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  • AERODYNAMICS  (2,111)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2,031)
  • Animals
  • Earth model, also for more shallow analyses !
  • Kartoffeln
  • Pflanzenkrankheit
  • 1975-1979  (4,726)
  • 1925-1929  (220)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Chips ; Sticks ; Fehlstellen ; dunkle Stellen ; Mikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Microscopic examination of large, stained, microtome sections of material embedded in paraffin wax makes possible both the identification and relation of histological and cytological structures on and in potato tubers, raw potato slices and sticks and in potato chips (crisps) and sticks and so the determination of their behaviour during frying. The cell wall network in the raw potato remains as a structural framework in the fried product (Fig. 16–24, 31–34, 36–40). Because of the dissolution of the middle lamella during frying, increasing numbers of splits and cavities arise (Fig. 20, 22, 24, 32, 34, 37–39) which can extend below the surface to form vesicular swellings (Fig. 5). Idioblasts, such as stone and crystal cells, can easily be demonstrated under a polarising microscope (Fig. 16–18). After differential staining, the starch grains in the tuber tissue are seen to be irregularly distributed, swollen and adherent through the action of heat but still contained within the cells (Fig. 14, 15). Protein crystals in the cortical parenchyma retain their typical cubiform structure (Fig. 16, 17, 23, 24). 2. In fried products structures are found repeatedly which differ in colour from the golden yellow to pale brown of the storage parenchyma (Fig. 2). These are already visible in the raw potato tissue and are in many cases darker, brown to black; the intensity of discoloration may increase with frying. No fresh ‘dark spots’ of this kind developed during frying. The frying temperature and time used commercially caused no ‘black frying’ (burning). Any increase in frying time led only to a refuse product of a uniform dark brown coloration. 3. Under normal conditions, the central medulla and vascular ring develop a somewhat darker brown coloration than the surrounding storage parenchyma because of the Maillard reaction, due to an increased sugar content (Fig. 1, 3 and 4). Due to inherent tuber variability, the peeling process cannot remove all eyes, every stolon scar and all the skin. In the fried product, the remains of these structures can unobjectionably be identified morphologically (Fig. 7–9) and, above all, microscopically (Fig. 19–24). Plant pigments, recognizable as a red or green coloration of the potato tissue, survive the frying process (Fig. 6). Even after frying, anthocyanin undergoes the pH-related colour change from red to blue-violet. Chlorophyll can be located by its red fluorescence in the green areas. 4. In addition to such normal differentiated tissues, defects occur which are variable in size and show for the most part a brown to black discoloration (‘dark spots’). In the inner zone of tubers and raw potato slices, they are mostly extended in plane view whereas in the peripheral zone and in raw potato sticks they tend to appear as streaks (Fig. 25–29). Associated with these are fissures (Fig. 30) and cavities with black margins in the flesh of the crisps (Fig. 10, 27). In canals formed in the tuber there are still, by chance, parts of in-growing sprouts or rhizomes of couch grass (Fig. 10–12). The brown to black coloration is due to the presence of various brown compounds referred to in the literature as melanin. Many defects are surrounded by wound periderm (Fig. 36–39). As a consequence, for example, of sprout inhibition with IPC or CIPC, only individual periderm initials can be found in this position (Fig. 40). The cell walls within the area of the defects almost invariably stain red with safranin in contrast to the green of the surrounding storage parenchyma by fast green (Fig. 31, 34, 40). Occasionally fungal conidia, spores and hyphae are to be found on or in the defects (Fig. 35). These are killed during frying. Metabolic products such as aflatoxin were not found.
    Abstract: Résumé 1. Des contrôles microscopiques de coupes au microtome, matériel inclu à la paraffine, colorées, permettent d'identifier et de classer les structures histologiques et cytologiques des pommes de terre crues, des rondelles et bâtonnets crus, des chips ainsi que des sticks (pommes allumettes) cuits dans l'huile et d'obtenir des renseignements sur leur comportement lors de la cuisson à l'huile. Les structures des parois cellulaires des pommes de terre crues sont maintenues dans les produits cuits dans l'huile (fig. 16–24, 31–34, 36–40). La dissolution de la lamelle médiane durant la cuisson dans l'huile a pour conséquence la formation de fissures et de cavernes (fig, 20, 22, 24, 32, 34, 37 39), qui peuvent apparaître comme des bulles sous la surface (fig. 5). La lumière polarisée permet de reconnaître avec le microscope les idioblastes, les cellules pierreuses et les cellules à cristaux (fig. 16–18). L'amidon réparti irrégulièrement dans le tubercule (fig. 13) se gonfle et devient collant par l'action de la chaleur, mais reste dans la cellule (fig. 14, 15). Dans le parenchyme cortical, les cristaux de protéines maintiennent leur forme cubique reconnaissable au microscope (fig. 16, 17, 23, 24). 2. Dans les produits frits, on peut trouver des structures qui diffèrent de la couleur dorée jusqu'à brun clair du parenchyme de réserve (fig. 2). Ces structures sont déjà présentes dans les tubercules crus et ont souvent une apparence foncée, brune à noire. Par la cuisson à l'huile, la coloration de ces taches peut devenir plus intense. Une nouvelle formation de taches foncées n'a pas été observée par la cuisson à l'huile. Les températures et le temps de cuisson appliqués dans l'industrie ne provoquent pas de noircissement (brûlure). Une cuisson prolongée dans l'huile a pour conséquence uniquement des rebuts avec une coloration brune plus intense (fig. 2). 3. Dans des conditions normales, on obtient souvent un brunissement de la moelle centrale ainsi que des vaisseaux vasculaires, ceci par le taux de sucre plus élevé que celui du parenchyme de réserve (réaction de Maillard) (fig. 1, 3 et 4). L'épluchage ne permet pas d'éliminer toutes les différentiations telles que les yeux, ombilics et la peau du tubercule. Par leur morphologie (fig. 7–9), ces restes sont facilement reconnaissables au microscope (fig. 19–24) dans le produit frit. Les colorants naturels reconnaissables à la couleur rouge ou verte des tissus, résistent à la cuisson dans l'huile (fig. 6). Lors de la cuisson, l'anthocyane passe du rouge au violetbleu, réaction liée au pH. Par sa fluorescence rouge, la chlorophylle peut être localisée dans les tissus de couleur verte. 4. Outre ces différentiations dites normales, on peut observer sur les chips ou les sticks des taches et des stries foncées de couleur brun-noir (fig. 25–29). Dans cette même catégorie, on classe également les fissures (fig. 30) et des trous bordés de noir dans la texture des chips (fig. 10 et 27). Lors d'une germination interne ou lorsque le tubercule est perforé par un rhizome de chiendent, on peut retrouver des restes de ces derniers (fig. 10 12). La couleur brun-noir provient de substances brunes décrites dans la littérature comme des mélanines. Beaucoup de parties foncées sont bordées d'un périderme de cicatrisation (fig. 36–39). Par le traitement avec un antigerme comme l'IPC ou le CIPC, le périderme de cicatrisation ne se forme que partiellement ou pas du tout (fig. 40). Les parois cellulaires du parenchyme à proximité des parties foncées deviennent vertes colorées avec de la Fast green, tandis que celles des parties foncées se teignent rouges avec de la Safranine (fig. 31–34, 40). Parfois, on observe des hyphes ou des germes de champignons sur les parties foncées (fig. 35), la cuisson détruit ces dernières. Des métabolites tels que les aflatoxines n'ont pas été décelés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vergleichenden Untersuchungen wird durch Einsatz der Paraffinschnitt-Methode an gefärbten Präparaten die Identifizierung histologischer und cytologischer Strukturen an Kartoffelchips und-sticks und ihre Zuordnung zu Differenzierungen an ungeschälten rohen Knollen ermöglicht. Somit können an Rösterzeugnissen normale, zu jeder Kartoffelknolle gehörende Ausdifferenzierungen und durch verschiedenartige Ausseneinflüsse verursachte Fehlstellen, sog. ‘dunkle Stellen’, unterschieden und beurteilt, sowie ihre Veränderungen bei der Ölröstung erkannt werden. Eine Neuentstehung dunkler Stellen bei der Ölröstung wurde nicht beobachtet, bei den industriell angewandten Rösttemperaturen auch keine Schwarzröstung, d. h. dunkle Stellen sind — wenn überhaupt — bereits im Rohstoff Kartoffel ausgebildet. Dagegen können im Rahmen einer verstärkten Maillard-Reaktion stärker gebräunte Gewebebereiche an Chips und Sticks nicht als dunkle Stellen bezeichnet werden. Die zu Fehlstellen führenden Ursachen und die Beurteilung dunkler Stellen gemäss rechtlich geltender Richtlinien werden diskutiert.
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  • 2
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    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
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    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 111-167 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of both living and stained forms indicates that the so-called ‘multivacuolate’ and ‘amicronucleate races of Paramecium caudatum’ belong to the species Paramecium multimicronucleata. The published accounts of the morphology and cultural characteristics of the various forms are compared and provide additional evidence. A more complete description is given, including distinctive characters previously omitted.The conjugation process of P. multimicronucleata in general resembles that of P. caudatum, most of the differences being due to the presence of four micronuclei instead of one. These each divide twice with characteristic figures, twelve of the sixteen daughter nuclei then degenerating. One of the remaining four splits to form a single pair of functional pronuclei in each cell. The two migratory pronuclei interchange as in P. caudatum. The synkaryon divides three times, and probably seven of these nuclei degenerate. The remaining one apparently undergoes two divisions. In most cases by six to eight hours after the conjugants separate two micronuclei of the four thus produced form enlarged macronuclear anlagen, the other two remaining as micronuclei. Each anlage divides within the next two or four hours, producing four macronuclear and four micronuclear analagen. Two fissions, each preceded by a division of the micronuclei, restore vegetative conditions.The process described above is compared with conjugation in P. bursaria, P. caudatum, and P. putrinum.
