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  • Zeitschriften
  • Artikel  (503)
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  • 1985-1989  (503)
  • Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung  (503)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090101
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Assessment of smoke density with a helium-neon laser (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 30-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Smoke-obscuration of monochromatic (0.632μm) light helium-neon lasers and of broad-band continuum light a hot tungsten filament is reported. The effect of forward-scattered light is evaluated for the monochromatic source, and the degree to which the Bouguer law is obeyed for a non-monochromatic source is discussed. Practical experience with both small-scall and fire experiments is described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090105
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A review of products evolved from heated coal, wood and PVC (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A review is presented of the gaseous combustion and pyrolysis products evolved from coal, wood and PVC. Information has been collated on the range of products evolved, the temperatures of evolution and the effect of different ambient conditions (e.g. oxidizing of inert conditions). The data for coal have been subdivided into those from which rates of gas evolution have been or can be derived and those from which this is not possible. Probable decomposition routes for PVC and for wood are discussed. Although all three materials have been widely studied, the correlation between the work of different authors in not always good. The data obtained are dependent on the form of the experiment, and there are gaps in the information available, especially information on the rates of evolution of products of products as a function of temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090102
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Performance of zinc oxide single-crystal semiconductor gas sensors in an experimental mine roadway (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The performance of zine oxide gas large-scale experiments in an experimental underground mine roadway has been investigated. The sensors were in a simple prototype instrument and the response to products evolved from heated coal wood and PVC conveyor belt was determined. The response was measured as a function of sensor distancef from the combustion products, the ventilation rate in the roadway and the mass of coal dust used. Limited analuysis of the roadway air was also carried out. The results are compared with those obtained in laboratory studies1 and suggest that the sensors respond mainly to inorganic gases, e.g. CO, H2, H2S, HCl, and in the case of wood, acetic vapour at concentrations of about 1ppm. The experiments confirm the potential of the sensors as a means of detecting heating involving coal, wood and PVC conveyor belt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090104
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of gases evolved from heated coal, wood and PVC conveyor belt their effect on zinc oxide single-crystal semiconductor gas sensors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 9-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: An analysis, using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-linked mass spectroscopy, of the major products evolved as a function of temperature from coal, wood and PVC conveyor belting is described. The effect of these products, both collectively and as individual species, on the electrical properties of zinc oxide gas sensors has been investigated: the conductance of the sensors was measured in air containing either the total products evolved from the heated materials or the individual products eluted from a gas chromatographic column. Thus, the products from the different materials which make up the total zinc oxide gas sensor response at different material temperatures were identified. For coal dust heated in air the sensors responded to aromatic hydrocarbons H2 and CO, which were evolved between 100° and 200°C. For coal heated in nitrogen the sensors responded to the aromatic hydrocarbons evolved between 100° and 170°C. For PVC conveyor belt heated in air, the low temperature response was to the low levels of HCl evolved below 200°C. Finally, for hardwood dust heated in air the sensors responded primarily to the acid vapour evolved between 170° and 200°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090103
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of oxygen-consumption calorimetry to non-combustibility testing (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The feasibility of oxygen-consumption calorimetry to testing of non-combustibility of building materials is studied. The reasons for the ambiguities of the traditional test method are qualitatively discussed. The construction of the gas collecting system added to the conventional test apparatus is described and the necessary formulae for calculating the oxygen consumption and the simultaneously measured conventional test variables are compared. The results clearly suggest that oxygen-consumption calorimetry is a consistent and powerful method for determining the non-combustibility of building materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090306
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Generation of hydrogen cyanide from flexible polyurethane foam decomposed under different combustion conditionsThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Experimental thermal conditions conducive to the production of high levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from flexible polyurethane foam were determined. In these experiments the material was exposed to relatively low-temperature non-flaming oxidative conditions for a short time period, during which a char was formed. Further heating of the char to temperature above 500°C generated the increased HCN levels. Upon exposure to this same two-step decomposition process, a fire-retarded flexible polyurethane foam produced twice as much char and twice as much HCN. Elemental analyses indicated that the HCN concentration was directly related to the amount of char formed and its nitrogen content. Room burns of slabs of flexible polyurethane foam and chairs containing flexible polyurethane foam indicated that this same phenomenon occurs in large-scale experiments. In these NBS tests, increased concentrations of HCN were produced when the material underwent flaming combustion following a period of smoldering, presumably from heating the char that was formed during smoldering. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased HCN concentrations was attempted using ion chromatography, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), pyrolysis/mass spectrometry and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. While the molecular structures of the nitrogen-containing compounds in the char were not elucidated, these analyses provided evidence of multiple compounds containing amine, amide, imine and nitrile functional groups as the most likely sources of the observed HCN.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090305
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The composition and structure of solid char residues after thermal degradation of polystyrene, PVC and polyamide. Part I (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The study of char residues after thermal degradation of synthetic polymers, especially the identification of their morphology, structure and chemical composition is presented in this paper. Special attention was focused on the polystyrene, PVC and polyamide char residues. By means of microscopy in reflected light and reflected polarized light the manifestations of optical anisotropy were observed. X-ray analysis was used for the examination of the microstructure of PVC char residues carbonized at temperatures above 1000°C. For PVC char residues the electric resistivity was determined. The results have proved the close connection between the structure and properties of char residues and the intensity and course of thermal degradation of polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090307
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Review of Interflam'85 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 192-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The International Conference Interflam'85 was held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, on 26-8 March 1985. This third conference in the Interflam series was set up with the specific aim to bring together the 1985 state of the art of fire science and to show particularly how this information can be put to practical use in the saving of lives. Over 45 speakers, each specialists in their own field of work, some 15 different countries contributed papers. Dr Peter Allender, formerly of Metro-Cammell and now with John Allen Associates, has seen the Conference both from the lecturing platform and from the audience. He has been invited to give his views about Interflam'85.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090408
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 200-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090410
