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  • Articles  (784)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (784)
  • 1985-1989  (636)
  • 1965-1969  (148)
  • Medicine  (784)
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  • Articles  (784)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two groups of female NZW rabbits were implanted in the paravertebral muscles with aramid (du Pont Kevlar aramid 49) fibers and aramid-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites for 14 and 28 days. Rabbits were killed at these times periods, necropsies performed, sites scored for gross tissue response, and tissue specimens containing the implants removed for histopathological evaluation. A mild fibrous tissue reaction was observed around all implants containing aramid fiber similar to that observed around the silicone control implant. Some foreign body giant cells were also present adjacent to the fibers. An intense necrotic inflammatory reaction was present around the positive control material (PVC Y-78). The tissue response to implantation of aramid fiber and fiber-PMMA composites indicates that aramid is a biocompatible material.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210110
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular dependent ESCA and infrared studies of segmented polyurethanes (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 211-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The understanding of surface bonding and composition of complex polymer mixtures used for biomedical implant materials can be accomplished by a combination of techniques. In this study, vibrational spectroscopic probes of bulk and surface bonding and composition are combined with measurements with angular dependent X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). These data provide a detailed description in the surface composition of Biomer and Avcothane, commercially available biomedical grade polymers and model systems polydimethylsiloxane (DMS) and Avcomat, all of which have been cast as smooth films from solution. Impurities are observed segregated in the near surface region sampled by ESCA which are not observed in the surface infrared results. Both Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Photoacoustic (PA) sampling are utilized, ATR to provide a depth profile and demonstrate the higher surface sensitivity of PA sampling. The combined results describe the depth of segregation of DMS blocks in Avcothane, the presence of DMS within the topmost 20 Å in Biomer, and similar impurities in the model polymers. These results point out the need for multitechnique approach and the control of sample preparation and morphology in understanding complex polymer surfaces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210206
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminal surface fabrication for cardiovascular prostheses (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 293-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods to produce highly ordered, specific surface morphologies on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon) surfaces were developed. These methods included the use of photolithographic techniques for pattern definition and directed argon ion beam sputter etching to produce the desired surface morphology. Use of these techniques resulted in the formation of regular arrays of sharply defined hexagonal pillars with smooth, vertical walls with heights of up to 80 μm. Pillar height-to-width ratios ranged up to 5.2-1. Surface hole depths of up to approximately 80 μm were also obtained. These surface morphologies could have an important application in medicine for improving the patency of cardiovascular prostheses. This would be accomplished by creating a luminal surface in the implant which promotes the development of a healthy neointima lining.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210303
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen at interfaces II: Competitive adsorption of collagen against albumin and fibrinogen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adsorption of chemically radiolabeled [14C] collagen from binary mixtures with albumin or fibrinogen was studied on the solution/air and solution/polyethylene interfaces and revealed the preferential adsorption of albumin. This phenomenon is confirmed by the data of surface tension measurements of single protein, collagen-albumin, and collagen-fibrinogen solutions. Desorption experiments clearly show that more irreversibly adsorbed collagen was found on polyethylene surfaces when adsorption was performed from collagen-fibrinogen than from collagen-albumin solutions. The combined adsorption-desorption and the surface tension data show that competitive adsorption of collagen at the hydrophobic surfaces is strongly influenced by the surface tension properties of the proteins in solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210305
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Note: Fracture toughness testing of biomaterials using a mini-short rod specimen design (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210116
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210201
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarimetric assay for the determination of the native collagen content of soluble collagen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two standardized assays for determining the amount of native collagen in a collagen solution are described which are based on polarimetric measurements. Native collagen content is calculated from the loss of optical rotation during transition from the original to the denatured conformation using constants which were obtained from standard collagen of highest available native collagen content. While Method I gives information on the content of helical collagen, Method II estimates collagen which is resistant to peptic degradation. Both methods are simple to perform and suitable for routine quality control.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210205
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum complement deposition on platinum and titanium oxide surfaces measured by ellipsometry at liquid-solid interface (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210209
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  • 109
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210210
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of UHMWPE hip cups run on joint simulators (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 275-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The density and crystallinity of UHMWPE-hip cups were investigated as a function of thickness from the inner stressed surface to the unstressed outer surface. The effects of mechanical strain and chemical reactions during simulation tests, and damage of the material due to pretreatments and storage, resulted in changes of the structure, as indicated by variations in the crystallinity. Independent of either the batch of UHMWPE supplied or the manufacturer and the type of simulator used, the individual samplesets showed a similar characteristic curve of density versus wall thickness. Infrared spectroscopic evaluations indicated the presence of oxidative degradation, and answers the question as to which areas of the polymers are changed by aging and which compounds are newly formed. The characteristic carbonyl groups were also determined. The concentration trend of carbonyl groups versus wall thickness obtained agrees surprisingly well with the locally determined density and crystallinity trend. As these compounds are formed by reactions which produce stable oxidative degradation products and also crosslinking, we have determined the degree of crosslinking. The determination of the soluble constituents after extraction showed lower degree of crosslinking on the surface than in the middle of the material. Hence it follows that on the surfaces oxidative chain scission is prevailing, whereas in the interior mainly crosslinking is developed. These results indicate that the samples used for the simulation tests had distinct differences in characteristics. Generally the results show that wear tests in joint simulators lead to property changes in UHMWPE which differ considerably from test results previously obtained on retrieved hip cups.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210302
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Long-term evaluation of five biomaterials for angioplastic enlargement of the pulmonary artery in a young dog model (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 509-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 45 young dogs an enlargement angioplasty of the left pulmonary artery was performed using patches made from one of three autologous materials (jugular vein, unmodified pericardium, and glycerolized pericardium) or from two heterologous materials (lyophilized human dura mater and modified bovine carotid artery). Catheterization and angiographic studies performed 5 to 6 months after the operation showed that all patched vessels had remained patent, except in three dogs which had received heterologous implants. The animals were killed 5-24 months after operation (mean weight increase: 84%), and the implants were studied by optical microscopy and morphometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence with antidog Factor VIII rabbit antiserum. The two heterologous tissues exhibited limited biocompatibility, as estimated from 10 criteria obtained at histologic studies. Conversely, all three autologous biomaterials were characterized by infiltration of noninflammatory cells, near-complete endothelialization, and neosynthesis of structural proteins; infectious foci were very rare or absent. These results suggest that autologous tissues, although deendothelialized at the time of implantation, constitute the most suitable material for patch angioplasty, as far as endothelial triggering, cellularity and resistance to infection are concerned.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210410
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Fluorescence lifetime measurements using total internal reflection fluorimetry: Evidence for a conformational change in albumin adsorbed to quartz (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 539-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have modified the total internal reflectance fluorimetry (TIRF) method to determine, indirectly, quantum fluorescence yield and thus infer structural changes of adsorbed plasma proteins. We employed a frequency multiplied Nd: YAG pulse laser to excite tryptophan residues of bovine serum albumin (BSA), measuring the resulting fluorescence lifetimes. BSA adsorbed on quartz was investigated at normal pH and under acidic (pH 3.8) conditions at which albumin shape change has been established in bulk solution. Albumin adsorbed at pH 7.2 has a slightly lower lifetime than the bulk solution value, reflecting a population of both native and isomerized forms. Gently washing the adsorbate surface significantly reduces fluorescence lifetime, suggesting retention of more tenacious, conformationally altered molecules. Vigorous washing further reduces fluorescence lifetimes to values close to those obtained in bulk under acidic conditions. Similar alterations in fluorescence lifetimes were observed for heat-denatured albumin. These results support the hypothesis that adsorbed albumin exists in the form of a two-layer deposit, each with a possibly different structure. A loosely held layer, consisting of BSA microaggregates and including partially unfolded molecules, exists on the undisturbed surface and is partially removed by gentle washing. Vigorous washing removes all but the most tightly held protein, which exists in a possibly further unfolded configuration. The decrease in fluorescence lifetime of adsorbed BSA implies a corresponding change in quantum yield. A change in quantum yield of BSA tryptophan fluorophors implies that measuring adsorbed protein concentration by intrinsic fluorescence is unreliable.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210502
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  • 113
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    UV-radiation aging test on composite materials for dental restorations (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 603-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven composite materials for dental restorations were examined in order to investigate their color stability. Five of these materials are available for anterior and two for posterior teeth. the change in color was achieved by an accelerated aging test with ultraviolet rays and evaluated, for each material, with the measurement of reflectance. Such measurement was obtained by means of a video display computer working as a computerized photometer. The results show two different types of behavior: some materials turn slightly to yellow, while others bleach. The test was completed with a scanning electron microscope morphologic examination of the surfaces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210506
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  • 114
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 675-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210511
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  • 115
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210601
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  • 116
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    Thick-section histometry of porous hydroxyapatite implants using backscattered electron imaging (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 731-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histometry system has been developed to measure bone ingrowth into porous hydroxyapatite implants utilizing the backscattered electron image of thick sections. The system consists of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector, digital beam controller, minicomputer based image digitization, and microcomputer based image processing, point counting, and lineal analysis. The SEM backscattered electron imaging mode yields high tissue contrast and sharp tissue boundaries, substantially reducing the lost cap and projection effect errors of thick sections. High-resolution digitization of the image substantially reduces the standard error of the estimates. By using the digitized image the tedious process of filtering artifacts and recording actual point counts, intersections, and intercept lengths is delegated to computer software. Performance of this system in a recent study demonstrated substantial ease of operator use and speed of measurement. In the absence of a digital beam controller an inexpensive video digitizer circuit board may be used to digitize photographic prints of the SEM images. The combination of increased accuracy, precision, operator ease, and speed suggests that this system can be useful for soft tissue-bone-implant histometry.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210605
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  • 117
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210412
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  • 118
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    The use of coral as a bone graft substitute (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 557-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Experiments have been performed to investigate the use of coral skeletons as bone graft substitutes. Skeletal fragments of different coral genera were implanted into cortical and spongy bone defects and used to bridge transcortical resections in the femur. The implant site was monitored for up to 18 months. Radiographically, both cortical and spongy bone defects were at least partially filled by new bone after 8 weeks while the implants underwent continuous resorption. Coral resorption and replacement by new tissue was also observed in the transcortical resections. The process of resorption was attributed to the enzymatic attack, especially carboanhydrase. This was confirmed by experiments in which dogs were implanted with coral in transcortical resections and treated daily with acetazolamide, a carboanhydrase inhibitor; the absorption appeared delayed and the reseections failed to heal.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210503
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  • 119
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    Soft-tissue response to total hip surface replacement (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 569-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tissue reaction to prosthesis wear debris and its relationship to prosthetic loosening was investigated. Eighteen dogs underwent hip surface replacement; 6 animals accounted for 6 control and 6 carbon hips, and 13 experimental animals accounted for 13 implanted carbon and 13 cobaltchromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) prostheses. Both kinds of prostheses articulated against a high-density polyethylene acetabular component. One year after implantation, tissue response to the prostheses was evaluated according to a semiquantitative method, and a total tissue score indicating the degree of tissue response was obtained. The total tissue score was then compared with the normalized final vertical ground reaction force (GRF) for each hip in the animals with bilateral hip replacements. Compared with the controls, significantly greater tissue response was seen in both kinds of prosthetic hips (p = .001). No statistically significant difference in the tissue response of the two types of hip prostheses was noted, although the tissue response score of the CoCrMo demonstrated a trend toward more severe reaction than the carbon. No statistical difference in tissue reaction was noted for loosened components as compared with tightly fixed components. Amount of wear debris was the best predictor of component loosening. Gait analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation between GRF and total tissue score (p = .036), and between GRF and wear debris score (p = .034). The results of this study suggest that GRF may predict the amount of wear debris in the tissues surrounding a total hip surface arthroplasty, and that severity of pain is related to the degree of tissue response.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210504
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  • 120
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    The determination of Al, Cr, Co, Fe, and Ni in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 657-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for the determination of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron in whole blood are presented and discussed. Chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron were determined from one sample after decomposition of the blood with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids. A graphite furnace was used for the determination of chromium, cobalt and nickel, and flame AAS was used for iron. The determination of Al was done from separate samples by GFAAS after dilution with 1% Triton TX-100. The normal concentration of these elements was measured in rabbit and dog blood.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210510
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  • 121
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    Adsorption of low density lipoproteins onto selected biomedical polymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 683-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study examines the interaction of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) with a select group of biomedical polymers. The adsorption characteristics of LDL on cured filler-free poly(dimethyl Siloxane) (C-PDMS), Biomer, Cardiomat 610, Kraton 1650, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and glass are presented. Adsorption of LDL to charged hydrophilic glass control surfaces occurred rapidly, reaching plateau concentrations within one minute (0.19 ± 0.01 ug/cm2). Adsorption of LDL to polymer surfaces appeared to be dependent upon both the polymer hydrophobicity (or apolar nature), and flexibility (or dynamic nature) at the interface. Increased surface concentrations were observed for Biomer (0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2) as well as other polymers which exhibited both hydrophobic and elastomeric próperties. Temperature changes between 25°C and 37°C were found to significantly influence the surface concentration of LDL on Biomer (0.16 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 25°C versus 0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 37°C). A lipid core phase transition at 36°C was believed to be responsible for the temperature influence. Preliminary competitive adsorption studies of LDL with albumin (HSA) and serum on silicone surfaces suggests that LDL adsorption occurred rapidly and preferentially (0.25 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL alone; 0.33 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL + HSA; 0.15 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 LDL + serum). Preliminary studies on the role of LDL in calcification were not conclusive. It can be concluded that LDL adsorption is dependent upon polymer hydrophobicity, flexibility and temperature. Competitive adsorption experiments suggests that LDL may have substantial influence on protein adsorption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210602
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  • 122
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190101
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  • 123
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    Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue xenografts in rabbits (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Xenograft valves of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue have been claimed to be an excellent choice for the replacement of malfunctioning human heart valves. These valves exhibit low thrombogenicity, hemodynamic function, and transvalvular gradients superior to their mechanical and tissue counterparts. However, there are differences of opinion concerning the immunogenic properties of these valvular devices. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune reactivity of such implants. Data obtained indicated that whole xenograft sections of both untreated and treated valvular tissue remain immunogenic following initial and secondary subcutaneous implantations in rabbits. Homologous and cross-reacting antibodies were detected by means of indirect hemagglutination test 30 days after initial implantation of the grafts. Presence of cellular immune response as judged by skin reaction and leukocyte migration inhibition tests indicated that glutaraldehyde treatment of tissues does not destroy cellular immunity. Data obtained also suggest that chemical modification of such implants by glutaraldehyde probably alters, but does not abolish some antigenic determinant sites on the tissue surface. Glutaraldehyde treatment of bovine pericardial tissue does not render the tissue immunologically inert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190103
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  • 124
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    Announcement (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 97-97 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190109
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  • 125
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    The enzymatic degradation of polymers in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 991-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Specimens of 14C-labeled poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 66, and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been synthesized and exposed, in vitro, to a number of enzyme solutions. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was found to be affected by esterase and papain, although in different ways, but not by trypsin or chymotrypsin. Nylon 66 was unaffected by esterase but degraded by the other three. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was not affected by any of these enzymes. This indicates that some nominally stable polymers are susceptible to degradation by enzymes under some circumstances. The amount of degradation is small, but could have significant sequelae should it be reproduced in vivo.
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    The influence of postcuring on the fracture properties of photo-cured dimethacrylate based dental composite resin (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 979-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The dependence of the fracture behavior of photocured dimethacrylate-based composite resins on the matrix crosslink density (varied by postcuring at various temperatures) was investigated. In general, the fracture toughness (Klc) was increased by posfcuring as has been observed for epoxy-amine networks. The flexural and diametral tensile strength was also raised by postcuring. Calculation of the inherent flaw size (a0) from these properties produced conflicting dependencies on the state of cure. It is suggested that improved wear resistance and incisal edge strength of dental composite resin restoratives may be achieved by increased degree of cure.
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    Adsorbed behavior of spin-labeled silane coupling agent on colloidal silica studied by electron spin resonance (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1029-1038 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption mechanism of silane coupling agent on the colloidal silica surface is studied with spm-labeled silane coupling agent using ESR method. The density of the adsorbed silane molecules was determined to be approximately 1.5-2 molecules per 100 Å2 of the silica surface in 95% ethanol solution. In addition, ESR signal of spin-labeled agent adsorbed on the colloidal silica surface was composed of two components; slow component attributable to the agents adsorbed directly on the Si—OH groups of the silica surface through hydrogen bond formation and rapid one attributable to the agents interacted with such adsorbed silane molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210809
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    Theoretical and experimental analysis of cellular adhesion to polymer surfaces (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1039-1055 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An exact discrete numerical solution to the Grabowski model for predicting cell adhesion to polymer surfaces is discussed. The solution technique allows the possibility of taking into account cell-cell interactions within the flow situation and the multistep process involved in thrombus formation. The proposed solution also allows modification of the wall reaction rate model into a two specie reaction rate which distinguishes between the kinetics of contact adhesion and irreversible adhesion. The solution allows determination of effective diffusivity (De) and surface reaction rate (k) constants. Use of the model to examine available experimental data results in the following conclusions: (1) static or dynamic cell adhesion cannot be considered to be diffusion limited; (2) for flow conditions De is a monotonically increasing function of shear rate; (3) under static, i. e., zero flow conditions, De appears to be markedly larger than for flow conditions.
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    Bonding behavior between two bioactive ceramics in vivo (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1109-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to examine the chemical bonding mechanism between bioactive ceramics in vivo. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, rectangular specimens (5 mm × 5 mm × 25 mm) of apatite-wollastonite containing glass-ceramics (designated A 7middot; W  -  GC) were used. In the second experiment, plates (15 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) of A · W  -  GC and three types of hydroxyapatite (designated HA) were used. The sintering temperature and porosity (%) of the three types of HA were 1200°C (0.4%), 1000°C (4.8%), and 800°C (45%), respectively. In each experiment, two pairs of specimens of identical material, one bound with silk thread, the other not bound, were implanted subcutaneously into rats. In the first experiment, bonding of only bound specimens was observed at 3 and 6 months after implantation. The observation of interface by SEM-EPMA showed that a Ca  -  P-rich layer formed between the two specimens. In the second experiment, bonding of both bound and nonbound A · W  -  GC produced identical results 1 month after implantation. For HA sintered at 800°C and 1000°C, bonding was observed in every specimen. This phenomenon might be caused by the chemical change of hydroxyapatite occurring at different sintering temperatures. The Ca  -  P-rich layer was observed between two plates. These results suggest that self-repair of bioactive ceramic is possible under certain conditions.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1169-1175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210910
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    Blood hemolysis by PTFE and polyurethane vascular prostheses in an in vitro circuit (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1187-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to improve understanding of the appearance of bright yellow stains in vivo (consecutive to the absorption of bilirubin) on a novel microporous, hydrophilic polyetherurethaneurea vascular prosthesis, the in vitro hemolytic activity of the material was compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber. The results show that the tendency of the polyetherurethaneurea to produce free hemoglobin is low, so that the yellow staining observed is likely to be a result of the contact between the polymer and thrombi: Bilirubin is produced because of hemoglobin degradation in the thrombi rather than an active hemolysis on the surface of the prosthesis itself.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820211003
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    Intraocular biocompatibility of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid copolymer/partially hydrolyzed poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1247-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A strip of partially hydrolyzed poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) containing 65%-75% H2O was implanted into the anterior eye chamber of 11 Chinchilla rabbits. No pathological changes were found in the iris or in the ciliary body. The pathological findings in the cornea accompanying implanation of a hydrogel strip to the anterior chamber were rare and not significant. The low occurrence of the foreign body giant multinucleate cells was observed on the implant surface 6 months after the implantation. Favorable properties of this hydrogel depend probably on its high water and acidic groups content.
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    Kinetics of cell adhesion to polymer surfaces (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 215-229 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Results of the kinetics of adhesion of granulocytes as well as fresh and glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes, suspended in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS; pH 7.2, ionic strength of 0.15) to various polymeric substrates are presented. Cell adhesion increases rapidly initially and reaches a plateau value after approximately 30 minutes. There is no evidence for a lag-time in the onset of cell adhesion, suggesting that electrostatic double-layer forces are negligible under these experimental conditions. For the experiments in which the cells are suspended in HBSS, which has a surface tension larger than that of the cells, the level of cell adhesion increases with decreasing surface tension of the polymeric substrates. An additional experiment with fresh human granulocytes suspended in HBSS containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide was also performed. The surface tension of the resulting liquid medium is below that of the cells and the pattern of adhesion is reversed, in agreement with the predictions of a thermodynamic model for cell adhesion. The slightly different behavior of siliconized glass as a substrate is discussed in terms of „screening“.
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    The effect of post-sintering heat treatments on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 287-302 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant systems provide a biocompatible interface between implant and bone, resulting in firm fixation and potential long-term retention via bony ingrowth. In order to achieve an acceptable porous coating structure, the sintering protocol for Ti-6Al-4V alloy systems often requires that the material be heat treated above the beta transus. This transforms the as-received equiaxed microstructure, recommended for surgical implants, to a lamellar alpha-beta distribution, which has been shown to have the worst fatigue properties of the most common structures attainable in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. However, post-sintering heat treatments may be used to improve these properties by producing microstructures more resistant to crack initiation and propagation. This study investigated the influence of microstructural variations on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy material. Nonporous coated and porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy fatigue specimens were subjected to a standard sintering heat treatment to produce a lamellar microstructure. In addition, two post-sintering heat treatments were used to produce coarse and fine acicular microstructures. Rotating beam (reversed bending) fatigue testing was performed and the endurance limits determined for the noncoated and porous coated microstructures. The values determined were 668 MPa (noncoated asreceived equiaxed), 394 MPa (noncoated lamellar), 488 MPa (non-coated coarse acicular), 494 MPa (noncoated fine acicular), 140 MPa (porous coated lamellar), 161 MPa (porous coated coarse acicular), and 162 MPa (porous coated fine acicular). The noncoated coarse and fine acicular specimens displayed an approximate 25% increase over the noncoated lamellar specimens. The porous coated coarse and fine acicular specimens showed an approximate 15% improvement over the porous coated lamellar specimens.
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    Cellular morphology and distribution on a stretching blood-material interface (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 339-351 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to investigate the interactions of cellular elements and protein on constantly deforming (fatiguing) blood contact surfaces, a series of ex vivo canine arteriovenous shunt experiments were conducted. While fresh blood was flowing through Silastic tubing shunts, portions of the tubing were stretched 20 to 60% at a frequency of 20 to 90 cycles per minute for 10 to 90 min. The surfaces of the tubing that were stretched were compared with control tubing surfaces taken from the arterial side of the test segment using scanning electron microscopy and interference phase contrast microscopy.Approximately the same number of platelets were deposited on the stretched as on the unstretched portions of the tubing in the ten minute experiments. On the control portions of the tubing, the platelets were deposited singly and uniformly in what appeared to be a fairly inactivated state. On the stretched tubing, more pseudopod extension and aggregation was observed. In these preliminary experiments, no differences were noted as a function of frequency of stretch. As the blood contact time and the percent stretch were increased, only nonuniform, scattered aggregations of platelets, and platelets mingled with fibrin were seen. Significant numbers of spread white blood cells were observed on many of the segments of Silastic tubing stretched 20% for as short a time as 15 min. Granulocytes have occasionally been reported on less hemocompatible biomaterials after exposure to canine blood. This helps to confirm that substrate stretching of 20-60% had an adverse effect on the blood compatibility of the Siliastic tubing.
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    Cell adhesion to a series of hydrophili-hydrophobic copolymers studies with a spinning disc apparatus (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 383-404 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adhesion of cells to substrates strongly influences many of their functions and therefore plays an important role in a variety of processes, including phagocytosis, hemostasis, and the response of tissue to implanted materials. In previous studies, the influence of substrate hydrophilicity on cell adhesion has not been separated from effects due to major differences in other properties of the substrate, such as charge, rigidity, and the specific chemical composition of the materials. In addition, very few careful studies of the force required for cell detachment from various substrates have been performed. In this study, 3T3 cell detachment from a chemically homologous series of copolymers based on hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and ethylmethacrylate (EMA) was measured with a spinning-disc apparatus. The spinning-disc technique allowed measurements of cell detachment over a wide range of applied shear stress on each sample. Cell detachment did not occur until a critical value of shear stress was exceeded. The critical shear stress of detachment decreased linearly with increasing HEMA content, from 18 dynes/cm2 on poly-EMA to 0 on the polymers containing 83% or more HEMA. “Plating efficiency,” calculated as the fraction of cells initially applied which remained after dip rinsing the surfaces, did not vary significantly among most of the copolymers. Dip rinsing, however, exposes the cells to only one, relatively low shear stress (estimated to be somewhat less than 3 dynes/cm2). The existence of a critical shear stress for 3T3 cell detachment suggests that cell adhesion to surfaces cannot be fully understood with single shear stress methods because cells may attach with a wide range of strengths which are either all above or all below the applied shear stress. The influence of surface hydrophilicity on cell adhesion and the variety of forces which may contribute to this phenomenon are discussed.
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    Albumin adsorption on alkyl chain derivatized polyurethanes: I. The effect of C-18 alkylation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 359-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The initial adsorption rate of delipidized Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is increased by addition of C-18 alkyl chains to a poly-urethane. The presence of alkyl chains does not appear to influence the total amount of HSA adsorbed after one hour exposure to a 5.0 mg/mL HSA solution. Neither does the desorption following one hour of adsorption appear to be influenced by the presence of alkyl chains. A study of the effects of solution concentration and temperature showed that the initial adsorption rates on both polymers are proportional to the protein concentration raised to the 0.36 power, and that alkylation of the polymer increases the activation energy of the initial adsorption rate above the 14 kJ/mol observed for the underivatized polyurethane. A new technique is presented to quantify the mass of adsorbed protein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection optics. This technique uses the absorbance of bulk protein as an internal calibration reference, and appears to be as accurate and perhaps more precise than radiolabeling techniques.
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    Announcements (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 441-442 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220507
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    Effects of a grooved epoxy substratum on epithelial cell behavior in vitro and in vivo (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 459-473 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of grooved epoxy substrata on epithelial (E) cell behavior were studied in vitro and in vivo. V-shaped grooves, 10 μm deep, were produced in silicon wafers by micromachining, a process which was developed for the fabrication of microelectronic components. The grooved substrata were replicated in epoxy resin. More E cells attached to grooved surfaces than to adjacent smooth surfaces. Clusters of E cells were markedly oriented by the grooved surfaces in comparison to the adjacent smooth surfaces where the orientation was random. Grooved and smooth epoxy implants were placed percutaneously in the parietal area of rats. One week after implantation E cells were found to adhere tightly to the implant surfaces. In the grooved portion of the implant E cells interdigitated into the grooves and had rounded nuclei. Histomorphometric measurements indicated that there was a shorter length of epithelial attachment and a longer length of connective tissue attachment in the grooved, compared to the smooth, portion of implants. After 10 days the epithelial attachment had migrated down the length of the protruding smooth portion of the implant and was located on the base of the implant. However, epithelium remained attached to the grooved portion of the implant. These observations indicate that grooved surfaces have the potential to impede epithelial downgrowth on percutaneous devices.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 589-591 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220612
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    Serotonin and β-thromboglobulin release reaction from platelet as triggered by interaction with polypeptide derivatives (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 595-611 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of wettability of 14 polypeptide derivatives upon adhesion and activation of platelets was investigated with reference to release reactions from adhered platelets, using radioisotope labeling and radio-immunoassay method. The serotonin release was more significant from platelets adhered to polymer materials to which a large number of platelets are adhered. However, no clear relationship was found between adhesion of platelets and β-thromboglobulin release from adhered platelets. Therefore, stimuli inducing serotonin release and β-thromboglobulin release were considered to be from different origins. The trend in β-thromboglobulin release was well correlated with the extent of morphological change of adhered platelets as observed by scanning electron microscope. It was suggested that the determination of released β-thromboglobulin in association with the measurement of platelet adhesion could be useful for evaluation of blood compatibility of materials.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 667-669 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220707
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    The hydrolytic stability of mitrathane (a polyurethane urea) - an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 687-698 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The hydrolytic stability of microporous Mitrathane polyetherurethane urea vascular prostheses has been evaluated at pH 7 and pH 9, at 37°, 60°, and 80°C for time periods of up to 968 days. Mechanical strength was evaluated using a hydrodynamic burst test and surface chemical changes by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The samples held at 80°C showed the greatest mechanical strength loss which corresponded to the hydrolysis of the urethane groups. It was concluded that the gross in vivo surface degradation of Mitrathane prostheses, observed after six months, could not have been caused by simple chemical hydrolysis alone, as the polymer was found to be stable at 37°C for at least 11 months.
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    The study of thermal and gross morphologic properties of polyglycolic acid upon annealing and degradation treatments (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 699-712 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study is to alter the fiber morphology of a linear aliphatic polyester, polyglycolic acid, by annealing treatment and to examine the changes of its degradation properties. The annealing was done at 150°C, 170°C, and 190°C, and the specimens were annealed in four different strained conditions, freely hung, 0, 1, and 10%. After annealing treatments, the specimens were subject to in vitro hydrolytic degradation by immersing them in phosphate-buffer solution of pH 7.4 at 37°C for up to 28 days. The thermal properties and gross morphology of the specimens were obtained. It was found that annealing treatments resulted in initial higher levels of crystallinity, which, in turn, influenced the hydrolytic degradation of the fiber. Among all the annealing conditions, the freely hung specimens annealed at 190°C exhibited the most pronounced annealing effect on hydrolytic degradation, and was consistent with the observed gross morphologic changes. The change in the characteristics of fiber structure (i.e., the return to the stage of less oriented conformation upon freely hung annealing) was thought to be the cause.
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    Effect of particle size on the in vitro and in vivo degradation rates of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 733-746 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three different sieve size fractions of ergotcontaining biodegradable microcapsules were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The sieve sizes and average particle diameter, (μm), were: less than 45-75 (X̄ = 30); 75-106 (X̄ = 79), 106-177 (X̄ = 130). These microcapsules contained ca. 9% drug and were produced from 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide). The objective was to determine the effect of particle size on in vivo and in vitro degradation rates. The microcapsules were injected into rat gastrocnemius muscle and excised and examined at various time points up to 70 days. Initially a minimal tissue response was noted which was characterized by a sharply localized acute inflammatory reaction. Following this, connective tissue and foreign body giant cells engulfed the microcapsules at 20-30 days. Only vestiges of the microcapsules were found surrounded by minimal connective tissue and foreign body giant cells after 60-70 days. The tissue reaction was a minimal, sharply localized foreign body giant cell and connective tissue process for all three size groups of microcapsules. The largest microcapsules (X̄ = 130 μm) exhibited a slightly greater tendency to undergo in vivo and in vitro degradation relative to the other groups. However, it can be concluded that over the microcapsule size ranges examined minimal differences in the degradation properties of the polymeric matrices and consequently those of the microcapsules were noted.
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    Blood compatibility of surfaces modified by plasma polymerization (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 795-818 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubular blood-contacting polymeric materials were modified by plasma polymerization and evaluated in the baboon with respect to their capacity to induce both acute and chronic arterial thrombosis. Polymer surface composition was determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Steady-state arterial thromboembolism was initiated by introducing tubular segments into chronic arteriovenous shunts. Rates of platelet destruction induced by the test materials were calculated from 111In-platelet survival measurements. Nine plasma polymers based on tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethane, hexafluoroethane/H2, and methane, when deposited on silicone rubber, consumed platelets at rates ranging from 1.1-5.6 × 108 platelets/cm2-day. Since these values were near the lower detection limit for this test system, the plasma polymers were considered relatively nonthrombogenic. Acute thrombus formation was initiated by inserting expanded Teflon (Gore-Tex PTFE) vascular grafts into the shunt system. 111In-platelet deposition was measured by scintillation camera imaging over a 1-h exposure period. Standard PTFE grafts (10 cm × 4 mm i. d.) accumulated approximately 1 × 1010 platelets over this interval. While modification of PTFE grafts with a plasma polymer based on hexafluoroethane/H2 did not alter graft surface morphology, platelet deposition was reduced by 87% as compared to the controls (p 〈 0.001). We conclude that both the surface chemistry and texture of prosthetic materials influence thrombogenesis. The method of plasma polymerization may be useful for assessing the importance of these variables independently and, perhaps, for minimizing certain adverse blood-material interactions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220904
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    Attachment and spreading of human gingival fibroblasts on potentially bioactive glasses in vitro (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1043-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The attachment and spreading of cultured fibroblasts on potentially bioactive glasses (bioglasses) of ten different compositions were studied. Human gingival fibroblasts were allowed to attach and spread on bioglasses for 1-72 h. Unreactive silica glass and cell culture polystyrene served as controls. The attachment and spreading of cells were examined by 3H-thymidine labeling of cells, planimetric analysis, cytological staining, immunocytochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The cell attachment to bioglasses and silica glass and the cell spreading on bioglasses were slower and cell morphology more elongated compared to control plastic. In spite of great differences in bioglass compositions no great differences in cell behavior on these surfaces were detected. Thus the initial events in the tissue-implant interface might be independent on the bioglass composition, and furthermore the differences in the organization of the tissue-implant interface in vivo might depend on the nature of the surrounding tissues and subsequent changes of the implant surface and the extracellular environement.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221108
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221201
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    Samuel F. Hulbert (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1091-1092 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221203
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    The effect of plasma-sprayed calcium phosphate ceramic coatings on the metal ion release from porous titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1137-1163 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bone tissue ingrowth in porous materials is enhanced by the deposition of bioactive calcium phosphate ceramic linings onto the pore walls. These bioactive coatings can be deposited using several methods which yield a variety of coating efficiencies and thereby influence the mechanisms and kinetics of ion release from the metal. We analyzed the effect of plasmaspraying hydroxyapatite onto titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys by measuring the release of Ti, Al, V, Co, and Cr in vitro. Plasma-sprayed coatings significantly reduced the Ti and Al release from titanium-based alloy specimens. The tendencies of release from the cobalt-based specimens are less pronounced. The data substantiate that neither localized enhanced passive dissolution of metal ions nor ceramic shielding of the metal occurs. The Scanning Auger Electron Microprobe Spectroscopic data suggest that the dissipation of thermal and kinetic energy of the ceramic particle at the time of impact can produce compositional and structural changes in the metal surfaces. The resulting effects are significant for the titanium alloy but less significant for the Co-Cr alloy system.
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  • 151
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    Ceramic systems for long-term delivery of chemicals and biologicals (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1245-1266 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evaluation of devices, drugs, and drug delivery systems have been investigated by both in vitro and in vivo procedures. Ceramic drug delivery systems can be used to evaluate chemicals and biologicals by both in vitro and in vivo procedures. The system can also reduce handling of the animals and facilitate long-term evaluations before conducting clinical trials. To date, ceramic systems have been used to deliver aldosterone, androstanedione, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, chymotrypsin, danazol, difluoromeythylornithine, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, gamma globulin, gonadotrophic releasing hormone, gossypol, growth hormone, insulin, methylene blue, pepsin, progesterone, and testosterone. The data obtained suggest that ceramic delivery systems can be used in the near future to treat diseases requiring long-term chronic drug therapy as well as disorders caused by deficiency of certain hormones.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221301
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    A tribute to Sam (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1089-1090 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221202
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  • 154
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    Analysis of the biocompatibility of ALCAP ceramics in rat femurs (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1101-1126 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramics composed of aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus oxides (ALCAP) were tested for compatibility as bone replacement biomaterials. Implantation of ALCAP ceramics in rat femurs had no deleterious effect on body weights, organ/body weight ratios, muscle, bone, blood, and kidney function. Aluminum resorbed from ALCAP ceramic bone implants was excreted in the urine and was not deposited in adjacent muscle. Plasma levels of aluminum were not elevated in rats implanted with ALCAP ceramics. Alkaline phosphatase activity of excised implant sites indicated greater bone formation in ALCAP ceramic implants than in bone autografts. Radiographs and implant histology demonstrated excellent bone association with implants and ingrowth of new bone into ALCAP ceramic implants. ALCAP ceramics are biocompatible and suitable for reconstruction of bone.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Multilayered bead ceramic composite coating for hip prostheses: Experimental studies and preliminary clinical resultsThis research was supported by the Ministero della Sanitá (Progetto Finalizzato “Definizione di modelli di studio di biocompatibilitá e di nuove protesi”) Italy. (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1181-1202 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical use of a new ceramic composite material made up of multilayered alumina beads and adhered to a ceramic surface with a high-temperature-melting bioglass is proposed. The result is a structure characterised by a 27% porosity and an average pore diameter of 400 μm. The actual structure of the parts as well as their interface interaction were determined by Raman laser. The mechanical resistance of the adherence of this coating for the ceramic substratum was good enough to resist the stress to which it was submitted when used for a new model of prosthetic acetabulum. Experiments with rabbits revealed the good biocomatibility of the composite. The osteoproductive activity of the tissue surrounding the implant led to the gradual filling of the porosity with trabecular structures. The preliminary results of the clinical experience which began in November 1985, confirm the good compatibility of the ceramic composite.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Announcement (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1293-1293 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221214
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    The editor's corner (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221303
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    Biomaterial and implant surfaces: On the role of cleanliness, contamination, and preparation procedures (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 145-158 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Material specificity in implant-tissue interactions derives primarily from the surface properties (chemical composition, microstructure, etc.) of the implant. This article addresses several questions related to implant and biomaterial surfaces: What is the status of real implant surfaces (composition, cleanliness, contamination, microstructure, etc.), and how does it vary with preparation procedures? Can the surface status be varied and analyzed in a controlled manner? How significant are surface status variations for in vivo function? And so on. We discuss clean surfaces, how they are contaminated, and how the contamination may affect the properties. We also discuss different preparation procedures, such as conventional machining, plasma treatment, and sterilization. Three important conclusions are drawn: (i) The surface status of a particular implant material may vary widely depending on its preparation and handling history. (ii) The surface status of implants is expected to be important for in vivo function, and should thus be controlled and standardized. (iii) It is usually not possible to predict how a change in surface status will affect the longterm, in vivo function of an implant.
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    Wound healing using a collagen matrix: Effect of DC electrical stimulation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 191-206 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rapid fibroblast ingrowth and collagen deposition occurs in a reconstituted type I collagen matrix that is implanted on fullthickness excised animal dermal wounds. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of direct current stimulation on dermal fibroblast ingrowth using carbon fiber electrodes incorporated into a collagen sponge matrix. Preliminary results suggest that fibroblast ingrowth and collagen fiber alignment are increased in collagen sponges stimulated with direct currents between 20 and 100 μA. Maximum fibroblast ingrowth into the collagen sponge is observed near the cathode at a current of 100 μA. These results suggest that electrical stimulation combined with a collagen matrix may be a method to enhance the healing of chronic dermal wounds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221310
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221401
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  • 161
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    Binding of heparin onto ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer membrane (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 269-280 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heparin was ionically bound onto the surface of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) membrane which was derivatized by aminoacetalization to produce cationic surface charges. The amount of bound heparin was proportional to the ion exchange capacity of the aminoacetalized membrane and the maximal amount obtained in this experiment was 96 Unit/cm2 (0.59 mg/cm2). Plasma recalcification times were measured for the heparinized membrane thus obtained. Recalcification times increased proportionally with the amount of heparin bound on the membrane, while original EVAL membranes and the nonheparinized aminoacetalized membrane did not show increases in recalcification times. This means that the heparinized EVAL membrane has a more nonthrombogenic property due to the release of heparin. The apparent amount of heparin released from the membrane into plasma was estimated from plasma recalcification times. The release rate was 0.30-0.33 Unit/cm2/h (1.8 × 10-3 -2.0 × 10-3 mg/cm2/h) for the membranes whose surface was considered to be saturated with heparin. The release amount was about 0.6% compared to the adsorbed heparin in the case of the 96 Unit/cm2-heparinized membrane incubated in plasma for 60 min.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Heat transfer analysis of frictional heat dissipation during articulation of femoral implants (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 281-309 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous studies have shown the tendency for frictional heating to occur during articulation of total hip systems in vitro under simulated hip loading conditions. The magnitude of this heating is sufficient to accelerate wear, creep, and oxidation degradation of the UHMWPE bearing surface. It was shown that ceramic articulating systems generate less frictional heating than polished cobalt alloy against UHMWPE. This fricitonal heating is expected to occur primarily for younger, heavier, and more active patients. Thus, long-term performance of the articulating hip system in these patients may not be that predicted from current, body-temperature wear, creep, and degradation studies. Although the tendency to generate frictional heat has been observed only during in vitro simulated hip loading, a heat transfer analysis of this phenomenon is presented to evaluate the ability of the hip joint to dissipate such heating in vivo. Additional experiments were performed using controlled resistance heaters inside a cobalt femoral head to verify the calculated levels of frictional heat and to assess the heat dissipation under simulated in vivo conditions. The effect of blood perfusion on the effective thermal conductivity of the joint capsule is also discussed. The present study describes and analyzes the various heat dissipation mechanisms present both in vitro and in vivo during articulation of metal and ceramic hip systems. From these tests and analyses, it is concluded that frictional heating in the reconstructed hip cannot be effectively removed, and that degredative elevated temperature processes can be expected to occur in vivo to both the UHMWPE and adjacent tissue under extended periods of excessive patient activity. This is particularly true for metal cobalt alloy femoral heads articulating on UHMWPE versus ceramic heads which generate significantly lower levels of heat.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Elastic and ultimate properties of acrylic bone cement reinforced with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 63-80 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study of the fracture behavior of poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement reinforced with short ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (Spectra 900) fibers is presented. Linear elastic and nonlinear elastic fracture mechanics results indicate that a significant reinforcing effect is obtained at fiber contents as low as 1% by weight, but beyond that concentration a plateau value is reached and the fracture toughness becomes insensitive to fiber content. The flexural strength and modulus are apparently not improved by the incorporation of polyethylene fibers in the acrylic cement, probably because of the presence of voids, the poor mixing practice and the weakness of the fiber/ matrix interfacial bond. The present polyethylene/PMMA composite presents several advantages as compared to other composite cements, but overall the mechanical performance of this system resembles that of Kevlar 29/PMMA cement, with a few differences. Scanning electron microscopy reveals characteristic micromechanisms of energy absorption in Spectra 900/PMMA bone cement. A scheme for the strength of random fiber-reinforced composites, which is a simple extension of the Kelly and Tyson model for the strength of unidirectional composites, is presented and discussed. Young's modulus and the fracture toughness results are discussed in the framework of existing theories. More fundamental modeling treatments are needed in terms of fracture micromechanisms to understand and optimize the various mechanical properties with respect to structural parameters and cement preparation technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230106
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    Announcements (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 137-137 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230112
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    Brain biocompatibility of a biodegradable, controlled-release polymer in rats (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 253-266 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report the biocompatibility in the rat brain of a controlled-release, biodegradable polymer, the polyanhydride poly-[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid] copolymer (PCPP-SA) in a 20:80 formulation. The biodegradable polyanhydride can be used for drug delivery directly into the brain, circumventing the difficulties posed by the blood - brain barrier and avoiding the consequences of having to administer toxic doses systemically to reach therapeutic doses in the central nervous system. The tissue reaction in the presence of PCPP-SA was compared to that seen with other standard neurosurgical implants. Fifty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of seven groups and underwent bilateral frontal lobe implantation of PCPP-SA (42 hemispheres), Surgicel (oxidized regenerated cellulose) (35 hemispheres), or Gelfoam (absorbable gelatin sponge) (35 hemispheres). None of the animals showed any behavioral changes or neurological deficits suggestive of either systemic or localized toxicity from the biodegradable polyanhydride, all surviving to the scheduled data of sacrifice. PCPP-SA evoked a well localized inflammatory reaction, comparable to that of Surgicel, which resolved as the PCPP-SA polymer degraded over five weeks. The biodegradable polyanhydride has been shown in this study to be nontoxic and biocompatible in the rat brain, when compared to standard neurosurgical implants.
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    The spatial resolution of protein adsorption on surfaces of heterogeneous metallic biomaterials (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 339-350 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was designed to examine the heterogeneity of the adsorption of proteins onto metallic materials. The materials studied included pure Ag, Au, and Ti and sintered Ag 10% Ti and Ag 10% Ta. The distribution of the protein adsorption was studied using I-125 labeled albumin detected by microautoradiography. The surface morphology of the specimens was examined in the scanning electron microscope prior to exposure to the protein solution. A heterogeneous distribution in albumin adsorption was observed over the Ag surface. Similar regions were observed over parts of the mixed metal specimens, but superimposed on this pattern were distinct regions of very low protein adsorption which appeared to correlate closely with the regions of Ti or Ta observed in the scanning electron microscope. A uniform distribution of adsorbed albumin was observed on the Au and Ti, with Au giving a much denser microautoradiograph than Ti. This work demonstrates that variations in the protein adsorption to heterogeneous materials can be observed on a microscopic scale.
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    In vitro platelet interactions with a heparin-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 399-415 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: No difference in in vitro platelet reactivity was found between an immobilized heparin containing hydrogel (heparin-PVA) and the hydrogel without heparin (PVA), in a variety of experimental assays. There was no significant difference between the heparin-PVA and PVA coated polyethylene tubing in the number of 51Cr-labeled platelets, the extent of 14C serotonin release by the adherent platelets or in the degree of platelet count decrease after 1 h exposure to citrated canine whole blood in a Chandler loop system. Furthermore, adhesion and release values were lower than those observed with the uncoated polyethylene tubing (e.g., 9.3 ± 4.3 plt/103 μ2 on PVA; 18.3 ± 4.6 plt/103 μ2 on polyethylene). There was also no significant difference between heparin-PVA and PVA in bead column retention values with canine blood and with the previously reported washed human platelet adhesion/release values. Thus there appears to be no effect of the immobilized heparin by itself on the in vitro interactions of PVA with platelets, with the reactivity towards platelets dominated by that of the underlying substrate (i.e., PVA).
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    Announcements (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 453-453 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230406
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230601
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230101
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    Mechanical properties and short-term in vivo evaluation of yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 45-61 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) belongs to a new class of ceramics exhibiting an improved toughness when compared to alumina. The toughening mechanism is related to a martensitic-like transformation of tetragonal metastable grains into a monoclinic state occurring at the crack tip. Specific tests showed that YPSZ exhibited a high bending strength (900-1200 MPa), a low Young's modulus (200 GPa), and a high toughness (KIC = 9-10 MN/m3/2). Its average grain size of 0.5 m̈m allows a surface roughness as low as 0.008 m̈m. Sterilization or aging in saline solution at room temperature for 100 days did not affect the toughness of this material. Cylindrical YPSZ samples, manufactured by cold isostatic pressing and sintering, were implanted in the paraspinal muscles in the rat up to 12 weeks. The tissue reaction was evaluated with reference to alumina (ISO requirements) by means of quantitative histomorphometry. No significant differences were found between YPSZ and alumina for both the membrane thickness and cell distributions surrounding the implants.
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    Compressed poly(vinyl alcohol)-polycaprolactone admixture as a model to evaluate erodible implants for sustained drug delivery (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An implant may release a drug either by diffusion concurrent with dissolution of the polymeric implant material without depolymerization (Type A) or by bioerosion involving depolymerization (Type B). The Type A material may induce immune response, while the erosion of Type B polymer releases fragments which could cause toxicity problems. It is proposed that a combination of the two types of polymers may attenuate the intensity of immune response and toxicity, because the presence of one in an implant of the same weight reduces the amount of the other. However, it is important to determine first, if sustained delivery may be achieved by such an implant. In this study, partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were chosen as the model Type A, and B polymers, respectively, to evaluate this objective in vitro. Pellet discs were prepared to assess the effects of compression, proportion of PVA to PCL, acetyl content of PVA, PCL hydrolysis catalyst and drug loading, using methylene blue (MB) as a model drug. Results showed that sustained delivery could be effected, but PCL erosion did not occur as planned. Therefore, PCL served only as a passive component of the implant, while PVA was eroded with the release of MB. Consequently, it was inferred that a polymer may not be required as a passive component, which suggested the use of other compounds of known biocompatibility. Tests with insulin in a compressed solid admixture with cholesterol showed that reduction of hyperglycemia in diabetic Wistar rat could be effected reproducibly for at least 2 weeks. Thus, the present study, originally planned to test a proposed concept, indicates that many nonpolymeric materials of known biocompatibility may be suitable for drug delivery implants as well.
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    Blood-surface interactions: Biological principles underlying haemocompatibility with artificial materials. J. P. Cazenave, J. A. Davies, M. D. Kazatchkine, and W. G. van Aken, Editors, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1986 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 135-136 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Titanium-coated dacron® velour: A study of interfacial connective tissue formationSupported in part by: American Heart Association, SC Affiliate. Presented in part at: 12th Biomaterials Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, May 28-June 1, 1986. Based on: John Yan, Thesis, Clemson University, 1986. (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 171-189 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyethylene terephthalate in textile form (Dacron®) has been used extensively as a surgical implant material for applications such as vascular grafts and percutaneous access devices. It is moderately histocompatible eliciting a chronic inflammatory reaction predominnately in tissue which has grown into the pores of the fabric. Titanium implants on the other hand, induce only the slightest inflammatory response and connective tissue adhesion to the titanium oxide surface is excellent. It was, therefore, hypothesized that a titanium coating on Dacron® fabric might improve its histocompatibility while leaving its desirable mechanical properties unaffected. To test this idea, Dacron® velour specimens were coated with titanium by vacuum deposition and were implanted together with uncoated controls in rabbits subcutis. After various implantation times, the specimens were recovered and the associated tissue was examined histologically. Qualitative and semiquantitative analysis revealed that tissue ingrowth quantity and quality was highly variable, not only between test and control specimens, but also between animals and even between specimens within the same animal. This indicated that there may be a number of factors influencing tissue ingrowth that were not adequately controlled in this study. The titanium coating which was undoubtedly highly oxidized had a profound qualitative and quantitative effect on fibroblast activity (ground substance formation) and fibroblast adhesion to the Dacron® fibers. The results obtained after these short-term implantation periods indicate that titanium coating affects the quality of the interfacing tissue and may actually improve long-term histocompatibility. Long-term studies will have to confirm these preliminary data.