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  • 4
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    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 261-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parasynaptic union of chromosomes associated with the formation of a karyosphere is demonstrated in the spermatocytes of Phanaeus.The twelve V-shaped leptotene threads are polarized with their apices embedded in one plasmosome-like body, their distal ends in another (primary and secondary caps, respectively), and undergo a conjugation of the parasynaptic type. The distal ends of the chromosomes are freed from their attachment in the secondary cap. The six pachytene loops retain their polarized configuration.The basichromatin of the pachytene chromosomes appears ultimately to be withdrawn to form the karyosphere comprising six chromatic bodies within an oxychromatic «plasmosome,» the latter probably derived from the primary cap. The two caps are believed to arise from the chromosomes. The primary cap apparently becomes incorporated again in the chromosomes; the secondary cap, together with linin remnants of the pachytene chromosomes, disintegrates in the nucleus as residual chromatin.In the dissolution of the karyosphere six ring-shaped tetrads emerge arranged in a temporarily connected chain, giving under certain conditions, the misleading impression of twelve components arranged end to end. The entire content of the karyosphere appears to be employed in the formation of the chromosomes; no visible plasmosome remains.
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  • 5
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    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 417-459 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development and cytology of cartilage and bone in the limbs from the fifty-second hour of incubation to the first day after hatching are described.The chief points of interest arising from this study are: (1) Chondroblasts when liberated during cartilage resorption die and disintegrate. (2) All the long bones possess structures which, though not undergoing independent ossification, are homologous with the mammalian epiphyses. (3) Endochondral ossification occurs only in the epiphyses and ends of the diaphyses. (4) The marrow cavity contains multinucleated giant cells which appear to be formed by the fusion of degenerating cells.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood of Perophora viridis is found to contain six types of cells: (1) Green cells, which have green-colored fatty bodies embedded in clear cytoplasm. (2) Orange cells, with orange-colored bodies of unknown composition in the cytoplasm. (3) Colorless berry-like cells, with fluid-filled vesicles in the cytoplasm. (4) Granular amoeboid cells. (5) Compartmental amoeboid cells, which have box-like vacuoles containing brownian granules of a fatty substance. (6) Vesicular, signet-ring type of cell having a single large vacuole. The cytological structure of these cells and their reaction to various dyes are described.An effort has been made to homologize the types of cells found in the blood of other ascidians with those found in Perophora.It is concluded that the variety of colors found in the cells of ascidian blood is due to the varying chemical states of the vanadium-containing chromogen present in the cells.
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  • 7
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    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926), S. 441-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryological study of bullfrog tadpoles collected from various parts of the United States has shown the existence of local races which differ markedly in regard to the time of occurrence and character of the developmental processes involved in the formation of the definitive testis of the male individuals. Those races in which the gonads of the two sexes are easily distinguished in early larval stages are called differentiated. Other local races show a peculiar gonadic development chiefly affecting the males, the definitive testis sometimes not appearing until near the end of the second year of larval life. Such races are called undifferentiated, because the morphological features of the definitive testes are not established until late. The larvae first develop a peculiar gonad (progonad) which later degenerates and is replaced by the definitive testis. All male animals of the undifferentiated strains exhibit the gonad cycle.The progonad varies among the local frog races in regard to the length of persistence and degree of differentiation attained before undergoing degeneration. Its germ cells may exhibit a typical male maturation cycle ending in degeneration, or the cells may differentiate along both male and female lines or remain sexually neutral.The development and differentiation of the progonad in the various races are described and a detailed account given of the origin of the definitive testis. The problems of sex differentiation and continuity of the Keimbahn in anurans are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
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    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 111-141 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Disintegration in killing agents was studied throughout development. In the unfertilized egg and cleavage stages the death gradient runs from animal to vegetal pole. In the late blastula stage the future dorsal surface and future point of gastrulation show heightened susceptibility. The gastrula has a gradient from anterior to posterior end along its dorsal surface, with a slight reverse gradient around the blastopore; lateral and ventral regions are least susceptible.Before and after the appearance of the neural groove, the dorsal surface shows increased susceptibility with gradient in it from anterior to posterior end. The neural tube is highly susceptible, with a death gradient from anterior to posterior end and a slight reverse gradient at its posterior end.During late stages and in the larva the double gradient is present; death begins at the two ends and progresses backward from head, forward from anus; from the former most rapidly. The least susceptible place is near the posterior end. The posterior reverse gradient is less developed in the lamprey than in other vertebrate embryos, due, probably, to its lack of a tail bud.Assuming that death differences indicate differences in rate of activity, it appears that such differences in activity may be causes and not results of developmental processes, for the development of certain parts (dorsal surface, blastopore, central nervous system) is indicated by heightened activity before it is evident morphologically.
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  • 10
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    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 371-439 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The prochordal plate in the chick is a thickening of the entoderm in the anterior part of the area pellucida. It consists at first of several layers of yolk-charged cells, which finally lose their yolk and form a thin layer of entoderm.The prechordal plate (an area of mesodermal proliferation immediately anterior to the notochord) arises immediately anterior to the primitive streak (and head process when the latter appears) in a part of the region once occupied by the prochordal plate. Later the prechordal plate comes to lie upon the dorsal wall of the foregut.The premandibular cavities arise in condensations of the prechordal mesoderm. The cavities seem to appear during the rapid expansion of the prechordal mesoderm which occurs in response to a release from constraint imposed by surrounding structures. They are connected with one another across the midline by a usually solid bridge of mesoderm.Later, the cavities are replaced by a mesodermal condensation which serves as a mold, on the surface of which the oculomotor muscles appear, arising before the disappearance of the premandibular head cavities.Differences in the relations of notochord and hypophysis in the chick and robin may be explained by an analysis of the growth of the two forms. The analysis furnishes a basis for understanding the relations of the anterior end of the notochord in the mammal.
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  • 11
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 12
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium trichium varies from 50 μ to 105 μ long with most individuals between 80 μ and 90 μ. The width varies from one-third to one-half the length. It is somewhat depressed dorsoventrally. The broad buccal groove extends from the anterior left border diagonally across the ventral surface to the mouth, which is usually slightly anterior to the middle and to the right side of the median line. The mouth leads into a relatively long cytopharynx containing an undulating membrane. The cytopyge is subterminal and the small caudal tuft of longer cilia is subapical. The plastic ectosarc contains numerous trichocysts. A contractile vacuole apparatus occurs near either end. Each is deeply located and stains more intensely than surrounding protoplasm. In life there appear to be two alternately contracting vacuoles with smaller ones adjacent. Contractions are from fifteen to twenty-five per minute. The macronucleus is medium in size and the single micronucleus is of the ‘caudatum’ type.Binary fission appears to be initiated by a metaphase-like condition of the micronucleus. This is followed by great enlargement and the eventual separation of the chromatin threads into two anaphase groups. The metaphase thus appears to precede the changes which correspond to a prophase in other cases. During division of the body, the two old contractile vacuoles persist as the posterior ones for the daughters, new anterior ones being developed.
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  • 13
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 14
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 299-345 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes are first recognizable as two clusters in contact with the nuclear wall. Beneath each cluster lies a chromosome. This relationship is constant and indicates that these two chromosomes play a part in the growth and development of the chondriosomes. The two masses fuse and the single mass grows considerably during the early growth period. Later it breaks up into a number of threads which become rings in the late growth period. The rings fuse into the large nebenkern which plays the usual rôle in the formation of the tail.The Golgi material is first seen outside of the chondriosomal cap. Early in the growth period, it breaks up into Golgi bodies which remain distributed in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. About the midgrowth period a large number of spheres suddenly arise. Since they later fuse to form the idiosome, they are called the proidiosomal spheres. These spheres, which may originate in the Golgi bodies, remain scattered in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. In the spermatid the Golgi bodies collect about the idiosome to form the acroblast. The Golgi remnants pass into the cytoplasm of the tail, while the acrosome elongates into a tail-like structure at the anterior end.The centriole was followed with unbroken continuity from the midgrowth period into the middle-piece of the sperm.
