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  • Articles  (563)
  • Engineering General  (539)
  • 79.20  (24)
  • 1985-1989  (563)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (563)
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  • Articles  (563)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.75 ; 61.70 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum-detection limits achievable in SIMS analyses are often determined by transport of material from surrounding surfaces to the bombarded sample. This cross-contamination (or memory) effect was studied in great detail, both experimentally and theoretically. The measurements were performed using a quadrupole-based ion microprobe operated at a secondary-ion extraction voltage of less than 200 V (primary ions mostly 8keV O 2 + ). It was found that the flux of particles liberated from surrounding surfaces consists of neutrals as well as positive and negative ions. Contaminant species condensing on the bombarded sample could be discriminated from other backsputtered species through differences in their apparent energy spectra and by other means. The apparent concentration due to material deposited on the sample surface was directly proportional to the bombarded area. For an area of 1 mm2 the maximum apparent concentration of Si in GaAs amounted to ∼5 × 1016atoms/cm3. The rate of contamination decreased strongly with increasing spacing between the bombarded sample and the collector. The intensities of backsputtered ions and neutrals increased strongly with increasing mass of the target atoms (factor of 10 to 50 due to a change from carbon to gold). The effect of the primary ion mass (O 2 + , Ne+, and Xe+) and energy (5–10keV) was comparatively small. During prolonged bombardment of one particular target material, the rate of contamination due to species not contained in the sample decreased exponentially with increasing fluence. In order to explain the experimental results a model is presented in which the backsputtering effect is attributed to bombardment of surrounding walls by high-energy particles reflected or sputtered from the analysed sample. The level of sample contamination is described by a formula which contains only measurable quantities. Cross-contamination efficiencies are worked out in detail using calculated energy spectra of sputtered and reflected particles in combination with the energy dependence of the sputtering yield of the assumed wall material. The experimental findings are shown to be good agreement with the essential predictions of the model.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Silicon was etched in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide under ir laser irradiation. Two types of lasers were used, a Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of λ=1.06 μm and a CO2 laser with λ=10.6 μm. Small-size blind holes, through holes and reliefs were formed on a Si target, and even a special type of hole can be formed with help of a CO2 laser, namely a blind hole with a hillock in its center.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.15 ; 72.40 ; 78.55 ; 79.20 ; 85.40 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A superlattice avalanche photodiode using III–V materials is expected to be used in long-distance fiberoptic communication systems in the 1.3 to 1.55 μm wavelength range. Theoretical studies have been made on the effective ionization rates of electrons and holes of the device, I–V characteristic and the frequency response characteristic of the Al x Ga1−x As/GaAs superlattice p+-i-n+ structure. It is observed that theα/β ratio of the device increases with the field and the bandwidth of the response curve increases with decrease in the dc multiplication gain.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 07.80 ; 07.75
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Secondary ion emission from Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni, Cr-Ni binary alloys and Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloys (concentration range 10–90% of the alloying element) bombarded with 3 keV Xe+ ions has been investigated as a function of concentration of the studied element in the multicomponent system. The linear increase of the secondary ion intensity with concentration of the element in the sample was found only for a low-concentration region. There are pronounced nonlinearities in the medium and high-concentration regions. A possible explanation for such nonlinearities based on chemical and physical matrix effects is proposed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract TheK α x-ray fluorescence (XRF) cross sections have been experimentally determined for elements in the range 42≦Z≦57 at excitation energy of 59.54keV associated with gamma rays of Am-241 radioisotope. In addition, measurements of XRF yields of theK shell (w k) for the same elements at the same excitation energy have also been carried out. Our measurements were shown to agree with theoretical calculations.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.15 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical calculations are presented for the ionization rate of electrons in III–V ternary semiconductor compounds considering alloy scattering and carrier-carrier interaction, in addition to optical phonon scattering and ionization scattering. However, alloy scattering is found to be a weak interaction. Fairly good agreement is obtained for Ga1−x In x As withx=0.14 and 0.53 with the experimental results and for Ga0.5 Al0.5 As with the existing theoretical result which used an indirect method. The alloy scattering potential has been taken in the form of energy band-gap difference. The calculations can be used for any ternary semi-conductor.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spatial distributions of the sputtered particles were simultaneously and separately studied by experiment and computer simulation for 30 keV argon ion bombardment of copper in a wide range of primary-ion incidence angles (0°–86°). The distributions were found to be similar. The discrepancies between the data obtained and the predictions of the Roosendaal-Sanders analytical theory are discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 82.65 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Surfaces of single-crystal silicon wafers are amorphized by high-dose phosphorous ion implantation. These surfaces of the wafers, immersed in concentrated KOH, are laser-chemically etched by pulse irradiation of a ruby laser. Simultaneously, the remaining parts of the amorphous layer are annealed. The time dependence of the etching process enhanced during pulse irradiation is recorded and analysed. Reasons for the etching rates which differ between amorphous and single-crystal silicon are given on the basis of experimental and numerical results.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy is successfully used for the determination of the flux of ion-sputtered wall material. If the surface is clean, the majority of the particles are found in the groundstate multiplet of the neutral atoms. For an oxidized surface, however, excited and ionized states constitute a considerable fraction of the sputtered particle flux. This is investigated in detail in this paper by measuring population densities and velocity distributions of some selected atomic and ionic states of titanium. The respective flux densities and fractions of the total flux density are given, too. A criterion is found which may help to distinguish a clean from a heavily oxidized surface.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Conical Si projections generated on Si wafers bombarded with obliquely incident Ar+ ions were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cones were composed of an [111]-oriented bulk phase covered with a disordered thin layer, but the bulk phase was not perfectly ordered, containing an amorphous domain underneath the outermost area. Such a multi-phase structure is inexplicable in terms of ion erosion, suggesting interplay of the redeposition of sputtered Si atoms on the bombarded area with the ion-erosion process so as to promote cone evolution. The cones were also characterized by the development of web-like platelets at their acute angles, an indication of a crystal growth process involved in the surface phenomenon observed.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 533-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 81.60 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Argon laser induced chemical etching of single crystal silicon with chlorine is studied. Etch rates are determined as a function of gas pressure, crystal orientation, laser power and wavelength. Analysis of gas phase and surface products by Fourier transform IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to probe the reaction mechanism. Contrary to previous reports, no thermally enhanced etch rate is observed for Si (111) and the presence of oxide on the surface is found to inhibit etching even at high laser power.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 573-574 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cathode etching rate in an abnormal glow discharge was calculated taking into account sputtering both by ions and energetic neutrals originating in cathode dark space due to the charge exchange collisions. The advantage of the model proposed is the evaluation of energetic neutral scattering by the sputtering gas.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple formula for low-energy sputtering yields of elemental targets is presented. The formula follows directly from Sigmund's theory but includes a modified form of the functionα(M t /M p ) and an accurate expression for the nuclear stopping cross section. Good agreement with experimental results is obtained for the projectiles Ne, Ar, Kr sputtering not too reactive surfaces at energies ≲1 keV. Further experiments are suggested as well as theoretical work concerning the meaning of the surface binding energy and the effect of the surface on the sputtering process in general.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The TRIM SP computer simulation program, which is based on the binary collision approximation, is applied to sputtering of two component targets. The topics discussed in this paper are: contribution of different processes leading to sputtering, total and partial sputtering yields, surface compositions at stationary conditions, sputtering of isotopic mixtures, angular and energy distributions and the escape depth of sputtered particles. Targets investigated are TaC, WC, TiC, TiD2, and B (as an isotope mixture), bombarded by the noble gas ions and D (in the case of TiD2). Comparison with experimental data and calculated results show good agreement demonstrating that collisional effects are sufficient to describe the experimental data in the examples investigated.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 68.60 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Because of its good depth resolution, the Auger electron depth profile analysis allows to investigate diffusion phenomena in thin films directly. Complicated calibration procedures, however, are needed to correct for the matrix effects inherent in the Auger method, particularly artefacts due to the sputtering process. In this paper, two types of thin-film systems are presented in order to determine diffusion coefficients from depth profiles: double-layer and periodic multi-layer film structures. Compared to the double-layer films, the multi-layer structure has the advantage of less stringent requirements on depth resolution and allows to detect smaller diffusion effects. Finally, it is shown how grain boundary and bulk diffusion data can be extracted separately from the composition profiles.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract XRF induced by PIXE (XRF-PIXE) using silver as a primary target was compared with a standard radioisotope XRF system using Cd-109 as a primary exciting source, for the analysis of single-element thin standards. The sensitivity of the two methods were determined for elements from Cl to Mo. XRF is found to be more sensitive for elements from Cl to Mn, whereas XRF-PIXE is found to be more suitable for elements from Fe to Mo. Both techniques can be considered as complementary to each other.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemical etching of Cu is studied using Cl2 and a ns pulsed UV laser at 308 nm. At Cl2 pressures in the range of 10−6–10−4mbar and a laser fluence up to 0.82 J/cm2 the velocity distributions of the ejected species are determined. CuCl and Cu3Cl3 are the main products. The time-of-flight spectra of these particles can be fitted with Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions at high temperatures viz. 1750〈T〈6000 K. Starting with a clean Cu sample the system evolves to a steady state situation in which a considerable amount of Cl has diffused into the bulk. The chlorinated Cu layer has a pronounced influence on the coupling of the laser beam into the substrate, thereby determining the amount of particles desorbed and their time-of-flight distributions. A model is presented to explain the results.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.70 ; 79.20 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The noise generated due to randomness of multiplication process in the avalanche region of an Al x Ga1−x As/GaAs quantum well p+-i-n+ structure has been studied. The paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the noise performance of the superlattice APD which has not been done so far. Further, useful design data for low noise structure is given.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The energy distribution of the ions striking the cathode of the dc planar magnetron system was measured over a range of the typical sputtering conditions (magnetic field of 0.07–0.13 T, argon pressure of 0.01–10 Pa, discharge voltage of 250–600 V). The results obtained allow us to conclude that the major part of the incident ion flux originates in the cathode fall region. The theoretical model developed in terms of mobility theory makes it possible to evaluate the cathode fall voltage and its dependence on the sputtering conditions. It was found that the normalized integral form of the incident ions, energy spectrum is practically independent of the sputtering discharge parameters.
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  • 20
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    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 52.40Hf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Monte Carlo Simulation Program TRIM is used to calculate particle and energy reflection coefficients as well as energy and angular distributions of reflected H, D, and T. To account for binding effects at the target surface a planar potential is applied. This binding potential reduces the reflection below an energy of a few eV.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 79.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large signal characterisation of double heterostructure DDR Impatt diode has been carried out in the millimeter-wave range considering the MITATT mode of operation. The structure of the device is p+-p2-p1-n1-n2-n+ where impact ionisation and tunneling takes place in the p1-n1 region. In this study we have considered two well-known heterostructures, e.g., InP/GaInAs/InP and InP/InGaAsP/InP and one nonconventional structure GaAs/InP/GaAs. The theoretical results of the performances of these devices as regards of output power, efficiency, and negative conductance revealed that the structures are quite promising as the source of power in the millimeter-wave range. The analysis may be used for other mm wave DDR heterostructure Impatts.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.15 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A calculation has been carried out for the drift velocity of electrons in the highfield region under the condition of impact ionization in III–V semiconductor compounds. The energy-balance equation of the one-electron model has been solved considering alloy scattering and carrier-carrier interaction, in addition to optical phonon and ionization scattering. Fairly good agreement is obtained for GaAs with the available experimental and Monte-Carlo results. Graphs for the high-field drift velocity has also been plotted for Ga1−x InxAs (x = 0.53) at different ratios of ionization mean-free path and optical phonon mean-free path. The plot of high-field drift velocity versus ionization rate reveals that the high-field drift velocity strongly depends on the ionization rate of carriers, and vice versa.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on emission processes induced by particle-solid interaction involving ions with a large potential (i.e., high ion charge state) and low kinetic energy. After an introduction into existing neutralization models for ion scattering at a metal surface a detailed discussion on the electron emission processes is presented. The number of electrons emitted per incident ion is shown to be proportional to the potential energy only within a restricted parameter field involving charge state and ion velocity. The kinetic energy distribution of emitted electrons is dominated by low-energetic electrons (≦30 eV), while inner shell holes of the projectile ion can initiate high-energetic characteristic Auger electrons. The presence of inner shell holes is also of importance for the charge state of highly charged ions being scattered at surfaces whereas normally the charge state distribution of scattered ions depends on the impact parameter only. The influence of the primary ion charge state on the sputtering yield of insulating surfaces is seen for the charge state of sputtered particles, whereas the total sputtering yield seems to be insensitive. This question is still subject to controversy, however. Photon emission dependent on the charge state of the impinging ion has been observed up to now only for extremely highly charged ions as hydrogenlike Ar or Kr.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Conical Si projections generated on Si wafers bombarded with obliquely incident Ar+ ions were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cones were composed of an [111]-oriented bulk phase covered with a disordered thin layer, but the bulk phase was not perfectly ordered, containing an amorphous domain underneath the outermost area. Such a multi-phase structure is inexplicable in terms of ion erosion, suggesting interplay of the redeposition of sputtered Si atoms on the bombarded area with the ion-erosion process so as to promote cone evolution. The cones were also characterized by the development of web-like platelets at their acute angles, an indication of a crystal growth process involved in the surface phenomenon observed.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Orthogonal Body-Fitted Grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The procedure proposed is based on the solution by finite difference means of a set of Laplace's equations, by the application of a relaxation method.The curvilinear orthogonal grid so generated is fitted to a 2-D physical domain with closed boundary and the contribution of the present work consists in the arbitrary choice of grid points on two adjacent boundaries, in order to achieve the desired density of grid points where the geometry of the boundaries varies rapidly.The method proposed is rapid and stable. Some characteristic examples are finally presented.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Steady Flow ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Multiplier Methods ; Pseudo-Time-Iteration Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a fully explicit finite element method (FEFEM) is presented for solving steady incompressible viscous flow problems. This full explicitness is achieved by combining the multiplier (or augmented Lagrangian) method with a pseudo-time-iteration method. FEFEM needs no global matrix at all and is of great advantage to large-scale problems because they can be solved within the limit of core memory.The optimum choice of a time increment and a penalty parameter is discussed and the driven cavity flow at a Reynolds number of 1000 is computed with a refined mesh (60 × 60 elements).
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transport Equation ; Polynomial Initial Conditions ; Convergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 331-345 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbomachines ; Design ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the development of a compatible mixed design and analysis method is presented for the quasi-three-dimensional finite element blade-to-blade program FINSUP. The method consists of two parts. The first is concerned with a method of modelling changes to a blade shape using a surface transpiration model. The second is concerned with determining the relationship between the displaced blade surface and the surface velocity distribution. It is shown that with the Newton-Raphson procedure adopted in the method a very efficient manner of introducing the design option is possible. As a consequence the resulting program is fast and completely interactive. A number of examples are given to illustrate how the mixed design and analysis mode can be used in practical blade design.
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 357-380 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Iterative Methods ; Implicit Procedures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A general implicit (GI) method for solving iteratively the algebraic system arising from a finite difference approximation of an elliptic partial differential equation is formulated. Under certain assumptions this method can be reduced to the already known implicit techniques. It is shown that the GI method has a very special physical meaning when solving fluid flow problems. It is shown also how this method can be optimized to achieve the maximum rate of convergence. Finally it is shown how this new strategy is applied by solving some classical numerical fluid dynamics problems.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 402-403 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 405-425 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: DuFort-Frankel ; Saul'ev ; Instability ; Sea Model ; Hydrodynamic ; Three-dimensional Time-splitting ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three dimensional hydrodynamic sea model of an arbitrary sea area is formulated using sigma co-ordinates in the vertical. The solution of the equations using finite difference grids in the horizontal and the vertical is described.Discretization of the vertical viscosity term in the hydrodynamic equations using the DuFort-Frankel and Saul'ev methods is developed. Some numerical instabilities occur with the DuFort-Frankel method which can be overcome by splitting the hydrodynamic equations into equations describing the mean flow and equations describing the deviations from it. The computational advantages of solving these equations with different time steps are discussed.The accuracy and stability of the various methods is demonstrated for wind induced flow in a simple rectangular basin having dimensions representing the North Sea.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 483-500 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three-dimensional Vortex flow ; Pseudo-unsteady Euler Equations ; Finite Volume ; Multiple Grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady Euler equations are numerically solved using the finite volume one-step scheme recently developed by Ron-Ho Ni. The multiple-grid procedure of Ni is also implemented. The flows are assumed to be homo-enthalpic; the energy equation is eliminated and the static pressure is determined by the steady Bernoulli equation; a local time-step technique is used. Inflow and outflow boundaries are treated with the compatibility relations method of ONERA. The efficiency of the multiple-grid scheme is demonstrated by a two-dimensional calculation (transonic flow past the NACA 12 aerofoil) and also by a three-dimensional one (transonic lifting flow past the M6 wing). The third application presented shows the ability of the method to compute the vortical flow around a delta wing with leading-edge separation. No condition is applied at the leading-edge; the vortex sheets are captured in the same sense as shock waves. Results indicate that the Euler equations method is well suited for the prediction of flows with shock waves and contact discontinuities, the multiple-grid procedure allowing a substantial reduction of the computational time.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 515-528 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Solution Adaptive ; Grids (SAG) ; Mesh Generation ; Techniques ; Burgers Equation ; Falkner-Skan Equation ; Viscous Aerofoil Flows ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A solution adaptive grid (SAG) method which redistributes the nodal points of a function according to its curvature is presented. A single, user-selected step parameter, P, is available for controlling the maximum step size, allowing the application of the technique to a wide variety of problems. Three test cases are cited: (1) the 1-dimensional inviscid Burgers equation, (2) the Falkner-Skan equation and (3) the finite-volume form of the Navier-Stokes equations for transonic aerofoil flows. In all three cases, significant solution improvement in terms of accuracy and convergence acceleration were achieved.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 561-575 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flow ; Incompressible Flow ; Control-Volume Formulation ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; QUICK ; Convection Scheme ; Taylor-Görtler Vortices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Previous three-dimensional simulations of the lid-driven cavity flow have reproduced only the most general features of the flow. Improvements to a finite difference code, REBUFFS, have made possible the first completely successful simulation of the three-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow. The principal improvement to the code was the incorporation of a modified QUICK scheme, a higher-order upwind finite difference formulation. Results for a cavity flow at a Reynolds number of 3200 have reproduced experimentally observed Taylor-Görtler-like vortices and other three-dimensional effects heretofore not simulated. Experimental results obtained from a unique experimental cavity facility validate the calculated results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 599-600 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 597-598 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 667-683 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Flows ; Complex Geometry ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports on the outcome of a workshop of the IAHR Working Group on Refined Modelling of Flows on the subject of computing laminar flows in complex geometries. Flow inside a channel with a smooth expansion was chosen by the organizers of the workshop as a suitable test case for assessing the capabilities of current numerical methods. The results obtained by fifteen participant groups are presented and compared against a suitable benchmark solution. The most important considerations that emerged at the workshop are briefly reported and the conclusions arising from an analysis and comparison of the various solutions are finally provided.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 761-762 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 727-744 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Boundary Fitted Grids ; Comparison of Boundary Fitted Grid Model with x-y Cartesian Grid Model ; Annular Ring Solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many problems of applied oceanography and environmental science demand the solution of the momentum, mass and energy equations on physical domains having curving coastlines. Finite-difference calculations representing the boundary as a step function may give inaccurate results near the coastline where simulation results are of greatest interest for numerous applications. This suggests the use of methods which are capable of handling the problem of boundary curvature.This paper presents computational results for the shallow water equations on a circular ring of constant depth, employing the concept of boundary fitted grids (BFG) for an accurate representation of the boundary. All calculations are performed on a rectangle in the transformed plane using a mesh with square grid spacing. Comparisons of the simulations of transient normal mode oscillations and analytic solutions are shown, demonstrating that this technique yields accurate results in situations (provided that there is a reasonable choice of grid) involving a curved boundary. The software developed allows application to any two-dimensional area, regardless of the complexity of the geometry.Simulation runs were made with two co-ordinate systems. For the first system, the grid point distribution was obtained from polar co-ordinates. For the second one, grid point positions were calculated numerically, solving Poisson's equation. It was found that small variations in the metric coefficients do not deteriorate the accuracy of the simulation results.Moreover, comparisons of surface elevation and velocity components at grid points near the inner and outer radii obtained from an x-y Cartesian grid model with the BFG simulation were made. The former model produced inacccuracies at grid points near boundaries, and, owing to the large number of mesh points used to yield the necessary fine resolution, the computation time was found to be a factor of three higher.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 785-803 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Variable Penalty Method ; Penalty Finite Element Analysis ; Rotating Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new scheme is applied for increasing the accuracy of the penalty finite element method for incompressible flow by systematically varying from element to element the sign and magnitude of the penalty parameter λ, which enters through ∇.v + p/λ = 0, an approximation to the incompressibility constraint. Not only is the error in this approximation reduced beyond that achievable with a constant λ, but also digital truncation error is lowered when it is aggravated by large variations in element size, a critical problem when the discretization must resolve thin boundary layers. The magnitude of the penalty parameter can be chosen smaller than when λ is constant, which also reduces digital truncation error; hence a shorter word-length computer is more likely to succeed. Error estimates of the method are reviewed. Boundary conditions which circumvent the hazards of aphysical pressure modes are catalogued for the finite element basis set chosen here. In order to compare performance, the variable penalty method is pitted against the conventional penalty method with constant λ in several Stokes flow case studies.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 831-845 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian ; Finite Element Method ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Modern lubricants often exhibit shear-thinning due to the presence of high molecular weight polymers as additives. Therefore the influence of such non-Newtonian effects on the performances of lubricating systems must be predicted. The corresponding fluid film flow is governed by a non-linear partial differential equation, which generalizes the classical Reynolds equation. Having prescribed adequate boundary conditions, this equation is solved by a finite element method with optimal control. The problem of the square slider bearing lubricated by the Rabinowitsch fluid is solved in order to test the accuracy of the numerical scheme. The pressure and velocity fields are given and compared with the corresponding ones obtained for the Newtonian fluid.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 911-928 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present a numerical procedure to eliminate internal nodes from elements designed to approximate incompressible flow problems. We compare six elements in academic and industrial like flow problem and we discuss their relative qualities. A surprising conclusion is that richer elements may behave less well than simple ones if a good enforcement of incompressibility is not maintained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 940-941 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 929-938 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow ; Nine-Node Lagrangian Element ; Broyden's Method ; Frontal Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: When the Galerkin finite-element method with a nine-node isoparametric Lagrangian element is applied to solve non-Newtonian fluid flow problems, a considerable amount of computing time is required to solve the discretized non-linear system of equations by Newton's method. A method proposed by Broyden has been modified to compute the Jacobian matrix associated with Newton's method. This modified Broyden's method can be combined with the frontal method to efficiently solve the linearized finite-element equations during the iteration. Numerical results of a sample problem concerning the determination of the pressure-drop/flow-rate relationship for power-law fluids in rectangular ducts show that the application of this new method can reduce computing time substantially.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 995-1013 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boussinesq Approximation ; Porous Media ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The regions of applicability of the Boussinesq approximation are investigated for natural convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium. A perturbation method is used to assess the relative importance of individual terms in the differential equations which describe the natural convection process. Specific limits to the validity of the Boussinesq approximation are identified for water and air. For water, it is shown that the restrictions imposed by the classical Boussinesq approximation can be relaxed by allowing for the variation of thermophysical properties with temperature while still retaining the incompressible form of the continuity relation. Results of the analysis are verified through numerical calculations performed for steady natural convection in a planar, water-saturated porous region.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 981-993 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Velocity Correlation Method ; Density Flow ; Density Flume ; Linear Interpolation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method is proposed for the analysis of density flow which is induced by a difference of density. The method employs the idea that density variation can be pursued by using markers distributed in the flow field. For the numerical integration scheme, the velocity correction method is successfully used, introducing a potential for the correction of velocity. This method is useful because one can use linear interpolation functions for velocity, pressure and potential based on the triangular finite element. The final equations can be formulated using the quasi-explicit finite element method. A flume in a tank with sloping bottom has been analysed by the present method. The computed results show extremely good agreement with the experimental observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 943-955 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Reservoir ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Numerical Accuracy ; Stratified Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiences relating to the application of finite element models for laterally averaged stratified flow are discussed and modifications to the basic approach are suggested that alleviate these difficulties. An example problem is used to demonstrate the revised model and to make a preliminary assessment of the hydrostatic pressure assumption when applied to reservoir analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 1047-1057 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transonic Flow ; Modified Potential ; Finite Elements ; Non-isentropic Flow ; Conservative Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The classical potential formulation of inviscid transonic flows is modified to account for non-isentropic effects. The density is determined in terms of the speed as well as the pressure, which in turn is calculated from a second-order mixed-type equation derived via differentiating the momentum equations.The present model differs in general from the exact inviscid Euler equations since the flow is assumed irrotational. On the other hand, since the shocks are not isentropic, they are weaker and are placed further upstream compared to the classical potential solution. Furthermore, the streamline leaving the aerofoil does not necessarily bisect the trailing edge.Results for the present conservative calculations are presented for non-lifting and lifting aerofoils at subsonic and transonic speeds and compared to potential and Euler solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vorticity-Potential ; 3-D Body-Fitted Grid ; Navier-Stokes ; Internal Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved Vorticity-Potential method is presented for the numerical solutions of three-dimensional duct flow problems. The solution procedure requires first a potential solution. Then the viscous effects are added through the vorticity transport equation. By using body-fitted coordinates, the method is applied to simulate the incompressible laminar flows in a square elbow and in a twisted square elbow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 101-102 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wind Engineering ; Control Volume Method ; Wind Flow Simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady Navier-Stokes equation is solved to simulate the wind-flow environment of three-dimensional configurations of buildings. The method assumes an incident wind described by a power-law velocity profile. A new method for controlling the two-part nested solution iteration is introduced. The simulation is compared to some published wind-tunnel measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 257-258 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Oscillations ; Driven Cavity ; Boundary Data ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The 8-node (serendipity) velocity basis with C° bilinear pressure is a popular element but has been observed to yield poor pressures. We present some details of numerical experiments that indicate the local nature of the error and the effects of mesh refinement, increasing Reynolds number and regularity of the data. This leads to a strategy for appropriately modifying the data near the corners that is effective in improving the computed pressure approximation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Water Waves ; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We are concerned with the numerical computation of progressive free surface gravity waves on a horizontal bed. They are regarded as families of bifurcation branches (λ,A)Q of constant discharge Q.Numerically we determine two transition values Q1 and Q2 with corresponding transition bifurcation branches that classify waves into three disjoint branch sets B1, B2 and B3. Their members are families of waves (λ,A)Q satisfying the conditions 0〈Q2 ≤Q12, Q12 〈Q2 ≤Q22 and Q22 〈Q2 〈B/27, respectively.The bifurcation patterns are analysed in some detail from the computed bifurcation diagram, which shows that in B1 bifurcation is to the left and the amplitude A increases as the wavelength λ decreases; in B2 bifurcation is to the right and turning points are observed nearly at breaking point. In B3 bifurcation is to the right and A increases monotonically with λ.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 496-496 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Grid Generation ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient and versatile algebraic grid generation technique is presented for generating grid points in irregularly shaped and time-varying spatial domains. The method presented is based on the ‘two-boundary technique’ of Smith. The usefulness and the feasibility of the grid generation technique were demonstrated by (1) generating grid points inside one of the combustion chambers of a motored two-dimensional rotary engine and (2) obtaining numerical solutions for the flow field inside one of those combustion chambers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 883-894 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Convective Instability ; Orr-Sommerfeld Equation ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Orr-Sommerfeld equation is solved numerically for a layer of liquid film flowing down an inclined plane under the action of gravity using the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (SGRA) The method consists of solving the governing equation as it is a Bolza problem in the calculus of variations. The neutral stability curves, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions to the stability problem can be determined simultaneously during the process.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 927-937 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-equation Turbulence Model ; Separated Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An implicit two-equation turbulence solver, KEM. in generalized co-ordinates, is used in conjunction with the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes solver, INS3D, to calculate the internal flow in a channel and a channel with a sudden 2:3 expansion. A new and consistent boundary procedure for a low Reynolds number form of the κ-ε turbulence model is chosen to integrate the equations up to the wall. The high Reynolds number form of the equations is integrated using wall functions. The latter approach yields a faster convergence to the steady-state solution than the former. For the case of channel flow, both the wall-function and wall-boundary-condition approaches yield results in good agreement with the experimental data. The back-step (sudden expansion) flow is calculated using the wall-function approach. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 715-731 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscous Flow ; Array of Cylinders ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady two-dimensional flow around an array of circular cylinders submerged in a uniform onset flow is analysed. The fluid is taken to be viscous and incompressible. The array of cylinders consists of two horizontal rows extending to infinity in the upstream and downstream directions. The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent cylinders is fixed at three diameters, and the rows are staggered. Advantage is taken of spatially periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction. This reduces the computational domain to a rectangular region surrounding a single circular cylinder. Two cases, for Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 10,000, are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 769-787 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent Boundary Layer ; Kκ-ε Model ; Dorodnitsyn Finite Element ; Heat Transfer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of finite element methods for turbulent boundary-layer flow is relatively recent and of limited extent.1 In the present study, we extend the group variable approach of Fletcher and Fleer2,3 to treat turbulent boundary layer flows with heat transfer using a two-equation turbulence model. The main concepts in the formulations include a Dorodnitsyn-type transformation which uses a velocity component as the transverse variable, a ‘variational’ formulation for the transformed equations using special test functions and development of a two-equation turbulence model in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate as additional field variables. Several numerical test cases have been examined comparing the results with finite difference calculations and comparing the two-equation turbulence model with an algebraic turbulence model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Interface Penalties ; Viscous Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this note, we apply a finite element stream function formulation with inter-element penalties to the Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is an extension of a technique previously introduced for Stokes, flow. The solution is obtained by iterative linearization using successive approximation, and results for a standard numerical test case are given.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Rotating Fluid Mechanics ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have reformulated the general problem of internal flow in a modern, high speed gas centrifuge with sources and sinks in such a way as to obtain new, simple, rigorous closed form analytical solutions. Both symmetric and antisymmetric drives lead us to an ordinary differential equation in place of the usual inhomogeneous Onsager partial differential equation. Owing to the difficulties of exactly solving this sixth order, inhomogeneous, variable coefficient ordinary differential equation we appeal to the power of perturbation theory and techniques. Two extreme parameter regimes are identified, the so-called semi-long bowl approximation and a new short bowl approximation. Only the former class of problems is treated here. The long bowl solution for axial drive is the correct leading order term, just as for pure thermal drive. New O(1) results are derived for radial, drag and heat drives in two dimensions. Then regular asymptotic, even ordered power series expansions for the flow field are carried out on the computer to O(ε4) using MACSYMA. These approximations are valid for values of ε near unity. In the spirit of Van Dyke, one can carry out this expansion process, in theory, to apparently arbitrary order for arbitrary but finite decay length ratio. Curiously, the flows induced by axial and radial forces are proportional for asymptotically large source scale heights, x*. Corresponding isotope separation integral parameters will be given in a companion paper.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Large eddie simulation ; Spectral methods ; Computer simulation of flows ; Distorted geometries ; Coordinate transformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Turbulence is essentially four-dimensional in character, and requires the corresponding treatment of the well-known Navier-Stokes equations. However, this has only been possible over the past twenty years and then by using the largest computers available. Interest is now turning from the initial, mainly smooth channel, simulations to geometries of eventual engineering significance. This paper reports a new code using the spectral methods of Orszag, but also incorporating a novel generalized co-ordinate transformation approach.Initial predictions for smooth channels agree well with published data. For distorted geometries, the initial velocity field has considerable influence on the success of the simulations. This is accommodated by gradual (step) changes towards the required distortion, so that the initial velocity field for the ‘new’ geometry is the final field from the previous step. Examples are given of different two-dimensional channel geometries achieved, and these include the successful prediction of recirculating flows.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flow ; Three-dimensional ; Primitive Variables ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Boundary-fitted Co-ordinates ; SIMPLE Solution Scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of three-dimensional laminar natural convection in a vertical enclosure with an inner square rod is treated by a numerical method in boundary-fitted co-ordinates. The inner and outer cylinders are heated and cooled, respectively, to maintain different constant surface temperatures. The horizontal enclosure surfaces are maintained at adiabatic conditions. The Prandtl number is that of air, 0·703, and the Rayleigh numbers span the conduction, transition and boundary layer regimes of flow. The radius ratio is 1, and the aspect ratio (cylinder length divided by maximum annular gap) is 1. The results of the study provide data useful in the design and performance assessment of nuclear reactor spent fuel shipping casks.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computational methods ; Pipelines ; Pressure Transients ; Waterhammer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper investigates the application of the centre implicit method for the determination of the pressure transient in a pipeline, and compares the results with those obtained using the method of characteristics and an experimental investigation. The study shows that there are unique values for the stability criterion (ratio of the linear and time increments) and the artificial viscosity term (a damping factor) used in the numerical computation. The time step and the number of nodes required for the accuracy of the method have been considered. The centre implicit method can be readily adapted to transient flow with variable wave speed provided the established conditions are used.
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 465-488 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface Flow ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Three-dimensional ; Finite volume ; Mesh adaptive technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical simulation of open water flow in natural courses seems to be doomed to one- or two-dimensional numerical simulations. Investigations of flow hydrodynamics through the application of three-dimensional models actually have very few appearances in the literature. This paper discusses the development and the initial implementation of a general three-dimensional and time-dependent finite volume approach to simulate the hydrodynamics of surface water flow in rivers and lakes. The slightly modified Navier-Stokes equations, together with the continuity and the water depth equations, form the theoretical basis of the model. A body-fitted time-dependent co-ordinate system has been used in the solution process, in order to accommodate the commonly complex and irregular boundary and bathymetry of natural water courses. The proposed adaptive technique allows the mesh to follow the movement of the water boundaries, including the unsteady free-water surface.The primitive variable equations are written in conservative form in the Cartesian co-ordinate system, and the computational procedure is executed in the moveable curvilinear co-ordinate system. Special stabilizing techniques are introduced in order to eliminate the oscillating behaviour associated with the finite volume formulation. Also, a new and comprehensive approximation for the pressure forces at the faces of a control volume is presented. Finally, results of several tests demonstrate the performance of the finite volume approach coupled with the adaptive technique employed in the three-dimensional time-dependent mesh system.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 319-335 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical solution of the transport equation for heat and species in complex three-dimensional spaces. The solution domain of the equation is transformed into a cube, as also is the governing equation; the resultant equation is solved in the transformed space via a finite difference technique. The validity of the developed computer code is tested by predicting test cases for which either analytical or reliable experimental results exist. Results are also presented for the rate of convergence of the method and the computer storage requirements, from which the validity, the flexibility and the economy of the developed method are proved for flows in real three-dimensional complex terrains.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 371-394 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Consistent Flux ; Heat Flux ; Derived Quantities ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A consistent, accurate and reasonably simple method of obtaining derived quantities when the conventional Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is used to obtain the primary quantities is defined and demonstrated, both theoretically and numerically.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 453-464 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary Fitted Co-ordinate System ; Shallow Water Equations ; Rotating Containers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical solutions are often inaccurate because conventional co-ordinate systems do not represent the complex physical boundaries accurately. In the present work, the numerical solution of linear shallow water wave equations has been obtained by transforming the physical domain into a rectangular computational domain using elliptic differential operators. This work is part of a programme to develop three-dimensional body-fit grid systems for environmental flows. Solutions have been obtained for a cylindrical container and also a parabolic container. The initial conditions chosen are the ones for which analytical solutions exist. The numerical solutions compare well with analytical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 533-533 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Slosh ; Cylindrical Container ; Free Surface ; Volume of Fluid ; Numerical Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a previous work we solved numerically the steady-state motion of an ideal fluid that fills a moving cylindrical container with partitions, and were able to compute the equivalent moments of inertia.Here we extend this work in two steps. First we introduce time dependence and then free surfaces, and are able to compute the transient motion of the fluid not filling the container. The main body of the work has to do with the treatment of free surfaces. Our approach is an extention to three dimensions of the volume of fluid method of Hirt and Nichols. The solution algorithm is outlined, and two examples that demonstrate its capability are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 649-649 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 650-651 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1405-1406 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transonic flows ; Potential equations ; Relaxation methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A block relaxation scheme, grouped in a red-black ordering, is applied to transonic aerofoil calculations using body-fitted co-ordinates. The scheme is simple and easily vectorizable. Detailed comparisons with the approximate factorization method (AF2) are presented and it is shown that the new scheme is competitive in all cases considered. Transonic results, of engineering accuracy, on an 0-type grid of 149 × 30 points, are usually obtained within 200 iterations (≃ 40s on a Cyber 175).
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary elements ; Free surface ; Riabouchinsky cavity flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a method for the numerical solution of a Riabouchinsky cavity flow. Application of a boundary element method leads to a system of non-linear equations. The mild singularity appearing at the separation point is treated with the introduction of a curved boundary element, which satisfies the exact behaviour of the free boundary in that neighbourhood.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 121-122 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Unsteady laminar boundary layer ; Buoyancy effect ; Non-iterative finite difference method ; Boundary layer singularity ; Separated flow region ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical method is developed to solve the coupled unsteady laminar momentum and thermal boundary layers over a circular cylinder impulsively started from rest. The present non-iterative finite difference method, which requires relatively fewer grid points in the reversed flow region than any other method, can easily handle the separating boundary layer flows. The results indicate that the present method has accuracy comparable with the earlier methods, while consuming computer time approximately one order of magnitude less.The present numerical method allowed investigation of the effect of buoyancy parameter on the starting boundary layer. The time-dependent behaviour of the boundary layer is studied in terms of the appearance of the singularity, the distribution of skin friction and wall heat flux, and the wall position of the inflection point of the velocity profile. The transient as well as buoyancy-dependent patterns of the streamlines and isotherms are also studied.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 227-242 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wave-source distribution ; Green's function ; discretization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The boundary integral equation method constitutes the basis of a number of computer programs used for the solution of wave-obstacle interaction problems. For the case of obstacles in a constant depth fluid, the method assumes that the velocity potential at any point in the fluid may be represented by a distribution of Green's function sources over the immersed surface of the obstacle. Application of the obstacle kinematic boundary condition gives rise to an integral equation which may be solved, using numerical discretization, for the unknown source strength distribution function. Subsequent evaluation of the discretized velocity potential permits evaluation of the hydrodynamic interaction parameters.A series of numerical solutions have been carried out for a range of substantially rectangular obstacles, in a two-dimensional domain, using varying levels of immersed profile discretization. The results, presented in the form of fixed and floating mode wave reflection and transmission, together with the motion response of the floating obstacle, demonstrate the significant sensitivity of the evaluated parameters to variations in the level of discretization.