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fire fighting aboard ships. Vol. 1: Hazard analysis and behavior of combustible materials. Vol. 2: Structural design and fire extinguishing systems. Translated from the Russian by T. G. Selitskaya and M. G. Stavitskiy Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas 1983, Price $59.95 (Vol. 1) $69.95 (Vol. 2) ISBN 0-87201-306-5(Vol. 1) and 307-3(Vol. 2) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 198-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090409
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 201-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810090411
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100101
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of flame retardants on polyolefines (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Phosphorus and Bromine flame retardants decrease the time of self-ignition delay and increase the mass rate of burning of polypropylene even though the limiting oxygen index (LOI) at ambient temperature is higher. The proposed model which combines ignition, steady burning and extinction shows that the phenomenon can be explained only by an increased rate of polymer volatilization caused by flame retardant.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100103
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Combustion products of polymeric materials. IV - testing of toxicity hazard (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A method based on exposure of mice in the CAB 4.5 smoke chamber for the evaluation of the biological toxicity of the products of flame and smoldering combustion of polumeric materials has been developed. A toxicity index, characterizing the danger from the products of combustion of the test polymer under the given conditions, was proposed on the basis of values of the concentration of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood of the test animals, attaining charateristic critical limits (lethal limit) and LC50 values.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100102
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical ‘fingerprint’ studies of fire atmosphere (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Large-scale fire experiments have been carried out in a special test rig to study the chemical nature of fire atmosphere using a ‘fingerprint’ sampling and analysis method. Four polymeric materials - wood, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene foam - were used separately as fuel, with both high and low ventilation. In addition to oxides of carbon the fingerprints yielded typically between twenty and forty different chemical compounds including several (e.g. aldehydes) which could contribute significantly to the irritancy of the fire gases. The change in nature of the fingerprint gases with the different ventilation conditions, different polymeric materials and with different stages of the same fire is discussed, together with the toxicological significance of the results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100105
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The corrosiveness of fluoride-containing fire gases on selected steels (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Combustion gases were produced from several cable-insulation materials in separate experiments conducted in a model fire chamber. These gases were then allowed to interact with stressed metal specimens, consisting for the most part of various stainless and hardened steels as well as of carbon steel and stainless steel sheet. Thereafter the samples as exposed were stored in a humid atmosphere. As expected, PVC combustion gases caused the cracking of spring steel and also extensive pitting corrosion of stainless steel. These results confirmed that test conditions conformed to real-life fires as observed in practice. The combustion gases deriving from fluorinated polymers were much less corrosive on stainless steel and provoked only slight pitting in isolated cases. The rate of corrosion damage on carbon steel was lower by more than an order of magnitude than in the case of PVC. However, stress corrosion of sensitized 18/8 stainless steel and spring steel was found to occur. Tests on the thermal degradation of the dluorinated polymer ‘Teflon’ FEP and ‘Tefzel’ confirmed their high stability. If one compares the behaviour of these fluoroplastics with that of PVC it can generally be concluded that, although the use of fluorinated insulation materials on cables might not altogether eliminate corrosion problems in the event of fire, it does constitute a realistic contribution to fire protection and to the reeducation of fire-related damage.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100104
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fire and upholstered furniture (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Both ignition and rate of fire development tests are required to determine the fire performance of upholstered composites. Current practice uses small-model specimens for ignitability tests but rate of burning tests are usually carried out on actual furniture. This paper discuss small- and large-scale tests for upholstered furniture.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100106
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100201
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heat transmission in fire test furnaces (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This theoretical and experimental study, complementary to that discussed in Reference 1, examines those factors that affect the ‘test efficiency’ in fire resistance testing. Convective heat transfer in the test chamber may become an essential part of the heat transmission process if, due to small furnace size or non-luminous furnace gases, the radiative transmission is not sufficiently intense. The standard technique of measuring and controlling the temperature conditions in the furnace chamber, though not in line with strict scienctific practices, appears to provide insurance against poor test result. A calibration procedure is described for checking the adequacy of fire resistance test facilities and some solutions presented for improving the test efficiency.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100202
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An investigation of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties of tin (IV) oxide in unsaturated polyester thermosets (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Studies have been carried out of the effects of (1) anhydrous tin (IV) oxide and (2)β-stannic acid {hydrous tin (IV) oxide} on the flammability and smoke production of unsaturated polyesters into which halogen may be introduced as a reactive monomer during the resin synthesis. The results obtained provide evidence for a marked falme-reatedant synergism between tin and halogen, accompanied by a significant reduction in smoke from the burning polymer. The hydrous tin compound was found to be more effective than the anhydrous SnO2 both as a flame retardant and a smoke suppressant. At a 2% incorporation level β-stannic acid gave polymers with LOIs of up to ca 30 and reductions in smoke density of 50% or more compared with the standard non-halogenated resin. The mode of action of the tin compounds appears to involve both the condensed and vapour phases. In view of the generally accepted low toxicity of inorganic tin chemicals their possible use as fire-retardant additives for polymer systems should merit serious consideration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100107
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A novel method for measuring nitrogen-containing species in combustion effluents (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A sensitive method is described for the determination of hydrogen cyanide and organic nitriles in atmospheres created by the combustion or thermal degradation of nitrogen-containing polymeric materials. The technique also allows for the determination of other hydrocarbon species from the same sample using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system without entailing too many divisions in the sample quantity The method utilizes an NOx analyzer will only respond to nitrogen-containing compounds and response factors for these compounds can be calculated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100203
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molybdenum compounds as flame-retardants and smoke-suppressants in halogenated polymers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The hazards resulting rom smoke emission were widely recognized in the early 1970s as a result of several major fire disasters. Since that time considerable interest has been shown in the development of smoke-suppressants. This paper reviews some of the very promising results that have been obtained using molybdenuem comounds as flame-retardants and smoke-suppressantes in halogenated polymers. They have been shown to be effective in both rigid and flexible grades of PVC. In the rigid grades these compounds can reduce smoke emission by at least 80%. Reductions in excess of 50% have been observed with typical plasticized formulations, although the magnitude of the effect here depends on both the type and level of plasticizer. Comparisons of the results of different smoke tests suggest that the small-scale tests commonly used do not fully reflect the true extent of the smoke-reductions that are obtainable with these combounds. Significant reductions in smoke-emission have also been obtained with halogenated polyester thermosets and chlorinated elastomer formulations. With the polyesters some of the best results occurred when molybdenum oxide was used in conjunction with alumunium trihydrate. In all cases these compounds proved to have significant flame-retardant properties. Reference has been made in the paper to their mode of activity but the actual mechanistic investigations have not been discussed in detail.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100204