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  • 15
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    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The results of the study of certain factors which affect encystment in Didinium nasutum indicate the following: Absence of food constitutes an adverse environmental condition which induces encystment in approximately 50 per cent of the didinia subjected to it, though the presence of a certain amount of food in the cell body is requisite for encystment. The prevention of encystment for 750 generations does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food, and hence Didinium does not become progressively more disposed to encystment as generations pass. Conjugation does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food. Metabolic by-products of Paramecium inhibit encystment to a striking degree when didinia are deprived of food in the presence of these products. Metabolic waste of Didinium markedly facilitates its encystment in the absence of food. Hay-infusion culture fluids of different ages have singularly diverse effects on the encystment of didinia in the absence of food; recently prepared infusions inhibit encystment; infusions four to six days old induce encystment in 90 to 100 per cent of the specimens, and infusions seven to fourteen days old, in approximately half of the specimens.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 89-115 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 21
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 29-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the abducens musculature appears first at 24-25 somites as a condensation situated dorsal to the mandibular arch.The anlage of the superior oblique grows forward from a mesodermal condensation situated in the maxillomandibular region, termed for convenience the maxillomandibular condensation. This last consists of three parts: (1) the anlage of the superior oblique: (2) the anlage of the abducens musculature, and, (3) an intermediate region.The intermediate portion of the maxillomandibular mass forms a condensation with which the anlage of the abducens musculature fuses. Its fate is, therefore, similar to that of the so-called ‘muscle E’ of elasmobranchs, which has been described as fusing with the lateral rectus. How much muscle is formed from the intermediate condensation in the chick has not been determined.The development of the pyramidalis and quadratus nictitans muscles, derivatives of the abducens complex, is described.The premandibular head cavities are replaced by solid mesodermal condensations, on the surface of which the anlagen of the oculomotor muscles appear. The premandibular mass expands laterally and anteriorly over the bulbus, carrying the oculomotor muscles to their respective positions on the bulbus.Portions of the premandibular and maxillomandibular condensations not involved in eye-muscle formation take part in the formation of choroid and sclera.The growth shiftings of the eye muscles are analyzed. The order of their appearance is commented upon.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 127-216 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study represents the first critical investigation on the development of the embryonic skull of the porcupine. A complete series of stages makes it possible to trace the developing chondrocranium from its first formation in precartilage to its later transformation into cartilage bone. Concurrent with this growth is the investment of the cartilaginous cranium by membrane bone.The very primitive nature of the chondrocranium offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the existing problems of the embryonic skull from a new angle. Evidence is presented in support of the assumption that the ala temporalis is the homologue of the cynodont epipterygoid. The lamina parietalis develops from a single chondrifying center, thus producing a different arrangement of parietal elements from that found in most mammals. New evidence as to the relationship of the dens epistrophei and basal plate is presented. The position of the internal carotid artery on entering the cranium is different from the condition found in most mammals and throws new light on the interpretation of surrounding structures. The presence of a structure comparable with the crista longitudinalis of Lacerta shows close affinity to the solum nasi of more primitive forms.The great specialization of the face is seen in the early and rapid growth of the membrane bones. The chondrocranium is long persistent and cartilage bone appears late in embryonic life.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 417-465 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations indicate that this Balantidium from the guinea-pig is Balantidium coli, the form found in the pig and man. The lengths and breadths of this Balantidium and the ratios of length to breadth are very close to the measurements and ratios given by McDonald for B. coli. When plotted, the body lengths of the guinea-pig parasites appear in two groups, the smaller individuals being the exconjugants. Many of these exconjugants resemble Neiva's B. caviae. The structure of the Balantidium from the guinea-pig is essentially identical with that of B. coli as given by McDonald.Fission and conjugation of this ciliate follow the general course found in a number of other ciliates. During fission the micronucleus divides and the daughter micronuclei migrate to each end of the macronucleus before the latter divides. In conjugation there are two divisions of the micronucleus, one of these nuclei dividing to form the pronuclei. Pronuclear exchange and fusion are followed by a heteropolar division of the synkaryon, resulting in the formation of the new macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen.The parasite was found in the intestinal tissue of the host. No reproductive stages were found in the cysts. New hosts are invaded through contamination of the food and drink with the cysts.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a satisfactory technique, excellently preserved spermatogenetic tissue was had both for Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. The careful examination of twelve spermatogonial cells of the former species and of twenty in the latter species shows that R. rattus has forty diploid chromosomes and R. norvegicus, forty-two. A careful examination of the haploid cells of both species, both in the first and in the second spermatocyte divisions, confirms the diploid determinations.Both species have an unequal pair in the spermatogonial divisions and the finding of a similar unequal pair in the first spermatocyte division constitutes the evidence for an X-Y mechanism in each. A comparison of the morphology of the first spermatocyte tetrads in the two species reveals the presence of a large K-shaped chromosome in R. norvegicus which is not present in R. rattus. Furthermore, a comparison of the X-Y complex in both the spermatogonial and first spermatocyte divisions shows that these are morphologically different in the two species, the Y in particular being markedly dissimilar in size. A short discussion as to the bearing of these findings on the questions of the origins of the two species and their known intersterility is presented. The marked similarity of the tetrads of the black rat to those described for the mouse is noted.
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  • 26
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A technique is developed whereby the large heavily yolk-laden grasshopper egg may be sectioned for cytological study. Eggs of Chortophaga viridifasciata and Circotettix verruculatus were examined.In C. viridifasciata the structure of the late ovarian nucleus and the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and early cleavage are described. In the first maturation twelve rod-shaped tetrads are found. Near the caudal end of the egg a polar body is given off, and in the second maturation division there are twelve dyads. At fertilization, twelve separated vesicles of the female pronucleus are seen scattered about a male pronucleus in which the chromosomes are in prophase.In early cleavage the chromosome numbers in the metaphase are found to differentiate the male- and female-producing eggs. In the former there are twenty-three and in the latter twenty-four chromosomes. A vesicular condition in which the chromosomes retain their boundaries in interkinesis is indicative of chromosome individuality.A comparison of the first and second maturation metaphase chromosomes of the oocyte with those of the spermatocyte shows a similar compact group on the spindle, a likeness in size seriation, and a similarity of form. They differ in that in the spermatocyte complex there are eleven tetrads and one dyad. This latter, the unpaired sex chromosome, falls among the large chromosomes.A comparison of the chromosome complex of Chortophaga viridifasciata with that of Circotettix verruculatus indicates constancy of generic differences in form, size, number, and behavior of the chromosomes.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytological and histochemical evidence presented in this paper shows the following facts: (1) The mitochondria are not directly transformed into yolk. They may be concerned in its synthesis in so far as they are a factor in the interacting cytoplasmic system, but there are no visible morphological expressions of this functioning. (2) The accumulations of aequeous substances in the cytoplasm in the form of droplets stainable vitally by neutral red, ‘vacuoles,’ are the forerunners of the first yolk. During the building up of the yolk the aequeous droplets become more and more dehydrated and lose their capacity for being vitally stained. (3) These aequeous vacuoles give the impregnation results commonly ascribed to the Golgi apparatus and are interpreted as such. Special emphasis is laid on the question of the identification of the Golgi apparatus. (4) The fat arises de novo in the cell independently of the mitochondria or the vacuoles. It becomes dispersed throughout the cell among the yolk plates, and the lipoidal content of the latter increases at the end of vitellogenesis, when the fatty globules are intimately pressed in among the yolk plates. (5) At a late stage in the growth of the yolk plates there is the sudden appearance of large quantities of glycogen in the perinuclear zone and throughout the cytoplasm.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 441-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The septomaxillary bone is described in the various families of the urodeles in which it occurs. Its identity as a hitherto unrecognized cartilage bone of the skull is established and its close relationship with the nasal muscles followed through the group. Its presence or absence, which is found to be another criterion for the recent classification of the urodeles as proposed by Dunn and Higgins, is correlated with the development of the accessory dilatator muscle, since it occurs only in groups where this muscle attains an appreciable size.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 537-554 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Modifications of the gastro-intestinal tract of Nereis virens are two dorsolateral esophageal cecums, directed anteriorly and posteriorly from the point of attachment. The cecal and esophageal lumina are continuous. Each cecum is composed of acini, possessing a row of elongated cells, basement membrane, and intima. Fibro-elastic tissue is present. The elongated cells contain glycogen and fat.The hepatopancreas of Asterias vulgaris consists of two lobes in each ray, and the numerous acini empty into the bifurcated hepatopancreatic duct which leads into the pyloric stomach. The hepatic cells are columnar and contain glycogen and fat. Pancreatic cells lie in the midregion of the acini.The lobulate liver of Loligo pealii lies on the ventral surface of the duodenum. A capsular membrane envelops the organ. The acini possess basement membrane, columnar cells, and intima; their lumina anastomose, forming a common duct, which leads into the blind sac. The hepatic cells contain fat.The hepatopancreas of Melanoplus femur-rubrum consists of six cecums histologically continuous with the digestive epithelium of the pyloric stomach. Each cecum consists of simple and compound acini which empty into a duct leading to the pyloric stomach. Each acinus possesses basement membrane, columnar hepatic cells, pancreatic cells, and intima. The pancreatic cells occur in islets, usually adjacent to the basement membrane. The hepatic cells contain glycogen and fat.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 31
