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  • Articles  (50,707)
  • 1985-1989  (39,953)
  • 1935-1939  (10,754)
  • Computer Science  (50,707)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explicitly biased generalization (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During incremental concept learning from examples, tentative hypotheses are formed and then modified to form new hypotheses. When there is a choice among hypotheses, bias is used to express a preference. Bias may be expressed by the choice of hypothesis language, it may be implemented as an evaluation function for selecting among hypotheses already generated, or it may consist of screening potential hypotheses prior to hypothesis generation. This paper describes the use of the third method. Bias is represented explicitly both as assumptions that reduce the space of potential hypotheses and as procedures for testing these assumptions. There are advantages gained by using explicit assumptions. One advantage is that the assumptions are meta-level hypotheses that are used to generate future, as well as to select between current, inductive hypotheses. By testing these meta-level hypotheses, a system gains the power to anticipate the form of future hypotheses. Furthermore, rigorous testing of these meta-level hypotheses before using them to generate inductive hypotheses avoids consistency checks of the inductive hypotheses. A second advantage of using explicit assumptions is that bias can be tested using a variety of learning methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00317.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge acquisition by incremental learning from problem-solution pairs (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00316.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00319.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of modal structures as an alternative semantic basis for epistemic logics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In the past, Kripke structures have been used to specify the semantic theory of various modal logics. More recently, modal structures have been developed as an alternative to Kripke structures for providing the semantics of such logics. While these approaches are equivalent in a certain sense, it has been argued that modal structures provide a more appropriate basis for representing the modal notions of knowledge and belief. Since these notions, rather than the traditional notions of necessity and possibility, are of particular interest to artificial intelligence, it is of interest to examine the applicability and versatility of these structures. This paper presents an investigation of modal structures by examining how they may be extended to account for generalizations of Kripke structures. To begin with, we present an alternative formulation of modal structures in terms of trees; this formulation emphasizes the relation between Kripke structures and modal structures, by showing how the latter may be obtained from the former by means of a three-step transformation. Following this, we show how modal structures may be extended to represent generalizations of possible worlds, and to represent generalizations of accessibility between possible worlds. Lastly, we show how modal structures may be used in the case of a full first-order system. In all cases, the extensions are shown to be equivalent to the corresponding extension of Kripke structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00318.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expressing unrestricted grammars by extended definite clause grammars (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A definition of extended definite clause grammars and their relationship to unrestricted grammars are presented. A method for translating extended definite clause grammars describing unrestricted grammars into executable prolog programs is given. Three different parsing techniques are presented, and for each a complete presentation of how to incorporate unrestricted grammars in the actual formalism is done. Extended definite clause grammar is a powerful formalism usable for specifying grammars in natural language processing systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00322.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitative data modeling: application of a mechanism for interpreting graphical data (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a qualitative technique for interpreting graphical data. Given a set of numerical observations regarding the behaviour of a system, its attributes can be determined by plotting the data and qualitatively comparing the shape of the resulting graph with graphs of system behaviour models. Qualitative data modeling incorporates techniques from pattern recognition and qualitative reasoning to characterize observed data, generate hypothetical interpretations, and select models that best fit the shape of the data. Domain-specific knowledge may be used to substantiate or refute the likelihood of hypothesized interpretations. The basic data modeling technique is domain independent and is applicable to a wide range of problems. It is illustrated here in the context of a knowledge-based system for well test interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00320.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curved Mondrians: shading analysis of patterned objects (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most shape-from-shading methods assume that surface reflectance is constant within large image regions. This assumption is violated in natural scenes with objects made from different materials. We present a more general method for recovering shape from shading, assuming that surfaces are smooth and albedo is piecewise constant, as would be the case if a Mondrian image was painted on a smooth curved surface. Our method is based on combining Brooks and Horn's method for shape recovery with the recovery of albedo using stochastic relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00321.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00323.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Likelihood, probability, and knowledge (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00325.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for reasoning about persistence and causation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about change requires predicting how long a proposition, having become true, will continue to be so. Lacking perfect knowledge, an agent may be constrained to believe that a proposition persists indefinitely simply because there is no way for the agent to infer a contravening proposition with certainty. In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We consider the computational properties of our model by reviewing recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation. Finally, we discuss how our probabilistic model addresses certain classical problems in temporal reasoning (e. g., the frame and qualification problems).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00324.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constructive belief and rational representation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent's explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00311.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An expert system for experimental design in off-line quality control (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P-Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00148.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIME‘89, Second European Conference on AI in Medicine, City University, London, 27–31 August 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00153.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human operators and real-time expert systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00147.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XpertRule advanced (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: XpertRule is an expert-systems development environment authored by Dr Akeel Al-Attar. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30Mb hard disk. The package costs £995 and can be obtained from Attar Software Ltd, Newlands Road, Leigh, Lancashire WN7 4HN, England. Tel: +44 (0)942 608844.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00151.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collating real-time market indicators through a temporal paradigm (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This is an endeavour to amalgamate temporal logics with financial problems. By utilising real strategies, it takes cognisance that ‘generic’ trading systems can be creative. In the financial market, time is a critical vector. Accordingly, trading decisions have to be specific and any advice controlled. Reichgelt's two-tier reified temporal logic seems to offer a favourable pliancy for tracking such a capricious market. The external modal language, TM, is friendly and simple but expressive. It allows the outside world to be related by three primitives: AT, P(ast) and F(uture). The internal meta-language, TR, permitting time points, allows TM's effect to be developed with precision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00150.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00154.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Applications of expert systems: Volume 2. J. Ross Quinlan (Ed.).Expert Systems Architectures, L. Johnson and E. T. Keravnou.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00156.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LUCVAR: a computer-based consultation system for selecting lucerne (alfalfa) varieties (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up-to-date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00360.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventh annual conference on applied experimental psychology, Friday 5 May 1989, Adelphi University, New York, USA; Expert systems and the psychology of expertise (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00364.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00366.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lisp news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00367.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PEOPL: A knowledge-based system for the evaluation of personnel (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A project is underway to increase the effective use of personnel by creating a knowledge-based assistant for supervisors. The Programmed Evaluation of Personnel (PEOPL) is designed to permit the combination of quantitative and qualitative data to standardize supervisory ratings. The full scope of the project will combine subjective experience with data from psychological research which assesses employee performance. Peopl combines heuristic, subjective experience with experimental data to establish performance standards for use in a comprehensive system for personnel use. In this way, organizations can assess corporate needs, evaluate the current pool of employees, place them where they may be used more efficiently, and determine what jobs remain undone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00080.x
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Expert systems in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of development methodologies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00082.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural Works Professional II (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Neural Works Professional II is a neuro-computing development environment authored by Casimir ‘Casey’ Klimasauskas of Neural Ware Inc. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles under MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30-megabyte hard disk. The package costs $2250 (there is a Sun/Unix version at /2600), and can be obtained from Neural Ware Inc., 103 Buckskin Court, Sewickley, PA 15143, USA. Tel: (412) 741-5959. In the United Kingdom the price is £ 1350 and it is distributed by Scientific Computers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex, RH15 9LW, England. Tel: (04446) 5101.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00085.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hardware news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00089.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Expert Systems‘88 (Brighton, 12–15 December 1988) (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00075.x
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  • 28
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    Development Tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00079.x
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  • 29
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    Knowledge engineering in the computer-aided design of control systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: MAID is an expert system for the computer-aided design of control systems. It is developed in conjunction with the successful application of a systematic control system design technique. The design problem has been decomposed into sub-problems, resulting in good modularity of design knowledge. Interactive design and the designer's intuition are emphasized. MAID, which acts as a designer's assistant, was developed using the expert systems development facility provided within a control system design package. The coupling of symbolic and numerical processing was carried out in a natural way.
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    The validation and testing of medical decision-aids; Meeting held by the British Medical Informatics Society at the IBM (UK) Scientific Centre, Winchester, 22 February 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    News (1989)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Diary (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00157.x
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    Nestor: Network Engineering System for TOpology and Requirements (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many large organizations today have an interest in communications networks either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. The environment in which networks operate is extremely complex and very dynamic. Users are becoming more sophisticated, hence, their demands for network services are increasing in complexity. The network technology is changing at an incredible rate, and there is a very large number of hardware and software vendors selling network products and services. In such an environment, network management is of vital importance, yet it is exceedingly difficult to accomplish effectively. Most organizations are finding that there is little available in the market in the way of comprehensive systems which address the complex problems encountered in planning and engineering communications networks. The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which treats one important aspect of network design—that of engineering changes in a network subsequent to the initial design. The result of this research is an expert system called Nestor (Network Engineering System for TOpology and Requirements) which is being used by AT&T network engineers to respond to user change requests for a large packet switching network—thirty network switches, fifty mainframe computers, and one hundred and forty thousand terminals and printers. Estimates based on initial experience with the system are that throughput of the engineering group will increase by 500% for network change requests assigned to Nestor.
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    An expert system for sorting (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Sorting an internal list is an indispensable requirement in numerous data processing applications, and many algorithms have been devised for accomplishing those tasks. Furthermore, it is fairly simple to derive order of magnitude of effort measures for particular sorting strategies, and within classes of equivalent theoretical power, practice has shown which algorithms prevail in which circumstances. Thus there is a useful background for testing a system's ability to learn which problem solving technique should be applied in a given instance, for the expert knowledge is rather concise and structured and facilitates comparison to machine decisions. The paper describes the construction of such a system and analyzes the results.
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    FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System is principally an extension of Prolog designed to facilitate the modelling of uncertainty in applications which are suitable for Prolog and need to allow for probabilistic, evidential or vague reasoning. This review was carried out on an Amstrad 1640HD. The product runs on IBM PC, XT, AT and PS/2 computers and compatibles running MS-DOS 3.0 or higher, with 640 Kb RAM. It also runs on a variety of workstations and minicomputers such as the Sun and VAX range. Prices of currently available versions are as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="plain"〉PC single user: £495PC single user with expanded memory (2 Mb): £995PC networks (up to ten PCs): £1495SUN, Apollo HP300 workstations: £2500MicroVax and VAX workstations (UNIX or VMS): £5000VAX 11/730, 11/750, 11/780 (UNIX or VMS): £6000.The product is available from FRIL Systems Ltd, Bristol ITeC, St Anne's House, St Anne's Road, Bristol BS4 4AB, England. Telephone: (0272) 713481. FRIL Systems launched version 4.0 of FRIL in late 1988.
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    Prometheus—a new name in expert system tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Tony Dodd of Chemical Design to introduce Prometheus, a new Prolog-based expert system tool. A review of the tool will appear in the November issue of the journal. The standard PC version of the tool costs £2995; the 386 version costs £3495.
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    Applications (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Book Reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Causal reasoning in an advisor for fourth generation software (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A prototype ‘advisor’ system intended to answer typical questions from a user of a commercial fourth generation report writer has been developed. This paper describes a major subcomponent, which uses expert system techniques to answer ‘why’ or ‘causal’ questions. The approach uses several types of rules, used both forward and backward, to define causal relations between the user's actual code and English-like descriptions of the intended or actual results. The Prolog-based rule interpreter, which can deal with negative and inconsistent questions, is outlined. The design is based on a large corpus of actual user questions.
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    Applications (1989)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00086.x
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    Expert systems development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00087.x
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    Case studies of expert systems development using microcomputer software packages (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper reports experience with the use of two expert system shell’ packages gained during the ARIES project. We report on the desiderata used for selecting the products, the positive and negative features of each and draw some general conclusions about their utility for future systems development. The microcomputer approach is compared with that of specialist workstations and conclusions are drawn concerning design methods for knowledge based systems. The two products considered are Crystal and Leonardo.
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    Expertise, domain-structure and expert system design: a case study in development control (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper outlines the approach taken and presents some early findings from a research project which aims to examine the potential of expert systems in British Development Control; it is a progress report more than an account of finished research. It follows the structure of the research project, dealing first with methodological issues, and then moving on to discuss the specific domain of application.
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    Applications (1989)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00076.x
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    PC-based expert system shells: some desirable and less desirable characteristics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Today's marketplace offers a great variety of PC-based expert system shells. More than ever ES developers need a clear idea of what characteristics they require in an ES toolkit. This paper discusses a recent project which used different shells to build versions of a common application. Evaluating this work illuminates some of the important attributes one should look for.
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    Prolog News (1989)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00077.x
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    Compiling general linear recursions by variable connection graph analysis (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Compilation is a powerful preprocessing technique in the processing of recursions in knowledge-based systems. This paper develops a method of compiling and optimizing complex function-free linear recursions using a variable connection graph, the V-graph. It shows that a function-free recursion consisting of a linear recursive rule and one or more nonrecursive rules can be compiled to (1) a bounded recursion, in which recursion can be eliminated from the program, or (2) an n-chain recursion, whose compiled formula consists of one chain, when n= 1, or n synchronized compiled chains, when n 〉 1. The study is based on a classification of linear recursions and a study of the compilation results of each class. Using the variable connection graph, linear recursions are classified into six classes: acyclic paths, unit cycles, uniform cycles, nonuniform cycles, connected components, and their disjoint mixtures. Recursions in each class share some common properties in compilation. Our study presents an organized picture for the compilation of general function-free linear recursions. After compilation, the processing of complex linear recursions becomes essentially the processing of primitive n-chain recursions or bounded recursions to which efficient processing methods are available.
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    Representing defaults with epistemic concepts (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about defaults—implications that typically hold, but which may have exceptions—is an important part of commonsense reasoning. We present some parts of a theory of defaults, concentrating on distinctions between various subtle ways in which defaults can be defeated, and on inferences which seem plausible but which are not correct in all cases. To represent this theory in a formal system, it is natural to use the epistemic concept of self-belief. We show how to express the theory by a local translation into autoepistemic logic, which contains the requisite epistemic operators.
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    Learning and classification of monotonic ordinal concepts (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Ordinal reasoning plays a major role in human cognition. This paper identifies an important class of classification problems of patterns taken from ordinal domains and presents efficient, incremental algorithms for learning the classification rules from examples. We show that by adopting a monotonicity assumption of the output with respect to the input, inconsistencies among examples can be easily detected and the number of possible classification rules substantially reduced. By adopting a conservative classification criterion, the required number of rules further decreases. The monotonicity and conservatism of the classification also enable the resolution of conflicts among inconsistent examples and the graceful handling of don't knows and don't cares during the learning and classification phases. Two typical examples in which the suggested classification model works well are given. The first example is taken from the financial domain and the second from machining.
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    Constraint satisfaction algorithms (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Constraint satisfaction problems are ubiquitous in artificial intelligence and many algorithms have been developed for their solution. This paper provides a unified survey of some of these, in terms of three classes: (i) tree search, (ii) arc consistency (AC), and (iii) hybrid tree search/arc consistency algorithms. It is shown that several important algorithms, when slightly rearranged, are of the latter hybrid form, but with arc consistency components that do not necessarily achieve full arc consistency at the tree nodes. Accordingly, we define several new partial AC procedures, AC1/5, AC1/4, AC1/3, and AC½, analogous to the well-known full AC algorithms which Mackworth has called AC1, AC2, and AC3. The fractional suffixes on our AC algorithms are roughly proportional to the degree of partial arc consistency they achieve. Unlike traditional versions, our AC algorithms (full and partial) are presented in a parameterized form to allow them to be embedded efficiently at the nodes of a tree search process. Algorithm complexities are compared empirically, using the n-queens problem and a new version called confused n-queens. Gaschnig's Backmarking (a tree search algorithm) and Haralick's Forward Checking (a hybrid algorithm) are found to be the most efficient. For the hybrid algorithms, we find that it pays to do little arc consistency processing at the nodes, incurring more nodes, but sufficiently reducing the work per node so as to obtain less work over the whole tree. The unified view taken here suggests several new algorithms. Preliminary results show one of these to be the best algorithm so far.
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    Moments and points in an interval-based temporal logic (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper develops and explores a first-order theory of time that appears useful as an underlying framework for a wide range of practical applications in artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, it presents a concise, formal axiomatization of “interval-based” time as described by Allen and then explores the relationship between interval-based and point-based temporal theories in detail. This analysis should be useful to both theoretical and practical work in AI that involves the representation of time, since it shows what distinctions are actually substantive and what arise merely from formalisms being notational variants of one another.
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    Instance-based prediction of real-valued attributes (1989)
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    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Instance-based representations have been applied to numerous classification tasks with some success. Most of these applications involved predicting a symbolic class based on observed attributes. This paper presents an instance-based method for predicting a numeric value based on observed attributes. We prove that, given enough instances, if the numeric values are generated by continuous functions with bounded slope, then the predicted values are accurate approximations of the actual values. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by comparing it with a standard approach for value prediction. The instance-based approach requires neither ad hoc parameters nor background knowledge.
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    Discontinuous grammars, (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article ties together previously scattered research on discontinuous grammars—logic grammars in which non-explicit sequences of symbols can be alluded to in the rules and sometimes repositioned by them. After an introduction, we define them formally, present their background, and provide intuitive insight into their use. Next, we examine several motivating arguments, from both formal and natural language processing viewpoints, and we discuss the static discontinuity family of these grammars, in which (a) the nonexplicit strings are not allowed to move and (b) linguistic constraints specifically designed to suit, in particular, Government and Binding theory can be defined modularly and statically in terms of node domination in parse trees and are enforced dynamically. Finally, we discuss implementation issues, related work, and extensions.
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    A note on evidence and confirmation in machine learning (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper addresses the problem in inductive generalization of determining when a general hypothesis is supported by a particular instance. If we accept that, first, some facts do indeed support a general hypothesis and, second, that an instance that supports a hypothesis also supports all logical consequences of the hypothesis, then unintuitive and problematic results are immediately forthcoming. These assumptions lead, for example, to the conclusion that a blue Honda is confirming evidence for the hypothesis that ravens are black. This problem is variously known as the paradoxes of confirmation or Hempel's paradox. In this paper I develop a formal characterization of the problem. The assumption that whatever supports all classical consequences of the hypothesis is rejected. Rather, I argue that a weaker notion of consequence should be adopted for determining what consequences of a hypothesis are supported by the same evidence. An extant formal system for learning from examples is used to address these problems of evidential support, and it is shown that in this framework the problems do not arise.
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    Shortage of expert system personnel in the UK — hype or reality? (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: There is much conjecture in the press about the manpower shortage in the UK expert system field. Is it hype or reality? Presented here are the findings of a three-month study which investigated the availability of jobs in this field, the types of personnel sought by employers and whether demand is currently being met. The study involved identifying and analysing all national advertisements for expert system posts over a six-month period and undertaking follow-up surveys involving the agencies and employers who placed the advertisements. It was concluded that the shortage of expert system personnel in the UK is neither hype nor reality. The reason for this is that although there is not a sizeable demand for expert system personnel (only 134 posts were advertised) some employers are genuinely finding it hard to fill posts.
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    Evolution of a knowledge-based system for determining structural components of proteins (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In new scientific domains, the interpretation of incomplete experimental data sets can be aided by effective modelling tools to assist scientists in understanding both the data and the interpretation process. A knowledge-based system is presented which was developed to assist with both of these tasks in the domain of protein biochemistry. The system uses a blackboard framework to interpret incomplete experimental data to build a descriptive model of the structural components of a protein. The evolution of the system from a procedural representation of knowledge to a declarative form is discussed for its role in increasing both the system's effectiveness at performing data analysis, and its flexibility in modelling the reasoning processes. Results of the system's performance, which compare favorably with reports of protein structures found in the literature, are presented, along with a discussion of the suitability of the blackboard framework and directions for future work.
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    Property rights in knowledge-based products and applications (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: As Knowledge-Based Technology (KBT) becomes commercially exploitable, large financial commitments are being made, and businessmen are increasingly concerned to protect those investments. The nature of property rights in software is outlined. Issues arising in relation to software in general, and KBT in particular, are considered, and some significant areas of uncertainty are identified. It should not be assumed that investment in KBT-based products and applications automatically gives rise to property rights in the resulting software. Investors and technologists should seek legal advice as to whether, in the relevant legal jurisdictions, copyright or other intellectual property rights apply to their software. Further, they should take the steps necessary to establish and retain such rights
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    Prolog news (1989)
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    Intelligent Stock Portfolio Management System (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: For the selection of stock portfolios, the optimiastion models or expert systems are used separately. To take advantage of both approaches, the integration of optimisation model and expert system is attempted. The proposed architecture—ISPMS (Intelligent Stock Portfolio Management System)—accomplishes the integration by interpreting the knowledge as a part of the formulation of optimisation model. The other generic issues in ISPMS are the integration of personal preference with the expert knowledge and knowledge acquisition by machine learning. This paper thus describes the representation and the inference of an expert knowledge, the representation of personal preference and its integration with the expert knowledge, the interpretation of the knowledge and preference to associate with optimisation model, and the solution algorithm of the modified optimisation model accordingly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00081.x
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00084.x
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    Prolog news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00088.x
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    Applications of a novel fuzzy expert system shell (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Much of the information resident in the knowledge base of a typical expert system is imprecise, incomplete or not totally reliable. The special features of a novel expert system shell based on fuzzy logic and numbers are presented. This rule-based system can deal with exact, inexact (fuzzy) and combined reasoning as well as uncertainty represented by fuzzy numbers. Natural language interface is built in naturally using fuzzy logic representation. Several application areas, namely, classification, risk analysis and information retrieval, are discussed with four appropriate sample expert systems actually built using this shell. Through these expert systems, the additional power and advantages over traditional expert systems are illustrated. It has been demonstrated that the introduction of fuzzy concepts into expert systesms is not feasible but highly desirable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00070.x
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    Thinking back on ThinkBack (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In a recent article in this journal Eliot [1] has argued for the integration of some sort of analogical mechanism in future expert systems. While the present author agrees with this general aim there were a number of central points made by Eliot which do not reflect the up-to-date consensus on the general stages of analogical thinking. These differences are elaborated and some of the implications for Eliot's ThinkBack system, which follow from them are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00073.x
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    Lisp News (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00078.x
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    Contributions to Recall (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 6-11 
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344000002287
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    Software Guide (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 12-12 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    REC issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    Editorial (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344000002251
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    The CTI Centre for Modern Languages (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    Research Project: Education Technology in Modern Languages Training (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 11-12 
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344000002299
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    Forthcoming Conferences (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 1 (1989), S. 6-6 
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    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344000002275
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    Affine-scaling for linear programs with free variables (1989)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 43 (1989), S. 31-44 
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    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Affine-scaling ; Karmarkar's algorithm ; dual algorithm ; feasibility algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The affine-scaling modification of Karmarkar's algorithm is extended to solve problems with free variables. This extended primal algorithm is used to prove two important results. First the geometrically elegant feasibility algorithm proposed by Chandru and Kochar is the same algorithm as the one obtained by appending a single column of residuals to the constraint matrix. Second the dual algorithm as first described by Adler et al., is the same as the extended primal algorithm applied to the dual.
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    On ternary problems (1989)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 35-47 
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    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Facets ; ternary ; covering ; packing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider ternary matrices, i.e., integer matrices having all entries 0, 1 or 2. Three associated problems—the group problem, covering, and packing—are studied. General classes of vertices and facets are discussed in each case. Certain lifting procedures are also described. For all three problems techniques used are natural extensions of those used in the binary case.
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    Some numerical experiments with variable-storage quasi-Newton algorithms (1989)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 407-435 
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    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: 49D05 ; 65K05 ; Conjugate gradient ; diagonal updates ; Hilbert spaces ; large-scale problems ; limited memory ; numerical experiments ; unconstrained optimization ; variable-metric algorithms ; variablestorage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes some numerical experiments with variable-storage quasi-Newton methods for the optimization of some large-scale models (coming from fluid mechanics and molecular biology). In addition to assessing these kinds of methods in real-life situations, we compare an algorithm of A. Buckley with a proposal by J. Nocedal. The latter seems generally superior, provided that careful attention is given to some nontrivial implementation aspects, which concern the general question of properly initializing a quasi-Newton matrix. In this context, we find it appropriate to use a diagonal matrix, generated by an update of the identity matrix, so as to fit the Rayleigh ellipsoid of the local Hessian in the direction of the change in the gradient. Also, a variational derivation of some rank one and rank two updates in Hilbert spaces is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589113
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    Block truncated-Newton methods for parallel optimization (1989)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 529-546 
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    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear optimization ; parallel computing ; block iterative methods ; truncated-Newton methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Truncated-Newton methods are a class of optimization methods suitable for large scale problems. At each iteration, a search direction is obtained by approximately solving the Newton equations using an iterative method. In this way, matrix costs and second-derivative calculations are avoided, hence removing the major drawbacks of Newton's method. In this form, the algorithms are well-suited for vectorization. Further improvements in performance are sought by using block iterative methods for computing the search direction. In particular, conjugate-gradient-type methods are considered. Computational experience on a hypercube computer is reported, indicating that on some problems the improvements in performance can be better than that attributable to parallelism alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589117
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    Numerical solution of ordinary and partial functional-differential eigenvalue problems with the Tau Method (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 41 (1989), S. 205-217 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65Q05 ; 65L15 ; 65N25 ; 65N35 ; Functional differential eigenvalue problems ; differential equations ; partial differential equations ; eigenvalues ; Tau Method ; collocation ; Legendre or Chebyshev series methods ; spectral Tau method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer neuen Formulierung der Tau-Methode werden Eigenwertprobleme für gewöhnliche und partielle Funktional-Differentialgleichungen auf verallgemeinerte algebraische Eigenwertprobleme reduziert. Ein einfacher Algorithmus liefert genaue numerische Ergebnisse, die wir an Hand einiger konkreter Beispiele diskutieren. Zur weiteren Verbesserung der Ergebnisse wird Extrapolation verwendet.
    Notes: Abstract We apply a recent new formulation of the Tau Method to reduce the numerical treatment of eigenvalue problems for ordinary and partialfunctional-differential equations to that of generalized algebraic eigenvalue problems. We find accurate numerical results through the use of a simple algorithm which we discuss in applications to several concrete examples. Extrapolation is used to refine the results already obtained.
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    How to avoid logarithms in comparisons with uniform random variables (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 41 (1989), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Primary 65 C 10 ; Random variables ; acceptance-rejection ; logarithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Erzeugung nicht-gleichverteilter Zufallszahlen muß häufig der Logarithmus einer gleichverteilten Zufallszahl mit einer Testgröße verglichen werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieser Vergleich ohne den Aufruf einer Logarithmusroutine effizient durchführbar ist; zwei Prozeduren für diese Aufgabe werden vorgestellt und verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract In many algorithms for sampling from non-uniform distributions the logarithm of a uniform deviate must be compared with some test quantity. It is shown that all these comparisons can be done efficiently without calling a logarithm subprogram: two procedures for this task are presented and compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02238740
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    Order barriers for the B-convergence of ROW methods (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 41 (1989), S. 219-235 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; Numerical analysis ; stiff problems ; Rosenbrock methods ; B-convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Konvergenzeigenschaften der ROW-Verfahren bei ihrer Anwendung auf das steife Differentialgleichungsmodell von Prothero und Robinson untersucht. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß es Barrieren für die tatsächlich erreichbare Konvergenzordnung gibt. Ferner existieren ROW-Verfahren, deren Genauigkeit asymptotisch mit der Steifheit des Modells zunimmt. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden an numerischen Beispielen demonstriert.
    Notes: Abstract The convergence of ROW methods is studied when these methods are applied to the stiff model equation of Prothero and Robinson. It turns out that there are barriers of the attainable order of convergence. Furthermore, the existence of ROW methods is shown the accuracy of which increases asymptotically with the stiffness of the model. The theoretical results are demonstrated by numerical examples.
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    A numerical method for transmission problems for the Helmholtz equation (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 41 (1989), S. 267-274 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65R20 ; Integral equations ; transmission problems ; projection methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren besteht in der Entkopplung in zwei Randwertprobleme, welche mit bekannten Verfahren gelöst werden können. Der Konvergenzbeweis wird mit Hilfe der Integralgleichungsmethode und Konvergenzaussagen über Projektionsverfahren geführt.
    Notes: Abstract This method consists in decoupling the transmission problem into two boundary value problems, which can be solved separately by well known procedures. A convergence proof is given with the help of the integral equation method and convergence results on projection methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259097
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    Fast method to compute the scalar product of gradient and given vector (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 41 (1989), S. 261-265 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65V05 ; 65K10 ; 68C25 ; Automatic differentiation ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit behandelt ein spezielles Problem des Automatischen Differenzierens. Seif eine rationale Funktion vonn Variablen, sei #(f) die Anzahl der Operationen in der Auswertung vonf(x), seig der Gradient vonf. Viele Algorithmen zur Minimierung vonf(x) benötigen das Skalarproduktg(u) tv. In der Standardmethode zur Berechnung vong(u) tv wächst der Arbeitsaufwand mitn·#(f). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung vong(u) tv angegeben. Die neue Methode erweist sich als wesentlich schneller, ihr Arbeitsaufwand wächst nur mit #(f).
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with a special problem in Automatic Differentiation. Letf be a rational function ofn variables, let #(f) denote the number of operations to evaluatef(x), letg denote the gradient off. Many algorithms for minimizingf(x) require the scalar productg(u) tv. In the standard method for computingg(u) tv the amount of work grows withn·#(f). In this note a new method for computingg(u) tv is presented. The new method is considerably faster, its amount of work only grows with #(f).
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    Characterization of B-convergent Runge-Kutta methods for strictly dissipative initial value problems (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 42 (1989), S. 61-67 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; Stiff initial value problems ; B-convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Klasse von Anfangswertproblemen mit negativer einseitiger Lipschitzkonstante ist die Eigenschaft algebraischer Stabilität eines Runge-Kutta-Verfahrens notwendig und hinreichend für dessenB-Konvergenz.
    Notes: Abstract The property of algebraic stability turns out to be a sufficient and necessary condition for a Runge-Kutta method to beB-convergent on the class of problems with a negative one-sided Lipschitz constant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243143
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    A kernel system for iconic image processing (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 42 (1989), S. 91-108 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 68B99 (Software) ; Image processing ; standardization ; system design ; Ada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im folgenden stellen wir einen Gestaltungsentwurf für ein ikonisches Bildverarbeitungssystem vor und beschreiben eine virtuelle Maschine, die die hierfür notwendigen Operationen realisiert. Es werden sowohl Datentypen als auch die charakteristischen Operationen der Bildverarbeitung diskutiert, und es werden Datenobjekte sowie Bildverarbeitungsoperationen formal definiert. Abschließend wird eine mögliche Implementation skizziert, die auf den generischen Konstrukten der Programmiersprache Ada basiert.
    Notes: Abstract We present a proposal for the design of a kernel system for iconic image processing operations and construct a virtual machine for image processing. The data structures and typical operations in the field of digital image processing are discussed. Furthermore, we give a formal definition of the operations and data objects required and describe one way to implement them by using the generic features of Ada.
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    Safe bounds for the solutions of nonlinear problems using a parallel multisplitting method (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 42 (1989), S. 171-186 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65H10 ; 65W05 ; CR: G. 1.0 ; G.1.5 ; Parallel methods ; nonlinear systems ; enclosures ; error bounds ; interval iterative methods ; multisplittings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für gewisse Systeme nichtlinearer GleichungenF(x)=0 entwicklen wir ein Verfahren, welches iterativ enge untere und obere Schranken für die Nullstellen vonF berechnet. Das Verfahren beruht auf einem Multisplitting für bestimmte Matrizen und weist so in natürlcher Weise Parallelität auf. Wir geben Kriterien für die Konvergenz der Schranken gegen die Nullstellen an und untersuchen die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit.
    Notes: Abstract For some systems of nonlinear equationsF(x)=0 we derive an algorithm which iteratively constructs tight lower and upper bounds for the zeros ofF. The algorithm is based on a multisplitting of certain matrices thus showing a natural parallelism. We prove criteria for the convergence of the bounds towards the zeros and we investigate the speed of convergence.
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    Guaranteed inclusions for the complex generalized eigenproblem (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 42 (1989), S. 225-238 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65G05 ; 65H15 ; Generalized eigenproblem ; inclusion of solution ; guaranteed results ; error bounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Berechnung garantierter Schranken für die Lösung des komplexen allgemeinen Eigenproblems beschrieben. Die Methode erweitert einen ähnlichen Ansatz für allgemeine nichtlineare Gleichungssysteme in der Art, daß für den vorliegenden speziellen Fall weitgehende Folgerungen aus schwächeren Voraussetzungen gezogen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described which produces guaranteed bounds for a solution of the generalized complex eigenproblem. The method extends a similar approach for general systems of nonlinear equations to the special case of complex pencils, where under weaker assumptions stronger assertions can be proved.
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    Achieving tolerance proportionality in software for stiff initial-value problems (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 42 (1989), S. 341-352 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; Initial-value problems ; error control ; tolerance proportionality ; local extrapolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Toleranztreue wird als minimale Bedingung dafür erkannt, daß eine einheitliche Interpretation der vom Benutzer geforderten Genauigkeit bei der Lösung von Anfangswertaufgaben möglich ist. Es werden Ergebnisse angeführt, die zeigen, daß ein Code den lokalen Fehler pro Einheitsschritt kontrollieren muß, um Toleranztreue zu erreichen. In Mehrschritt-Codes kann dieser Effekt dadurch erreicht werden, daß ein Korrektor-Verfahren verwendet wird, das eine Ordnung genauer ist als das Prädiktor-Verfahren. Diese Strategie ist leicht anzuwenden und führt zu besserer Toleranztreue als die Strategie des lokalen Fehlers pro Schritt, die oft bei Software für steife Probleme verwendet wird. Numerische Ergebnisse wurden mit zwei Codes gewonnen, die auf die vorgeschlagene Strategie modifiziert wurden. Die Ergebnissezeigen, daß durch die Modifikation eine signifikante Verbesserung der Toleranztreue bei geringem zusätzlichen Aufwand erreicht werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance proportionality is identified as a minimum requirement for a more uniform interpretation of the user's requested accuracy in software for the solution of initial-value problems. Results are quoted that show that a code must control the local error per unit step in order to achieve tolerance proportionality. This effect can be obtained in codes based on multistep formulas by using a corrector formula of one order higher than the predictor formula. This strategy is simple to implement and leads to better tolerance proportionality than the local error per step strategy often used in stiff software.Numerical results are obtained from two existing solvers that have been modified to use the proposed strategy. These results show that there is a significant improvement in tolerance proportionality in the modified codes at little extra cost over the original versions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243229
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    Numerische Berechnung extremaler Fundamentalsysteme für Polynomräume über der Vollkugel (1989)
    Springer
    Computing 43 (1989), S. 37-45 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65 D 05 ; 65 D 32 ; Interpolation on the ball ; cubature formulae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Extremal fundamental systems are nodal systems with a small Lebesgue-constant (≤dimension). An exchange algorithm for their calculation in case of polynomial interpolation over the unit ballB r is realized. ForB 3 and algebraic degree 6, a system consisting of 84 nodes and with a Lebesgue-constant 〈26 is documented, the corresponding cubature leading to a relative error of ≈10−8 in case of analytic functions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Extremale Fundamentalsysteme sind Knotensysteme mit kleiner Lebesgue-Konstante (≤Dimension). Hier wird ein Austauschalgorithmus zu ihrer Berechnung für die Polynominterpolation über der VollkugelB r konkretisiert. Für dieB 3 und den Polynomgrad 6 wird ein aus 84 Knoten bestehendes System mit Lebesgue-Konstanten 〈26 numerisch angegeben. Die zugehörige Kubatur führt bei analytischen Funktionen auf einen relativen Fehler ≈10−8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243804
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    Interval-majorant method and global optimization (1989)
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    Computing 43 (1989), S. 85-92 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65K10 ; 65G10 ; Global optimization ; guaranteed error bounds ; interval analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung des globalen Maximums einer Funktion einer Veränderlichen auf einem abgeschlossenen Intervall [a, b] schlagen wir eine Intervall-Majoranten-Methode vor. Sie benützt die Vorteile und vermeidet die Nachteile zweier bekannter Verfahren. Numerische Resultate werden berichtet.
    Notes: Abstract For seeking the global maximum of a function of a single variable defined on a closed interval [a, b] an interval-majorant method is proposed. This method derives advantages and avoids defects from both the one-step strategy method and the interval method. Numerical results are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243808
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    Minimal cubature formulae of degree 2k−1 for two classical functionals (1989)
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    Computing 43 (1989), S. 141-157 
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    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65D32 ; 41A55 ; cubature formula ; ideal theory ; integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es sind nur wenige Kubaturformeln bekannt, deren Knotenzahl Möllers unterer Schranke entspricht. In dieser Arbeit werden die Beziehungen zwischen reelen Idealen und Kubaturformeln ausgenutzt, um solche minimale Formeln mit beliebigem ungeraden Grad für zwei klassische Integrale zu bestimmen. Eine Basis der Ideale kann explizit angegeben werden, weiter können fast alle Knoten in geschlossener Form bestimmt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß alle Knoten im Integrationsbereicht liegen.