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fire-performance of a ventilated facade insulated with a B2-classified rigid polyurethane foamThis work was performed within the safety programme of the International Isocyanate Institute (III). (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A two-storey test rig was used to investigate how an insulated facade would react to the impingement of a simulated room fire. In particular, whether or not a facade insulated with polyurethane foam would promote vertical flame spread. Wooden cribs weighing 40 kg were used as fire sources. One set of tests was run without any steel cladding to study the behaviour of the polyurethane foam alone. In a wall-configuration test as well as under a conrner-configuration one limited vertical and horizontal flame propagation were found. The degree of damage was to some extent, greater under the corner-test conditions than with the wall tests. A ventilated facade construction with the profiled steel cladding fixed to vertical support-work was used for the second set of tests. In order to simulate repair conditions, the outer metal cladding was completely removed from the lower 1.5 m of the facade. In Both tests a strong chimney-effect behind the cladding was observed. This intensification of the flame impingement led to a flame spread up the top of the facade. The tests indicated that the vertical flame spread would continue unless the method of construction incorporated vertical fire stops.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100206
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Smoke and toxicant production during thermal degradation (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A series of materials were tested in a radiant furnace for their production of toxicants (carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride) while concurrently measuring the weight remaining of the test specimen. In addition, the effect of sample form on toxicant production was considered for Douglas fir and polyvinyl chloride. The smoke-exposure profile was found to be dependent on the material's form. The specimen-irradiation time and the incident heat flux. The calculation of exposure using a Ct product based on the area under the production curve was found useful for smoke and toxicants. Concentrations of toxic gases produced were not linearly related to sample-weight loss throughout the experiments. The influence of sample form on smoke and toxicant production was greater for Douglas fir than for polyvinyl chloride. The results indicate that in toxicity tests samples should be tested in their end-use form and that a material's thermal properties may influence toxicity-value calculations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100205
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 91-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100208
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 91-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100207
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100301
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 92-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100302
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS): Pyrolysis and combustion products and their toxicity - a review of the literature (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): ABS plastics ; carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A review of literature was undertaken to ascertain the current knowledge of the nature of the thermal decomposition products generated from ABS and the toxicity of these evolved products in toto. The literature review encompasses English language publications available through June 1984. This literature surveyed showed that the principal ABS thermooxidative degradation products of toxicologic importance are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The experimental generation of these and other volatile products is principally dependent upon the combustion conditions and the formulation of the plastic. The toxicity of ABS thermal degradation products has been evaluated by fire methods. The LC50 (30 min exposure + 14 day post-exposure period) values for flaming combustion ranged from 15.0 mgl-1 to 28.5 mgl-1. In the non-flaming mode of combustion, the LC50 values ranged from 19.3 Mgl-1 to 64.0 mgl-1. Therefore, no apparent toxicological difference exists between the flaming mode and the non-flaming mode. The toxicity of ABS degradation products was found to be comparable with the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of other common polymeric materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100303
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toxicity and incapacitation due to hydrogen chloride (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Hydrogen chloride is the principal product released during the combustion of poly(vinylchloride). It is classified as a sensory and pulmonary irritant. The toxicity of hydrogen chloride (HCl) has been the subject of numerous acute toxicological studies on rodents to determine the effect of HCl exposure on humans during fires. The lethality studies show that HCl destroys the upper respiratory tract and the eyes of rodents. A few of the rodent studies measured the HCl concentration required to produce incapacitation within a given short-exposure period. These concentrations were higher than the lethal concentrations due to the fact that most deaths occur post-exposure. The findings from rodent studies were basically confirmed by exposing non-human primates (baboons) to high HCl concentrations for 5 min and measuring escape potential. In the baboon study, no statistical significance could be found between the time-to-effect parameters, failure modes and the HCl concentrations. The relevance of the baboon behavioral model and physiological response to human escape-potential in a fire environment that contains HCl is questionable. In terms of the behavioral model, the baboons were able to carry out the escape routine with their eyes closed during the exposure. Inability to see was not considered incapacitating. Humans would have great difficulty escaping from a fire with their eyes closed. Furthermore, the baboons escaped by one simple action; jumping out. Most humans could not escape from a fire by one simple, instantaneous act. Based on the review of HCl toxicity and basic toxicological principles, elements required for the development of an appropriate animal incapacitation model for irritants are proposed. Exposure of animals to irritants, such as HCl, will only provide information on human escape impairment from fire when the animal models address the direct result of irritant effects on vision and respiratory function. Most of the preset studies measure the delayed, secondary systemic effects that produce asphyxia. Clearly, the measurement of vision or the lack of vision should be of primary importance in any irritant smoke incapacitation model.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100305
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A suggested logic for trading between fire-safety measures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A simple logic is presented for expressing the equivalence of fire safety measures. It is based on the principle that any combination of safety measures is acceptable as long as it does not lead to losses (property and human losses) above the level accepted by society.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100308
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of elevated temperature on flame-retardant treated wools and other fibers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The limiting oxygen indices of flame-retardant treated wools have been determined at environmental temperatures up to 380°C. As the ambient temperature increases, the LOI decreases significantly until, within the temperature range of 308°C and 325°C, it reaches a minimum value, Above 325°C, the LOI of the carbonaceous residue increases rapidly with temperature. The minimum value reached for a number of retardant treated wools was below that for untreated wool. Broadly similar behaviour is exhibited by flame-retardant cotton, modacrylic and Nomex°, although with the latter there is no increase in oxygen index at the upper end of the temperature range studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100307
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Movement of destruction products through the carbonized layer upon combustion of polymers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Penetration of the carbonized polymeric residues has been investigated and their influence on combustibility of polymers has been shown. It has been found that filtration of liquid and gas products of pyrolysis through the carbonized layer upon combustion is described by Darcy's law, the movement of liquids being due to the surface tension forces. It has been shown that the carbonized layer cannot be regarded as an important obstacle for passing of volatile and low-viscous products into the gas phase, and that the polymeric melts can also rise through the coke due to the capillary forces. Phosphoric and some boric compounds have been found to cause a decrease in penetration of the carbonized residues, which can be one of the reasons of the flammability decrease of polymers when using such compounds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100306