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetuses from forty-three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten-day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with the seasonal distribution of protozoa (February, 1927, to February, 1928) in correlation with seasonal fluctuations of temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and the relative amounts of dissolved oxygen and other gases in a small fresh-water pond. Twenty-seven species of Sarcodina, thirty-one species of Mastigophora, and 109 species of Infusoria were recorded in the surface water of the pond.As found especially for Mastigophora and Infusoria, the number of species is inversely correlated with the abundance of individuals in the seasonal distribution.Higher temperatures probably accelerated the rate of reproduction, since the seasonal maxima for most of the species were recorded in warmer weather.Colonial flagellates and Zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates seemed to be favored by higher oxygen content, with a simultaneous abundance of volatile acids, especially CO2. Although hydrogen-ion concentration was limited between 6.2 and 7.05, it was probably one of the factors influencing protozoan distribution, since several species disappeared when the lowest pH was recorded. Sunlight is one of the important factors in bringing certain heliotropic protozoa to the surface.The seasonal maxima of many of the protozoa occurred during September and October, 1927, when most of the observed physical environments seemed much more favorable than in other months.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 563-583 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The urinogenital organs of Myrmecobius fasciatus conform to the marsupial type in both their anatomical characters and histological details. The external genitalia indicate a close relationship with the Dasyuridae.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 135-199 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Definite information concerning the time of development and location of the different imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was needed in order to interpret especially the gynandromorphs, mosaics, and intersexes that have been extensively reported in cultures of this fly. This information was also desirable for many of the mutant types. It was not known, for example, when an organ was reduced or absent, whether its imaginal disc showed a corresponding reduction, or whether it was full size in the larvae and pupae, and failed to carry through to the later stages.Three mutant types with eyes smaller than those of the wild type, namely, lozenge, bar, and eyeless, were examined. It was found that there is a corresponding difference in size as far back as the imaginal disc could be detected. Similarly for the two mutants, vestigial and no-wing. Conversely for the mutant, bithorax, in which the metathorax is larger than the normal and has assumed many of the characters of the normal mesothorax, the imaginal disc was correspondingly enlarged.It follows that the effects of the mutant genes for these characters can be observed in the very earliest condition of the imaginal disc.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 201-225 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eleven pairs of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the opossum.The sex chromosomes are of the x-x type in the female and the x-y type in the male.The number and type of the chromosomes are constant in the wide variety of tissues and organs studied, except that one dividing giant cell of the spleen showed an 8n number of chromosomes.The arrangement of the chromosomes in equatorial plates is that of an autosomal ring surrounding the centrally located sex chromosomes.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 45-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 123-151 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Technique. This work is based not only on the fixed preparations, but also on fresh cover-slip preparations treated with neutral red or 2 per cent osmic acid for a short time.Golgi elements and fatty yolk. The Golgi elements are hollow vesicular bodies with a distinct osmiophilic rim and a central osmiophobic substance. In the youngest oocyte they form a circumnuclear ring. Gradually the vesicles spread out, grow in size, store up fat in their interior, and give rise to the fatty yolk. On account of their higher refractive index, due to the presence of fat, the Golgi vesicles can be occasionally seen even in the young oocytes without any treatment.Mitochondria. The mitochondrial granules also form a circumnuclear ring and are later distributed uniformly.Albuminous yolk. The albuminous yolk is nucleolar in origin. Early in oogenesis, the nucleous buds off small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic particles in the cytoplasm, which sooner or later disappear. Subsequently, the nucleolus becomes less chromatic and develops vacuolar bodies in its interior, which, becoming vacuolated exactly like the parent nucleolus, migrate into the the cytoplasm. These bodies become more and more chromatic and travel toward the periphery of the egg, where they grow in size. Ultimately they break down into small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic bodies which are the definitive albuminous yolk spheres and which subsequently grow enormously in size.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty-one and thirty-one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 493-541 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the blastoderm which are to form the serosa are two- to four-nucleate; the smaller cells of the embryonic rudiment, uninucleate. The band-like embryonic rudiment encircles the yolk at the equator of the egg. The amnion does not begin to form until after the serosa completely covers embryo and yolk. The epithelium of the midgut arises from cells situated at the tips of stomodaeum and proctodaeum. These cells, though not differentiated from adjacent ectoderm at the time of the invagination, are nevertheless interpreted as part of the preprimordium of the endoderm. In the eighty-four-hour stage a fold of amnion grows over the dorsal side of the embryo, entirely covering it in the course of the next few hours. A portion of the amnion thus forms the dorsal wall of the embryo. At the completion of the amnion the embryo rotates so that its ventral side is directed toward the egg center. The amnion raptures just before the larva begins to feed on the yolk which still remains around it. The serosa is consumed before hatching, which takes place about five and one-half days after deposition.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
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    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 599-613 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of spermatogenesis was made on four groups of a pedigreed strain of the moth Philosamia cynthia, and the results were compared with spermatogenesis in the wild material.Deviations from the normal number of chromosomes were observed in two groups. In some individuals the haploid number was 12 instead of 13. Giant spermatocytes were also observed with twenty-four chromosomes. In other individuals, two haploid numbers, 13 and 14, occurred in the same testis.The twelve-chromosome condition is due to linkage of two chromosomes during the late prophase of the primary spermatocyte. The double chromosomes thus formed appeared to divide equally in both divisions. The origin of the fourteenth chromosome was not determined.Correlation of the genetic and cytological data indicates the restriction of aberrant chromosome complexes to two of the four groups and the regularity of the twelve-chromosome complex in certain families, suggesting the conclusion that a new strain arose in the pedigreed material with regard to chromosome variability and that the twelve-chromosome condition is a well-defined characteristic, partly established in some families and probably fully established in others.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The spermatogenesis of five guinea-pigs was studied. The spermatogonial chromosome number is approximately sixty-two plus or minus two. The primary spermatocyte number is approximately thirty-one. The spermatogonial number in the early prophase is lower than it is in later stages. This condition is due to late fragmentation of the large chromosomes found in the earlier stage. A possible sex chromosome of the X-Y type may be identified. Its components segregate during the first maturation division.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 543-561 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 19-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A thin, compressible, lateral suture and ventral plate overlap permit limited movement of the thick and rigid dorsal and ventral plates of Fuscouropoda agitans. Seven pairs of large dermal glands debouch onto the surface. Trochanteral rotation permits defensive leg adpresion and an insectan type of ambulation. The complex hypopharynx-pedipalpal-coxae has a buccal and cheliceral cavity separated by an atriculated epipharynx. The pharynx is Y-shaped in cross section. Extensive paired salivary glands lie above the very long and dexterous 3-segmented chelicerae, and a large pair of coxal glands debouch on coxae 1. From four blunt-ended tracheae, bundles of unbranching tracheoles extend in specific tracts to all organs. The ventriculus is small with three pairs of large caeca; a tightly packed single layer of digestive cells individually enlarged to absorb-phagocytize and digest the food. A typical mesostigmatid excretory tube is present. A typical acarine synganglion is present; mixed nerves have a basal swelling. A postulated neurosecretory organ arises from the pedipalpal nerve. The oocytes enlarge within funicular stalks from the walls of the small median ovary. A large spermatophore is stored in the seminal vesicle; fertilization occurs during oviposition. A tension hinge partially opens both male and female genital plates; closure effected by muscles acting on very long genital plate apodemes. Within sequentially produced spermatogonial cysts of the testes, meiosis is completely synchronous. A large, multilobed male accessory gland produces a large volume of seminal fluid; a mixture of at least four secretions. The origins and msertions of the body wall, genital organ, digestive tract, mouthpart and leg muscles are listed and illustrated. A comparison of anactinotrichid and actinotrichid mites indicates fundamental and consistent morphological differences in aspects of the cuticle, leg articulations, digestive system, excretory system, reproductive system and coxal glands.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the structure of the iridescent scales of the green hairstreak, Callophrys rubi, reveals an internal lattice which is probably cubic close-packed in form. We present a model which explains the formation of the lattice in terms of packing of spheres and surface tension forces and generalize these results to internal structures in other Lepidopteran scales.
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  • 49
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    Notes: There are 36 to 42 taste bristles on each half of the labellum of Drosophila melanogaster; most of them are two-pronged with a pouch between them. Some end bluntly with a pore at the tip.Each taste-bristle has two lumina: one is circular, the other crescent-like in cross section. In most bristles four dendrites of chemoreceptor neurons run along the circular lumen. In five to seven taste-bristles only two chemoreceptor neurons are found. A mechanoreceptor neuron sends a dendrite to the base of each taste-bristle.The dendrites are surrounded by four concentrically-arranged sheath cells. The inner cell secretes the cuticular sheath; cells II and III are presumably two trichogens, one secreting the bristle material around the circular lumen, the other around the crescent-like lumen. Cell IV, especially rich in bundles of microtubules, secretes the cuticle of the socket, and corresponds to the tormogen. The neurons have the typical structure found in insect sensilla. In many sensilla one neuron is less electron-dense than the others and may be the water-sensor.On the medial side of the labellum between the pseudotracheae are rows of taste pegs covered by folds. In each peg one chemoreceptor and one mechanoreceptor are found.The number of axons in each labial nerve agrees with the total number of dendrites in all taste organs of each lobe.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stereological analysis of the ultrastructural composition of the pulmonary alveolo-capillary region of mice living at sea level compared with that of the same species (Phyllotis darwini) genetically adapted to life at 4,660 m reveals a trend at high altitude towards a greater volume percentage of tissue components. On a weight-specific basis, non-circulating tissue occupies a significantly greater volume in high-altitude mice, but air space and capillary contents are not correspondingly greater. Since the arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue layers and of the air-blood barrier are the same in the two altitudinal groups, the average alveolus must have a smaller volume in the high-altitude mice.Epithelial, endothelial, and erythrocyte surface areas per gram body weight are significantly greater in the high-altitude mice.Nuclear counts indicate that the larger lungs of mice adapted to high altitude are due to larger Pneumocyte I and II and endothelial cells rather than to an increase in the number of these cells. Hematocrits measured within the pulmonary capillaries in the two altitudinal groups were equal.An heretofore unrecognized feature of possible adaptive value is the surface/volume ratio of erythrocytes, which is similar for erythrocytes in alveolar space of mice at low and high altitudes but within lung capillaries is 14.7% greater at high altitude.
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  • 51
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    Notes: The brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland), in common with other bony fishes, lacks a germinal epithelium in the tubules of the testis, and the tubule wall is composed of a thin, discontinuous layer of myoid cells and collagenous fibers. Labelling of germ cells with tritiated thymidine has shown that the germ cells are derived from clumps of spermatogonia in the interstitial area. Large companion cells within the lumina of the tubules extend their processes to engulf spermatogonia from the interstitium which then enter the lumen of the tubule. Subsequent development of the germ cells takes place within individual compartments formed by folds of the plasma membrane of a companion cell. The companion cell, together with its complement of germ cells, constitutes a cyst. A companion cell may surround spermatogonia in the interstitium and at the same time encompass residual sperm of the previous season within the lumen. The plasma membranes of the germ cells and the companion cells remain discrete. Mature sperm are released into the lumen of the tubule and the companion cell again extends its processes into the interstitium and engulfs more spermatogonia for the following year.Companion cells may be homologous to the Sertoli cells of higher vertebrates although their processes penetrate the interstitium during the initial stages of spermatogenesis and they do not contain a permanent stock of spermatogonia.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 369-397 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Successive tracheal cuticles of the dorsal longitudinal trunks are studied with the electron microscope. Minor differences seen at the light microscope level are seen as major qualitative and quantitative ones at the ultrastructural level. The larval and pupal cuticles are secreted by similar epithelial cells; these possess large polytene chromosomes. Cell division and possibly cell replacement occur prior to adult cuticle secretion. The findings are discussed in terms of cell specificity, intra- and inter-cellular pattern formation. This simple epithelium, the individual cells of which are capable of producing different cuticles, is interesting since the system is also shown to be responsive to hormone application.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 453-461 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, were incubated at constant temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C, At hatching, the oviducts were absent or incomplete in males; the testes were differentiated. In females at hatching, the oviduct was intact hut in some cases the gonad retained bisexual characteristics. Three months after hatching, the ovary was differentiated and contained follicles. Eggs incubated at 20°C and at 30°C developed into females in 100% of the cases. At 26°C, 99% of the individuals were males; at 24°C, 100% were males. More males than females developed at incubation temperatures of 22°C and 28°C.
