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  • Articles  (81)
  • wheat  (81)
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1975-1979  (33)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (81)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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  • 2
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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  • 3
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; sorghum ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha−1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield. The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iron pyrites ; wheat ; chickpea ; mustard ; Egyptian clover ; biomass production ; S uptake ; P mobilization ; P uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter crop seasons commencing in 1979–80 on the Typic Ustochrept of Pura to evaluate iron pyrites as S fertilizer. Four crops viz, wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover were tested for their responsiveness to added pyrites. All the crops responded significantly to added pyrites. Mustard proved most sensitive to S deficiency in soil and wheat the least. Between the two legumes, Egyptian clover was more sensitive to S stress than chickpea. Average biomass production by Egyptian clover was highest followed by wheat, mustard and chickpea. Mustard and Egyptian clover required more S to achieve maximum biomass production compared with wheat and chickpea but they also recovered from the soil a large proportion of added S than wheat and chickpea. Addition of pyrites increased availability of S in soil. Pyrites enhanced mobilization of soil P and its utilization by the crops.
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  • 5
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; grain protein ; prolamin ; inheritance ; chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic gliadin components are inherited as highly stable blocks of linked components. Multiple allelism of blocks controlled by polygenic loci of six gliadin-coding chromosomes has been revealed. The allelic states of these loci are interrelated with the variability of grain. The regularities discovered permit the use of gliadin polymorphism for estimation of genotype properties in breeding programs.
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  • 6
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; genetics ; endosperm ; seed proteins ; gliadins ; glutenins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews our present knowledge of the chromosomal location of the genes that control the synthesis of gliadins and glutenins, the two major groups of storage protein in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Allelic relationships and genetic linkage between genes are also discussed. The areas that require futher investigation are identified.
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  • 7
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadin ; glutenin subunits ; correlation ; gluten quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gluten ; small scale extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new small scale device for wheat gluten separation is described and the results of the first experiments on the influence of extraction conditions on different flours are reported.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: nutritive value ; protein fractions ; rapeseed ; soybean ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive value of various protein fractions was studied. Fractions 2S and 12S from rapeseed, 2S, 7S and 11S from soybean were obtained by dissolution in ammonium sulfate solutions. Albumin-globulin, gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions from wheat were obtained by dissolution in salted water (albumin-globulin), acetic acid (glutenin) and alcohol (gliadin). Liveweight gains, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) were used as measures of the nutritive value. The protein fractions had a lower nutritive value than the unfractionated proteins except for the albumin-globulin fraction of wheat which had a nutritive value higher than that of the unfractionated wheat protein. PER obtained with the rapeseed 2S and 12S fractions were 2.49 and 2.21, respectively, as compared to 2.64 for unfractionated rapeseed. With soybean fractions, PER were 0.92 for 2S, — 0.007 for 7S and 1.47 for 11S, as compared to 2.19 for the original protein. The wheat albumin-globulin fraction gave a PER of 2.78, as compared to 1.45 for the unfractionated wheat protein. Gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions had a lower PER than that of unfractionated wheat protein. ADC of all fractions were higher than those of the original proteins. The difference in liveweight gains and PER observed between protein fractions can be partially explained on the basis of the essential amino acid content.
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  • 10
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; screening nursery ; distance between control plots ; protein content ; correlation coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Correlation coefficients were calculated in two seasons, between protein content of control plots of ‘Kyperounda’ durum wheat and ‘Athenais’ barley sown at distances of from 0.6 m to 68.4 m. Simple correlation coefficients were high (0.737, 0.710 and 0.311) and significant at the 1% level of probability for plots 0.6 m apart, but decreased rapidly with increasing distances between plots. The correlation in four nurseries was significant for plots 7.2 m, 4.2m, 4.2 m and 1.8 m apart. It was concluded that a control plot provides a fairly good measure of the protein content of adjacent plots.
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  • 11
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; pollen stainability ; male sterility ; female sterility ; hybrid seed ; hybrid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The gametocidal effects of RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 were studied with three rates and times of foliar application on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Anza and Yecora 70. RH-531 and RH-532 applied at or before booting stage caused rather large reduction in plant height while RH-2956 had a small effect on height. Application of any of the three chemicals on ‘Anza’ at meiotic stages reduced self-pollination (SP) fertility by 97–99%. If 90% SP fertility reduction is acceptable, the application time could vary from premeiosis to postmeiosis for ‘Anza’. ‘Yecora 70’ was less sensitive than ‘Anza’ to gametocide treatments. The lowest SP fertility obtained in ‘Yecora 70’ with RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 was by treatment at booting (4 kg/ha), at premeiosis (2 kg/ha), and heading (8 kg/ha), and the corresponding SP fertility reductions were 74, 89, and 71%. Pollen stainability-determined by aceto-carmine, IKI, and Alexander's stains-was not affected by gametocide treatment and was not useful in evaluating sterility induced by these chemicals. For the RH-531-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ and the RH-532-treated ‘Anza’, more than 94% of the seeds produced by open-pollination on treated plants were from self-or sib-pollination as determined by progeny testing. However, RH-532-treated ‘Yecora 70’ and RH-2956-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ did result in more crossed seeds, with a maximum of 20% outcrossing. It was believed that spike compactness induced by the chemicals and the related poor flower opening were the major limitations for outcrossing. Artificial pollinations made to the test varieties showed that RH-531 induced both male and female sterility and was undesirable for practical use. RH-532, however, could be applied at the booting stage to avoid severe female sterility, and RH-2956 clearly was the best of the three chemicals, with the female fertility very close to those of the untreated checks of both ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’. Of the three chemicals, RH-2956 gave the highest percentage of hybrid plants in the progeny of hand-or open-pollinated spikes. Its practical use for hybrid seed production, however, will depend largely on improvement of methods to increase cross pollination in wheat.
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  • 12
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 457-461 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf angle ; erect leaves ; diallel ; additive gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 6×6 diallel was prepared to study the inheritance of leaf angle in T. aestivum L. Genetic analysis in terms of diallel cross parameters and graphic analysis indicated the control of additive gene effects in the expression of this character. The results of F1 analysis were supported by the analysis of F2 data.
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  • 13
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photoperiodic sensitivity ; maturity ; genetics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photoperiodic respose, as assessed by a regression technique, exhibited complete dominance averaged over the crosses of an eight parent diallel in the vernalized condition. Photoperiodic response as final leaf number for the vernalized 8-hour photoperiod diallel was closely related to photoeriodic response of the regression method. However, the diallel analyses of both sets of data showed little agreement in terms of respectieve array positions. The inheritance of photoperiodic response in diallels using regression values showed little agreement between the vernalized and unvernalized conditions. This difference was postulated to be due to interaction of vernalization and photoperiodic response in the unvernalized situation. In the unvernalized condition photoperiodic response exhibited non-allelic interaction, attributable mainly to the cultivar Pinnacle in general behaviour in its crosses. Its removal gave a situation of high average dominance for photoperiodic response with a clear indication that high photoperiodic sensitivity was dominant to comparative insensitivity. Days to ear emergence (vernalized and 18-hour photoperiod) exhibited non-allelic interaction in its expression, due mainly to the general behaviour of the cultivar Pinnacle in its crosses. Removal of its array gave a situation of a moderately strong degree of overdominance in the expression of days to ear emergence. Maturity differences amongst parents and F1's, vernalized and under 18-hour photoperiod, are postulated to be due to a factor other than vernalization or photoperiodic response beheved to be growth temperature in differentially in fluencing growth and/or developmental rates between genotypes.