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyesters: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Combustion products ; flame retardants ; literature reviews ; polyesters ; pyrolysis ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The available literature was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on the thermal decomposition products and the toxicity of the combustion products of polyester materials used in consumer applications such as textiles and building construction. This literature review is limited to those publications printed in English through June 1984. The thermal decomposition products of polyesters are a function of temperature and oxygen content of the atmosphere. In general, as the temperature increases, the quantity of heavier hydrocarbons decreases and the production of CO and CO2 increases. The presence of flame retardant additives, such as bromine and chlorine-containing compounds, produce halogenated combustion products. The use of phosphorus and bromine together in the same flame retardant finish increases the concentration of low molecular weight compounds. Thirteen different test protocols have been used to evaluate the toxicity of various types of polyester. Non-flame retarded polyesters give measured LC50 values ranging from 30.5 Mgl-1 to 95.7 mgl-1, while flame retarded polyesters, have LC50 values ranging from 24.0 mgl-1 to 38.0 mgl-1. Several exceptions, however, are noted. Toxicologists consider these differences to be not significant. In general, the results from large-scale tests are ambiguous because of the presence of other materials in addition to the polyesters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100304
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A simple mathematical model of flashover in compartment fires (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The purpose of this work was to examine the phenomena which determine the possibility of flashover occurrence and progress in compartment fires. A number of experimental fire tests were performed aimed at simplifying the phenomenon in successive tests by eliminating the factors influencing the main mechanisms which determine the occurrence of flashover in compartment fires. A physical model has been proposed as well as mathematical description of the flashover, including a simplified first stage of fire development. A new method for mathematical description of chemical mechanisms of combustion in gas mixture was employed according to which the experiments were considered to be simplified kinetic tests permitting the derivation of a substitute formula for chemical change. A computer program was developed enabling computation of the dynamics of the pre-flashover fire phase. By means of this program, extensive theoretical analysis was performed of the influence on fire development of a number of compartment factors, including fire load, ventilation and potential fire size.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100309
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Larger specimens for determining rate of heat release in the cone calorimeter (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; ignition ; oxygen consumption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A larger cone heater for the cone calorimeter has been developed in order to measure the rate of heat release from building materials. The aim was to facilitate the testing of inhomogeneous materials and to minimize edge effects. Specimens of two different sizes, 100 × 100mm and 200 × 200mm, were tested in the horizontal orientation. The maximum rate of heat release and the average rate of heat release during 1 min after ignition are generally higher for the larger specimens than for the smaller ones. The time to ignition is generally shorter for larger specimens. Results from tests with 13 different building materials, including wood-based materials, gypsum board, wall-coverings and plastics, are presented at different heat flux levels up to 75 kW m-2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100310
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 178-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100313
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 179-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100314
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110101
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structure and radiation properties of large-scale natural gas/air diffusion flames (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Recent data from large-scale turbulent natural gas/air diffusion flames (135-210 MW) were used to evaluate analysis of flame structure and radiation properties. The conserved-scalar formalism, in conjunction with the laminar flamelet concept, was used to predict radiative heat fluxes. The narrow-band model considered the nonluminous gas bands of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide in the 1000-6000mm wavelength range. Structure predictions were encouraging, with discrepancies for mean temperatures (ca200 K in the hottest portions of the flames) comparable to experimental uncertainties, due to thermocouple errors, flame disturbances from ambient winds and lifting and external expansion effects near the injector. Radiative heat flux predictions were also reasonably good, e.g. predictions based on mean scalar properties were generally 15% lower than the measurements. The findings also suggest that continuum radiation from soot is negligible for these flames.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100311
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The conflagration of two large department stores in the centre of athens (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A conflagration of two large department stores which occurred simultaneously one night in the centre of Athens is described and the construction of buildings involved in the fire, the scenario and the fire damage assessment are given. The behaviour of structural elements during and after the fire has been studied and the causes and the mechanism of collapse of a large part of a multi-storey concrete building analyzed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100312
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ignitability measurements with the cone calorimeterThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Cone Calorimeter ; ignitability ; plastics ; radiant ignition ; upholstered furniture ; wood materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The Cone Calorimeter is a new-generation instrument developed primarily for making rate of heat release measurements. This instrument, containing a uniform and well-characterized irradiance source, was also seen to be useful for making measurements of radiant ignition on materials. Data have now been collected for a wide range of illustrating the performance of similar materials in other apparatuses. Finally, for a selected material, Douglas fir particle board, a detailed comparison with an ignition model has been made.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110103
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The formation of hydrogen cyanide during methacrylonitrile pyrolysis (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 45-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This short note describes studies of the pyrolysis of methacrylonitrile over a wide range of temperatures under flowing nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. Hydrogen cyanide was not found to be a primary product, but several organic nitriles are formed which decompose at higher temperature (〉 1100 K) to produce hydrogen cyanide almost quantitatively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110104
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A review of the literature on the gaseous products and toxicity generated from the pyrolysis and combustion of rigid polyurethane foamsThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; fire retardants ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The literature on rigid polyurethane foam has been reviewed with an emphasis on the gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were the predominant toxicants found among more than a hundred other gaseous products. The generation of CO and HCN was found to increase with increasing combustion products from various rigid polyurethane foams. Lethality, incapacitation, physiological and biochemical parameters were employ as biological end points. In general, the combustion products generated from rigid polyurethane foam in the flaming mode appear from to be more toxic than those produced in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 values for 30-min exposures ranged from 10 to 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and were greater then 34 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. With the exception of one case, in which a reactive type phosphorus containing fire retardant was used, the addition of fire retardants to rigid polyurethane foams does not appear to generate unusual toxic combustion products.