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  • 54
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    Notes: New blastozooids of Polyzoa vesiculiphora, the polysytelid ascidian are produced by pallial budding of three types depending on the method of “isolated bud” formation; stolonic, planktonic and intermediate types. Differences among each type of bud are attributed to behavior of test-vessels composing a part of the bud. Isolated buds produced by each type are essentially equal in terms of their internal structures and their subsequent fate, and develop independently of their parent zooids. New test-vessels originate directly from the epidermis of a “prefunctional zooid,” while the test-vessels derived from the parent zooid finally disintegrate. The new test-vessels extended with branching under the ventral side of a “functional zooid,” ascend to the lateral side of it and participate in bud formation. Budding regions exist in three dimensions on the lateral wall of the mantle of the functional zooid, especially the right posterior part. During the life cycle of one functional zooid, the stolonic type buds appear at early and/or aged stages. Appearances of the stolonic type buds in early stages tend to repress those of the planktonic types. The number of planktonic type buds formed on a functional zooid at the same time is many more than that of the stolonic type. Such budding features are discussed from the viewpoint of behavior of the test-vessel system.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 763-783 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of a well studied insect chemosensory unit is presented in this report. Two separate lumina are present in this chemosensory unit, the trichogen and sensillar lumina. The fluid within the trichogen lumen exclusively bathes the dendritic terminals, and may be involved with the reception and/or modulation of environmental stimuli. Cytoplasmic extensions of the trichogen cell which line the trichogen lumen may be involved in the production of the cuticular sheath. The sensillar lumen is bordered by the tormogen and a sleeve cell, and is continuous with the unoccupied channel of the setal shaft. Functions for the various cellular components of the blowfly chemoreceptor sensillum are offered.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: This study deals with the development of the opercular bones the ligamentum mandibulo-hyoideum, the ligamentum interoperculo-mandibulare and with some aspects of the development of the ceratohyale and the cartilago meckeli during postembryonic ontogeny of Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout). It is stated that the ligamentum mandibulo-hyoideum is present from hatching onward, while the development of the ligamentum interoperculo-mandibulare appears during the period of active feeding. Some functional reasons are proposed to explain these facts. It is further suggested that the opercular bones develop under influence of the opercular muscles.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 131-157 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic study of an 18-day-old planulae and primary polyps of the sea pen, Ptilosarcus gurneyi, reveals 14 cell types: sustentacular cell A, sustentacular cell B, nerve cell, sensory cell, cnidoblast, interstitial cell, five types of gland cell (A, B, C, D and E), amoebocyte, style cell and endodermal cell. Of these, 9 are found in the planula, 12 in polyps and 7 are common to both stages. The fine structure of all cell types is described.Since the planulae and polyps in this study were identical in age of development, the gaining and losing of certain types of cells in the polyp are attributed to changes associated with settlement and metamorphosis. Modifications of the seven common cell types during metamorphosis can also be attributed to the change of life style from pelagic to benthic.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 81-109 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1) In an animal where the corpus allatum complex is inhibited by glucose feeding, the ovariole develops to a certain size without yolk deposition in the oocytes. Histologically this can be registered as: (a) Lipid spheres are found in the young oocytes in the vicinity of the Balbiani body (as in young normal oocytes). However, this lipid decreases in amount and “new” lipid (from the fat body via haemolymph) is not deposited in the later oocytes. (b) No carbohydrate/protein yolk is formed. (c) Glycogen is not synthesized in the oocytes. (d) The follicle cells aggregate glycogen instead of lipid. (e) No qualitative differences have been observed regarding the contributions from the tropharium (the so-called Type 1 vacuole, ribosomes, mitochondria, annulated lamellae: Schreiner, '77).(2) Implantation of a corpus allatum complex results in deposition of lipid, carbohydrate/protein and glycogen yolk. However, the restoration period differs histologically from the normal development as: (a) Glycogen appears in the oocyte earlier than normal, i.e., at Stage 4, while normally at Stage 6′. (b) Glycogen appears in the nutritive tube adjacent to the interfollicular plug cells. (c) Both the inner and outer layer of the ovariole sheath contain glycogen, the outer layer contains lipid spheres as well.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 187-211 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the “collostyle”) of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled “cores” as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 213-237 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 299-313 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the “cutwater” by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 325-352 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissections, manipulation of ligamentary preparations, analysis of limb proportions, and quantitative aspects of forelimb myology are used to correlate forelimb morphology in fur seals and sea lions (sub-family Otariinae) with previously published data as to their locomotor function (English, '76a). Comparisons to structure and function in generalized fissiped carnivores are then used to elucidate locomotor adaptations in fur seals and sea lions. Unique features of forelimb function during swimming in these pinnipeds include the amounts of abduction-adduction and rotary movements used. Modifications of the size, attachments and fascicle architecture of the muscles and the structure and range of possible movement of the joints suggest that in fur seals and sea lions these movements (1) take place about the glenohumeral (shoulder) joints, (2) that the movements are probably finely controlled, and (3) that they contribute to the generation of massive forward thrust via the cooperative activity of muscles capable of generating large amounts of force throughout the range of movement. Recovery movements occur through a similarly large range, and modifications of forelimb anatomy either to minimize or overcome water resistance are noted. The adaptive significance of these modifications is interpreted as allowing fur seals and sea lions to swim at speeds necessary to feed on the fast swimming prey presumably abundant in their adaptive zone.
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  • 66
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    Notes: The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 μ in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparisons of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences.Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5-1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This finding lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 483-491 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshwater sponges, Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison, were placed into tap water to induce degenerative reduction body formation. Reduction bodies were examined using light and electron microscopy in order to define their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The reduction body of freshwater sponges is an extremely simple developmental system consisting primarily of an archeocyte reserve delimited by a simple squamous pinacoderm. The freshwater sponge reduction body displays many similarities to overwintering phases of marine sponges. The system presents an unusually straightforward vehicle for investigations of degeneration and regeneration as processes in developmental biology and may represent a reasonable vehicle in which to examine the process of the genesis of lysosomes.
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  • 69
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    Notes: The aquiferous systems of three common, coastal, marine Demospongiae, Halichondria panicea (Pallas), Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank) and Microciona Prolifera (Ellis and Solander), are analyzed by measurements of cross-sectional areas of conducting elements. The patterns in demosponges of extremely different organizational morphologies are found to be quantitatively similar. The porocyte nature of the ostia is established for all three species. Choanocyte chamber densities range from 1 to 1.8 × 107 chambers ml-1 with 57 to 95 choanocytes per chamber (means). Cross-sectional area of the intervillar space of the choanocyte collars is calculated to be 12 to 56 times the lateral surface area of the specimen. Velocities of water movement through specific elements of the aquiferous system are calculated from cross-sectional area data and measured oscular flow of Haliclona permollis. The calculated Reynolds numbers lie below the critical value and fluid flow is thus considered laminar throughout the aquiferous systems of these sponges.