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 283-303 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Transient flow ; Three-dimensional flow ; Natural convection ; Incomplete ; Choleski conjugate gradients ; Iterative solver ; Vectorization ; Crystal growth ; Gallium arsenide ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper we present a new version of the ‘modified finite element method’ (MFEM) presented by Gresho, Chan, Lee and Upson.1 The main modification of the original algorithm is the introduction of a cost-effective and memory-saving iterative solver for the discretized Poisson equation for the pressure. The vectorization of the preconditioner has been especially considered. For low Prandtl number problems we also split the advection-diffusion operator of the energy equation into explicit and implicit parts. In that sense the present approach is related to the recent implicitization of the diffusive terms introduced by Gresho and Chan2 and by Gresho.3 The algorithm is applied to the study of buoyancy-driven flow oscillations occuring in a horizontal crucible of molten metal under the action of a horizontal temperature gradient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 387-404 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary-fitted co-ordinates ; SIMPLE algorithm ; Non-staggered grid ; Cascade flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The incompressible flow through a two-dimensional cascade is computed using the SIMPLE algorithm in a boundary-fitted co-ordinate system. With the standard staggered grid arrangement the numerical solution was found to allow localized pressure oscillations to persist adjacent to the periodic boundaries. These oscillations were found to be a consequence of the extended momentum control volumes which are required in this region of the cascade. Such control volumes may be removed by the use of appropriately non-staggered velocity storage locations, which are also desirable in the boundary-fitted system since the Cartesian velocity components are no longer related to the grid line orientations. However, this storage permits the propagation of global pressure oscillations, which were previously suppressed by the staggered grid arrangement. This paper attempts to define a solution procedure which uses non-staggered velocity locations and is able to eliminate the consequent global pressure oscillations. To achieve this aim, two forms of pressure correction scheme were considered. The first implemented the scheme proposed by Vanka et al. but was found to be inadequate in the open part of the cascade, whereas the second employed a modification of the scheme proposed by Rhie and Chow and was found to be successful in all regions of the flow. The results computed using this scheme were compared with the available experiment results.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 519-536 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Fluid forces ; Viscous incompressible flow ; Fluid-structure interaction ; Finite element method ; Steady streaming ; Added mass ; Added damping ; Added force ; Oscillation flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a method for determining the fluid forces on oscillating bodies in viscous fluid when the corresponding flow problem has been solved using the finite element method. These forces are characterized by the concept of added mass, added damping and added force. Numerical results are obtained for several example body shapes. Comparison is made with exact analytical results and other finite element results for the limiting cases of Stoke's flow and inviscid flow, and good agreement is obtained. The results for finite values of the body amplitude parameter β show the appearance of added force from the steady streaming component of the flow for asymmetric bodies. Results are also obtained for the associated flow where the fluid remote from a fixed body is oscillating.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 579-597 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite difference solution for laminar viscous flow through a sinusoidally curved converging-diverging channel is presented. The physical wavy domain is transformed into a rectangular computational domain in order to simplify the application of boundary conditions on the channel walls. The discretized conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy are derived on a control volume basis. The pseudo-diffusive terms that arise from the co-ordinate transformation are treated as source terms, and the resulting system of equations is solved by a semi-implicit procedure based on line relaxation. Results are obtained for both the developing and the fully developed flow for a Prandtl number of 0.72, channel maximum width-to-pitch ratio of 1.0, Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 500 and wall amplitude-to-pitch ratio varying from 0.1 to 0.25. Results are presented here for constant fluid properties and for a prescribed wall enthalpy only.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 643-657 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The moving boundary (i.e. the piston) within a reciprocating engine poses the problem that as it moves towards the cylinder head it compresses the computational grid lines. Control cells that started with reasonable aspect ratios become so compressed that aspect ratios of 1000 are not unusual in some cases. This, of course, adversely affects numerical accuracy and convergence. It is the purpose of this paper to present a conservative scheme that allows for the removal and addition of grid cells, during simulation, so as to restore reasonable aspect ratios. Results of the computations are presented and compared with experimental data. It is concluded that with the proposed scheme convergence is obtained within fewer iterations, CPU time is reduced and the results are generally in better agreement with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 705-722 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: MHD flow ; Connected channels ; Ducts ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In Sezgin1,2 the problems considered are the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in an electrodynamically conducting infinite channel and in a rectangular duct respectively, in the presence of an applied magnetic field. In the present paper we extend the solution procedure of these papers to two rectangular channels connected by a barrier which is partially conductor and partially insulator. The problem has been reduced to the solution of a pair of dual series equations and then to the solution of a Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind. The infinite series obtained were transformed to finite integrals containing Bessel Junctions of the second kind to avoid the computations of slowly converging infinite series and infinite integrals with oscillating integrands. The results obtained compared well with those of Butsenieks and Shcherbinin3 which were obtained for the perfectly conducting barrier separating the flows.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 759-768 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vortex sheets ; Inviscid flow ; Incompressible flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An accurate numerical scheme has been devised to study the self-induced motion of an infinitely thin, free vortex sheet of finite span in an unbounded, inviscid, incompressible fluid. The new numerical scheme has been tested against two vortex sheet problems for which exact solutions have also been obtained. The agreement between the numerical and exact solutions is excellent. The scheme has been further tested against two more examples for which analytical solutions for small times were available. Here too the agreement is excellent.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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