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  • Metabolism
  • Springer  (38)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • PANGAEA
  • 1985-1989  (32)
  • 1965-1969  (6)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of immobilization on growth, substrate consumption, β-galactosidase induction, and byproduct formation inEscherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Metabolism ; Acetate ; Alginate ; Carbon balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some metabolic properties of both suspended and immobilized aerobically and anaerobically growingEscherichia coli cells were investigated. Metabolic activity was found to be substantially different whenE. coli cells were immobilized in alginate. Cells grown immobilized in alginate, and then released from the gel, synthesized 1.6 (aerobic growth) and 4.9 (anaerobic growth) times as much β-galactosidase per cell in response to induction as did suspended cells. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the cell yield from glycerol for immobilized cells was half that for suspended cells. At specific growth rates that were not significantly different from those of suspended cells, immobilized cells consumed glycerol at twice the rate of suspended cells. Immobilized cells produced elevated quantities of acetate, pyruvate, and lactate. Interpretation of these findings is discussed in terms of the kinetics of energy metabolism and the regulation of inducible protein synthesis inE. coli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574081
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nematode feeding and activity: the importance of development stages (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Trophic levels ; Nutrient cycles ; Metabolism ; Mononchida ; Nematoda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nematodes have four juvenile stages and there is significant growth during development. The stages may differ in their respiratory and metabolic rates, and one stage may have significantly greater resistance to environmental stress. The mode of life of successive stages may vary from migratory to sessile. In both the Diplogasterida and Mononchida initial stages may be bacterial-feeding and later stages predatory on protozoa or nematodes. If the role of nematode species in promoting mineralization of nutrients is to be fully understood it is necessary to determine the trophic and metabolic characters of each stage under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260596
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation and metabolism of a fungicide, 2,4,5,6-tetra-chloroisophthalonitrile (TPN) in soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides ; 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile ; TPN ; Metabolism ; Soil conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Degradation of a fungicide, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (TPN) in soil was studied under laboratory conditions. TPN degraded more rapidly under 60% WHC conditions than at 20%, 40% and 100% WHC, while its degradation was rapid at temperatures of 25°C-30°C, evidently due to the microbial degradation. TPN degraded mainly through dechlorination and partly a substitution reaction. The degradation products identified by gas chromatographic analyses were: 2,4,5-trichloroisophthalonitrile (abbreviated as 2,4,5-Cl3-IPN), 2,4,6-Cl3-IPN, 2,4-Cl2-lPN, 2,5-Cl2-IPN, 4-Cl-IPN, 5-Cl-IPN, IPN, 2,5,6-Cl34-(OH)-IPN and 2,5,6-Cl3-4-(OCH3)-IPN. Peaks with longer retention times than that of TPN were not identified. Tentative degradation pathways were proposed on the basis of the identified degradation products. About 90% of the bacterial strains isolated from the soil to which TPN had been added degraded TPN, suggesting enrichment of the soil with TPN-degrading bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00640631
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of excessive acid feeding on bone (1969)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 94-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid ; Base equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bone ; Resorption ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration chronique de chlorure d ammonium à des rats adultes normaux, soumis à un régime contenant un taux approprié de vitamine D, provoque une ostéoporose. Celle-ci est provoquée par une perte de substance d'os et de minéral osseux, associée à l'augmentation de la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Chronische Verabreichung von Ammoniumchlorid an normale ausgewachsene männliche Ratten, die eine entsprechende Vitamin-D-haltige Diät erhalten, verursacht die Entwicklung einer Osteoporose. Die Osteoporose entsteht auf Grund eines Verlustes von Knochensubstanz und Knochenmineral, in Begleitung einer erhöhten Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Excessive administration of ammonium chloride to normal adult male rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin D caused the development of osteoporosis. The osteoporosis was due to loss of bone substance and bone mineral associated with increased bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum calcium and phosphate changes in thyroidectomized dogs (1969)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 188-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serum ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Calcitonin ; Thyroidectomy ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après ablation des glandes thyroïdes de chiens, sans lèser les glandes parathyroïdiennes supérieurs, les taux en calcium et phosphate sériques et la gravité spécifique sont comparées avec des valeurs d'un groupe de chiens, chez lesquels une intervention simulée est réalisée. Immédiatement après thyroïdectomie, le taux de phosphate est plus élevé que le taux de calcium. Ce taux de phosphate se maintient plus longtemps à un niveau élevé que le taux de calcium, après thyroïdectomie. Le rapport entre l'augmentation du phosphate et le taux initial de phosphate sérique chez chaque animal indique des variations normales de la calcitonine d'un animal à l'autre.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Hunden wurde die Thyreoidea entfernt, ohne die Parathyreoidea zu verletzen. Der Gehalt des Serums an Calcium und Phosphat sowie sein spezifisches Gewicht wurden mit den Werten verglichen, welche nach einer Scheinoperation bei einer Kontrollgruppe von Hunden bestimmt wurden. Unmittelbar nach der Thyreoidektomie war der Phosphatspiegel höher als jener des Calciums. Der Phosphatspiegel blieb nach der Thyreoidektomie länger hoch als der Calciumspiegel. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Phosphatanstieg und dem Ausgangswert des Serumphosphates bei jedem Tier wies auf normale Variationen der Calcitonin-Konzentration bei verschiedenen Tieren hin.