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    Notes: A new pattern index, Ip, is introduced and used to compare patterns of wild type, burnsi, and kandiyohi chromatophores in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Wild type chromatophores are hyperdispersed over distances within cellular contact, and it is concluded that this hyperdispersion results from contact-mediated negative interactions. The hyperdispersion is less strong in spot cells than interspot, and extends over larger areas in burnsi than in wild type epidermis. Over areas greater than chromatophore size, patterns are either random or clumped. Patterning of kandiyohi melanophores is clumped into aggregates small enough to be within the range of cellular contact, suggesting a lack of contact inhibition among these cells. The possible roles of cellular properties and the extracellular environment in pattern determination are discussed.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Interpretation of cross and tangential sections of the annulate lamellae and nuclear membrane of Rana pipiens oocytes provides evidence in these structures for the existence of diaphragms spanning the pores. The evidence appears to rule out explanations ascribing such diaphragms to an optical artifact. More detailed description is given of a component of the pore complex only briefly described heretofore and now called the “intracisternal ring.” The varied results and interpretations of studies of the pore complex in various cells are discussed.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The masticatory apparatus in the albino rat was studied by means of electromyography and subsequent estimation of muscular forces.The activity patterns of the trigeminal and suprahyoid musculature and the mandibular movements were recorded simultaneously during feeding. The relative forces of the individual muscles in the different stages of chewing cycles and biting were estimated on the basis of their physiological cross sections and their activity levels, as measured from integrated electromyograms. Workinglines and moment arms of these muscles were determined for different jaw positions.In the anteriorly directed masticatory grinding stroke the resultants of the muscle forces at each side are identical; they direct anteriorly, dorsally and slightly lingually and pass along the lateral side of the second molar. Almost the entire muscular resultant force is transmitted to the molars while the temporo-mandibular joint remains unloaded. A small transverse force, produced by the tense symphyseal cruciate ligaments balances the couple of muscle resultant and molar reaction force in the transverse plane. After each grinding stroke the mandible is repositioned for the next stroke by the overlapping actions of three muscle groups: the pterygoids and suprahyoids produce depression and forward shift, the suprahyoids and temporal backward shift and elevation of the mandible while the subsequent co-operation of the temporal and masseter causes final closure of the mouth and starting of the forward grinding movement. All muscles act in a bilaterally symmetrical fashion.The pterygoids contract more strongly, the masseter more weakly during biting than during chewing. The wide gape shifts the resultant of the muscle forces more vertically and more posteriorly. The joint then becomes strongly loaded because the reaction forces are applied far anteriorly on the incisors. The characteristic angle between the almost horizontal biting force and the surface of the food pellet indicates that the lower incisors produce a chisel-like action.Tooth structure reflects chewing and biting forces. The transverse molar lamellae lie about parallel to the chewing forces whereas perpendicular loading of the occlusal surfaces is achieved by their inclination in the transverse plane. The incisors are loaded approximately parallel to their longitudinal axis, placement that avoids bending forces during biting. It is suggested that a predominantly protrusive musculature favors the effective force transmission to the lower incisors, required for gnawing. By grinding food across transversely oriented molar ridges the protrusive components of the muscles would be utilized best. From the relative weights of the masticatory muscles and their topographical relations with joints, molars and incisors it may be concluded that the masticatory apparatus is a construction adapted to optimal transmission of force from muscles to teeth.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 55-80 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The description of stages of the molt cycle in mantis shrimp (emphasizing Gonodactylus but compared in a number of Gonodactylidae, Squillidae, and Lysiosquillidae) includes data on texture, hardness, and color of the exoskeleton; behavior; and the micromorphology of the integument and developing setae.After stage A1, When the exoskeleton feels soft and soapy, and A2, when the abdomen attains parchment consistency, the exoskeleton continues to harden until stage C1, when the telson carinae can no longer be depressed with a fingernail. The propodus (C2) and the merus (C3) of the raptorial appendage are the last elements to become rigid. The meral spot achieves indistinct coloration at B1 and distinct but pale coloration at B2; body color continues to intensify until C4.Changes in behavior are particularly marked before and after the molt. After the molt defensive and avoidance behaviors characterize A1 and A2. Threatening increases from low to intense levels in A2 and B1. Striking and offensive behavior increase from weak to normal intensities from B2 to C4. One or two days before the molt, animals lower activity and dominance and feeding levels, exhibit reclusive behavior, and sometimes seal the cavity entrance.The morphology of setagenesis is particularly valuable for determining the stage of the molt after the exoskeleton hardens. The ratio of setae containing cellular contents throughout the lumen to those condensed into strands separates stages A2 through C3. “Cones,” although variable within and between individuals in some species, form initially in B2 and continue to condense through D. Initiation of C4, D0 and D1 overlaps variously in some individuals. Apolysis (D0) and morphogenesis of new setae (D1-D3) provide cues for identifying approach of the molt. Setagenesis and setal morphology differ among families, genera and some species of stomatopods. The structure and functional morphology of setae can be explained by the form of setagenesis.Passive swelling and active muscular peristalsis effect the shedding of the exoskeleton and setal eversion at the molt. The carapace and rostrum are shed as one unit. Patterns of meral sutures vary among taxa with enlargement of the merus and with subterminal or terminal ischiomeral articulation. Middorsal sutures open only on the sixth and seventh thoracic segments, suggesting loss of the first rather than the last abdominal segment and therefore a distant relationship to other eumalacostracans.Approximate durations of the molt stages in stomatopods are compared to those of 11 crustacean taxa. Extensive overlap seems to occur among midinterval stages, particularly in stomatopods. The developmental plateau occurs in different stages in different taxa. Late postmolt (C), associated with calcification, requires longer in more heavily calcified than in thinly calcified species, except for stomatopods. The physiological events immediately surrounding the the molt (A1-B1 and D3-D4) are compressed in time in crayfish, brachyurans, and especially in stomatopods. Behavioral adaptations maximize this compression of physiological events at the molt in stomatopods. These three groups also possess the most asymmetrical molt cycles of the crustacean taxa examined. It is hypothesized that these modifications of the molt cycle allow opportunistic molting and represent adaptations to agonistic behavior.Temporal variation in behavior and in color over the molt cycle may increase the potential for speciation by processes resembling neoteny.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 129-175 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pheromone systems from seven species of noctuid are examined. Much of the structure of scales from the wings and/or the abdomen is interpreted as a modification for secretion or release of a pheromone. Scales with an extremely complex surface provide a large evaporation surface, while those connected to secretory cells show less superficial folding than body-covering scales.The development of the secretory gland and diseminatory scales in Mamestra configurata is followed from the exuvial pharate adult stage to emergence. Both components are paired and develop from epidermal cells lining a pair of large lateral invaginations. They may have resulted through division of a group of less specialized cells that originally combined the function of pheromone production and release.
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  • 76
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    Notes: Examinations of stages of fibril development in muscle fibers of seven Rhesus monkey and six human fetuses reveal SR tubules encircling the Z lines at all stages of fibril development. The encircling SR tubules are continuous with the SR network of tubules which is found surrounding fibrils at all stages of development observed. The SR tubules encircling the Z lines show connections (electron-opaque strands) with the Z lines. The developing triadic junction shows a progressive increase in complexity of structures within the junction. First, membranes of T and SR become apposed with no visible structure between them. Second, tenuous connections are found traversing the space between apposed membranes. Third, well developed bridges are seen traversing the space. And finally, an intermediate density midway between the apposed membranes and parallel to them is found in favorable sections. Junctions between T tubule membranes were also observed and the structures in these junctions are somewhat similar to those found in junctions between T and SR membranes. The change in orientation of triads from predominantly longitudinal to predominantly transverse is complete in the 18-week monkey fetus and incomplete in the latest stage (28-week) of fetal development observed in humans.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 333-353 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-developed and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numberous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and around the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 371-385 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory cells are arranged in 16 NSC centers in the different regions of the brain of O. tholozani. The component cells belong to 13 different types, of which five types are paraldehyde fuchsin positive and the remaining types are negative. Three of these cell types are here described for the first time. Some of these NSC show an affinity to certain localities inside the brain. Cells comprising a neurohaemal organ were found near the exit of the esophagus.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 461-466 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Experiments were performed to test whether motoneurons in the plantaris and medial gastrocnemius muscles of the cat are arranged in the spinal cord according to their sizes. It was found that motoneurons are randomly distributed with respect to size in their motor nuclei. Evidence is also presented that motoneuron density in these pools is irregular, and that there is considerable variability of position of medial gastrocnemius and plantaris motor pools from animal to animal.
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  • 80
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    Notes: Normal gill structure and thyroxine induced resorptive changes were studied in Ambystoma mexicanum. The gill is normally composed of a mesenchymal core covered with a multilayered epithelium. The general architecture is simpler than that of the teleost and elasmobranch, but the vascular arrangement is analogous. There are three basic cell types in the epithelium: a characteristic epithelial cell containing tonofibrils and mucus, a ciliated cell with an ultrastructure similar to that of the chloride cell, and the mucin-filled Leydig cell. The basal lamella and mesenchymal tissue appear typical of amphibians.Cytologic changes during thyroxine induced gill resorption varied with cell type. Some epithelial cells demonstrated a cytoplasmic response with swelling of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum and late, lytic nuclear changes, while others remained viable and went on to cornify. Ciliated cells showed early changes in nuclear chromatin pattern followed by rapid, progressive dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum. Leydig cells sustained variable changes leading to collapse of the perinuclear mucus, and cells of this type were absent in mature epidermis. Early basement membrane changes included widening and reduplication of the adepidermal membrane followed by morphologic fraying of collagen plies. There is no cytologic evidence to suggest that autolysis plays a major role in gill tissue dissolution.Resorption involved the maintenance of structural integrity in the face of diminishing physical dimensions. The epithelium became cornified, the basement lamellae dissolved, and the mesenchymal tissue was resorbed through action of macrophages in an orderly distal to proximal direction.
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 19-37 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea cucumbers, Stichopus moebii, have a unique specialization of their blood vascular system: The vascular follicle network is composed of numerous small chambers (follicles) interconnected by minute vessels. The fine structure of the follicle system was studied in detail. The follicles are composed of several layers: an external ciliated epithelium, neuromuscular layer and basement membrane, connective tissue, and a fenestrated endothelial lining. The follicle lumen is filled with coelomocytes and necrotic cells surrounding particles of iron. The follicle may function in coelomocyte production and destruction.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 95-113 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The origin, distribution and structure of the blood vessels of the female reproductive tract and the testis of the brush possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) were studied using latex and silicone rubber casting and histological techniques. Latex casts of the vessels of the female tract were also studied in five macropod species - Macropus giganteus, M. eugenii, M. agilis, Megaleia rufa and Thylogale billardierii, and in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus).The female reproductive tract in the brush possum was supplied and drained by four major sets of paired vessels - ovarian, cranial urogenital, caudal urogenital, and internal pudendal arteries and veins. These vessels formed substantial anastomoses with one another on each side of the midline, and also across-the-midline anastomoses. The proximal part of the ovarian artery ran in close apposition to the ovarian vein, which received one or more large uterine branches. In its distal protion the ovarian artery gave rise to a leash of small, tortuous ovarian branches, which wound around and between the plexiform ovarian veins.The testicular arteries and veins in this species also ran in close apposition to one another. Both arteries and veins branched into many smaller, mildly tortuous, parallel vessels in the spermatic cord, which reunited before entering the testis.The blood vessels of the reproductive tract in all of the macropod species studied, and in the common wombat, were basically similar to those of the brush possum.The intimate structural relationships between ovarian arteries and veins, and their ovarian branches, in these marsupials are suggestive of specializations for counter-current exchange between venous and arterial blood. However, in contrast to those of the testicular vessels where heat exchange is a demonstrated function, their physiological significance remains unknown.