    Notes: Abstract Cubature formulae with the number of nodes equal to Möller's lower bound are rare. In this paper, the relation between real polynomial ideals and cubature formulae is used to construct such minimal formulae of arbitrary odd degree for two classical integrals. We found general expressions for bases of these ideals and closed formulae for almost all nodes. We proved that all nodes are inside the domain of integration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02241858
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    Editorial (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892671
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    Human experts and expert systems: A view from the shop-floor (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 47-57 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Expert systems ; Skilled shop-floor work ; Maintenance ; Dialectics ; Cognitivism ; Intuitionism ; Expertise ; Mental operations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract For quite some time, the research in artificial intelligence has focused on expert systems, because here are to be found practical applications at the experimental stage which may soon become widespread. This focus makes more pressing the need to link the debate about the fundamental efficiency of artificial intelligence with those activities that aim at the application of specialized expert systems. In this paper, I begin by considering the stages and the development of human expertise. As a frame of reference I propose a polar dialectic model of the development of human acting and thinking that explicitly deals with the interplay of calculating rationality and intuition. This suggests the use of expert systems as decision aids particularly in the field of maintenance work on the shop-floor. With regard to this case, some theses concerning the human-centred shaping of technology and work are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892675
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    In search of the computer-aided craftsman (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Design of work and technology ; Empirical knowledge ; NC technology ; Shop floor programming ; System design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Profound changes in world markets are resulting in conflict between traditional structures of production and new market requirements. The right answers to this challenge are heavily disputed. One option is to replace human work still further by artificially intelligent technology without changing basic structures of production. In contrast to this strategy, alternative production concepts seek to combine the unique human capabilities of perception, evaluation and decision making in unstructured situations with appropriately designed computer systems. Empirical evidence from the use of NC technology indicates that sensual experience and practical knowledge are necessary ingredients rather than disappearing residuals of efficient production. By far their tacit dimension does not allow complete transformation into objectified, scientific knowledge. In the field of metal cutting it is the skilled workers themselves who constitute the primary source of productivity. In order to overcome their traditionally problematic and uncomfortable working situation, shop-floor programming methods have been developed that are adapted to their concrete and graphic mode of thinking and acting. These allow workers to make their own efficient NC programs, thus maintaining their practical competence. This paper illustrates a necessary new perspective in system design: away from developing computer programs for imitating and replacing human expertise and towards designing computers as a useful tool for human experts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892674
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    ... Cheep! (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 58-59 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892677
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    News section (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892681
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    Human-centred systems debate (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 79-79 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891318
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    Industrial cultural determinants of technological developments: Skill transfer or power transfer? (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 88-102 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Criteria for technology design ; Industrial culture ; Tacit knowledge ; Transfer of knowledge and skill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the social effects resulting from the transfer of knowledge and skill both in the spheres of production and machine design. Relevant design determinants and their impact on technological developments are discussed within the theoretical framework of industrial cultures. Two types of skill transfer are analysed in connection with different production philosophies — one more Tayloristic, the other more workshop-oriented. Finally, the paper discusses the relation of both philosophies to the requirements of future production concepts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891320
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    The technological change of reality: Opportunities and dangers (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 117-132 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Technological change of reality ; Intellectics ; Artificial intelligence ; Executive systems ; Legislative systems ; Executive sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay discusses the trade-off between the opportunities and the dangers involved in technological change. It is argued that Artificial Intelligence technology, if properly used, could contribute substantially to coping with some of the major problems the world faces because of the highly complex interconnectivity of modern human society. In order to lay the foundation for the discussion, the symptoms of general unease which are associated with current technological progress, the concept of reality, and the field of Artificial Intelligence are very briefly discussed. In the main body of the essay, the dangers are contrasted with the potential benefits of such high technology. Besides discussing more well-known negative and positive aspects we elaborate on the disadvantages of executive systems and the advantages of legislative systems. It is argued that only the latter might enable the re-establishment of the feedback-mechanism which proved so successful in earlier phases of evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891322
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    Decision making, computer attitudes and expert systems: What is our direction? (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 133-141 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Expert systems ; Decision making ; Attitudes ; Individual differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Expert systems have been concerned with applications dealing with medical diagnosis, mineral exploration, and computer configuration, with some efforts relatively successful in achieving results at least as good as human experts. Today, much is being written about these systems and managerial decision-making activities in organizations and the positive impact that they can have in these situations. However, it appears that expert systems could become somewhat of a panacea for some organizational ailments as research, development, and marketing of them continues at a fast pace. What may be forgotten in this technological thrust is the individual decision maker and his/her unique style of decision making which could affect acceptance and use of these systems. Another important consideration is the attitude people have toward computers and computer systems, which along with decision-making styles could certainly affect expert system effectiveness and ultimate success in organizations. This paper provides a discussion of potential problems that could occur regarding individual decision making and attitudes and their relationships to these systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891323
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    On informatics and underdevelopment (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 146-155 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Informatics ; Development process ; Underdevelopment ; Self-reliance ; Social awareness ; Third World informaticians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The main question in this article deals with the contribution of informatics to development. As an approach to an answer, it is pointed out in the first place, that there is not just one informatics and that “development” does not admit of only one definition. After delimiting the relevant concept of development, it is suggested that if informatics is to collaborate in its achievement it is essential to rely, in the Third World, on socially responsible technicians. Thus, the informatics of underdevelopment will attain the technical capacity and the political will required in order to assure a true concern for development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891325
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    Editorial (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 167-168 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891427
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    Automate or innervate? The role of knowledge in advanced manufacturing systems (1989)
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    AI & society 3 (1989), S. 198-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Automation ; Human-centred technology ; Systems design ; Propositional knowledge ; Practical knowledge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter examines the role of shopfloor knowledge in the operation of advanced manufacturing systems. Design trends towards full automation are contrasted with those toward hybrid, human-centred systems with particular emphasis on job design and the development and reproduction of knowledge. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the problems inherent in hybrid design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891430
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