    Notes: Abstract The thyroid glands were removed from dogs without interfering with the superior parathyroid glands. Levels of serum calcium, phosphate, and specific gravity were measured subsequently for 24 hours, and these values were compared with values obtained from a control group of dogs in which a mock operation was done. Immediately after thyroidectomy, the level of phosphate was greater than the calcium level. The phosphate level remained high longer after thyroidectomy than did the calcium level. The relationship between the increase in phosphate level and the initial serum phosphate value in each animal indicated normal variations in calcitonin levels in different animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxalic acid metabolism in man: A review (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 115-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxalate-Calcium ; Metabolism ; Metabolic diseases ; Urinary calculi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The incorporation and removal of large amounts of strontium by physiologic mechanisms in mineralized tissues of the rat (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 242-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Boen ; Metabolism ; Rats ; Strontium ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'on a procédé à une étude approfondie sur l'incorporation et l'enlèvement du strontium des os et des dents de rats dans les cas de régimes alimentaires à forte et faible teneur en strontium. Dans le cas d'un régime par ailleurs en tous points satisfaisant, l'adjonction d'une quantité de strontium de masse égale à celle du calcium provoque un phénomene débilitant très severe chez le jeune rat en pleine croissance, et peut même conduire à la mort du sujet. Les effets pathogéniques du strontium ont été découverts par des méthodes utilisées seulement en recherche dans les tissus durs. L'excédent de cellules osseuses, formées à l'origine du fait de la présence de grandes quantités de strontium dans l'alimentation, se résorbe si l'on passe à un regime à faible teneur en strontium. Il apparait qu'il y a deux types d'élimination dustrontium de l'organisme: a) par excrétion, et b) par assimilation dans les tissus durs. L'on n'a plus à démontrer que le strontium s'intègre par transfert dans les incisives. L'on a également observé, chez les sujets expérimentaux aussi bien que chez ceux du groupe de vérification, que des différences dans le taux de sodium et de potassium apparaissent dans les semi-mandibules.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Einlagerung sowie die Resorption von Strontium wurde an Rattenknochen und-zähnen mittels Zugabe von niedrigen und hohen Strontiumdosen zu der Diät untersucht. Wird bei einer sonst befriedigenden Diät Calcium durch äquimolare Strontiummengen ersetzt, so entsteht eine Schwächung bei jungen wachsenden Ratten, die bis zum Tode führen kann. Die pathologischen, durch Strontium entstandenen Veränderungen wurden nur mit denjenigen Methoden verfolgt, die zur Untersuchung der harten Gewebe angewendet werden. Das Übermaß an osteoidem Gewebe, welches ursprünglich bei Zugabe großer Strontiummengen zu der Nahrung entsteht, wird in einer darauffolgenden strontiumarmen Diätperiode resorbiert. Die Resorption des Strontiums scheint an zwei physiologische Prozesse gebunden zu sein: a) Ausscheidung aus dem Organismus; b) Eingliederung in die harten Gewebe. Der Strontiumtransport in den Schneidezähnen ist bewiesen worden. Es wurden auch Unterschiede im Natrium- und Kaliumgehalt des halben Unterkiefers bei Experiment- und Kontrollgruppen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation and removal of strontium from the bones and teeth of rats under conditions of low and high dietary levels of strontium were investigated. In an otherwise satisfactory diet, an amount of strontium equimolar to that of calcium seriously debilitates the young growing rat and may culminate in death. The pathology due to strontium was found by the methods used only in the hard tissues. The excess osteoid formed originally in the presence of large amounts of dietary strontium is removed during a subsequent period of feeding on a low strontium regimen. Strontium removal from participation in physiologic processes appears to be of two types, (a) excretion from the body, and (b) incarceration within the hard tissues. The translocation of strontium to the incisor teeth has been demonstrated. Differences of sodium and potassium contents of the hemi-mandibulae of the experimental and control groups were also observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluoride and bone (1969)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Action ; Therapeutics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02058641