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  • 14
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 565-576 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution lines ; kernel hardness ; baking absorption ; dough stability ; baking quality ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to identify the chromosomal location of genetic control of a few components of wheat quality, using chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle Desprez, Cheyenne, Hope, and Timstein into the recipient variety Chinese Spring. Major factors for kernel hardness and increased baking absorption were found on chromosomes 5D of Cheyenne and Hope, and on 3B, 5D and 7D of Timstein. In Timstein, the presence of one of these chromosomes sufficed to make the wheat kernels hard. Factors for favourable dough properties were identified on a few other chromosomes, different in various varieties. These were 1A of Cappelle Desprez and Cheyenne, 3B of Hope, and 2D of Timstein. All but one of these chromosomes showed an increase in loaf volume to a level in-between those of the recipient variety Chinese Spring and the donor varieties. No relationship was found between kernel hardness and dough-making and baking properties. It was assumed that wheat quality is due to a combination of kernel hardness and favourable dough-making properties. As the genes for these factors are located on different chromosomes, it should not be too difficult to introduce both factors in existing varieties with poor baking properties. In a wheat breeding programme, the quality of new lines can be assessed in a rather simple way by determining kernel hardness and dough stability.
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  • 15
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 415-418 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; germination ; immature grains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The results indicated that acceleration of generation time in wheat was practical. The method developed by Mukade et al. (1973) was improved by extending the hydrogen peroxide treatment at low temperature.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution ; protein content ; grain weight ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The 21 intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of the cultivar Hope in Chinese Spring were used to analyse the genetic differences between the two cultivars Hope and Chinese Spring in grain protein content and grain weight. Only one chromosome of ‘Hope, 5D’, significantly influenced grain protein content of ‘Chinese Spring’. Its influence was of only minor effect and was to decrease protein content expression of ‘Chinese Spring’. It has been postulated that the genetic control of protein content, in this instance, is most likely due to many genes each of small effect. Five chromosomes of ‘Hope’ influenced the 1000 grain weight value of normal ‘Chinese Spring’, all increasing its expression. Chromosomes 1A, 4A and 5B were of major effect and 3A and 6A of comparatively minor effect. A minimal estimate of five genes determines the difference in grain size between these cultivars. The possible evolutionary significance of the contribution of the A genome of bread wheat to grain size determination is discussed. On the basis of certain findings of this study, proposals are made for breeding for increased grain size in hexaploid wheat.
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  • 17
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 769-775 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Alternaria triticina ; leaf blight ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of field resistance to Alternaria triticina was studied in a diallel set of crosses using ten cultivars of wheat which included eight resistant and two susceptibles. Susceptibility if NP 830 was found to be controlled by a dominant gene and that of NP 891 by two dominant complementary genes. The resistant cultivars NP 824, NP 835, NP 852, C 281, E 5477, E 5550, E 5878 and UP 303 carry the recessive alleles of the genes present in NP 830 and NP 891. All the resistant cultivars used in the study carried identical gene(s) for resistance to A. triticina. The gene(s) responsible for resistance appear to have come from NP 4 and Turkey, both of which seem to have evolved simultaneously in nature. The gene(s) for susceptibility in NP 830 and NP 891 were found to be different. It is assumed that these genes come from either Motia (Triticum durum) or Khapli (T. dicoccum) in NP 830 and from Gaza (T. durum) in NP 891.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; spikelet number ; spikelet initiation ; development response ; quantitative inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of spikelet number per ear and rate of spikelet initiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was studied in the ‘land race’ spring wheats, 8–23 and 8–27 from Afghanistan, under controlled temperature and photoperiod. Spikelet number per ear was found to be under simple genetic control with dominance for high spikelet number. It is suggested that the gene determining spikelet number does so by determining the rate of spikelet initiation.
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  • 19
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; wheat stem rust ; black rust resistance ; inheritance of slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F5 progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F5 progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.
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  • 20
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; wheat ; genotypic variance ; environmental variance ; protein content ; nitrogen fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of N fertilizer, irrigation and location on genotypic and environmental variances of barley and wheat varieties were studied in a series of trials. Genotypic variance for crude protein content, as well as for grain yield, tended to be higher under high N fertilizer rate (80 kg N/ha). The effect of N fertilizer rate on environmental variance varied with variety and location. Increase in crude protein content resulted in decrease in environmental variance for only a few of the varieties tested. The effect of quantity of irrigation water on genotypic and environmental variance for crude protein content was small.
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  • 21
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 475-479 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anthocyanins ; centromere ; chromosome mapping ; crossover units ; dominant genes ; monosomics ; partially dominant ; purple coleoptile ; suppressors ; telocentric chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of genes for purple pigment in the coleoptile with the chromosomes of the winter wheat variety Mironovskaya 808 was investigated using monosomic F2 analysis. The segregation ratio for F2 hybrids of Chinese Spring monosomics x Mironovskya 808 seems to indicate that the purple colour of the coleoptile is determined by two dominant genes, Rc3 and Rc4, which are located on the chromosomes 7D and 6B respectively, and which reinforce each other. Apart from these two genes, suppressors found on the chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B and 6A also play a role in the intensity of the purple colour. With the aid of a Chinese Spring telocentric chromosome marker it was observed that the Rc3 gene is located on the chromosome arm 7DS, at a distance of 16±4.23 crossover units from the centromere.
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  • 22
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 739-744 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; flag leaf area ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five spring wheat crosses were evaluated over a 6-year period using comparisons between F2 and F3 data and between near-isogenic F4 populations selected for flag leaf area. Nonsignificant r values for F2 vs. F3 flag leaf measurements may be due to the effect of environment on flag leaf area, but are probably also an indication of low heritability for this plant character. Near-isogenic populations selected on the basis of flag leaf area showed little difference in grain yield, an indication that other plant parts must be more influential in determining grain yield. Flag leaf area, by itself, appears not to be a good index to plant performance.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; Tom Thumb derivatives ; GA3 response index ; apparent α-amylase synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segŕegating populations of the cross Tordo (a spring white-grained Tom Thumb derivative) and Tr 454-16 (a spring white-grained Sonora-Gabo derivative) were studied for plant height, apparent α-amylase synthesis (AAS) and response to gibberellic acid. Means, variances and heritabilities for these characters were computed and their association was studied by computing correlation coefficients. Plant height showed high heritability while AAS and response to GA3 showed moderate heritability. Plant height was positively correlated with AAS and response to GA3. The results pointed out the importance of using Tom Thumb as a source of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in a wheat breeding programme, particularly in areas where wheat breeding is restricted to evolving white-grained cultivars.
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  • 24
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria nodorum ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; glume blotch ; resistance ; tolerance ; escape ; selection ; selection indexes ; phenotypic correlations ; genotypic correlations ; heritability ; grain yield ; heading date ; plant height ; seed weight ; seed weight %
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A population of 572 F2 derived F3 lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots). Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots. Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest. Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.
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  • 25
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-pollinating cereals ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; differential resistance ; durable resistance ; genetic control ; horizontal resistance ; non-race-specific resistance ; partial resistance ; race-specific resistance ; slow rusting ; specific virulence ; uniform resistance ; vertical resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rust pathogens of cereals exist as populations of races that differ in their ability to attack various varieties. Varieties that are resistant when first released often become susceptible later due to the spread of previously undetected races but the time taken for this to occur in very variable. It often occurs so rapidly as to curtail the commercial use of otherwise satisfactory varieties. Some varieties, however, are widely grown for many years and remain adequately resistant to the prevalent rust diseases. They may aptly be described as having durable resistance. This durable or long-lasting resistance can be detected without any assumptions about, or detailed knowledge of, whether durability depends on any particular mechanisms of resistance, on various degrees of racespecificity or on many or few genes. Cappelle-Desprez is given as an example of a wheat variety with durable resistance to yellow rust. The most powerful test for the detection of durable resistance occurs when a variety is widely grown commercially for several years. A much weaker test is obtained by growing varieties in small disease nursery plots even when the test is repeated for several years. Usually, resistance which is durable is also partial or incomplete. Often, however, partial resistance of wheat to yellow rust has not been durable. Thus the observation that resistance is partial is not, of itself, a satisfactory criterion for the detection of durable resistance. It is suggested that the most obvious sources of durable resistance for use in breeding programmes are varieties which have been widely grown and have displayed this character. The transfer of such resistance during breeding may be achieved if the creation or incorporation of higher levels of resistance that have not been tested for durability is avoided. It should then be possible to derive resistance from the durably. resistant parent. Methods of achieving this are discussed.