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  • 83
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 187-203 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the distribution, structure and growth of ceratotrichia in the anterodorsal fin of a lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, and in the tailfin of a nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, shows that the ceratotrichia are large collagen fibers which develop in bilateral rows within the dermis. Surrounding each ceratotrichium is a layer of peritrichial fibroblasts containing secretory vesicles, which appear to be the source of matrix constituents. The peritrichial matrix contains bundles of fine, unbanded collagen fibrils as well as larger, banded fibrils like those in the matrix of ordinary connective tissue. The structure of the peritrichial fibroblasts and of the subjacent peritrichial matrix is the same as that of the fibroblasts and matrix of the conventional connective tissue throughout the fin dermis. Ceratotrichia grow by apposition of collagen fibrils from the peritrichial matrix. In cross section the ceratotrichia appear layered, evidently because of close packing of constituent fibrils in lamellae. In longitudinal section the ceratotrichia exhibit the conventional a, b, c, d and e bands of collagen. The e bands of show two distinct subbands, and the b bands three subbands. Periodicity of the banding pattern is approximately 640 Å like that of conventional collagen fibrils.
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  • 85
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    Notes: This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90°) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon.
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  • 86
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    Notes: The cranial nerves of adult Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata and late embryonic Thamnophis ordinoides, were studied, respectively, by dissection and by microscopic examination of serial sections. There are 11 cranial nerves in these snakes; the spinal accessory (XI) cannot be identified. In general, the nerves are similar to those of lizards. Certain nerves usually combine into a trunk: the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic division (V1) and abducens (VI), form the ocular trunk, whereas the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII), compose the craniocervical trunk. No terminal nerve is found. The first nerve exists as the independent vomeronasal and olfactory proper nerves. There is a large lagenar (auditory) part of the eighth nerve. The three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V) have the widest distribution in the head. In addition, there is a pterygoid division (V4) in snakes, innervating the muscles of the upper jaw series of bones. The V4 is best developed in snakes among all vertebrates. A chorda tympani of VII is present. The glossopharyngeal is a small nerve. The vagus comprises a large laryngeal branch and a larger visceral nerve to the trunk. The hypoglossal heavily innervates the tongue musculature.There are four cephalic parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, preorbital, infraorbital, and inferior alveolar. Several of the ganglia may also include sympathetic cell bodies. The ciliary ganglion innervates intraocular smooth muscle, whereas the other ganglia supply the various cephalic glands. No distinct superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is recognized. Sympathetics distribute in the head through the craniocervical trunk and its communications with the facial and trigeminal nerves.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 307-315 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Mandibular glands from destalked male spider crabs were fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium in phosphate buffer, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in Spurr's low-viscosity medium ('69). The glands hypertrophy and several changes occur in the subcellular cytoarchitecture following eyestalk ablation. These include loss of most of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or its appearance as lamallae, appearance of numerous polysomes and a change in mitochondrial structure. Large vesicles with ribosomes spaced at intervals along their membranes are apparently formed by blebbing of the outer nuclear membrane and appear throughout the cytoplasm. Banded structures consisting of alternate granular and flocculent materials are found within the nucleus.
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  • 88
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    Notes: A laboratory colony of Oncopeltus fasciatus was found to be infected by Leptomonas oncopelti. The flagellates form a carpet attached to the cuticular intima of the rectal glands of adult bugs. The epithelial cells of these glands are characterized by infolded apical plasma membranes associated with mitochondria; the overlying cuticular intima shows endocuticular canals. The Leptomonas are attached by hemidesmosomes, located most often at the tip of the flagella. The Protozoa multiply by budding and the resultant straphangers cling to the parental flagellum. Adhesion of the flagellates to the cuticular lining is so strong that detaching flagellates carry with them the outer part of the epicuticle. Epicuticle repair presumably occurs through the endocuticular canals.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978) 
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 157-171 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sperm of the shiner surfperch are packaged into high density aggregations which are introduced into the female genital tract at insemination. Germ cell differentiation occurs within cysts formed by nongerminal Sertoli cells. In late spermiogenesis, spermatozoa within the cysts come to lie parallel to each other and become more densely packed. These sperm packets (spermatophores), containing approximately 600 spermatozoa, then are released into the efferent sperm ducts.The exact nature of the spermatophore binding material is not known, but a major component is proteinaceous and is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the efferent sperm duct epithelial cells. The mechanism by which the spermatophores pass from cysts into ducts is not clear. It appears that whereas many Sertoli cells degenerate causing the cyst wall to break down, many Sertoli cells do not degenerate, but rather assume the configuration of columnar duct cells. The spermatophores remain intact within the testicular ducts, but rapidly dissolve within the female ducts in response to increased pH.
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  • 91
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 253-269 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The telemetered electromyographic activity (EMG) of select hindlimb muscles of unrestrained cats during standing, walking, trotting, and galloping have been recorded. Simultaneous cinematographic records permitted close correlation of muscle activity and locomotor behavior. In general, the pattern of extensor activity of the ankle, knee, and hip during locomotion is fairly consistent, while that of the flexors is more variable.Changes in basic EMG patterns from walk, to trot, to gallop are most evident in the two-jointed muscles associated with the knee and hip. Progressively greater variation of activity onset and cessation can be seen among extensor muscle groups from the walk, to trot, to gallop. Co-activation of the joint extensors and flexors, especially of the hip, at the end of the stance phase (E3) is slight in the walk, moderate in the trot, and considerable in the gallop. These EMG changes are necessary to meet the demands imposed upon the musculature at the faster gaits, particularly galloping, which include limb rigidity as related to loading, momentum as related to the limb's directional change from the stance phase to the swing phase, and lower spinal movements.The peroneal muscles of the ankle and the gluteal muscles of the hip show extensor activity and act as joint stabilizers during locomotion. Both biceps femoris anterior muscle and biceps femoris posterior muscle show consistent hip extensor patterns at all gaits. During quiet standing, extensor activity about the knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal joints is evident; but the hip extensor and flexor musculature is remarkably silent.EMG data for unrestrained cats are compared to those of dogs on a treadmill (Tokuriki, '73a,b, '74; Wentink, '76) and those recorded from decerebrate cats (mesencephalic preparation) during controlled locomotion (Gambaryan et al., '71). The EMG patterns from decerebrate cats are more consistent at the walk and gallop within functional groups of muscles at the ankle, knee, and hip than the EMG patterns observed in unrestrained cats or animals moving on a treadmill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 327-348 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: End-plate distributions have been determined for three frog muscles of different morphology in order to relate end-plate topography to spatial muscle structure and nerve branching. Koelle's cholinesterase technique was applied, both on whole muscles and frozen sections. The end-plates of the short parallel-fibered cutaneus pectoris muscle appeared to be located in short bands along the nerve branches. The nerve tree is restricted to a zonal area across the middle part of the muscle. Depending on the way the nerve branches, the end-plate bands form innervation patterns, varying from one single continuous band to multiple distributed bands. In the latter case one frequently observes that different end-plate bands do not run across the same longitudinal muscle fiber area, although the respective nerve branches run parallel across this area. The long parallel-fibered sartorius muscle has a wider nerve tree and exhibits the same phenomenon for close parallel nerve branches, but end-plate bands along parallel nerve branches far apart cover the same muscle fiber area. The end-plate distribution in the bipennate, short-fibered gastrocnemius is zonal throughout the muscle except in certain compartments containing tonic fibers. The end-plate zone centers around the inner aponeurosis about half-way between the muscle tendon junctions of the fibers and is visible only at the muscle surface where muscle fibers run over their entire length at that surface. The results are of general use in the electrophysiology of neuromuscular transmission because they illustrate how in certain twitch muscles neuromuscular morphology may help to localize end-plates.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 1-37 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When a larva of Haplothrips verbasci is ready to feed, it grasps the surface of the leaf with its pretarsi, sinks down between its front legs, lifts its head, and places the tip of its mouthcone against the surface. It then shortens its mouthcone and punches a hole in the epidermis by rapidly and repeatedly protracting and retracting its left mandibular stylet. The thrips then inserts its two maxillary stylets as a unit into the wound with a series of rapid thrusts and withdrawals, salivating continuously while doing so. When a food source in the epidermis or mesophyll is found, probing and salivation stop and cibarial pumping begins. Cytoplasm is sucked into the opening at the tip of the protracted stylets, up the food canal between them and into the cibarium.Probing and feeding can occur without mandibular intervention but uptake of liquid seems to require use of the mutually coadapted maxillary stylets, even when these are fully retracted.Prior to molting, the larva protracts its maxillary stylets maximally and, in the pharate state, seems incapable of feeding or drinking.Structures used in feeding are fully described and are shown to resemble those of Hemiptera except for the presence of maxillary and labial palpi and the absence of the loral lobes, right mandible and of a salivary canal between the protracted maxillary stylets. Seven single and 18 paired muscles function in the feeding act, nine less than in adults of the same species.Differences in the feeding mechanism of terebrantian and tubuliferous thrips are discussed and evidence is presented to suggest that the simplified and more highly specialized mouthparts of the latter insects are adaptations for feeding in confining spaces.