    Zusätzliches Material: 33 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110102
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary results from an examination of house survival in the 16 February 1983 Bushfires in Australia (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This paper describes a survey which was undertaken to ascertain those features of house design and construction which were important to the survival of house in the ‘Ash Wednesday Bushfires’ of 16 February 1983. The Otway Ranges are of Victoria was chosen and 1153 house, with varying degrees of damage, were included in the survey. Results of a preliminary analysis of data collected are given, together with observations made concerning the so-called ‘exploding house’ phenomenon, the role of wind and the part that people played in house survival. Evidence for the ways that houses were ignited (i.e. by radiation, flame contact and wind-blown embers) was also gathered. The importance of these ignition modes is discussed and examples given. Preliminary observations on the rebuilding process are also given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110105
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 53-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110106
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110201
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diary (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110202
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the equivalent fire exposure (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The equivalent fire exposure (EFE) is visualized as a quantifier of the destructive potential of real-world compartment fires in terms of the time to failure of building elements in standard test fires. Five methods of calculating the EFE are reviewed and compared in the light of some experimental data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110206
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Study of solid char residues after thermal degradation of polystyrene, PVC and polyamide - Part II (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Structural residues of the original polymer remain in the char portion of degraded polymer depending on the temperature and duration of the thermal degradation and the temperature. Elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used for the identification of char residues.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110205
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nylons: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Combustion products ; literature reviews ; nylon ; pyrolysis, thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The literature on polyamides was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on these materials which are commonly used in consumer and industrial applications. This review was limited to aliphatic polyamides normally called nylon and excludes aromatic polyamides such as Nomex and bicomponent polymers consisting of nylon and other polymers. The review was further limited to those publications in English through June 1984. Typical pyrolysis products from a broad range of nylons do not appear to differ greatly. Many of the decomposition products detected in vacuum pyrolysis experiments appear as products of thermal degradation in inert and air atmospheres. In air, a general reduction in the quantities of heavier hydrocarbons is noted along with an increase in the production of CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, HCN and NOx. The toxicity of the thermal degradation products from various types of nylon has been evaluated by nine different protocols. Reported LC50 values range from 10.8 m l-1 to 61.9 mg l-1. Dyes apparently do not affect the materials' combustion products toxicity but an increase in the amount of backcoating on a nylon fabric increases toxicity. Time to death measurements show that volatile products from nylons are less toxic than those from rayons or cotton, while the blending of wool with nylon greatly increases the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products. In general, however, the overall toxicity of the thermal degradation products from nylon do not appear to be greatly different than those from many other polymeric materials. Large-scale test results are ambiguous, and it is difficult to interpret the results in terms of a single component in a multicomponent system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110204
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110301
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Combustion products ; literature reviews ; polyethylenes ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non-flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non-flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non-flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l-1. In the flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l-1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same end uses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110203
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Combustion products of polymeric materials versus heat released by polymer combustion in the CAB 650 chamber (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A method has been developed enabling comparison of polymeric Materials on the basis of the heat evolved during combustion. The calculated heat index yields information on the heat capacity of the material compared with cellulose as a standard material.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110207
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polystyrenes: A review of the literature on the products of thermal decomposition and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): combustion products ; fire data ; literature reviews ; polystyrene ; pyrolysis products ; test methods ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The current English literature through 1984 on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products is reviewed. Among 57 compounds detected by chemical analyses of the thermal decomposition products produced under various atmospheric conditions (vacuum, inert and oxidative), the main volatile component is the styrene monomer, Evidence is provided that the mass fraction of styrene increases with furnace temperatures at least through 500°C. At 800°C and above, the concentration of styrene decreases. In oxidative atmospheres, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxidative hydrocarbons are formed. The concentrations of CO and CO2 are a function of temperature and combustion conditions, i.e. greater amounts are produced in the flaming than in the non-flaming mode. Eleven different test procedures were used to evaluate the toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres of polystyrenes. The more toxic environments produced under flaming conditions appear to be mainly attributed to CO and CO2 but rather to some other toxicant, probably the styrene monomer. When compared with other common materials used in buildings and residences, polystyrenes, in general, are among the least toxic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110302
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of pressure on combustible and toxic properties of materials (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Combustible and toxic properties greatly influence the application of materials in shipbuilding. These materials, especially plastics, create a serious toxic hazard during fire. Under fire conditions they decompose thermally, giving off considerable amounts of smoke and volatile toxic substances which cause a serious hazard to people overcome by fire inside a compartment.1-3Lethal poisoning by the thermal degradation products of plastics has attracted the attention of many investigators to toxic hazards during a fire.1,4 Underwater systems create, in particular, a serious fire hazard. Fire in a decompression chamber spreads in a different way to land fires and usually causes the death of the crew and complete destruction of equipment in the chamber. Theoretically, complete fire protection in a chamber could be achieved by the total elemination of combustible materials and their replacement by incombustible ones. However, from a practical point of view this is impossible. The general principles of materials selection used in underwater systems are defined by Det Norske Veritas.5 Unfortunately, these do not describe the methods of testing materials nor the criteria of materials selection. There is also a lack of information in the literature on toxic hazards under elevated pressures. This problem has been studied in detail with oxygen-enriched atmospheres in aerospace programmes,6 but because those studies are classified there is only fragmentary information in the literature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110305
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products of poly(vinyl chlorides): A literature assessment (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrochloric acid ; large-scale fire tests ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; small-scale fire tests ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics, Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. PVC compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LC50 value calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to 〉 40 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials in compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI that is generated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110303