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  • 26
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust ; resistance ; inheritance ; monsomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of rust resistance against stem rust race 122 in ‘Chhoti Lerma’ was studied both by conventional and aneuploid analysis. Observations on F1, F2 and F2 backcross progenies revealed the operation of two recessive genes, controlling resistance in ‘Chhoti Lerma’. Monosomic analysis confirmed the operation of two recessive genes conferring resistance to race 122 located on chromosomes 1D and 7D. A minor gene or modifier was also located on chromosome 1B. This was concluded from the fact that F2 of mono's x ‘Chhoti Lerma’ exhibited skewness in favour of resistant plants.
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  • 27
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 511-519 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; resistance genes ; data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monogenic lines resistant to leaf rust of spring and winter wheats were grown in the world wheat-producing areas from 1970 through 1975. Lines containing the alleles Lr9 (Wi), Lr9 (Tc), and Lr19 (Tc) were more resistant to the leaf rust pathogen than those containing Lr1 (Tc), −1 (Wi), −1,3 (Wi), −2A (Tc), −2A (Wi), −2D (Tc), −3 (Tc), −3 (Wi), −10 (Tc), −16 (Tc), −17 (Tc), −18 (Tc), or −2D (Pld). Monogenic line Lr1 (Wi) possibly has more than one gene for resistance and resistance properties similar to cultivars with ‘field resistance’. A computer data base was created to produce the information used in this paper.
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  • 28
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truicum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria tritici ; Septoria leaf bloth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Septoria leaf blotch readings, date of heading and plant height appeared strongly correlated in six variety trials with 25 varieties each. Three trials were conducted in 1972 and three in 1976. The taller and later the cultivars, the lower its Septoria leaf blotch score tended to be. The yields also were less strongly reduced in taller and later cultivars, as calculated from another experiment.
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  • 29
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 549-564 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four selection experiments were sown: single-row plots with single row-spacing (≃20 cm), single-row plots with double row spacing (≃40 cm), three-row plots and six-row plots both with single row-spacing (≃20 cm). Selection entries were mimiced by 16 different varieties or advanced breeding lines, which were also sown in a yield trial. Each experiment was laid out as a 4-times replicated randomized block design. Row length was 2 m. Alley borders and border-rows of multiple-row plots were harvested separately to evaluate the effects of different harvesting procedures on the selection efficiency. Removal of alley borders was found to be disadvantageous, since the gain in precision was more than offset by the loss in sampled area. Wide spacing of single-row plots improved the selection efficiency in comparison with normal spaced single-row plots. In multiple-row plots the selection efficiency was not improved by harvesting only the central rows. For gross plot yield (= yield of net plot + yield of alley borders) the differences in selection efficiency between the various selection plot-types were explained on the basis of the genetic variance, the environmental variance and the coefficient of genetic correlation with ‘farm’ yield as determined in the yield trial.
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  • 30
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hexaploid triticale ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heterochromatin ; chromosome association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar Rosner chromosome 2R lacks the prominent heterochromatic bands of both telomeres. This modified 2R chromosome is capable of pairing in a high frequency with wheat chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the accumulation of heterochromatin at the telomeres of rye chromosomes may have contributed to the isolation of the wheat and rye genera by inhibiting pairing between wheat and rye chromosomes.
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  • 31
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. turgidum ; durum wheat ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Saline soils are typically very patchy in their salinity. The yield of crops growing on them is similarly patchy. This paper argues that because most of the yield from such soils comes from the least saline areas, the best breeding strategy for improving the overall yield of crops growing on them is to select for high yield on non-saline soils. This conclusion derives from comparing the effects that four different breeding goals, namely: (1) a 10% increase in yield on non-saline soils, (ii) a 20% increase in the threshold salinity that first reduces yield, (iii) a doubling of yield at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 20 dS/m and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), would have on total yield. The effects of achieving these goals in barley, common wheat, durum wheat and triticale in fields exhibiting different salinities are predicted from actual yields of these species grown on different salinities in the field.
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  • 32
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum spp. ; wheat ; disease severity ; heading date ; plant height ; Septoria Progress Coefficient ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between disease severity (percent pycnidia of Septoria tritici on the four uppermost leaves) and the vertical disease placement expressed as the ratio between disease height (cm)/plant height (cm), (referred to as SPC (Septoria Progress Coefficient)), and between maturity level (days to heading) and SPC, were evaluated for 9500 wheat and triticale accessions tested in field trials during 1977–1981. The relation between disease severity and SPC fitted a quadratic equation in which four distinct cutivar response classes were categorized: A) PCD (percent disease)≤15.0/SPC≤0.400 (highly resistant cultivars); B) PCD≤15.0/SPC (0.400–0.650) (moderately resistant); C) PCD (15.0–40.0)/SPC (0.400–0.700) (moderately susceptible); and D) PCD≥40.0/SPC〉0.700 (highly susceptible cultivars). It is suggested that cultivars assigned to classes B and C which exhibit low receptivity and moderate to high vertical pathogen placement differ in nature and type of protection from that expressed by the highly resistant cultivars in class A. Representative cultivars belonging to each of the classes are listed together with their agronomic characteristics (plant height and maturity level).
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel color ; protein content ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of high-protein hard red wheat germplasm in breeding high-protein hard white winter wheats for the U.S. Great Plains raised concern regarding possible genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Segregating F3 and F4 populations from reciprocal crosses and backcrosses involving high-protein hard red winter wheat cultivar Plainsman V and normal-protein hard white winter wheat line KS75216 were examined. Nonsignificant regression and correlation coefficients in the F3 generations of KS75216/Plainsman V, KS75216//KS75216/Plainsman V and Plainsman V//KS75216/Plainsman V indicated the absence of genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Therefore, despite the presence of genes for protein content and kernel color on the same chromosomes (3A, 3B and 3D), kernel color and protein content appeared as independent traits. A small but significant negative relationship between white kernel color and high protein in Plainsman V/KS75216 was attributable to the possible presence of alien genetic material in the parentage of Plainsman V. Chi-square tests indicated that Plainsman V is a mixture of genotypes for kernel color; most genotypes carry two dominant genes for red color and a few carry one or three. Genetic control of grain protein appeared to be complex. Partial dominance for high protein was indicated in the F3 generation but a generally continuous distribution and transgressive segregation also suggested other genes functioned additively. Heritability estimates by parent-offspring (F3-F4) regression were sufficiently high to ensure genetic progress in the selection of high-protein lines in the red x white wheat crosses. We concluded that development of high-protein cultivars is as feasible for white wheats as for red wheats.