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 53-125 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In contemporary entomology the morphological characters of insects are not always treated according to their phylogenetic rank. Fossil evidence often gives clues for different interpretations. All primitive Paleozoic pterygote nymphs are now known to have had articulated, freely movable wings reinforced by tubular veins. This suggests that the wings of early Pterygota were engaged in flapping movements, that the immobilized, fixed, veinless wing pads of Recent nymphs have resulted from a later adaptation affecting only juveniles, and that the paranotal theory of wing origin is not valid. The wings of Paleozoic nymphs were curved backwards in Paleoptera and were flexed backwards at will in Neoptera, in both to reduce resistance during forward movement. Therefore, the fixed oblique-backwards position of wing pads in all modern nymphs is secondary and is not homologous in Paleoptera and Neoptera. Primitive Paleozoic nymphs had articulated and movable prothoracic wings which became in some modern insects transformed into prothoracic lobes and shields. The nine pairs of abdominal gillplates of Paleozoic mayfly nymphs have a venation pattern, position, and development comparable to that in thoracic wings, to which they are serially homologous. Vestigial equivalents of wings and legs were present in the abdomen of all primitive Paleoptera and primitive Neoptera. The ontogenetic development of Paleozoic nymphs was confluent, with many nymphal and subimaginal instars, and the metamorphic instar was missing. The metamorphic instar originated by the merging together of several instars of old nymphs; it occurred in most orders only after the Paleozoic, separately and in parallel in all modern major lineages (at least twice in Paleoptera, in Ephemeroptera and Odonata; separately in hemipteroid, blattoid, orthopteroid, and plecopteroid lineages of exopterygote Neoptera; and once only in Endopterygota). Endopterygota evolved from ametabolous, not from hemimetabolous, exopterygote Neoptera.The full primitive wing venation consists of six symmetrical pairs of veins; in each pair, the first branch is always convex and the second always concave; therefore costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, and anal are all primitively composed of two separate branches. Each pair arises from a single veinal base formed from a sclerotized blood sinus. In the most primitive wings the circulatory system was as follows: the costa did not encircle the wing, the axillary cord was missing, and the blood pulsed in and out of each of the six primary, convex-concave vein pair systems through the six basal blood sinuses. This type of circulation is found as an archaic feature in modern mayflies. Wing corrugation first appeared in preflight wings, and hence is considered primitive for early (paleopterous) Pterygota. Somewhat leveled corrugation of the central wing veins is primitive for Neoptera. Leveled corrugation in some modern Ephemeroptera, as well as accentuated corrugation in higher Neoptera, are both derived characters. The wing tracheation of Recent Ephemeroptera is not fully homologous to that of other insects and represents a more primitive, segmental stage of tracheal system.Morphology of an ancient articular region in Palaeodictyoptera shows that the primitive pterygote wing hinge in its simplest form was straight and composed of two separate but adjoining morphological units: the tergal, formed by the tegula and axillaries; and the alar, formed by six sclerotized blood sinuses, the basivenales. The tergal sclerites were derived from the tergum as follows: the lateral part of the tergum became incised into five lobes; the prealare, suralare, median lobe, postmedian lobe and posterior notal wing process. From the tips of these lobes, five slanted tergal sclerites separated along the deep paranotal sulcus: the tegula, first axillary, second axillary, median sclerite, and third axillary. Primitively, all pteralia were arranged in two parallel series on both sides of the hinge. In Paleoptera, the series stayed more or less straight; in Neoptera, the series became V-shaped. Pteralia in Paleoptera and Neoptera have been homologized on the basis of the fossil record.A differential diagnosis between Paleoptera and Neoptera is given. Fossil evidence indicates that the major steps in evolution, which led to the origin first of Pterygota, then of Neoptera and Endopterygota, were triggered by the origin and the diversification of flight apparatus. It is believed here that all above mentioned major events in pterygote evolution occurred first in the immature stages.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 237-255 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oocytes and nurse tissue of Bruchidius differentiate from germ cells during the extended period of pupal development (7.2 ± 0.6 days). A system of 15 pupal stages correlates ovarian development with changes in pigmentation of the eyes, maxillae, alae and tarsalia. The ovarioles grow in length at a constant rate, though their width does not change.A differentiating zone, consisting of germ cells and the basal layer of interstitial cells, arises at the base of the tropharium and separates presumptive oocytes and nurse cells. Early in pupal development the germ cells are arranged in primary syncytia with the cells connected by persisting intercellular bridges filled with fusomal material, never with larger particles, such as mitochondria. At later stages membrane disintegration changes the primary syncytium into a secondary one including all nurse cell nuclei.Nutritive cords are first noticeable when differentiation of oocytes and nurse cells starts. The cords seem to be of primary origin, i.e., they are connections between sister cells which become elongated as these cells are separated during growth. This is indicated by the persistence of intercellular bridges which are sometimes found as part of the membrane of growing nutritive cords connecting young oocytes with the nurse cell syncytium.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 317-337 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of protein-carbohydrate yolk in the statoblast of a fresh-water bryozoan, Pectinatella gelatinosa, was studied by electron microscopy. Two types (I and II) of yolk cells were distinguished. The type I yolk cells are mononucleate and comprise a large majority of the yolk cells. The type II yolk cells are small in number; they become multinucleate by fusion of cells at an early stage of vitellogenesis. In both types of yolk cells, electron-dense granules (dense bodies) are formed in Golgi or condensing vacuoles, which are then called yolk granules. For the formation of yolk granules, the following processes are considered: 1. Yolk protein is synthesized in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of the yolk cells. 2. The synthesized protein condenses in the cisternal space of the RER and is packaged into small oval swellings, which are then released from the RER as small vesicles (Golgi vesicles, 300-600 A in diameter). 3. The small vesicles fuse with one another to form condensing vacuoles, or with pre-existing growing yolk granules. 4. In the matrix of the condensing vacuoles or growing yolk granules, electron-dense fibers are fabricated and then arranged in a paracrystalline pattern to form the dense body. 5. After the dense body reaches its full size, excess membrane is removed and eventually the yolk granules come to mature. Toward the end of vitellogenesis of the yolk cells, the cytoplasmic organelles are ingested by autophagosomes derived from multivesicular bodies and disappear.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Testis structure in four species of goodeid teleosts is described. Testicular tubules terminate blindly at the testis periphery where spermatogonia are located. In goodeid teleosts, development of sperm takes place synchronously within cysts whose periphery is made up of a single layer of Sertoli cells. Upon completion of spermiogenesis, spermiation ensues wherein sperm are shed, as spermatozeugmata, into the testis efferent duct system. Subsequently, Sertoli cells, which comprised the cyst periphery, transform into efferent duct cells.Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies and are involved in the formation of spermatozeugmata. The structure of the goodeid spermatozeugmatum is quite different from that observed in the related poeciliids. It is concluded, in view of this and other considerations, that the goodeids and poeciliids have independently evolved solutions to the problems of internal fertilization and gestation.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 156 (1978), S. 381-417 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The papillae basilares of 12 species of lizards from seven different families were studied by SEM. The iguanids, Sceloporus magister and S. occidentalis, have typical “iguanid type” papillae with central short-ciliated unidirectional hair cell segments and apical and basal long-ciliated bidirectional hair cell segments. These species of Sceloporus are unique among iguanids in that the bidirectional segments consist of but two rows of hair cells. The agamids, Agama agama and Calotes nigrolabius, have an “agamid-anguid type” papilla consisting of an apical short-ciliated unidirectional hair cell segment and a longer basal bidirectional segment. Agama agama is unusual in having a few long-ciliated hair cells at the apical end of the apical short-ciliated segment. The agamid, Uromastix sp., has an “iguanid type” papilla with a central short-ciliated unidirectional segment and apical and basal bidirectional segments. The anguid, Ophisaurus ventralis, has an “iguanid” papillar pattern with the short-ciliated segment centrally located. All the short-ciliated hair cells of the above species are covered by a limbus-attached tectorial network or cap and the long-ciliated hair cells, only by loose tectorial strands.The lacertids, Lacerta viridis and L. galloti, have papillae divided into two separate segments. The shorter apical segment consists of opposingly oriented, widely separated short-ciliated cells covered by a heavy tectorial membrane. The apical portion of the longer basal segment consists of unidirectionally oriented hair cells, while the greater part of the segment has opposingly oriented hair cells.The xantusiids, Xantusia vigilis and X. henshawi, have papillae made up of separate small apical segments and elongated basal segments. The apical hair cells are largely, but not exclusively, unidirectional and are covered by a heavy tectorial cap. The basal strip is bidirectional and the hair cells are covered by sallets. The kinocilial heads are arrowhead-shaped.The papilla of the cordylid, Cordylus jonesii, is very similar to that of Xantusia except that the apical segment is not completely separated from the basal strip.The papilla of the Varanus bengalensis is divided into a shorter apical and a longer basal segment. The hair cells of the entire apical and the basal three quarters of the basal segment are opposingly oriented, not with reference to the midpapillary axis but randomly to either the neural or abneural direction. The apical quarter of the basal segment contains unidirectional, abneurally oriented hair cells. The entire papilla is covered by a dense tectorial membrane.The functional correlations of the above structural variables are discussed.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 157 (1978), S. 49-77 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The circulatory systems of four polystyelids, Botryllus schlosseri, B. primigenus, Botrylloides violaceus and Symplegma reptans, were compared. The palleal buds are connected to the parent zooid by a peduncle and to the colonial vascular system by connecting vessels. The peduncle of S. reptans disappears at an earlier stage of bud development than in B. primigenus; it survives the dissolution of the parent zooid in B. schlosseri and B. violaceus. The connecting vessel is formed by anastomosis between an epidermal outgrowth from the bud and a neighboring colonial vessel, and is characterized by the presence of a sphincter. The number of connecting vessels formed in a palleal bud is three in S. reptans, two in B. primigenus and one each in B. schlosseri and B. violaceus. In each species, the larva has eight rudiments of ampullae. In B. primigenus, the original ampullae degenerate soon after metamorphosis and new ampullae extend from the ventral epidermis of the oozooid. In the other species, the colonial vascular system is derived from the original ampullae.The whole colonial vascular system contracts and expands periodically, with regionally different phases. During each expansion cycle, the sphincter contracts once in B. primigenus and twice in S. reptans. The correlation may be due to blood pressure and the propagation of excitation through the colonial vascular system.
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