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110401
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A summary of the NBS literature reviews on the chemical nature and toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products from seven plastics: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), nylons, polyesters, polyethylenes, polystyrenes, poly(vinyl chlorides) and rigid polyurethane foams (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): ABS ; plastics ; chemistry ; combustion products ; literature reviews ; nylon ; polyester ; polyethylene ; polystyrene ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A series of literature reviews was undertaken by the National Bureau of Standards to examine the toxicity and chemistry of the effluents produced when seven plastics were decomposed under various thermal and atmospheric condition. These plastics are: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, nylons, polyesters, polyethylenes, polystyrenes, poly(vinyl chlorides) and rigid polyurethane foams. The English-language literature on each of these was reviewed and published as a separate report of the National Bureau of Standards. Over 400 different thermal decomposition products, many common to more than one plastic, were identified. The toxicity of most of these individual products is products, many common to more than one plastic, were identified. The toxicity of most of these individual products is unknown and an assessment of the toxicity of the multitude of possible combinations is not feasible at this time. Therefore a variety of bioassay toxicity protocols have been used to assess the toxicity of the gaseous atmospheres generated by the thermal decomposition of these plastics. In general, these seven plastics did not produce unusually or extremely toxic pyrolysis or combustion products when compared with those of other synthetic or natural materials. In a few cases involving additives, toxic products of concern were produced.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110304
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flammability of plastics I: Ignition temperatures (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The Piloted ignition of six common thermoplastics has been studied by exposing horizontal samples (65 times; 65 times; 6 mm thick) to irradiance levels in the range 10-40 kw m-2. Fine thermocouples were attached to the exposed face and allowed the surface temperature to be monitored continuously. Times to sustained ignition from a small pilot flame and the corresponding surface temperature were recorded. Within experimental error, ignition temperatures showed no systematic dependence on surface area when this was reduced to ca 20 mm square. Times to ignition were dependent not only on radiant intensity but also on the spectral characteristics of the source.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110402
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Prediction model of CO, CO2 and O2 concentrations in compartment fires using wood fuel (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A simple model for predicting as concentrations, temperature and heat release rate in a room fire was developed. The CO, CO2 yield rates and O2 yield rates and O2 depletion rate were calculated using this model for wood fuel. The calculated values were compared with the experimental ones and a fairly good accuracy was obtained. As this model can apply to any kind of fuel by replacing the assumption for the fuel pyrolysis, it may be useful for evaluating toxic hazards in a room fire.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110403
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of quarter-scale compartment fire modeling for constant and stepped heat inputs (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): compartment fires ; fire growth ; flashover ; full-scale tests ; interior finish ; physical models ; room fires ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Quarter-scale tests of ten full-scale room fire tests were conducted by using an existing scaling technique developed at the National Bureau of Standards. Test results confirmed earlier studies which showed that, under constant fire exposure conditions, quarter-scale room testing ranked interior finish materials in the same order as did full-scale tests based on their times to achieve room flashover. In general, quarter-scale tests were less severe and took longer to reach peak room fire buildup because of a lower convective and radiative heat transfer in the quarter-scale room. These tests also generated more CO per unit mass of material and experienced lower combustion efficiencies than did their corresponding full-scale tests.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110404
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxygen consumption measurements in the cone calorimeter. A direct comparison between a paramagnetic cell and a high-temperature cell (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 201-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110407
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fire-resistant coatings for roof/ceiling deck timbers (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Laboratory tests demonstrated that the intumescence resulting from application of some proprietary flame-retardant paint and coating systems to timber planks could reduce char formation in the planks by as much as 70% during the first 30 min of exposure to ASTM E-19 fire conditions. Applications of these coating systems to the exposed surfaces of planks used in construction of heavy timber building assemblies should increase the fire resistance of these components by at least 30 min. This would represent a significant increase in the fire resistance of heavy timber roof systems and could extend the use of this type of construction system to many of the non-residential buildings for which building code authorities presently require fire resistance ratings greater than 1 h.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110405
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ISO ignitability test and proposed criteria (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Having characterized the current classification of building materials in Scandinavia the use of the International Standards Organization ignitability test for classifying coverings, linings and materials is discussed. Further evidence for the assumption of a linear function for 1/tig (where tig is the time for sustained surface ignition) versus irradiance was gained for a number of materials, mainly wood-based. This has been utilized in forecasting the ignitability behaviour in the new test by correlation of classes. Through definition of two borderline segments a simple table giving proposed criteria for tig is obtained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110406
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  • 67
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    Digitale Medien
    Letter to the Editor (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 205-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110408
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 206-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110409
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120101
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of the ISO/TC92 test for ignitability assessment (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The ignitability of solids, including fire-retardant-containing polystyrene, is reported using results of a small-scale thermal radiation exposure test (a modified ISO ignitability test procedure). Additional information is provided from the results of exposure to convective heating and from oxygen index determinations. The use of a permanent sample mask and smaller samples than described in the ISO procedure proved convenient. The ISO procedure was found useful for determining the response of ignition time to changes in radiant flux. Good agreement was found with the analysis of Quintiere and Harkleroad for most samples but not with polystyrene, with and without halogen fire retardant. The increase in ignition resistance with fire retardant concentration suggested by the oxygen index is not always consistent with the ignition delay times under radiative or convective assault.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120102
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of additives on fire properties of polyethylene (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Low-density polyethylene, with and without an antimony-bromine synergistic fire retardant or aluminium hydroxide, was subjected to standard fire tests and to experiments which determined the smoke and harmful fumes emitted on overheating. Both additives improved most fire properties but the fire retardant increased the smoke generated by intense radiant heat. The onset of smoke, flammable gas, carbon monoxide and acids was generally delayed by the additives. The total amounts and maximum values of these volatiles were lessened. Sample weight and form affect the results of these experiments. Observations during heating show that the additives reduce spreading of the melt, thus reducing the surface area available for oxidation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120103