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    Announcements (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 283-283 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230211
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    Heparinizable segmented polyurethanes containing poly-amidoamine blocks (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 863-881 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A poly-ether-urea-urethane was synthesized by copolymerization of 4,4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI), propanediamine, and poly-oxytetra-methylene glycol (M.W. 1000). Two other corresponding copolymers were also synthesized by adding amino terminated poly-amidoamine macromonomers, purposely synthesized, so as to insert relatively small amounts (6 and 15 weight %) of two types of poly-amidoamine segments in the final product. Of the three copolymers several physicochemical and mechanical properties have been determined, and their heparin adsorption ability, blood compatibility, and cytotoxicity evaluated.
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    Announcement (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 955-956 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Applied biomaterials standards report (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 9-11 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of my column is to provide readers with current information on biomaterials-related standards produced by both private groups and government agencies, and standards-related activities. Standards are descriptive documents given official status by their producers and, in the case of biomaterials, they are generally intended to provide formalized descriptions of (a) materials used in the construction of medical devices, (b) materials used directly in surgical repairs, (c) test methods to evaluate materials for such applications, and (d) methods for handling or processing such materials.Please consider this column not only a place to obtain biomaterials standards information but also a place to submit news of biomaterials standards developments in order to get the information before the public. This invitation extends to all members of any and all professional organizations and government agencies in the United States and abroad who are active in standards development and would like specific activities or standards publicized. I will present the information in this column to the extent that allotted space allows.And last, a caveat - since this is a column, it contains both factual information and opinions. I will make every effort to make it clear which is which. Also, as a frame of reference, please note that this column was written and submitted in January, 1989.
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    Development of monoclonal antibodies to collagens for assesing host - implant interactions (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 273-283 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biologic response to surgical implants is of importance in understanding the host interactions relating to long-term patency of implants. The methodology currently available for the assessment of host - biomaterial interactions is subjective and is limited to identification of inflammatory responses and general histopathological staining procedures associated with these processes. A clearer appraisal of the nature and type of extracellular matrix-components related to the host response to the implanted biomaterials would assist in the development of biomaterials and would allow an earlier means of predicting biocompatibility. The extracellular matrix consists of a range of similar collagen types which are difficult to distinguish using polyclonal antibodies. However, with the advent of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificities can be produced to provide very powerful probes for assessing host - implant interactions. There were several problems associated with the production of these antibodies, mainly arising from collagens being extremely poor immunogens. The present study has examined these problems and has demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies against a range of collagen types can be produced. These antibodies were all highly specific for collagen type, but for a given collagen type, antibodies with different species specificities could be obtained. These antibodies were shown to be suitable for immunohistology of various connective tissue samples and were used to examine collagen-based vascular prostheses (Omniflow Vascular Graft) after retrieval from canine models. These data demonstrated that the monoclonal antibodies to collagens were excellent for the analysis of surgical implants and biomaterials after retrieval.
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    Alteration of retrieved implants in vitro by processing and infiltrating fluids (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 337-347 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Undecalcified histology has proved of immense value in the examination of the interface membrane between the prosthesis and bone. However, to provide such histological sections, dehydrating and clearing fluids as well as plastic infiltrating fluids must be used. This study investigates the possibility that some of these commonly used fluids may alter the biomaterial after removal from the body and be misinterpreted as an in vivo product. Ten different routinely used fluids were tested on 11 different biomaterials that are commonly used in prosthetic devices. The nonmetal biomaterials were placed in glass tubes containing the different fluids at room temperature for 5 days. The biomaterials were assessed for changes each day. After 5 days the biomaterial was examined and discarded and the glass tube was centrifuged. The pellet was examined using polarized light microscopy. Polysulfone and bone cement was found to be considerably altered in vitro by most of these fluids. While the components (plasticizer and catalyst) of the plastic fluids caused some changes to the biomaterial. Spurr's and GMA did not cause any alterations to any of the biomaterials that were examined.
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    Spectrometric and chromatographic methods for the analysis of polymeric explant materials (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 321-335 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Several analytical pyrolysis methods, namely pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS), time-resolved pyrolysis mass spectrometry (TRPy-MS), and pyrolysis short column gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to analyze polymers of clinical interest both before and after implantation. A sample of Biomer, a poly(ether urethane urea) used in the Utah artificial heart, was analyzed using these methods. Two poly(ether urethanes) (Tecoflex and Pellethane) and a poly(dimethylsilicone) (Silastic) sample were analyzed using Py-GC/MS. The direct Py-MS of Biomer identified the components used in the manufacture of Biomer. Py-GC/MS of Biomer, Tecoflex, Pellethane, and Silastic also identified the components used in their manufacture. The analysis of explanted Biomer detected the presence of adsorbed cholestadiene, the reaction of chloride ions with a stabilizer, and the presence of a siloxane contaminant. The cholestadiene was detected on the outside housing of an artificial heart which had been implanted for 297 days. The cholestadiene was detected at low levels and was identified by library search on the MS data system. The siloxane contaminant was also identified by the MS data system. All of the methods demonstrated required only short instrumental analysis times (10 min or less). Data analysis required much more time, but much of the data analysis can be automated.
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    Call for papers the east-coast conference on biomechanics august 26-28,1990 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 381-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    An histo-morphological evaluation of ninety surgically excised human umbilical vein grafts (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 363-380 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Morphological, histological, and scanning electron microscopy examinations were performed on 90 surgically excised human umbilical vein grafts. Most of the explanted grafts were removed because of thrombosis or infection and were removed typically from a patient in the mid 60s and after an average duration of implantation of 11 months. Multiple structural defects were found including deep folds, breaks on the luminal surface, and delamination. These areas as well as anastomotic sites represented potential areas for thrombotic accumulation. A higher incidence of infection was observed in grafts composed of 2 or 3 segments. Bacteria were often found in folds and could be seen invading the wall of the prosthesis. In addition, bacteremic colonization was often seen in noninfected grafts. The late aneurysmal formations were also of particular concern. The biodegradation of the wall and the disruption of the polyester mesh were the probable causes. The second generation Dardik Biograft aimed at reducing these formations. The success of this new processing remains to be evaluated.
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    Corrosion of copper, nickel, and gold dental casting alloys: An in vitro and in vivo study (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 349-361 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion behavior of commercially available copper, nickel, and gold alloys for dental castings was investigated. The alloys investigated included: three copper alloys (76-87Cu, 6-11Al, 0-12Zn, 1-5Ni, 0-4Fe, 0.5-1.2Mn). two nickel alloys (68-78Ni, 12-16Cr, 4-14Mo, 0-1.7Be), and one gold alloy (77Au, 14Ag, 8Cu, 1Pd). Anodic and cathodic polarization curves, long-term immersion tests in saline and artificial saliva solutions, and dog crown studies were conducted to evaluate both the in vitro and in vivo corrosion characteristics of the alloys. All evaluations conducted demonstrated that the copper alloys were highly susceptible to corrosion attack. High corrosion currents were observed in the in vitro tests, and SEM of the alloys specimens showed significantly altered surfaces. The anodic polarization curves predicted that the beryllium-containing nickel alloy should be susceptible to localized corrosion and SEM revealed an etched surface with corrosion of certain microstructural features. No significant corrosion was predicted or observed for the non-beryllium nickel alloy and the gold alloy. The in vitro corrosion evaluations predicted the in vivo corrosion behavior for the alloys. Since the three copper alloys and the beryllium-containing nickel alloy demonstrated significant corrosion under the tested conditions, the use of these alloys for restorative procedures is questionable due to the release of significant levels of selected ions to the oral cavity.
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    Über ionotrope proteinsymplexe (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 377-387 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Symplexes of proteins were taken for comparison with biological structures like the skin of mammals. Particles of these symplexes were set into regular order by diffusing and fixing polyvalent metal ions of protons, yielding anisotropic membranes with some properties of extracellular strucutres. Determination of the symplex optimum allowed a comparison of the properties with different acid partners. Four fifths of the amino groups of the scleroproteins that could be titrated by monomeric acids could be bounded by the polyacids. In a neutral medium, all symplexes behave like coherent polyamphiions with the behavior of long chain molecules. Swelling and dissolving of mammalian skin desintegrates the scleroproteins, partly down to the primary helix. These proteins with polyuronic acids such as alginic acid in form of a symplex did not give individual or specific reactions when implanted into the living organism but were slowly decomposed by unspecific proteases.
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    Application of the mocroprobe analyzer to biological materials investigations (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The microprobe analyzer has proved to be a valuable tool in investigation of dental and medical materials problems, and the results of a number of studies are described. Interesting aspects of the amalgam-tooth interface have been examined and dental calculus compostion has been determined. Surgical implant studies have included evaluation of appliance alloys and failure analysis of surgical devices.
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    Announcement (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 405-406 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030101
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    Introduction to the symposium adsorption from blood or tissue onto foreign surfaces Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, American Chemical Society Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 12 & 13, 1968 (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 1-3 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Blood flow and intravascular phenomena in the microvascular system (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Observations of microcirculatory blood flow in the wing membrane of the unanesthetized bat, Myotis leucifugus, show that many responses associated with the exposure of blood to foreign surfaces mimic normal behavior in these sites. The responses include leukocyte pavement formation, permeability changes, thrombus formation, and intravascular fibrin threads. Attempts to eliminate or suppress these reactions should recognize that they are latent normal physiological activities.
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    A heat-transfer device for the monitoring of thrombus formation on prosthetic surfaces (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 465-472 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to monitor changes in thrombus size on prosthetic surfaces in dogs, a simple heat transfer measuring system was incorporated into a small right atrial sword which has been previously described.1 This system provided a reliable and continuous measure of the amount of thrombus present on the sword. Initial thrombus formation was found to be complete within 45-90 min. Subsequent lysis of the thrombus was seem to occur in many cases after 8-12 hr of implantation.
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    Microstructure of initial thrombus formation on foreign materials (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: By reflected light microscopy, the thrombi formed on a variety of foreign surfaces have been shown to be composed of isolated cellular aggregates and an interaggregate red cell fibrin mesh. The thrombi viewed by this method were seen in two dimensions as they formed at the foreign surface blood interface. Standard histological evaluation of the thrombi in the third dimension, that is in the depth dimension, revealed columnar shaped cellular aggregates extending from the foreign surface into the blood and a red cell fibrin mesh surrounding the aggregates. The thrombi formed at Epon plate-blood interfaces were viewed with an electron microscope. Plates made of Epon embedding epoxy were used as the foreign surface exposed to blood, and the plates and fixed initial thrombi formed on them were embedded in more Epon. A layer of heavy metal staining, noncellular material was found covering the surface of the plates exposed to blood, with platelets deposited on this layer. Since platelets were not found adherent to the foreign surfaces directly, it is our postulate that the intervening film “conditions” the surface preliminary to platelet adhesion.
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    Evolution of enzyme activities and fibrin formation after contact of plasma with glass (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: At least ten proteins play a role in normal blood coagulation. Nine of these are important in coagulation promoted by contact with glass, and are probably involved in coagulation triggered by other surfaces. These proteins have been established as separate entities by the existence of human mutants who lack, on an inherited basis, the ability to synthesize one of them. They have been assigned Roman numerals until their chemistry and mode of catalysis are better understood. Several of them have been substantially purified. Experiments with purified preparations indicate that they interact in pairs. Thrombin (activated factor II) converts fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin by controlled partial proteolysis; the same mechanism probably operates in the conversion of factor IX to activated factor IX by activated factor XI, and gel filtration experiments are presented here which support this view. Similarly, partial proteolysis is probably the mechanism whereby thrombin converts factor XIII to activated factor XIII. Activated factor XIII converts fibrin from a urea-soluble form to a urea-insoluble form by transpeptidation between a glutamine residue on one fibrin strand and a lysine e-amino residue on an adjacent fibrin strand. In general, when a pair of coagulation proteins interacts, one of them, the enzyme, converts the second from enzyme, which then catalyzes yet another similar reaction. The probable exceptions to this rule are factors VIII and V, which interact with phospholipid and another protein in a more complex manner.
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    Effects of proteins on elution of heparin from anticoagulant surfaces (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Exposure of heparin-bearing anticoagulant materials to whole blood, plasma, or serum has been shown to lead to partial elution of heparin. Similar effects are obtained when graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) or poly-4-vinyl-pyridine-heparin (PVPyrH) surfaces are exposed to bovine plasma protein fractions. Loss of heparin from these anticoagulant materials appears to be dependent on the nature of the cationic surface and on the particular protein fraction used. With whole blood and plasma, and with most of the protein fractions studied, it was found that a larger fraction of the original heparin was eluted from GBH than from PVPyrH. Surfaces exposed to bovine Cohn fraction IV lost considerably more heparin than similar surfaces exposed to Cohn fractions I, II, III, or V, and fraction V removed less than the others, at the same or higher concentrations, and less from PVPyrH than from GBH.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030110
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  • 195
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    Interaction of blood and tissue cells with foreign surfaces (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 115-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The compatibility of candidate implant materials with living cells was evaluated in vitro. The materials and their interaction with living human blood and tissue cells were observed, recorded, and analyzed by means of reflected light interference microscopy. Blood cells-materials interfaces were prepared by incubating the materials in contanct with whole blood or platelet-rich plasma. The interaction between the materials and the cells was examined either in a static or a dynamic flow system, and recorded by photography or cinemicrography. The tissue cell-materials interfaces were prepared by cultivating animal and human cells as a monolayer directly on the surface of the material to be evaluated. The resulting implant-cell specimens are suitable for histological fixation and subsequent analysis by modern evaluation techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis by electron microprobe. These studies can be performed on the same implant specimen before, and following its exposure to the biological material. Furthermore, separate analyses of the implant and biochemical analyses of the cells and culture medium can be carried out before and after the interaction. These techniques have been used to investigate the interaction of blood and tissue cells with a variety of promising implant candidate materials such as polymers, metals, glass, and carbon surfaces. As a result of these studies, a number of observations have been made which may be of practical significance to the design engineer in developing and evaluating the safety of prosthetic materials for use in the human body.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030111
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  • 196
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    Specfific coagulation factor adsorption as related to functional groups on surfaces (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Factor assays of normal citrated plasma following incubation with nonleaching heparinized surfaces in high surface area-plasma volume ratios showed a marked pattern of reduction in factor IX activity, with lesser depression of II and X. No or modest effect on other factors was observed. In particular, no significant adsorption of factor XII (Hageman) by either cationic or anionic surfaces, was found. No consistent pattern of effects was seen with a group of strongly anionic surfaces, analogous to the sulfate and sulfamate groupings of the heparin molecule. However, certain members of this class showed profound effects on factor XI.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030113
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  • 197
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    Adsorption of plasma proteins in solution to uncharged, hydrophobic polymer surfaces (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infraref internal reflection spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of certain plasma proteins on a variety of hydrophobic polymer surfaces. The behavior of the systems studied was almost identical. Under Static conditions the proteins appear to be rapidly adsorbed as monomolecular layers from solutions varying in concentration between a few mg-% and normal plasma levels. These monolayers are deduced to be closely packed arrays in which the protein molecules appear to retain their native globular form. The bearing of these results on the mechanism of surface-induced coagulation is significant.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030114
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  • 198
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    Masthead (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030201
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  • 199
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    Employment of hydron polymer antibiotic vehicle in otolaryngology (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hydrophilic poly (glycolmethacrylate) HydronU. S. Trade Mark, National Patent Development Corporation, 375 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. gels were used as vehicles for selected antibiotics. Polymer vehicles with various antibiotics were prepared and their biological activity tested by sensitivity tests on solid and liquid media by means of reference microbe strains. Polymer vehicles with chosen antibiotics were implanted in rats and the rate of diffusion tested in vivo by removing the vehicles at fixed time intervals and ascertaining the content of the remaining antibiotic in the vehicle. In the clinical part, the favorable results of application of antibiotics saturated gel vehicles in tympanoplastic operations and healing of inflammatory states after middle-ear operations are described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030306
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  • 200
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    Nucleation and oriented crystallization apatite in ionotropic gels (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 431-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We regard and handle intercellular tissue like gels with ordered fiber molecules. By this preparative histolysis and histogenesis the formation of bone and tooth can be looked upon as a chemical reaction of a cell-secretion with the interstitial liquid seen as colloidal. The symplex alginate-collagen was directed by diffusion of Ca and H ions and then mineralized like bone and tooth. Collagen in the symplex with alginate gives big pores similar to the spongiosa of bone. Implantation in animals shows healing without rejection and inflammation. The ionotropic gel for a leading structure was remineralized and calcified with hydroxyapatite. Higher temperature gives better crystals by the increasing rate of diffusion and recrystallization. By alternately changing waves of phosphate and calcium, the content of calcium phosphate of the ionotropic gels could be increased to 50%. The mechanical stability was then increased. Waves of ions cause a shrinking of the gel at the same time. This is the reason for the high stability of bone and tooth, shell and pearl. Citrate favors the transformation of the secondary phosphate Brushit into apatite even at room temperature. X-Ray diffractions of these crystals show the formation of 90% apatite in ionotropic gels by directed intermicellar crystallization, and only 10% Brushit.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030305
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