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ascorbic acid on the glycolytic and respiratory metabolism of embryonic chick tibias (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; Tissue Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du tissu osseux, cultivé pendant 5 jours dans un milieu chimiquement défini, présente une augmentation de la consommation en O2 et une diminution de la production d'acide lactique lorsqué de l'acide lactique (50 μg/mI) est présent dans le milieu de culture. Ces paramètres ont été mesurés pendant des incubations de courte durée, en cultures de tissus. En n'ajoutant de l'acide lactique qu'au dernier jour de culture ou pendant les 4 premiers jours, et non le dernier jour, les valeurs en O2 et en acide lactique sont identiques à celles observées lorsque la vitamine est présente pendant 5 jours. Des produits similaires à l'acide ascorbique (50 μg/ml), administrés pendant 5 jours donnent des résultats identiques à ceux de la vitamine C. Une expérience préliminaire pour évaleur la vitesse d'oxydation de l'acide ascorbique dans le milieu de culture a permis de montrer que la vitamine doit être remplacée quotidiennement lorsque les cultures sont traitées avec 20% d'O2 et plus fréquemment avec des concentrations d'O2 plus élevées. Les changements dans le métabolisme énergétique, liés à l'acide ascorbique et observés dans cette étude, indiquent que la vitamine pourraît être un facteur important de stimulation du métabolisme squelettique aérobique.
    Notes: Abstract Bones cultured for 5 days in a chemically defined medium showed an increased O2 consumption and decreased lactic acid production when ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) was present in the culture medium. In this and the following experiments these parameters were measured in short-term incubations following tissue culture. Adding ascorbic acid for only the final day of culture or for the first 4 days and not the final day gave O2 and lactic acid results similar to those obtained when the vitamin was present for all 5 days. Ascorbic acid analogs (50 μg/ml) added for 5 days also exhibited results similar to those for vitamin C. A preliminary experiment to evaluate the oxidation rate of ascorbic acid in the culture medium established that the vitamin must be replenished daily when cultures are gassed with 20% O2 and more frequently with higher O2 concentrations. The ascorbic acid-dependent changes in energy metabolism seen in this study suggest that the vitamin may be an important factor in stimulating skeletal aerobic metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279196
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the substrate range of Clostridium kluyveri; the use of propanol and succinate (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Succinate ; Propanol ; Hexanoate ; Anaerobic ; Metabolism ; Fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri has been extensively studied, but the range of substrates C. kluyveri can use for growth has not been fully explored. The use of propanol and succinate as growth substrates were established. C. kluyveri grows on acetate with propanol replacing ethanol. The principle carbon containing products were propionate, valerate, butyrate and hexanoate with traces of heptanoate. When grown with ethanol and succinate the principle carbon-containing products were acetate, butyrate and hexanoate. Hexanol was found as a product when incubated with ethanol and succinate 4-hydroxybutyrate or 3-butenoate. 5-Hexenoate was also a product of 3-butenoate and ethanol metabolism. The splitting of succinate into 2 acetates was indicated with ethanol providing the necessary reducing equivalents. Hydrogen was also found as a source of reducing equivalents but could not replace ethanol. A mechanism of succinate metabolism to acetate was proposed which accounts for growth yield, energetics considerations, carbon balances, production of side products and intermediates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408056
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermediary carbon metabolism in Frankia (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1986), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Frankia ; Metabolism ; Propionate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Frankia isolate NPI 0136010 was able to use only propionate and acetate as sole carbon sources and was unable to use hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, and trisaccharides. Cell free extracts were surveyed for key enzymes of intermediary carbon metabolism. Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate shunt were detected while enzymes of the pentose phosphate (PP) and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways were absent. “Malic enzyme” was present allowing for the conversion of malate to pyruvate and gluconeogenesis. Radiorespirometric analysis confirmed the operation of the TCA cycle and established the methylmalonyl pathway as the route of propionate metabolism. The uptake of propionate was active and mediated by sulfhydryl groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412796
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melanin biosynthesis and the metabolism of flaviolin and 2-hydroxyjuglone inWangiella dermatitidis (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 234-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chromoblastomycosis ; Enzymes ; Flaviolin ; 2-Hydroxyjuglone ; Melanin ; Metabolism ; Pathogen ; Pigments ; Tricyclazole ; Wangiella dermatitidis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Melanin biosynthesis in the human pathogenWangiella dermatitidis was inhibited by tricyclazole, causing pentaketide melanin metabolites to accumulate in the cultures. One of these metabolites, scytalone, was racemic and thus different than the (+)-enantiomer fromVerticillium dahliae. An albino mutant ofW. dermatitidis metabolized scytalone to a pigment ultrastructurally identical to wild-type melanin. Cell-free homogenates of the wild type carried out typical reductive and dehydrative reactions with known melanin intermediates and the reductive reactions were inhibited by tricyclazole. Other reductive and dehydrative reactions that utilize flaviolin and 2-hydroxyjuglone were studied anaerobically with homogenates from both the wild type and the albino mutant. The homogenates converted flaviolin to 5-hydroxyscytalone and products identical to those obtained from 2-hydroxyjuglone. The albino, in culture, carried out the same reactions with 2-hydroxyjuglone but metabolized flaviolin to a number of unknown colored products apparently through oxidative reactions. Similarities between the melanin pathway and the flaviolin and 2-hydroxyjuglone branch pathways are discussed and tricyclazole is shown to inhibit reductive reactions with naphthols in the three pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693396
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of highly chlorinated PCBs byPseudomonas strain LB400 (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1986), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: PCB ; Degradation ; Metabolism ; Pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) differ in the number and position of chlorine substituents. Although PCBs are degraded, those congoners with five or more chlorines have been considered resistant to bacterial degradation. Metabolism byPseudomonas strain LB400 of PCBs representing a broad spectrum of chlorination patterns and having from two to six chlorines was investigated. Degradation of pure PCB congeners and synthetic congener mixes was measured in resting cell assays with biphenyl- or Luria broth-grown cells. In addition, the appearance of metabolites was followed using HPLC purification, and GC and GC-MS characterization. 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-[14C]hexachlorobiphenyl was also used to follow the accumulation of14C-labeled metabolites. Evidence indicates that LB400 aerobically metabolizes representatives of all major structural classes of PCB's including several congeners which lack adjacent unchlorinated carbon atoms. The mechanisms by which many of these congeners are degraded are not fully understood, but it is apparent that aerobic bacteria can degrade a broader spectrum of PCB congeners than previously believed and that this broad spectrum of degradative competence can exist in a single strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569413
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental variations in the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum of the rat nephron (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane transport ; Metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spatial organization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was examined in all segments of rat nephron. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, impregnated “en bloc” with osmium tetroxide, prepared for and examined by standard (80–100 kV) and high voltage (1 mEV) transmission electron microscopy. In all proximal tubule cells, ER forms a continuous and extensive network of canaliculi and abundant fenestrated saccules which surround mitochondria and cytoplasmic bodies; the cage-like structure of the fenestrated saccules was most evident around the spherical mitochondria of the S3 segment. In the cells of the distal straight and convoluted tubules, the network consists mostly of canaliculi with rare non-fenestrated saccules. The ER network of canaliculi is particularly rich in intercalated cells, in contrast with its rudimentary appearance in the adjacent principal cells of the collecting tubule. In fact, in these cells there are few isolated ER cisternae and they are rarely impregnated. The nuclear envelope is well impregnated in most cells throughout the various segments. Segmental variations in ER organization and its relative abundance are most likely related to the well, established functional heterogeneity of the nephron segments. Moreover, the extensive and unique organization among mitochondria, ER and the basolateral membrane suggests that these three organelles function as a unit which is related to active electrolyte transport. In addition, because of its transepithelial organization, ER may well constitute a transcellular pathway for molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216564
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of P-particles (polysaccharide particles) in mature pollen grains ofEryngium campestre L. (Apiaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 146 (1988), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Apiaceae ; Eryngium campestre ; Metabolism ; Pollen grain ; P-particle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of P-particles (polysaccharide particles) was investigated in mature pollen grains ofEryngium campestre L. Numerous P-particles, originating from dictyosome activity, are found to be accumulated near the apertures, followed by mitochondria. A single layer of ER profiles seems to prevent the fusion of the P-particles with the intine. Instead of this, they fuse with each other forming nonmembrane-bounded polysaccharide-aggregates, which subsequently change their granulated structure to an amorphous. Mitochondria together with small vesicles are involved in the conversion-process. The so formed wall precursors pass through the ER and fuse into the intine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01405914
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bioavailability of three altretamine formulations (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 218-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Altretamine ; Biological availability ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of two altretamine preparations was studied in a randomized cross-over design. The two preparations were compared with a third in a parallel design. Dissolution differences between the preparations were observed, which could give rise to differences in bioavailability caused by the extensive first-pass effect of altretamine. Thein vivo data showed a trend to differences in bioavailability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959414
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterioration of kidney function by high doses of co-trimoxazole in man (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Clearance, renal ; Crystalluria ; Kidney diseases ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pneumocystis carinii ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Trimethoprim
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High doses of co-trimoxazole in a patient withPneumocystis carinii and impaired kidney function (creatinine clearance 10 ml/min) resulted in a declining renal clearance of the drug but did not affect the average creatinine clearance. The renal clearance of sulfamethoxazole and its metabolites 5-hydroxy-, N4-acetyl-, N4-acetyl-5-hydroxysulfamethoxazole decreased 80%, while the renal clearance of trimethoprim decreased 60%. The renal clearance of all compounds was evidently dependent on urine flow. The observed phenomena may be explained by the assumption that crystalluria occurred, obstructing kidney tubules. The crystalluria effect can be reversed by cessation of the drug or by lowering its dosage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01960746
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The metabolic function of the lung (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Anoxemia ; Clearance ; Lung diseases ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Whereas the respiratory function of the lung has been studied extensively, there are only scarce data available concerning the lung's drug clearance capabilities in man. Its metabolic function in hormonally active agents has been documented in animals. To gain insight in this non-respiratory function of the lung knowledge of the architecture of the alveolar-capillary unit and the histochemistry of its different cell types is necessary. Some examples of studies with drugs are presented to illustrate the methods that have been used in metabolic and uptake studies of the lung.
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    Pharmacokinetics of cefradine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and their metabolites in a patient with peritonitis undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 110-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Cefradine ; Clearance ; Kidney diseases ; Metabolism ; Peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory ; Pharmacokinetics ; Protein binding ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Trimethoprim
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cefradine and co-trimoxazole pharmacokinetics were studied in a patient with peritonitis that complicated continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Concentrations in the plasma reached after oral administration of 500 mg cefradine four times daily and 400/80 mg co-trimoxazole four times daily were for cefradine 100μg/ml, for trimethoprim 15μg/ml, and for sulfamethoxazole 100μ/ml, respectively. In the dialysate concentrations were reached of 35–70μ/ml cefradine, 2–5μ/ml trimethoprim and 8–17μg/ml sulfamethoxazole. The values for sulfamethoxazole are regarded too low to be clinically effective. Half-lives protein binding values and CAPD clearances are presented. Low CAPD clearances were obtained during the night and high values during the day. The dosage yielded too high plasma trimethoprim concentrations, while sulfamethoxazole dialysate concentrations were too low. It seems questionable therefore whether co-trimoxazole can be used orally for the treatment of CAPD peritonitis.
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    Etoposide and teniposide (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 101-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chromatography ; Etoposide ; Immunoassay ; Metabolism ; Podophyllotoxin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Teniposide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Etoposide (VP 16-213) and teniposide (VM 26) are semisynthetic epipodophyllotoxin derivatives active against a variety of tumours. The clinical efficacy has led to an increasing interest in these compounds. This review presents information on the mechanism of action, biochemical pharmacology, bioanalysis, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of etoposide and teniposide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959294
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    Pharmacokinetics of nalidixic acid in man: Hydroxylation and glucuronidation (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chromatography, high pressure liquid ; Clearance ; Metabolism ; Nalidixic acid ; Pharmacokinetics ; Protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nalidixic acid is metabolized by hydroxylation to 7-hydroxymethylnalidixic acid∥ and then by oxidation to 7-carboxynalidixic acid.∥ The half-lives of the two elimination phases of nalidixic acid are 0.75 and 2.5 h. The apparent half-lives of the metabolite 7-hydroxymethylnalidixic acid are 2.5 and 5.5 h. Plasma protein binding of nalidixic acid is 95% and that of 7-hydroxymethylnalidixic acid 65%. The renal clearance of nalidixic acid varies between 2 and 25 ml/min and that of 7-hydroxymethylnalidixic acid between 37 and 162 ml/min. Of nalidixic acid 42% is glucuronidated and 40% hydroxylated. Of the hydroxy metabolite 57% is glucuronidated and 32% excreted unchanged. 7-Carboxynalidixic acid is excreted in the urine and is not glucuronidated. The variations in the glucuronidation/ hydroxylation ratio of nalidixic acid and the glucuronidation/renal excretion ratio of the 7-hydroxymethyl metabolite belong to a normal distribution.
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    The influence of ofloxacin and enoxacin on the metabolic pathways of theophylline in healthy volunteers (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 272-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Drug interactions ; Enoxacin ; Metabolism ; Ofloxacin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Theophylline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and its major metabolites were measured in two healthy volunteers, after the administration of theophylline alone and during co-medication with ofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily, or enoxacin, 200 mg twice daily. During enoxacin co-medication, elimination half-lives of theophylline increased from 8.7 h to 17.4 h and from 6.1 h to 12.3 h, respectively. As the renal clearance of theophylline did not change, the decreased elimination of theophylline during enoxacin co-medication must result from a reduced metabolic clearance. Enoxacin co-medication caused a clearly decreased formation of the metabolitesI-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine, formed by N-demethylation, whereas the C-8 oxidation of theophylline was less influenced compared to the blank. Enoxacin's interference with the theophylline disposition is predominantly based on the inhibition of the microsomal N-demethylation. Ofloxacin co-medication did not induce a change in the plasma parameters or renal excretion of theophylline and its metabolites.
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    Simvastatin influences linoleic acid metabolism (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 134-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Blood platelets ; Erythrocytes ; Fatty acids, unsaturated ; Linoleic acid ; Metabolism ; Simvastatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01987959
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    Intra-arterial administration of hexobarbital enantiomers to the rat: disposition and estimation of apparent extraction ratio (1986)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 8 (1986), S. 139-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Blood flow, hepatic ; Clearance ; Enantiomers ; Extraction ratio ; Hexobarbital ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomers of hexobarbital, designated asS(+)-HB andR(−)-HB, were administered intra-arterially to rats in a dose of 25 mg· kg−1. Blood pharmacokinetics of the parent compound and two metabolites as well as urinary excretion of three major metabolites were studied. Using previously obtained data following oral administration ofS(+)-HB andR(−)-HB two different methods for calculation of the hepatic extraction ratio (E) were compared. The metabolite profile in the urine after intra-arterial administration was not basically different from corresponding data on oral administration. The clearance of low-dose, intra-arterially administeredS(+)-HB is useful as an indicator of hepatic blood flow in the rat.
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    Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 86-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Metabolism ; Methotrexate ; Peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and its 7-hydroxy metabolite were studied in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A biphasic plasma-disappearance pattern of methotrexate was observed, with half-lives of 3.5 and 29 hours. The 7-hydroxy metabolite accumulated and showed a very slow rate of elimination, with an estimated final elimination half-life of over 120 hours. The mean peritoneal clearance rate of methotrexate was 0.13 l/h (range 0.05–0.20 l/h), dwell times significantly influenced the clearance rate. Strict monitoring of the methotrexate level, even after low doses, is necessary in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, to prevent serious bone marrow toxicity.
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    Photobinding of some 7-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepines to human plasma protein in vitro and photopharmacology of diazepam in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 10 (1988), S. 122-129 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: 7-Chloro-1,4-benzodiazepines ; Diazepam ; Metabolism ; Phototoxicity ; Protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which diazepam, diazepam-N4-oxide and N4-desoxychlordiazepoxide irreversibly bind to plasma protein upon UV irradiation was determined. Comparison with the results for chlordiazepoxide leads to the conclusion that the N4-oxide function is essential for the occurrence of irreversible bindingin vitro. Investigation of the photopharmacology of diazepam in the rat gave results similar to those for N4-desoxychlordiazepoxide: in contrast with what already had been found for chlordiazepoxide no difference was observed between the pharmacology of diazepam in UV-A irradiated rats and those kept in the dark. Bothin vitro andin vivo data expand the hypothesis to other 7-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepines, according to which the presence of an N4-oxide group is a prerequisite for the occurrence of phototoxicity and that an oxaziridine is the toxic intermediate.
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    Pharmacokinetics: metabolism and renal excretion of quinolones in man (1986)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 8 (1986), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Absorption ; Kidney failure ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Quinolones ; Renal excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The quinolones are relatively poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The elimination proceeds mainly by renal excretion. The half-life of elimination depends on the molecular structure and varies between 2 and 10 h. Impaired kidney function is expected to increase the half-life of elimination. though this effect is not always observed. Since the 4-oxo-metabolites show a higher renal clearance than the parent drug, renal impairment will result in a cumulation of the metabolites in the body.
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    The effect of tick-borne fever on metabolism and renal clearance of sulfadimidine in goats (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 91-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Clearance, renal ; Goats ; Kidney diseases ; Metabolism ; Sulfadimidine ; Tick-borne fever
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The tick-borne fever (TBF) model was used to study the effect of fever on the metabolism of sulfadimidine in goats. During TBF the elimination half-lives were prolonged, and the renal clearance values of sulfadimidine and the majority of its metabolites were markedly diminished compared with those in the uninfected state. During TBF the steady-state levels of the hydroxy metabolites were markedly increased. TBF reduced the extent of hydroxymethylation of the pyrimidine side chain; TBF did not affect acetylation of sulfadimidine. In one goat a progressive accumulation of the metabolites was noticed.
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    Abstracts of Dutch Ph.D. Theses (1986)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 8 (1986), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antipyrine ; Clearance ; Cytochrome P-450 ; Induction ; Inhibition ; Isoenzymes ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02086150
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    The influence of binding to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein on the clearance of drugs by the liver (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 65-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Albumin ; Clearance, hepatic ; Drag transport ; Liver diseases ; Metabolism ; Orosomucoid ; Pharmacokinetics ; Protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The liver is a major site for synthesis and catabolism of plasma proteins. Albumin has various binding sites for anionic drugs,α 1acid glycoprotein possesses a single binding site for cationic drugs. In spite of extensive protein binding, the liver can efficiently remove drags from the circulation. Intrahepatic dissociation of the drag-protein complex may involve dissociation-limited debinding under non-equilibrium conditions or surface interaction-facilitated dissociation phenomena. During liver or renal disease and acute-phase conditions plasma protein binding of drugs may be affected. Changes in the unbound drag fraction do not always result in proportional changes in clearance or distribution volume. Potential changes in the unbound concentration in steady-state as well as the fluctuations in total plasma levels depend on the extent of protein binding of a drug, the relative change in the unbound drug fraction, type of clearance, the size of the distribution volume, route of administration as well as concomitant changes in intrinsic (cellular) clearance function. Optimization of dosage regimens for certain drags and interpretation of liver function tests with diagnostic dyes may largely benefit from determination of the unbound rather than the total concentration of the drags involved.
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    Variability in drug metabolism: importance of genetic constitution (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; Debrisoquine ; Isoenzymes ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Polymorphism (genetics) ; Sparteine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In man wide variability exists in the rate of metabolism of drugs and among factors which contribute to this phenomenon genetic constitution is of major importance. The metabolism of a number of drugs is subject to polymorphism and the frequency distribution of particular pharmacokinetic parameters shows bimodality, with poor (PM) and extensive metabolizers (EM). Acetylation of a number of drugs is known to be polymorphic and the incidence of poor metabolizers varies markedly among different populations. Debrisoquine and sparteine are frequently applied model substrates for the characterization of a polymorphism in oxidative metabolism. Polymorphic drug oxidation may have important clinical implications, because when standard dosage regimens are applied plasma concentrations will reach far above the maximum acceptable in poor metabolizers and consequently side effects may arise. Regarding the multiplicity of the drug oxidizing enzyme system (cytochrome P-450) it could be of interest to combine model substrates in a cocktail to be able to characterize human subjects simultaneously for a number of independent polymorphisms.
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    Changed pharmacokinetics under the influence of age (1987)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 50-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Absorption ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Clearance ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Age significantly affects therapeutics in both general and specific ways. In newborns and in infants various physiological processes are still developing, whereas in elderly there may be decreased efficiency or capacity of physiological processes. Unexpected or ‘idiosyncratic’ responses to drugs in the very old or in the very young often can be explained by age-related changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, end-organ responsiveness and excretion. Adolescence is often associated with rapid growth and changing body composition. Special problems with adolescents are poor compliance and drug abuse. Adults show a rather stable pharmacokinetic profile, although the cardiac output diminishes and the peripheral resistance increases about 1% annually. Exposure to enzyme-inducing agents (nicotine, cimetidine) influences the pharmacokinetic parameters of both adolescents and adults.
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    The structure and regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1988), S. 100-106 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Phosphoglucose isomerease ; Regulation ; Metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and sequenced the PGI1 gene, encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9), from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence predicts subunits of 554 amino acids with a molecular weight of 61230. Both the size and amino acid composition correlate well with measurements from purified protein. We have compared the PGI1 protein with the predicted sequence for pig muscle PGI. In spite of some evolutionary divergence the proteins are very similar and there are some highly conserved regions, two of which have been implicated in the active site. It has been suggested that PGI exists in two or more isozyme forms in S. cerevisiae and analogy with ADR2/ADC1 suggests that such PGI isozymes might also be differentially regulated during glycolytic/gluconeogenic growth. We have used accurate quantitation of PGI1 mRNA and gene fusions of PGI1 to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli to show that PGI1 transcription is regulated neither between glycolytic and gluconeogenic growth nor between exponential and stationary phase. The complete lack of PGI activity in PGI1 deletion mutants and of differential regulation suggests that the isozymes of PGI might result merely from processing of the PGI1 gene product.
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    Automated determination of critical oxygen concentration for routinely active fish (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 23 (1988), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Respirometry ; Computer control ; Metabolism ; Lepomis macrochirus ; Low-oxygen tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis We describe an automated respirometer and control system that determines critical (metabolism-limiting) oxygen concentration for routinely active fish. A microcomputer monitors fish metabolic rate as oxygen concentration in the closed respirometer declines; the critical oxygen concentration is signaled by metabolic-rate change, which is resolved via statistically based rules that consider both magnitude and consistency of rate deviations. After the critical oxygen concentration is found, data are written to disk, the respirometer is reoxygenated and another trial is initiated. This sequence can be repeated indefinitely without human intervention, allowing replicate estimates from a single fish. Ideally, metabolic rate should be calculated frequently during a trial, to minimize exposure of the fish to sub-critical oxygen concentrations. However, precision of measurement is limited by ‘noise’ related to length of time interval over which changes in oxygen concentration are determined, respirometer chamber volume, and fish respiration rate. Short time intervals lead to excessive noise, whereas long time intervals result in insufficient numbers of rate measurements. In a respirometer chamber of calculable optimum volume, measurements made by averaging oxygen readings taken very rapidly over two to three minute intervals provide a good compromise. We present data from experiments with bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus, to illustrate the method and show that critical oxygen concentrations identified by the system are consistent with estimates made by humans viewing graphs of the same experiments
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    Nitrate or ammonium nutrition in french bean (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 363-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Metabolism ; Nitrate ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bean Plants were grown in a greenhouse in sand irrigated with nutrient solutions containing either 2 mM NO 3 − or 2 mM NH 4 + . After 45 days fresh weight of NH 4 + plants was half that of NO 3 − plants. Cation concentration in NH 4 + plants was 30% less than in NO 3 − plants. Amino acids (SER, ASN, GLN) accummulated 3 to 10 times more in NH 4 + plants. The concentration of organic acids (malic, malonic, citric) was 10 to 30 times higher in NO 3 − plants. The ATP-costings for the synthesis of amino acids and organic acids in NH 4 + plants was half that of NO 3 − ones: therefore it could not account for the reduction of growth in the ammonium-fed plants.
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    Metabolism of cellobiose and cellulose byBacteroides cellulosolvens (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1987), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Early growth cessation ; