distribution patterns. The next principal climatic threshold was crossed during the middle Miocene (t = 14 to 11 m.y. ago) when the Antarctic ice cap formed. This occurred at about the time of closure of the Australian‐Indonesian deep‐sea passage. During the early Miocene, calcareous biogenic sediments began to be displaced northward by siliceous biogenic sediments with higher rates of sedimentation reflecting the beginning of circulation related to the development of the Antarctic Convergence. Since the middle Miocene the East Antarctic ice cap has remained a semipermanent feature exhibiting some changes in volume. The most important of these occurred during the latest Miocene (t = ∼5 m.y. ago) when ice volumes increased beyond those of the present day. This event was related to global climatic cooling, a rapid northward movement of about 300 km of the Antarctic Convergence, and a eustatic sea level drop that may have been partly responsible for the isolation of the Mediterranean basin. Northern hemisphere ice sheet development began about 2.5–3 m.y. ago, representing the next major global climatic threshold, and was followed by the well‐known major oscillations in northern ice sheets. In the Southern Ocean the Quaternary marks a peak in activity of oceanic circulation as reflected by widespread deep‐sea erosion, very high biogenic productivity at the Antarctic Convergence and resulting high rates of biogenic sedimentation, and maximum northward distribution of ice‐rafted debris.

Description: Several types of abyssal bedforms have been discovered during surveys with a deeply towed instrument package at water depths of 1.5–6 km in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Cores and current-meter records obtained at the same sites provide data for interpreting their dynamics. Wave and current ripples are best portrayed in bottom photographs, but medium-scale bedforms, including sand waves, mud waves and erosional furrows, are described by interpreting high-resolution side-looking sonar records. The largest examples affect surface-ship echograms, though their shape and structure can seldom be resolved without near-bottom observations. Wave ripples are common on the slopes of seamounts and ridges, while current ripples and sand waves occur beneath some fast thermohaline currents whose beds are shallower than the foraminiferal compensation depth. Depositional and erosional bedforms in cohesive sediment have been found beneath the deepest thermohaline currents; they may be restricted to areas where the flow is unusually steady in direction.

Description: Fünf Dinoflagellatenarten aus der Nordsee werden eingehend beschrieben und abgebildet. Eine der beschriebenen Arten ist neu für die Wissenschaft, eine andere wird vom Niveau einer Varietät zur eigenen Art erhoben, zwei weitere Arten werden als Synonym zu einer anderen Art gestellt.

Description: Die Inkorporation von (14C) - Glukose in Konzentrationen von 1µg C/l durch größenfraktioniertes natürliches Plankton wurde in Wasserproben aus der Kieler Förde bestimmt. Die Größenfraktionierung wurde durch Filtration mit Nuclepore-Filtern abgestufter Porengröße durchgeführt. Organismen, deren Durchmesser weniger als 1 µ betragen, waren in erster Linie (zu mehr als 69%) an der Aufnahme der Glukose beteiligt. Hierbei handelt es sich zweifellos um Bakterien. Von den größeren Fraktionen wurde relativ wenig Substrat heterotroph aufgenommen. Durch mikroskopische Untersuchungen und durch Kulturverfahren konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß auch in diesen Größenklassen die Glukose-Aufnahme durch Bakterien (auf Detritus) anteilmäßig beträchtlich ist. Die Beobachtungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß zumindest bei natürlichen Substratkonzentrationen die Aufnahme der gelösten organischen Verbindungen fast ausschließlich auf Bakterien zurückzuführen ist.

Description: An mehreren Makrobenthosarten der westlichen Ostsee und des Kattegat wurde der Sauerstoffverbrauch in Abhängigkeit vor der Sauerstoffspannung gemessen. Die untersuchten Bewohner sauerstoffarmer Weichböden haben eine niedrige Stoffwechselgröße und die Fähigkeit, die Atmung bis zu einem kritischen Partialdruck von unter 10% zu regulieren. Bei Arten aus besser belüfteten Biotopen nimmt die Stoffwechselgröße zu und die Fähigkeit zur Atemregulation ab. Bei zunehmender Mobilität einer Art wächst die Stoffwechselgröße; eine große Fähigkeit zur Atemregulation kann dabei bestehen bleiben. The oxygen consumption of several macrobenthic species of the western Baltic and Kattegat was measured in dependence of oxygen tension. The examined inhabitants of soft sediments, poor in oxygen demonstrate low metabolic rates and an ability, to regulate oxygen consumption down to critical partial pressures of less than 10%. In species of well aerated biotopes, metabolic rates increase and the ability of respiratory regulation is reduced. With increasing mobility animals increase their metabolic rates. The ability of respiratory regulation needs not to be affected by this.

Description: 1. Haddebyer und Selker Noor am inneren Ende der Schlei werden als Beispiele oligohaliner Lebensräume hydrographisch-physikalisch, chemisch und biologisch untersucht. 2. Auf Grund der gemessenen abiotischen Faktoren werden beide Noore als hypertrophe, homohaline und oligohaline "Stillwasserbuchten" charakterisiert. 3. Eine genauere Untersuchung der aus der Literatur zusammengestellten Artenliste beider Noore und der Vergleich mit dem benachbarten Schleigebiet sowie dem inneren Randersfjord in Dänemark ergibt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit dem von REMANE (1934) gegebenen Schema der Artenverteilung in Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt. Das Haddebyer Noor wird als Gebiet des Artenminimums bestimmt, von dem aus nach beiden Seiten des Salinitätsspektrums die Zahl der Arten wieder ansteigt. 4. Dies wird durch die während des Untersuchungszeitraums gefundenen Arten bestätigt. 5. Die quantitativen Ergebnisse vermitteln eine Vorstellung davon, daß die Artenarmut begleitet wird von einer Massenentwicklung der noch vorhandenen Arten. 6. Die floristischen und faunistischen Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Veränderungen gegenüber den Ergebnissen NEUBAURs und JAECKELs (1935, 1936 u. 1937). Das Phytoplankton wird in der Hauptsache von Cyanophyceen gebildet, die Bivalvier fehlen fast vollständig, Chironomiden treten mit sehr hohen Individuenzahlen auf. 7. Diese Veränderungen werden auf die anthropogene Verschmutzung durch die in die Schlei geleiteten Abwässer zurückgeführt.

Description: Es wird eine einfache Methode beschrieben, die das Erkennen und Auszählen von Bakterienzellen mit aktivem Elektronentransportsystem in Wasser- und Sedimentproben ermöglicht. Sie beruht auf der Reduktion eines Tetrazoliumsalzes (INT) zu rotgefärbtem Formazan. Anhand von 3 Beispielen werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methode diskutiert. A simple method is described whereby it is possible to recognize and count bacteria cells with active electron transport system in samples of water and sediment. lt is based on the reduction of a tetrazoliurn salt (INT) to a red colored formazan. By means of 3 examples the uses of the method are discussed.

Description: The present paper describes an improved method for the semicontinuous culture of bacterial populations on Nuclepore membrane filters. The filters, placed on swimming rings, are incubated in direct contact with the water surface of the flow system, and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The growth activity of both, pure cultures and natural bacterial populations, measured in the flow system is compared to the activity measured in a conventional culture system (incubation of membrane filters on the surface of paper disc saturated with incubation medium). The flow system increases the number and the spectrum of colony forming cells. The reasons for the superiority of the flow system are discussed.

Description: Bei marinen Mollusken, die in der Gezeitenregion der gemäßigten Breiten überwintern, nimmt die Gefrierresistenz in der Reihenfolge Littorina saxatilis, L. littorea, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria und Macoma baltica ab. Die Littorina-Arten ertragen noch mehrstündige Exposition bei -15°C zu einem hohen Prozentsatz. Primärschäden durch Gefrieren bei -10° und -15°C werden im Laufe längerer Hälterung nach der Kälteexposition verstärkt. Im Sommer ist die Gefrierresistenz stark verringert. Tiergröße sowie die Außenbedingungen am Fundort (Salzgehalt etc.) modifizieren die Überlebensfähigkeit bei Frosteinwirkung. Marine mollusks overwintering in the tidal zone of the temperate latitudes show decreasing freezing resistance in the following order: Littorina saxatilis, L. littorea, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria and Macoma baltica. The Littorina species even resist some hours exposure at -15 °C with a high degree of survival. Primary injuries caused by freezing at -10° and -15°C are enhanced during longer keeping subsequent to freezing exposure. From spring to autumn freezing resistance is strongly reduced. Size of the animals and environmental factors of the habitat (salinity etc.) modify survivability during exposure to frost.

Description: In the tropical brackish water lagoon Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta the change of the bacterial population was studied during a period of dropping salinity from September to December 1973. Plate counts on ZoBell's Medium 2216 E with different salinities were made from a series of 11 sections through the lagoon, and compared with the salinity, temperature, and pH of the water. Following the decrease of salinity, a mass development of halophilic bacteria can be observed. They decrease again at a salinity about 3‰ , while the fresh water bacteria reach their maximum. This group made up only 0,1-3,7% of the bacterial flora in the salinity range above 10‰. Among he halophilic bactcria a brown pigmented organism occurs, which resembles Agrobacterium stellulatum, the most common brackish water bacterium of the Baltic Sea. Before the maximal increase of the fresh water bacteria, a pink coloured population of halotolerant aquatic bacteria temporarily appears. 41 brown and 14 pink isolations are maintained in the Institut für Meereskunde in Kiel for further investigations. As in the lagoon, the fresh water inflow influences the salinity and bacterial content in the adjacent coastal region. On a profile from the mouth of the Cienaga seaward the number of halophilic bacteria in the surface layer decreases within 11 nautical miles from 90000 cfu/ml to 60-70 cfu/ml, that of fresh water from 2100 cfu/ml to 20-50 cfu/ml. The fresh water originates mainly from the Rio Magdalena. Between the mouth of the Magdalena and Santa Marta the surface samples show a terrestrial influence. The halophilic bacteria are most numerous with the shallow stations of high nutrient content and decrease with increasing distance from the coast. With the water of the river Magdalena halotolerant fresh water bacteria are transported to the surface layer of the bight, especially the pink organism which was found to be frequent in the Cienaga. In the surface water of Santa Marta the plate counts on sea water agar range from 390 to 20500 cfu/ml, those on fresh water agar from 68 to 12000 cfu/ml. The highest numbers coincide with the inflow of fresh water. The bacterial counts of the 10 metre samples make up about 10% of the surface values.

Description: Kleine Exemplare des Seesterns Asterias rubens (5-10 mm Armradius) sind drucktoleranter als große (25-40 mm Armradius). Die Drucktoleranz nimmt bei dieser Art bei Erhöhung der Temperatur von 5 auf 15°C zu. Durch den Druck verursachte reversible Schädigungen werden bei der höheren Temperatur schneller „repariert". Irreversibel geschädigte Tiere sterben bei 15°C schneller ab als bei 5°C. Die Aktivität des Enzyms Lactat-Dehydrogenase von Asterias rubens wird mit abnehmender Temperatur und steigendem Druck zunehmend gehemmt. Small specimen of the starfish Asterias rubens (radius: 5-10 mm) tolerate higher hydrostatic pressures than larger ones (radius: 25-40 mm). Pressure tolerance of this species increases with rising temperature from 5 to 15°C. Pressure induced reversible injuries are "repaired" more quickly at higher temperatures. Irreversible damaged starfishes die more quickly at 15°C than at 5°C. With decreasing temperature and augmenting hydrostatic pressure the activity of the enzyme Lactate-dehydrogenase of Asterias rubens is increasingly inhibited.

Description: Für den Wasseraustausch in der westlichen Ostsee sind die Transportvorgänge im Fehmarnbelt von sehr großer Bedeutung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist ein Versuch, die Änderungen des Wassertransports durch den Fehmarnbelt in Zeitskalen von einigen Tagen als Wirkung des Windfeldes über der westlichen Ostsee zu erklären und Ansätze für eine Vorhersage zu finden. In der Zeit vom 24.7. bis 7.8.1972, in der die zugrunde liegenden Strömungsmessungen im Fehmarnbelt und bei Gedser durchgeführt werden, ist die Großwetterlage durch ein sommerliches Hochdruckgebiet über Mitteleuropa gekennzeichnet, das nur geringfügig, aber in regelmäßiger Folge durch flache, ostwärts ziehende Tiefs abgeschwächt wird. Die Schichtung von warmem Ostseewasser geringen Salzgehalts über salzreichem Nordseewasser bleibt im ganzen Meßzeitraum erhalten. Die Gezeiten, die durch Kelvin-Wellen beschrieben werden können, erfassen die gesamte Wassersäule gleichmäßig stark, während sich die beobachteten Strömungsschwankungen mit Perioden im Bereich von 50 bis 60 und 100 bis 120 Stunden auf die Oberschicht beschränken. Ein Vergleich der gemessenen mit der aus dem lokalen Windschub berechneten Strömung ergibt, daß der über dem Fehmarnbelt wehende Wind nicht als Ursache der dort auftretenden Strömung in Frage kommt. Die Differenzen zwischen den Wasserständen bei Korsör und bei Gedser und die daraus resultierende Gefälleströmung lassen sich nicht durch statische Reaktion der Oberfläche auf Unterschiede in den Luftdruckschwankungen über Nord- und Ostsee erklären. Aus den Veränderungen des großräumigen Windfeldes, dargestellt mit Hilfe des zeitlichen Verlaufs horizontaler Luftdruckdifferenzen, geht hervor, daß die Windverhältnisse über dem Kattegat sowie der Kieler und Mecklenburger Bucht als Ursache für die Strömung durch den Fehmarnbelt ausscheiden. Zwischen der Ost-West-Komponente des berechneten Windes über der westlichen Ostsee und den langperiodischen Strömungskomponenten durch den Fehmarnbelt besteht dagegen eine lineare Beziehung. Die zwei- und fünftägigen Schwankungsperioden des Windfeldes erzeugen in der Ostsee erzwungene stehende Wellen. Mit Hilfe der Differenzen zwischen den Wasserständen bei Rödby und Puttgarden und bei Korsör und Slipshavn werden effektive Strömungsquerschnitte abgeschätzt, um Transportraten zu bestimmen. Der Vergleich mit dem berechneten, windgetriebenen Transport im Arkona-Becken bestätigt, daß die langperiodischen Strömungsänderungen im Fehmanrbelt durch die Bewegungsvorgänge in der sommerlichen Deckschicht der westlichen Ostsee bestimmt werden. Die Dichtesprungschicht neigt sich im Fehmarnbelt immer aufwärts in Richtung der Strömung in der Oberschicht, so daß in der Unterschicht ein entgegengesetzter horizontaler Druckgradient entsteht, der bewirkt, daß die Oberflächenneigung keinen Einfluß auf die Bodenströmung hat. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen, auch wenn sie unter sommerlichen Verhältnissen durchgeführt worden sind, zeigen, daß für eine Vorhersage des langperiodischen Ein- oder Ausstromtransports durch den Fehmarnbelt die Luftdruckdifferenzen zwischen Kopenhagen und Helgoland und zwischen Gotland und Gelingen herangezogen werden können, während mit Hilfe der Wasserstandsdifferenz zwischen Rödby und Puttgarden der gerade herrschende Transport abgeschätzt werden kann.

Description: Die Untersuchung von Muschelbruchsand aus Gezeitentümpeln eines bei East London (Südafrika) gelegenen Riffs erbrachte 21 Harpacticoiden-Arten, unter denen sich eine mit einer Art vertretene neue Gattung, 11 neue Arten und eine neue Unterart befanden, nämlich Caligopsyllus primus n. gen., n. sp., Paradactylopodia hexarticulata n. sp., Psyllocamptus (Langpsyllocamptus) longisetosus n. subgen., n. sp., Psyllocamptus (Langpsyllocamptus) quadiospinosus n. subgen., n. sp., Ameiropsis australis n. sp., Sarsameira elegantula n. sp., Karllangia tertia n. sp., Parapseudoleptomesochra dubia n. sp., Phyllopodopsyllus langi n. sp., Phyllopodopsyllus paraborutzkyi n. sp., Mesochra bodini n. sp., Laophonte spinifer n. sp. und Typhlamphiascus lamellifer SARS capensis n. ssp. Als Untergattung von Psyllocamptus wird die neue Untergattung Langpsyllocamptus begründet. Beim Vergleich mit Untersuchungen aus anderen Gebieten ergaben sich Ähnlichkeiten mit der Besiedlung von Muschelbruchsand aus der Gezeitenzone der kalifornischen Küste.

Description: 1. An Gammarus salinus und Idotea baltica wurde der Einfluß einer mehrstündigen Beschichtung mit Rohölen auf Überlebensfähigkeit und Atmung der Tiere untersucht. 2. Bei Gammarus salinus betrug die mittlere Überlebenszeit nach Überschichtung mit einer 0,1 mm dicken Ölschicht 1-2 Tage und nahm in folgender Reihe zu: Iran-Rohöl 〈 Libyen-Rohöl 〈 Venezuela-Rohöl. Der Kontrollwert betrug 31 Tage. 3. Bei Idotea baltica lag die mittlere Überlebenszeit bei 41 Tagen für Iran-Rohöl, 48 Tagen für Venezuela-Rohöl und 51 Tagen für Libyen-Rohöl. Der Kontrollwert betrug 56 Tage. 4. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch bei 15‰ S und 15°C sank durch die Überschichtung mit Rohöl aus dem Iran bei Gammarus salinus auf etwa 40% des Normalwertes, bei Idotea baltica auf etwa 70%. The influence of crude oil from Venezuela, Libya and Iran was observed with respect to Idotea baltica and Gammarus salinus. Prior to the measurements the animalsspread out on sand were exposed to a 0,1 mm layer of crude oil for four hours. After this period they were transferred back into sea water of 15‰ S and 15°C. The mean time of survival for Gammarus salinus varied between one and two days: Iran oil 〈 Libya oil 〈 Venezuela oil (control value: 31 days). Idotea baltica showed a greater resistance. The mean time of survival was 41 days for Iran oil, 48 days for Venezuela oil and 51 days for Libya oil (control value: 56 days). At 15‰ S and 15°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus salinus was reduced owing to the influence of Iran crude oil down to 40% of the normal value, in Idotea baltica to 70%.

Description: Prolonged in situ observations of the behaviour of the pelagic amphipod Hyperia galba MONTAGU were carried out in the Baltic Sea in August 1974. On 8 consecutive days, for a definite period of time at dusk and at the first light of dawn, the Hyperia galba which appeared in front of a searchlight were collected. The collections were made by a saturation diver from the underwater laboratory "Helgoland". Analysis of the fixed animals in the laboratory yielded the following results: 1. The females come from the surface to the bottom earlier and return later than the males. Presumably the males and females have a different threshold of stimulation with regard to light. 2. Sinking of the animals to the bottom is not exclusively connected with light, as indicated by diminished catches after development of a thermocline 4-5 m above the bottom. 3. An investigation of the Hyperia galba population in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita showed that 62,5% of the animals taken from Aurelia were females, almost all of them carrying eggs in various stages of development. The Hyperia galba which were caught in front of the searchlights showed that 58,1 % were males.

Description: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen Beitrag zur Klärung des Problems der Selbstreinigung von Gewässern unterschiedlichen Salzgehaltes zu liefern. An Hand verschiedener Parameter wurde in geeigneten Versuchsgefäßen der Abbau von häuslichem Abwasser in Süßwasser und in Ostseewasser verglichen, um festzustellen, wie sich der Salzgehalt auf die Dekomposition der Schmutzstoffe auswirkt. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß dieser im Ostseewasser anfangs nicht langsamer verläuft als im Süßwasser. Erst nach 3-4 Tagen setzt eine Verzögerung ein, die sich vor allem in einer verlangsamten Nitrifikation bemerkbar macht und möglicherweise auf den im Brackwasser stärkeren Rückgang der Abwasser- und Süßwasserbakterien zurückzuführen ist. Die bakterizide Wirkung tritt anfangs infolge der hohen Nährstoffkonzentration zurück und macht sich erst nach einigen (1-3) Tagen bei Abnahme der Nährstoffe bemerkbar. In der Anfangsphase scheint sich der Salzgehalt des Ostseewassers in vitro eher günstig auf den Abbau auszuwirken, wobei vielleicht der höhere osmotische Wert eine Rolle spielt. Die Übertragung dieser in vitro gewonnenen Ergebnisse auf die natürlichen Verhältnisse ist zwar nicht ohne weiteres möglich bei Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse von Standortuntersuchungen im Bereich der Abwassereinleitung der Stadt Kiel in die Ostsee bei Bülk ergibt sich jedoch, daß die Selbstreinigungskraft des Brackwassers so groß ist, daß es von Vorteil sein kann, Küstengewässer an Stelle von benachbarten Binnengewässern als Vorfluter zu verwenden.

Description: 1. Versuche zur Vermehrung und Einwanderung von Colibakterien ins Sediment erfolgten mit dem Teststamm E. coli K.12. Dessen Verhalten wurde in Labor- und Freilanduntersuchungen überprüft und in Abhängigkeit vom Salz-, Nährstoff- und Schwefelwasserstoffgehalt diskutiert. 2. Einwanderung und Vermehrung von E. coli K 12 im Sediment konnte im Laborversuch in speziell dafür konstruierten Säulen beobachtet werden. Im sterilisierten Schlicksediment wurde aktive Einwanderung von E. coli K 12 mit recht gleichmäßiger Geschwindigkeit festgestellt. Im unsterilisierten Sediment erfolgte die Einwanderung mit erheblich höherer Geschwindigkeit. Dieses kann auf einen passiven Transport der Bakterien durch Würmer oder andere schlickbewohnende Tiere zurückzuführen sein. 3. Eine Vermehrung von E. coli K 12 wurde im Laborversuch nur in sterilisiertem Brackwassersediment festgestellt. In allen anderen Proben starben die Keime mehr oder weniger schnell ab. 4. Freilanduntersuchungen im Watt der Nordsee zeigten, daß unter natürlichen Verhältnissen das Absterben von E. coli im Sediment erheblich langsamer erfolgt als im Seewasser gleichen Salzgehaltes.

Description: Die Untersuchung über die benthonische Ostracodenfauna im Oligohalinikum des Haddebyer und Selker Noores und der Vergleich mit der Selker Au (Süßwasser) haben folgendes ergeben: Von 13 gefundenen Arten sind 9 den Nooren (incl. der Selker Au) gemeinsam, 2 sind auf das Haddebyer, 2 auch auf das Selker Noor beschränkt. Neu für das Haddebyer Noor sind 9, für das Selker Noor 6 Arten. 3 von anderen Autoren gefundenen Arten konnten nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Die Selker Au zeigt - mit Ausnahme 1 Brackwasserart - die gleiche artenmäßige Besiedlung wie das Selker Noor. Die hauptsächlich für die Süßwasserarten bekannte "Anpassungsstärke" gegenüber den physiographischen Faktoren wird im Untersuchungsgebiet analysiert. Die Besiedlungsdichte schwankte im Jahresgang zwischen 800 und 418000 Ind./m2. Es wird versucht, diese Schwankungen mittels der Faktoren Salinität, Temperatur, Sauerstoff und Substrat zu erklären. Für das Haddebyer Noor (Station B) konnte das für diesen Salinitätsbereich bekannte Artenminimum festgestellt werden. Zum Selker Noor (geringere Salinität) steigt die Artenzahl an; der Höchstwert wird in der Selker Au (Süßwasser) erreicht. Erwartungsgemäß war die durchschnittliche Besiedlungsdichte in der Selker Au am geringsten. Die Besiedlungsdichte und ihre Schwankungen lassen sich mit dem prozentualen Anteil von Cyprideis torosa an der Artengemeinschaft korrelieren. Die Massenentwicklung aller Arten bei Station H wird auf die Art des Substrates zurückgeführt. Die Zusammensetzung der Artengemeinschaften wird prozentual aufgeschlüsselt. Die Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung (z.B. Monokulturen) werden hauptsächlich mit dem Salinitätsgradienten und dem Konkurrenzdruck durch Cyprideis torosa erklärt. Die marine Faunenkomponente fehlt im Untersuchungsgebiet völlig. Die Noore werden hauptsächlich durch euryöke (euryplastische) Süßwasserarten besiedelt, deren Anteil zum Selker Noor zunimmt, während der Anteil der genuinen Brackwasserarten im Haddebyer Noor stärker ausgeprägt ist. Für Cyprideis torosa konnten die Ergebnisse VESPER's (1972) bezüglich der Größenreduktion und der Buckelbildung im Brackwasser für Haddebyer und Selker Noor als oligohaline Lebensräume bestätigt werden.

Description: Es wird eine Unterwasserfernsehanlage beschrieben, die aus Fernsehkamera, Mikrophon und Video-Recorder besteht, die jeweils in entsprechende Gehäuse eingebaut sind. Damit sind Aufnahmen von 20 min Dauer bis zu Tiefen von 50 m möglich. An underwater TV-set is described which consists of TV-camera, microphone and Videorecorder in separate housings. 20 min-recordings down to 50 m are possible.

Description: In the scope of our investigations on the basic processes in a soft-bottom macrobenthos community, as a preliminary test, a series of five 1 m2 metal boxes filled with sterilized sediment from the surrounding habitat was exposed in an enclosed area in the western Kiel Bight at a depth of 20 m from September 1972 until July 1975. The establishment and succession of the soft bottom association in the boxes was followed and compared to the association on the surrounding sea floor by monthly to bimonthly sampling by the diving group of SFB 95. While the number of species increases continuously until a final level of about 20 per 0.1 m2 is reached in January 1974, the values of total biomass (the starfish excluded) fluctuate seasonally being high in autumn and early winter and low in March and April. In a late experimental stage in January 1975, before or just in the beginning period of the regression of the bivalve populations, the association in the boxes (80g wet wt./m2) has only reached 50% of the biomass of the assemblage outside where large long-lived and slowly growing bivalve species contribute 75% of macrobenthos weight. The data of total specimen number fluctuate widely due to oxygen deficiency in late 1973 followed by a high colonization activity by opportunistic spionid species immediately after. According to the dominance in specimen numbers of the major taxononomic groups, three phases can be distinguisted: crustacea (mainly Diastylis rathkei) - sedentary polychaetes (spionids, Pectinaria koreni) - bivalves (Abra alba) together with errant polychaetes (Nepthys spp.). In terms of biomass, however, there is an additional phase of echinoderm prevalence (Asterias rubens) during the last five months. The starfish obviously utilize the bivalve production to a high extent: between 94 and 75 % mortality for the three most abundant bivalve species within six months. For the last six months of the experiment, the net production of all bivalve species is calculated as 24g wet wt./m2, i.e. 0.61 g organic carbon of living tissue, most of which is produced by only three species (Abra alba, Cardium fasciatum and Mya truncata: 22g wet wt/m2.) lt is suggested that predators are of eminent importance in controlling succession and production of the new association. The effects of the experimental conditions on the findings is discussed, and a design for extended interdisciplinary in situ experiments to be carried out from 1976 on, based on the experiences of this first test, is presented.

Description: The intention was to study recruitment of benthic macrofauna to an exposed shore. Two mesh-sizes (1.0 and 0.5 mm) were used. The additional abundance and biomass in the finer sieve show both temporal and spatial variations. Maximum values were found in the autumn and at the shallowest station (5 m). The reasons for this are discussed.

Description: In 1975 and 1976 at two stations in the Arkana and the Bornholm Sea the dynamics of the plankton development were studied. The annual course of the measured biological parameters shows peaks of phytoplankton productivity in spring and summer, and of zooplankton in summer. In spring also the phytoplankton biomass reaches a maximum while in August only low chlorophyll values could be observed. In summertime the pelagic system is characterized by an equilibrium state. In autumn after a possible autumnal bloom of phytoplankton all biological parameters sink down to a winter level.

Description: Nitrogen fixation measurements carried out in 1974 and 1975 in the Baltic Sea showed that heterocyst fixed nitrogen c. 3.5 pg (2)-1. According to our preliminary calculations the amount of nitrogen fixed in 1974 in the northern and central Baltic proper was c. 100000 tons.

Description: In 1970/1971 zooplankton was collected monthly at 33 stations in Kiel Bay by means of a Bongo net equipped with 300 µm gauze. Adult copepods were separated into species and sexes. Eleven species were found of which seven were dominant. A succession between winter-spring species (Temora longicornis, Pseudocalanus sp., Acartia bifilosa) and summer-fall species (Centropages hamatus, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia longiremis, A. tonsa) took place. Total abundance varied considerably between the stations. Usually female copepods were more frequent than mal es (up to 85%), with the exceptions of Temora longicornis and Centropages hamatus, which showed a sex ratio of about 1: 1. The sex ratios of Acartia bifilosa and A. longiremis were related to the concentration of the population.

Description: Solutions of detergent or crude oil of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm after 48-96 hours of exposure induce significant changes in the ionic composition of the hemolymph of the shrimp Crangon crangon and the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi. The concentrations of sodium, calcium, and chloride ions decrease, whereas the concentration of potassium increases in both species exposed to both pollutants. - The magnesium ion concentration decreases in the hemolymph of the shrimp incubated in solutions of detergent and in the crab incubated in the water containing crude oil. - lt is suggested that changes of the ionic composition of the hemolymph of the studied shrimps and crabs under influence of both pollutants are possibly brought about by alteration of cell membrane permeability and action on some enzyme activities.