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  • 34
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 743-748 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; plant physiology ; plant breeding ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Major changes in the behaviour of the Australian wheat crop over the last one hundred years have been associated with three major gene groupings. The significance of major genes in monitoring response to vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellin, reveals a more optimistic future for breeding programmes where simple genetic and physiologic studies are integrated within those programmes. A revised classification of growth habit is presented in the appendix.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; Israel ; germplasm ; wheat ; collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; phosphate response ; height ; harvest index
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The response to phosphate fertilizer by modern wheat genotypes was examined in the field under natural rainfall in three seasons. Models were developed which show that grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield and harvest index. In one of the seasons, which was relatively dry, shorter statured wheats gave higher yields at each level of applied phosphate. Higher levels of phosphate tended to offset the reduction in yield associated with late heading and the importance of biological yield on grain yield. The genotypes which produced the largest number of grains m-2 produced the highest yields. Implications for plant breeding programs are discussed.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; male sterility ; meiotic analyses ; gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic and cytogenetic studies were done on a male sterile mutant of the wheat variety ‘Probus’. Association of the 4A chromosome carrying the ms gene was studied in the F1 of the male sterile ‘Probus’ with ‘Chinese Spring’ ditelo 4AS, with ‘Transec’ and with line ‘T4AS-DRS’ respectively. The presumption that the genetic male sterility of the mutant was due to a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4A could be confirmed. Linkage studies showed that the ms gene was at 17 map units from the dwarfing gene (Rht3) of ‘Minister dwarf’. This allows selection of short male sterile plants at the seedling stage.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; glutenin ; high molecular-weight subunits of glutenin ; SDS-PAGE ; 1R(1B) substitution identification ; 1BL/1RS translocation identification ; bread-making quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin from wheat 1R(1B) substitution and 1BL/1RS translocation lines were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Two new subunits denoted R1 and R2 were characterized in 1R(1B) substitution, but not in 1BL/1RS translocation lines. R1 and R2 were proved to be rye proteins by 2d electrophoresis (NEPHGE x SDS-PAGE). In contrast to literature citations it was demonstrated that the cultivar Winnetou is a 1R(1B) substitution line and the cultivars Clement and Mildress both are 1BL/1RS translocation lines.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wild emmer from 73 collection sites, including 107 accessions from Israel, two from Lebanon and one from Turkey, were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew in field nurseries in Israel and the Netherlands. The wild emmer entries displayed a diversity of responses to powdery mildew infection, ranging from high resistance to complete susceptibility. Most entries were resistant in at least one of the nurseries; several entries proved to be resistant in all the tests. Comparing the reactions of 47 wild emmer accessions tested in six nurseries, 11 markedly different patterns were discerned, indicating the probable presence of several different resistance genes. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew appear to be very common in wild emmer indigenous to Israel. Resistance was found in accessions from most collection sites, in all the geographic regions represented in the collection. The common occurrence of resistance and the apparent diversity of genotypes makes wild emmer a rich gene-pool for resistance to powdery mildew. Since genes for resistance to wheat pathogens can be quite readily transferred to cultivated wheat, wild emmer may be utilized as a valuable source of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.
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  • 40
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The progress of a backcross breeding programme to introduce resistance against the cereal cyst nematode into wheat is described. Methods of resistance screening and criteria for selection are detailed and the results discussed with reference to alternative procedures for the introduction of new resistance genes into major breeding programmes.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem rust ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; generalized resistance
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four morphological characteristics of wheat peduncles were evaluated for genetic and environmental variability. The thickness of the epidermis and the amount and distribution of chlorenchyma tissue in the peduncle were measured. The genetic variability was estimated to be large, whereas the environmental variability was small. It was also concluded that cultivars could be screened for morphological characteristics of the peduncle that contributed to non-specific resistance to stem rust with a minimum sample size of about 10 plants per replication from a single location.
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  • 42
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; tall plant ; semidwarf plant ; adaptation ; dryland ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary With a view to determining the comparative adaptation of semidwarf wheats to rainfed conditions, adaptation analyses were carried out on grain yield data of the 6th and 7th International Spring Wheat Yield Nurseries of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre. Sites were chosen which had not received irrigation: across a combined total of 44 such sites, yield variation was closely related to growing seasonal rainfall. Using these sites, yields of thirty-three common cultivars. Norin 10-derived semidwarf cultivars plus tall ones, were regressed against site mean yield to give a regression slope (b) and deviations from the regression (sd 2) for each cultivar. Semidwarf cultivars generally showed higher mean yields and larger regression slopes (b 〉 0.9) than tall cultivars from lower latitudes. Tall cultivars from higher latitudes showed the lowest mean yields and the lowest b values (〈 0.7). No consistent trends in sd 2 were evident. Despite the greater regression slopes of semidwarf wheats, the best yields under all but the lowest yielding (driest) conditions were given by certain semidwarf cultivars; these had high mean yields and b values close to 1.0 (for example Tobari 66, Inia 66, Pato ArGentino and Sonalika). In contrast other semiwdarfs (notably Chenab 70) of similar mean yield, plant height and phenology, were not well adapted to the drier conditions as indicated by b values close to 1.3. The usefulness of the regression technique and the implications of these results for selection of semidwarf wheats adapted to drier conditions are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; components of resistance to sprouting ; complex resistance (RCP) ; α-amylase synthesis ; GA3 response ; wheat endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The problem of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat is very intricate. New concepts in breeding for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting regard many components such as α-amylase production potential, response to gibberellic acid and inhibition in the bracts as important as dormancy. In the research work carried out at The University of Sydney's Plant Breeding Institute, we found varietal differences for each of these components. We also developed criteria for screening breeding material for these components. The implications of our findings in planning efficient breeding programmes to evolve varieties with multiple resistance to pre-harvest sprouting have been discussed briefly.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; crossability ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with rye (Secale cereale L.), and especially the action of the crossability genes of wheat, was studied using the readily crossable wheat cv Chinese Spring (genotype kr 1 kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 〉), the poorly crossable wheat cv Hope (genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 Kr 2 Kr 2 ), as well as the disomic substitution line of chromosome 5B of Hope into Chinese Spring (CS/Hope 5B, genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 ). By comparing crossability and actual fertilization, the poor crossability with rye of both cv Hope and the CS/Hope 5B substitution line was shown to result from absence of fertilization. Studies of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth showed that the dominant alleles of the crossability genes manifested themselves through retardation and eventually inhibition of pollen tube growth at the style base and in the ovary wall. In Hope the growth of all pollen tubes was inhibited, whereas in CS/Hope 5B rarely fertilization was achieved. The recessive alleles of the crossability genes do not seem to have an influence on the growth of rye pollen tubes in wheat pistils.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; seedling emergence ; coleoptile length ; plant height ; genetic control ; phenotypic correlations ; selection
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F2 and F3, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F2 coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F2 plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F3 lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.
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  • 46
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of soil. naturally infested with Heterodera avenae, to select resistant heterozygotes in backcross progenies of wheat, was tested for reliability. Selfed progenies from plants selected as resistant were cultured monoxenically in test tubes with nematodes hatched from single cysts, while backcross progenies from the same parent plants were grown in pots of naturally infested soil. Cyst counts were made after two months' growth. The results showed that over 50% of the backcross lines, screened in previous generations with naturally infested soil, had been erroneously selected as resistant. The test tube cultures clearly differentiated lines carrying resistance from those which were susceptible and corroborated results from pot tests.