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of environmental conditions on smoke propagation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This paper examines the influence of oxygen and environmental temperature on the generation of smoke from burning polystyrene sheet. The experimentation was performed using a Stanton Redcroft HFTA linked to a Stanton Redcroft FTB Smoke Box. The results showed that different forms of smoke were formed depending upon the environmental conditions. For example, in oxygen-enriched atmospheres and at elevated environmental temperatures, as in spacecraft fires, large smoke particles were formed with a lower level of obscuration. This phenomenon was accompanied by higher rates of burn and high fire temperatures. At lower oxygen contents, as in real-life fire conditions, close to the Critical Oxygen Index, finer smoke particles were formed which gave a higher level of obscuration. The time to maximum obscuration was comparatively long.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120104
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 41-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120108
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fundamental aspects of polymer flammability. IOP Short Meetings Series No. 4, 180 pp. Price £25. IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, UK, 1987 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 41-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120107
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An analysis of the potential economic impact on society due to the compliance with the fire service order. (Northern Ireland) 1985Reproduced with permission from Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (K. Ewart, J. Shields and G. Silcock), published by E. & F. N. Spon. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The article outlines the analysis of data collected by questionnaire, inspection and detailed surveys of a selection of boarding houses in Northern Ireland. A statistical model is developed which enables a cost of compliance to be estimated for boarding houses having more than six bedspaces. Comparisons are also made regarding cost with previous studies in England and Wales for similar boarding houses/small hotels. Finally the cost of compliance for these houses and other buildings is given with an estimate of the impact of this cost on the building industry and the public at large in Northern Ireland.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120106
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120201
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 42-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120109
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The combustion of cigarette paper (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Studies have been carried out of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes. Measurements have been made in particular of the amounts of carbon monoxide formed from the paper, both on its own and when it forms part of a cigarette. The extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate of ca 60° s-1, due to the competing effects of temperature on the several different mechanisms by which carbon monoxide is produced. Measurements on cigarette papers impregnated with a wide range of inorganic and organic salts show that all the additives used tend to decrease carbon monoxide yields at low heating rates but to increase them quite sharply at very high ones. With cigarettes containing impregnated papers the concentration of carbon monoxide is increased in both the mainstream and sidestream smoke. Possible reasons for the behaviour observed with the various individual salts are discussed. Certainly, on the assumption that the results obtained with cigarettes are a good reflection of those on paper alone it seems unlikely that treatment of cigarette paper can ever reduce the amounts of carbon monoxide formed under cigarette smoking conditions, for all additives affect char formation in such a way that there is an overall increase in carbon monoxide yields.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120105
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of toxic gases from burning polymeric materials in a small-scale box model (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Various polymeric materials were combusted in a small-scale box model equipped with an air supply system to determine the evolution of toxic gases and evaluate the toxicity of the environment containing these gases. There were cases where concentrations of HCN, acrolein and formaldehyde were higher in terms of potential toxicity than that of CO. Overall experimental results indicate that small-scale experiments are useful in evaluating combustion toxicity of materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120202
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Breaking of window glass close to fire (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A heat conduction equation with linerized radiation cooling boundary conditions is used to calculate the thermal field in a long-strip window pane heated by thermal radiation (fire), except on narrow strips along edges built into the frame. This temperature field is used to calculate a quasi-static thermal stress field in the pane in the first-order planar stress approximation. Derived analytic equations of stresses are presented graphically. Thermal stresses build up at the edges in a narrow strip of a few times the pane thickness. In cool spots of the order of 100 K lower than the average temperature, stress build-up can cause a microcrack to become a fast-propagating fracture.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120204
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 87-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120206
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    One-dimensional mathematical modelling of enclosure fire dynamics (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This paper presents a one-dimensional mathematical model of enclosure fire dynamics. The model is based on the fundamental equations of mass, momentum and energy and uses the top hat velocity and temperature profiles for the movement of plume gases. A computational algorithm is also developed to solve the set of transient model partial differential equations. In addition, the explicit equations have been derived for computing the steady state velocity and temperature profiles. These derivations are based on the assumption that the plume width follows the relationship given by Eqn (12). Further, these relationships help to identify a dimensionless parameter, Frs, known as source Froude number, which has a significant effect on the behaviour of the plume gases. It may be noted that this assumption is only applicable for the case of Frs = 1. The plume behaviour is studied with reference to three cases of source Froude numbers, i.e. Frs 〈 1, Frs = 1, Frs 〉 1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120203
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120301
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flame spread properties of forest products. Comparison and validation of prescribed Australian and North American flame spread test methods (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 71-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Nineteen forest products in sawn board and panel form (including three fire retardant treated) have been tested to AS1530.3 - Test For Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials and ASTM E84 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. These tests are used in the building codes to regulate the flame spread properties of all combustible building materials in Australia and interior finsihes in North America, respectively. A correlation was established between Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) for the forest products that had not been fire retardant treated. Room fire testing of eight of the forest products validaded Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) as reliable test criteria for regulating the use of combustible materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120205
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    News (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120302
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTERFLAM '88. A review of the 4th international fire conference (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120303
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Estimation of flash point (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A general correlation has been obtained for estimation of closed-cup flash point of organic compounds from their normal boiling points. Estimated flash points are within a deviation of about 10% of reported values. However, separate correlations have been obtained and recommended for acids and alcohols for estimation of flash points for more accurate results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120307
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iron-containing compounds as flame retarding/smoke-suppressing additives for PVC (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The incorporation of a range of iron-containing inorganic and organometallic compounds into a semi-rigid PVC formulation has been investigated. Limiting Oxygen Index and Smoke Density data were obtained across a wide range of formulations and the effects of the compounds on flammability and smoke generation are discussed. Iron-containing inorganic compounds appear to have little effect on the flammability of semi-rigid PVC but several of the organoiron compounds and iron oxides markedly reduce smoke formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120305
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Estimation of the magnitude and spatial distribution of combustible materials in urban areas. A case study of the San Jose area, California (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 95-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This paper describes a methodology for estimating the magnitude and spatial distribution of urban fuel loadings using San Jose, California, as a case study. The study was undertaken to provide basic inputs into the modeling of large urban fires ignited by nuclear explosions, which has important implications for studies of the global climatic effects of nuclear war, or the so-called ‘nuclear winter’ phenomenon. The methodology is based on the measurement of the numbers and sizes of different building occupancy types from aerial photographs for approximately 6000 1000-ft (304.8-m) grid cells covering the study area. These measurements were combined with literature-derived average fuel loadings for each building type to yield the total fuel loading per cell. The total fuel loading thus calculated is approximately 4558.56 × 106 kg, yielding an average of 8.4 kg m-2 (1.7 lb ft-2) for the built-up area of the city and 9.4 kg m-2 (1.9 lb ft-2) if unoccupied cells (i.e. cells containing no fuel) within the built-up area are excluded. These figures are lower than previously published average values, due to the low-density character of San Jose and the exclusion of certain components of total fuel loading by the methodology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120304
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hot-surface ignition temperatures of dust layers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Minimum dust layer ignition temperatures on a hot surface were determined for several dusts, using a test procedure recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. The dusts included coal, three oil shales, lycopodium spores, corn starch, grain and brass powder. For a few of the dusts the effects of particle size and layer thickness on the minimum ignition temperatures were examined. Test results were repeatable and reliable for the fuels, the lycopodium and the brass powder. The minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of 12.7-mm thick layers of these dusts ranged from 160°C for brass to 290°C for 20-gal ton-1 oil shale. Flaming combustion was observed only with the brass powder. The minimum ignition temperatures decreased with thicker layers and with smaller particle sizes. Some difficulties were encountered with the corn starch and grain dusts. During heating, the starch charred and expanded; the grain dust swelled and distorted. The test was found acceptable for the purpose of determining the minimum layer ignition temperature of a variety of dusts. To prevent fire hazards due to smoldering or flaming dust layers the temperatures of surfaces on which combustible dusts accumulate should be lower than the minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of the dusts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120306
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flammability of plastics 1: Ignition temperatures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 141-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120309
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reply. Flammability of plastics 1: Ignition temperatures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 142-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120310
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120401
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Correlations between four radiant panel tests used to classify the fire behaviour of floor coverings in the EC (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Tests related to reaction to fire of materials are different from one country to another in the EC, as are test-based classifications. There is no valid equivalence between the classifications of materials. We examine another approach, which is to propose acceptance of materials for a specific application on the basis of the results recorded in tests performed in another country through correlation between data recorded in tests. This new approach is applied here to four tests using radiant panels for floor covering classifications in Belgium, France. West Germany and Italy. This report is based on the results recorded on fifteen materials in the four tests. The conclusion is that the researched correlation is good.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120308
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Correlation of flashpoint with molecular connectivity (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A correlation has been obtained for the estimation of the closed-cup flashpoint of hydrocarbons from their molecular connectivity indices. Estimated flashpoints are within a deviation of about 7.7% of reported values. A brief description of the calculation of the molecular connectivity index is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120404
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rates of heat and smoke release of wood in an ohio state university calorimeterThis article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Particleboard, Douglas fir plywood and red oak were tested for heat and smoke release rates under different heat flux levels, piloted and unpiloted conditions, and vertical and horizontal orientations in an Ohio State University calorimeter. The chamber was instrumented to obtain heat release data by both the standard thermal and oxygen consumption methods simultaneously. Heat and smoke release data obtained by both methods are reported. The heat release rates by the thermal method are consistently lower than those by the oxygen consumption method. Variability in results is consistently lower using the oxygen consumption method. The heats of combustion calculated by oxygen consumption are close to those calculated from measurements with the oxygen bomb. The heat release rates measured on particleboard using the standard thermal method are in agreement with measurements on the same material in other Ohio State University calorimeters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120402
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of ammonium sulphate - decabromobiphenyl oxide on the flammability of polyester/cotton blend (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A 87.5:12.5 polyester/cotton blended fabric was treated with various concentrations of ammonium sulphate and decabromobiphenyl oxide (DBBO) as well as mixtures of the two additives. The flammability of the resulting systems was determined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) method and their thermal decomposition by thermogravimetry. Ammonium sulphate was particularly less effective as a flame retardant than the DBBO. Decabromobiphenyl oxide acts in the gas phase to retard the flammability of the polyester while the inorganic salt acts in the condensed phase to decrease that of the cotton. A mechanism for the interaction of ammonium sulphate with cotton was suggested. When a mixture of the two additives containing a high percentage of the bromo-compound was used a significant increase in the LOI values was observed compared to one having the same total loading but containing a higher percentage of ammonium sulphate. This may be attributed to the stabilizing effect of the released ammonia on the intermediate species formed after the liberation of the bromine radicals from the DBBO.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120405
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Theoretical estimation of critical fire load close to an unprotected steel member (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: A theoretical model is set up to estimate critical fire loads close to unprotected steel members in large rooms. The members are assumed to have a critical temperature calculated from external loads. A constant fraction of the energy of the fire load is assumed to be absorbed by steel during burning. Rapid overall and zone burning with constant velocity are shown to yield the same critical fire load. Therefore it is concluded that these loads also give conservative estimates for the critical load in a real fire, the development of which lies between these two extremes. A general form of calculation is given. For rough estimates, 5% mass of the fire load as compared to the steel mass could be allowed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120403
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Letter to the editor (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 12 (1988), S. 173-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810120407
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 13 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130101
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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