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  • 47
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; hybrid wheat ; male sterility ; cross pollination ; seed production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several chemicals were evaluated for their gametocidal properties to control pollination in hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) seed production. In a preliminary study, four chemicals were applied to three cultivars of spring wheat at two application times. RH-532 was the most effective of the four gametocides, reducing fertility to a 0 10% level for all three cultivars. In a second experiment, RH-532 was applied to one cytoplasmic male-sterile and three normal spring wheats at four rates (0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha) and at two times of application. Alternate strips of pollinator were planted throughout the experiment. All treatments decreased fertility. plant height, and spike length of the three normal wheats. RH-532 did not inhibit spike emergence of two semidwarf cultivars or one of conventional height. Cultivars did not respond similarly to treatments. Yields of cross-pollinated seed were only 1 21% of the normal yield when fertility levels on treated plants reached 0 10%. Hybrid seed content of the harvested seed ranged from 2 55%. On the treated male-sterile line, yield was significantly reduced in comparison with the open-pollinated check. Inhibitory properties of this chemical suppressed the fertilization potential of the female as well as inducing male sterility. The differential response of genotypes to treatments indicates that cultivars should be screened for male and female sensitivity to this chemical. If differential sensitivity is found, breeding and selection to improve this trait may be possible. Different environmental conditions may alter the response of cultivars to this chemical, with less effect on the female structures.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; fertilization ; early post-fertilization developments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilization and early seed development was studied in the variety Chinese Spring of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after pollination with rye (Secale cereale L.) and selfing, and in the common wheat variety Hope after selfing. In all three combinations the first pollen tube reached the micropyle in about 40 min after pollination. When pollinated with rye the migration of the sperm nuclei to the egg cell and the polar nuclei was delayed by about an hour. In the subsequent development until 72 hours after pollination the average cellular and nuclear doubling times of embryo and endosperm were about 16 and 8 hours for the interspecific combination. 18 and 9 hours for Chinese Spring selfed and 20 and 12 hours for Hope selfed.
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  • 49
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; single seed descent ; early generation yield tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary If selection based on F3 yield tests is to be effective, the yield tests must be successful in discriminating among yield genotypes. The available literature indicates that simple tests with limited or no replication are not very effective, although more extensive, replicated tests may be. Data from an experiment comparing F3 yield tests with a single seed descent procedure showed that F3 selection based on a two-replicate test with single seed descent procedure did not justify the extra work involved.
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  • 50
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem solidness ; Cephus cinctus ; wheat stem sawfly resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Stem solidness in the wheat plant provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, a pest of wheat in Montana and North Dakota, but some agronomists have been concerned that stem solidness might be related to low grain yields. We evaluated 17 spring wheat crosses for stem solidness, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in F2 through F4 generations from 1972 to 1975. Highly significant correlation (0.735) and regression (0.731) coefficients between F2 and F3 generations verify previous studies showing that stem solidness is highly heritable and that selection in F2 should be successful. Solid-stemmed F4 composites yielded more than hollow stemmed composites at Bozeman and equal yields were obtained at Huntley, indicating that stem solidness is not a deterrent to high grain yield.
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  • 51
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; sterility ; fertility ; developmental stages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the gametocides Ethrel, RH-532, and RH-2956 on wheat tillers at various stages of development were studied. The gametocides were applied to Anza and Yecora 70, two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, at three rates of foliar application when the main tillers were at meiosis. Ethrel was less effective in causing sterility than RH-532 and RH-2956. Anza showed greater induced sterility than Yecora 70 when treated with these gametocides. Ethrel affected only late tillers treated at or before meiosis. RH-532 and RH-2956 at the high application rate were equally effective for Anza. RH-2956 at the high application rate induced uniform and maximum sterility in early and late tillers of both Anza and Yecora 70.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Triticum turgidum ; durum ; wheat ; alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of individual parts of Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum var. durum kernels showed two classes of alcohol dehydrogenase patterns: 1) A three banded pattern (ADH-1, ADH-2 and ADH-3) for endosperm (Ed) and 2) a seven banded pattern (ADH-F1, ADH-F2, ADH-1, ADH-2, ADH-3, ADH-S1 and ADH-S2) for embryo (E), scutellum (S) and embryo plus scutellum (E+S). The use of nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic series of Chinese Spring wheat allows alcohol dehydrogenase to be associated with arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS. A five subunit forming dimer hypothesis is postulated to explain the newly reported seven isozyme pattern. Subunits α, β and δ are coded by chromosome arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS respectively, and the newly postulated ɛ and γ are coded also by chromosome arm 4BL.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; germination ; α-amylase enzyme ; gibberellic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sensitivity to GA in non-Gai genome winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was investigated to determine magnitude of variation of the trait, its association with other traits, and effects of geographical location of production. α-Amylase enzyme activity was measured before and after treatment with gibberellic acid in 18 cultivars grown at one location and in five cultivars grown at six locations. Dye-labeled starch and agar-starch media procedures were used for the first and second experiments, respectively. α-Amylase activity differed significantly among the 18 cultivars after germination in water, germination in GA, and in absolute and relative sensitivity to GA. Cultivars that reacted similarly to GA had some common ancestors in their pedigrees, and α-amylase activity and sensitivity to GA were significantly negatively associated with seed weight. α-Amylase activity differed between tall and semi-dwarf cultivars in the second experiment, but not in the first experiment. The magnitude of variation in α-amylase activity and its relationship to preharvest sprouting susceptibility of the cultivars suggested that the trait can be modified to improve seed dormancy. Significant interactions between cultivar responses to GA and geographical location of grain production suggested that selection should be carried out in several environments.
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  • 54
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 521-539 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum sp. ; wheat ; hybrid necrosis ; classification of varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The eight supplement contains 901 varieties etc. viz. 163 (18.1%) Ne 1-, 153 (17.0%) Ne 2- and 585 (64.9%) non-carriers. The total number of varieties etc. tested is 1461 (26.4%) Ne 1-, 1184 (21.4%) Ne 2- and 2885 (52.2%) non-carriers, together 5530. Various aspects of hybrid necrosis like the geographical distribution of the Ne-genes and their alleles, linkage, Green Revolution, durum wheat and the cause have been discussed. Some information is given on some of the listed varieties etc. This is my last supplement.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; glutenin ; SDS-sedimentation test ; SDS-polyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis ; baking quality selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gelprotein or SDS-insoluble gel-forming glutenin was isolated from wheat flour by extraction with an aqueous 1.5% SDS solution. Remarkable intervarietal differences were observed both in amount and subunit composition of these proteins. The amount of gelprotein and the SDS-sedimentation volume both proved to be good parameters for the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars. A high correlation was observed between amount of gelprotein and SDS-sedimentation volume. The amount of gelprotein was therefore tentatively assumed to be the essential basis of the SDS-sedimentation test. The subunit composition of the gelprotein was studied by SDS-PAGE after reduction of SS bonds by mercaptoethanol. It was found that the average bread-making quality of wheat cultivars and progeny of the cross Atlas 66 x Atys which possessed subunits 3 and 10, coded for by chromosome 1D, was significantly higher than that of wheat samples possessing subunit 2 and 11, their allelic counterparts.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; protein content ; grain yield ; mixing time ; soil-borne mosaic virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lancota has genetic potential to produce grain with higher protein content than most other cultivars grown in the hard winter wheat region. It has not consistently expressed full potential for grain protein content outside its area of development. Experiments were conducted to determine genetic variability for grain protein content in Lancota and to utilize that variability to select genotypes with high grain protein content. Approximately 1600 lines were screened to 37 high-protein selections that varied in yield, test weight, flour mixing time, blooming date, height, and reaction to wheat soil-borne mosaic virus (WSBM). Nine promising selections (KS80476, KS80478, KS80480, KS80488, KS80490, KS80491, KS80497, KS80499, and KS80500) had grain protein advantage over Lancota of 0.5 to 1.0% and equalled or exceeded Lancota in yield or test weight. Those selections were resistant to WSBM and satisfactory or better in mixing properties than Lancota. The highest protein selection (KS80496) had a mean protein advantage of 1.5% over Lancota but exhibited a short mixing time of 1 7/8 min. The absence of correlation between some years indicated strong environmental influence on protein content. We concluded that adequate genetic variability existed in the high-grain protein cultivar Lancota to select lines that express the high protein potential better than the original cultivar outside its area of development.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; linkage drag ; seedling resistance ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine whether linkage drag had occurred during the breeding of near isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat, 176 lines involving 11 sets of NILs, their recurrent parents and some of their donors were tested for seedling reaction to stem rust (4 races), leaf rust (3 races) and yellow rust (3 races). From the results, six cases were identified in which linkage drag may have played a role. More research is needed to prove clearly that linkage is involved. Nevertheless, the results suggest that linkage drag is a fairly common phenomenon.
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  • 58
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; near-isogenic lines ; chromosome substitution lines ; vernalization ; photoperiod, ear emergence ; basic development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were made of days to ear emergence under the constant temperatures of 9, 14, 19 and 25°C and 16 h photoperiod in three sets of wheat lines each possessing genotypes differing for developmental responses. Days to ear emergence in three near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Triple Dirk, which differed for vernalization response, increased as the strength of the response increased. At the four temperatures Triple Dirk D (Vrn 1 vrn 2) was not significantly different from normal Triple Dirk (Vrn 1 Vrn 2) but Triple Dirk B (vrn 1 Vrn 2) was significantly (P=0.01) later than normal Triple Dirk at each temperature. This indicates that the vrn 1 allele confers stronger vernalization response than vrn 2 over the range of temperatures (9–24°C). However, Triple Dirk C (vrn 1 vrn 2) failed to head after 120 days at each temperature indicating strong interaction between vrn 1 and vrn 2 with each other (and possibly the Triple Dirk back-ground) to give a much stronger vernalization response than predictions from additivity of their individual effects. The second set comprised the four Chinese Spring/Thatcher chromosome substitution lines CS/T 3B, 6B, 7B and 5D, plus Chinese Spring and Thatcher, and were grown in the unvernalized condition. CS/T 5D was similar in days to ear emergence as Chinese Spring at all four temperatures but the other three lines were earlier to ear emergence, particularly as the temperature increased. Days to ear emergence was fastest at 14°C in all lines, except CS/T 3B, in which it decreased progressively from 9 to 24°C. The third set of Chinese Spring and Thatcher and the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Thatcher substituted in Chinese Spring, the group which is considered to be involved in the control of photoperiod sensitivity. The three substitution lines responded differently to temperature compared with Chinese Spring and with each other, with chromosome 2D being the least, and chromosome 2B the most, responsive to temperature.
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  • 59
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; durable resistance ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust of wheat ; race-specific resistance ; race-non-specific resistance ; trangressive segregation ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crosses were made between wheat varieties Joss Cambier, Nord Desprez and Maris Bilbo, all classified as susceptible to yellow rust in field tests, and between Cappelle Desprez and Maris Huntsman, both classified as moderately and durably resistant. Selection for resistance to yellow rust among the progeny was carried out using races of Puccinia striiformis able to overcome all the known race-specific components of resistance in both parents of each cross. Lines with greater resistance than in both parents were obtained from each cross, those with greatest resistance being obtained from the cross between the moderately resistant parents. Three lines selected for resistance from the cross of Joss Cambier with Nord Desprez and one from the cross of Cappelle Desprez with Maris Huntsman, together with the parents, were tested in the field with 12 races of P. striiformis. Nord Desprez possessed a previously undetected race-specific component. The selected lines also displayed race-specific resistance, some of which was clearly related to race-specificity of the parents, and a component of resistance, greater than in both parents, that was effective against all 12 races. The possible origin and potential durability of this transgressive level of resistance is discussed. It is suggested that such transgressive resistance is more likely to be durable if it is derived from parents that have shown durable resistance.
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  • 60
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; inbreeding ; maternal inheritance ; kernel color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data are presented which support early generation selection for white kernel color in the progeny of red/white kernel wheat crosses which are segregating at 12 or more loci for yield (or any other trait of interest). The optimum generation for selecting white kernels is determined by the frequency of seeds produced with the potential to produce plants having desired quantitative alleles from both parents, and by the frequency of white kernels produced. The F2-produced seed (F3 embryo) is shown to be the optimum generation for selecting white kernels, given that 12 or more loci are segregating for a quantitative character such as yield. When the red parent is a 2 or 3 loci red genotype, selection among F4-produced seed for white kernel color may be desirable when 5 or fewer genes are segregating for the second trait. The results have direct application for all highly heritable, recessive, sporophytic traits.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; multilines ; recurrent parents ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three multilines each of Kalyansona and PV 18 varieties of wheat were compared for their stability of yield and agronomic characters and disease resistance against the respective recurrent parents. The experiments were conducted for four years at nine locations. The multilines had more tillers and bolder seeds than the recurrent parents. There were, however, no differences for plant height, ear length and number of spikelets per spike. The genotypes x years x locations interaction was much more important than genotypes x years or genotypes x locations interaction as well as the main effects for genotypes. It is suggested that the number of test locations should be increased while decreasing the number of years. The stability parameters indicated that the multilines had a higher mean yield in the case of Kalyansona multilines whereas the yield of multilines of PV 18 was not significantly inferior to that of the recurrent parent. The regression coefficients were very close to unity except for KSML 3 (b=1.132). The deviations from regression were much larger for the multilines than for the recurrent parents. For rust resistance the multilines were superior over the varieties Kalyansona and PV 18.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; breeding ; grain yield ; grain quality ; preharvest sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hard white winter wheat (HWWW) occupies a very limited area of the USA, but its purported advantages suggest that its production in the major hard red winter wheat (HRWW) region may be feasible. Objectives of our investigations were to develop experimental HWWW lines that combined desirable attributes-grain yield, functional grain quality, and resistance to preharvest sprouting-in single genotypes for comparison with popular cultivars in the major US RHWW region. Forty-four lines from seven parental combinations were tested in randomized complete block designs at three Kansas locations during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons. Agronomic traits, grain yield, grain quality, and preharvest sprouting were measured. Plant characteristics and grain yield were similar in the HWWW experimental lines and the HRWW check cultivar, Newton. Mean grain SDS-sedimentation value and grain protein content of most experimental lines equaled or exceeded that of the check. Dough mixing times frequently were shorter for the experimental lines than for the check cultivar, whereas loaf volumes were greater. Falling number usually was similar in all geneotypes, but α-amylase was higher in field-harvested grain of white lines than the check; both measures were more favorable than grain trade standards. We concluded that production of high yielding, high quality hard white winter wheat genotypes is feasible in the US ‘breakbasket’.
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  • 63
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification inhibitor ; urea ; fall application ; 15N ; nitrogen uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four-year microplot tests were performed to study the utilization by wheat, in the presence and absence of the nitrification inhibitor N-Serve, of15N labeled urea spread in fall. The percentages of fertilizer nitrogen taken up by winter wheat (grains and straw) were 18 to 37 percent when urea was spread in fall, 33 to 45 percent when urea plus N-Serve was applied in fall, and 36 to 49 percent when urea was spread in spring. In the 0–30 cm layer of soil there were found, for the treatments listed above, 15 to 23 percent, 24 to 45 percent, and 15 to 47 percent of urea nitrogen after the harvesting of winter wheat. Application of urea plus N-Serve in fall and of urea alone in spring resulted in similar amounts of fertilizer nitrogen being taken up by spring wheat to those taken up by winter wheat. Of the urea nitrogen applied in fall, 20 to 28 percent and 47 to 50 percent were not recovered from the plants and 0–30 cm soil layer with and without additional N-Serve treatment, respectively. The utilization by winter wheat of urea nitrogen spread, with no additional N-Serve, in fall from mid-October onward was considerably lower in those cases where, after fertilizing, weather conditions were such as to favour both nitrification and leaching. On heavy and loamy soil such influences of weather were offset by application of N-Serve.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum durum ; wheat ; durum wheat ; nitrogen harvest index ; harvest index ; grain protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment, plant (excluding roots) and grain nitrogen at harvest were estimated in 15 durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. They showed significant variation in grain yield, grain protein concentration, biological yield, total plant nitrogen at harvest and residual nitrogen in straw. Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were calculated from this primary data. Nitrogen harvest index varied from 57 to 83%. Plant nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with biological yield, grain yield and grain protein yield, but the correlations with grain protein concentration, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were not significant. Nitrogen harvest index was positively correlated with harvest index indicating that the distribution of N between straw and grain to a large extent, but not entirely, depends upon the partitioning of dry matter between the two. Grain protein concentration was neither correlated significantly to plant nitrogen nor to nitrogen harvest index.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel protein content ; tyrosinase enzyme ; aneuploid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted to locate the genes responsible for the determination of kernel protein content and tyrosinase activity in a hexaploid wheat variety UP 301 using Pb. C591 monosomic series. Genes located on chromosomes 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 3D and 7D of UP 301 controlled protein content of UP 301. Of these the B genome chromosomes were found to have genes for increased protein content while the D genome chromosomes were found to carry genes for low protein content. A major gene coding for tyrosinase enzyme was detected on chromosome 6B of UP 301 and a modifier on chromosome 5B. This indicated the possibility of improving these quality characters through chromosome manipulation.
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  • 66
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anther length ; heritability of anther length ; pistil length ; anther length-flowering date relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Anther and pistil lengths of 61 cultivars and experimental strains of common wheat were measured just before flowering. Anther length varied from 3.0 to 5.1 mm, and pistil length varied from 3.8 to 5.2 mm. A specific correlation was observed between anther length and flowering date among the parental strains, as well as in the F1 generations of 13 cross combinations; Anther length on flowering date fitted well to a curvelinear regression of the second order in parental and F1 generations. The reduction of anther length in both early and late flowering cultivars was attributed to the worse environmental conditions for their floral development, compared to the intermediate types. Such relationship between anther length and flowering date was not found in the F2 generation. This indicates that most of the genes controlling the two characters are different. Heritability of anther length estimated from the regression coefficient of the F1s on the midparents was greater than 0.65.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; backcrosses ; breeding behaviour ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; heading date ; inheritance ; plant height ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We examined the inheritance, heritability, and breeding behaviour of resistance to Septoria tritict in the spring wheat cultivars Seabreeze, Veranopolis, and IAS-20 in crosses to the susceptible Australian spring cultivar Gamenya. Resistance in Seabreeze was higher than that in Veranopolis and IAS-20. Inheritance of resistance in Seabreeze seems to be determined by at least three recessive genes. Resistance in Veranopolis and IAS-20 might be due to a single gene. Similarity of inheritance patterns and breeding behaviour of the resistance from Veranopolis and IAS-20 and the common ancestry of these two cultivars suggest that they may carry the same gene. Standard unit heritabilities of Septoria scores, as measured by correlation of F2 plant with F3 family mean data, were high (57–68%). Parent offspring genetic correlations confirmed previously reported associations between resistance and lateness and resistance and tall plant height, but correlations were not sufficiently high to be a major obstacle to selection. Resistance in Veranopolis and IAS-20 were easily recovered in first backcrosses while that in Sea breeze was more difficult to recover.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum destivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; inhibitors ; embryo ; germination ; gibberellic acid ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed dormancy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) is important for minimizing pre-harvest sprouting. To facilitate breeding cultivars that tolerate pre-harvest sprouting conditions, we assessed mode and magnitude of variation of seed dormancy among genotypes and investigated involvement of endogenous water-soluble inhibitor(s) in seed germination. Embryo bio-assays established that water-soluble inhibitor was ubiquitous among the wheat cultivars studied and did not diminish in quantity during after-ripening. Germination response of embryos was decreased by endogenous inhibitor, but the effect markedly declined as embryos aged at room temperature. Variation in dormancy among cultivars was primarily caused by differential response of their embryos to endogenous inhibitor. Gibberellic acid counteracted the initial inhibitory effect of endogenous inhibitor on germination but not the subsequent inhibitory effect on seedling growth. We concluded that pre-harvest sprouting resistance involves multiple factors, particularly embryo receptivity to endogenous inhibitor, and that variation in inhibitor quantity is not solely responsible for genotypic differences in susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting. The possibility of additional approaches to breeding for pre-harvest sprouting resistance is indicated.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum destivum ; wheat ; protein percentage ; protein yield ; milling and baking data ; recurrent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary High protein cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from eight foreign countries and the United States were used in crosses to provide progeny for a recurrent selection program. After two cycles of selection, 40 lines selected for protein yield and 16 lines selected fro protein percentage were evaluated with parents in yield nurseries at Bozeman, Montana. Lines selected for protein pereentage had the highest protein percentages, protein yields similar to the parents, and grain yields lower than the parents. Lines selected for protein yield had protein percentages intermediate between those of the parents and lines selected for protein percentage, but they had the highest protein yields and grain yields. Protein percentage and grain yield were negatively correlated and protein yield and grain yield were positively correlated for both groups of lines. The data tend to suggest that protein yield may a better selection criterion than protein percentage for plant breeders to use in improving protein productivity, although additional testing of this hypothesis is proposed. Milling and baking data showed transgressive improvement over the mean of the patents in many important quality aspects, indicating that good quality lines can be obtained from crosses involving poor to mediocre quality cultivars.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestirum ; wheat ; Septoria nodorum ; Septoria glume blotch ; generation mean analysis ; inheruanu of resistance ; additive gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Foliar symptom severity of seedlings artificially inoculated with S. nodorum were used to idenify the type of gne action controlling resistance to this pathogen in the early generations of two wheat crosses. In both crosses a resistant spring wheat cultivar was crossed to a susceptible cultivar. Reciprocal crosses were included in the analysis to determine if the cytoplasm contributed in any significant degree to the level of resistance present. Results indicated that resistance was polygenic and that it could be explaned prinerpally by additive gene effects. Some differences in reciprocal crosses were evident, but a significant role for the eytoplasm in resistance is not indicated.
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  • 71
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 965-970 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; black rust ; stem rust ; aneuploids ; gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Monosomic analysis of resistance to stem rust, race 11 (isolate G 425) was carried out in the cultivar Almus (GDR) possessing a 1B/1R translocation. F2 progenies of monosomic and disomic F1 plants of Almus crossed with 21 monosomic lines of Chinese Spring were tested. Two lines (1B and 6B) differed significantly from the disomic segregation ratio by a higher number of resistant plants and two other lines (1D and 6A) by a lower number of resistant plants. The results fitted a hypothesis comprising the interaction of two genes for resistance and two inhibitors.
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  • 72
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; randomized complete block designs ; lattice designs ; check plots ; moving means ; heritabilities ; coefficients of variation ; grain yield ; height ; test weight ; seed weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Efficiencies of lattice designs, check plot designs, and moving means were compared in seven environments for control of error in wheat breeding trials. Lattice analyses of lattice designs and check plot covariance analyses of check plot designs gave similar CV's and intra-site heritabilities and were superior to direct RCBD analyses of these designs. Moving mean covariance analyses were generally only slightly less efficient than lattice analyses or check plot covariance analyses. Differences between designs and methods of analysis, which were evident on an intra-site basis, were not evident from combined analyses indicating that genotype x environment interaction is much more important than intra-site error in limiting progress from selection. Moving mean covariance analyses with 2 replicates per location and as many locations as feasible is suggested as a useful strategy for early generation wheat breeding trials.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; site of action ; crossability ; pollen germination ; pollen tube growth ; number of pollen tubes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seven genotypes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were crossed with rye (Secale cereale L.) in order to find the site or sites of action of the crossability genes, Kr 1 and Kr 2, of wheat. The data obtained, by fluorescence microscopy, were compared to the controls (wheat x wheat). The results indicate that the crossability genes have little effect on pollen germination and on the time taken for the pollen tubes to reach the microphyle, irrespective of their crossabilities with rye. The number of pollen tubes reaching the microphyle is, however, affected by the Kr-genes, as high crossable genotypes have more pollen tubes than the low crossable ones. There was a high correlation between the mean number of pollen tubes at the micropyle with seed set, which also reflects the crossability. The Kr-genes seem to manifest themselves in the retardation and inhibition of pollen tube growth between the style base and the top of the embryo sac, where the effect is most distinct in the low crossable genotypes.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic constitution of two bread wheat accessions from the International Spring Wheat Rust Nurseries (E 5883 and E 6032) has been studied for reaction to four Indian races of stem rust. Analysis of E 5883 has revealed that for each of the races 15C, 21 and 40 a single dominant gene operates for resistance. The dominant gene against race 15C was identified as Sr6. The dominant genes for resistance against races 21 and 40 were found to be different from the genes described so far. Resistance against race 122 is controlled by a single recessive gene producing characteristically a ‘2’ type of reaction. This gene was identified as Sr8. The resistance of E 6032 against each of the races 15C, 21 and 40 is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive, which act independently. Dominant genes effective against 15C, 21 and 40 were conclusively identified as Sr6, Sr5 and Sr9b, respectively. From the correlated behaviour against races 15C and 40 as well as from the phenotypes of the resistance reactions rhe same recessive gene, undescribed so far, operates against the two races. The second recessive gene operating against race 21 was also observed to be different from those so far designated. E 6032 was, however, found to be susceptible to races 122. The presence of Sr6 both in E 5883 and E 6032 against race 15C was further confirmed through F2 and F3 segregation data.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; pistils ; pollen tubes ; seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different wheat genotypes (T. aestivum) were crossed with rye to ascertain the site or sites of manifestation of the crossability genes, Kr 1 and Kr 2. By using fluorescence microscopy, it was found that the order of increasing proportion of wheat micropyles containing pollen tubes is strongly correlated with the levels of crossability with rye. High crossable genotypes have more micropyles containing pollen tubes than those of the low crossable ones. Most of the inhibition or retardation of pollen tubes occurred between the style base and top of the embryo sac, expecially with the low crossable genotypes where both Kr-genes are present. The results also indicate that Kr 1 is a greater inhibitor than Kr 2. Seed set is also highly correlated with the number or proportion of micropyles having pollen tubes. Alternate pollinations seem to support the view that rye pollen tubes do not reach the micropyles of the low crossable genotypes, and hence when repollinated with wheat selfed seeds are produced.
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  • 76
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 895-900 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; male-fertility restoration ; monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) a monosomic set of ‘Chinese Spring’ and male-sterile ‘Janus’ (with cytoplasm of T. timopheevi Zhuk.) were used to determine the chromosomal location of Rf-genes in ‘Professeur Marchal’. As revealed by test cross data, a major gene cofeerring fertility restoration was present in ‘Prof. Marchal’ on chromosome 1B. A significant deviation towards sterility was observed in some fest cross progenies. Chromosome 1B of ‘Chinese Spring’ appeared to carry a dominant restoring gene, which caused partial restoration of fertility.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution lines ; vernalization ; ear emergence ; basic development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of vernalization on days to ear emergence in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was examined in five Chinese Spring/Thatcher (CS/T) chromosome substitution lines. CS/T 5A and 5D were similar to normal Chinese Spring in days to ear emergence after all periods of vernalization while CS/T 3B and 5B were similar after some, but significantly earlier after other periods of vernalization When compared with Chinese Spring. In both the unvernalized condition and when vernalization did not limit development rate CS/T 7B was faster to ear emergence than Chinese Spring. These results are discussed in relation to the known chromosomal and genetical control of vernalization response.
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  • 78
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; shattering ; awns ; height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Temporal changes in shattering losses of 14 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were studied in an irrigated environment. The lines ranged in height from 68 to 98 cm; eight lines were fully awned while five were not. Shattered kernels were gathered at weekly intervals for 6 wk; samping commenced at 30 to 40% kernel moisture and continued for 3 wk beyond harvest ripeness (14.5% moisture). Shattering loss, expressed as a percentage of yield, ranged from 3.25 to 17.3% over the 6 wk period. Awnedness was not a factor in shattering susceptibility of the genotypes studied. Both the most and least shattering resistant lines in this study were awnless. There was a nonsignificant correlation between shattering losses and plant height. It was concluded that a single quantitative measurement of shattering loss at or after harvest ripeness (14.5% moisture) would provide an adequate measure of shattering susceptibility.
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  • 79
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 241-255 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; physiology ; grain yield ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post anthesis physiological characters were examined in four genotypes and a diallel set of their progenies. Variation in total carbon uptake by photosynthetic tissue above the flag leaf node was primarily related to leaf area and ear size differences during the early grain filling period. Flag leaf apparent photosynthetic rates during the late grain filling period were closely correlated with flag leaf chorophyl levels. During the period of rapid growth, genotypes differed in the proportion and total quantity of current assimilate translocated to the grain. Total rather than proportional translocation was correlated with grain number and grain yield. Differences in total grain protein were primarily related to total plant nitrogen at anthesis and secondarily to the proportion of this nitrogen translocated to the grain. The level of post anthesis nitrate reductase activity decreased with increasing flag leaf age, but genotypic differences were not closely related to differences in total grain protein contents. Significant general combining ability effects were found for flag leaf chlorophyll levels, flag leaf photosynthetic rates at higher illuminances during the late grain filling period, total plant carbon uptake, total ear carbon uptake, and proportional carbon translocation to the grain. A preponderance of significant general combining ability variances suggests that additive gene action is of particular importance in the inheritance of these physiological characters.
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  • 80
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 205-227 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; grain quality ; endosperm protein ; gliadin ; glutenin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As each of the classes of wheat-grain protein has been implicated in some aspect of man's interest in wheat utilization, we are motivated to learn more about the genetic control of their synthesis so that breeders may better tailor wheats to specific requirements. The gliadins have particularly merited study because they appear to be responsible for coeliac condition and for depressed lysine content, and as they are proving valuable for varietal identification and grain-quality prediction. Genetic aspects of gliadin synthesis have been studied using aneuploids, by examining F1 and F2 segregation after crossing, and by computer comparison of the gliadin composition of many genotypes in conjunction with systematic pedigree comparisons. These studies indicate gliadin synthesis to be controlled by blocks of tightly linked genes on the short arms of the chromosomes of groups 1 and 6. The high molecular weight subunits of glutenin are genetically distinct from the gliadins, being coded by genes on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D. A better understanding of the relationship between grain quality and specific endosperm proteins is now developing. It is likely to provide simpler means of selecting for quality type in both breeding and harvest segregation.
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  • 81
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; milling utilization of protein ; energy ; zinc and other minerals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was milled into flours having extraction rates between 100 and 66%. The nutritive value of the various fractions was studied by chemical analyses and in balance trials with rats. The concentration of essential nutrients decreased when the extraction rate was lowered. The lysine content (g/16 g N) e.g. was 2.52 in whole wheat, but only 2.18 in the 66% extraction flour; however, only a slight reduction in biological value was found. The content of minerals was reduced to 30% of that in whole wheat, and the apparent zinc absorption and retention expressed in absolute values, were significantly higher from the flours of high extraction than from the more refined flours, in spite of a much higher phytate content in whole wheat and lightly milled flours. It could be concluded that milling of wheat into highly refined flours not only preclude considerable amounts of nutrients from human consumption, but the remaining flours have a much poorer nutritive value than flour made from whole wheat.
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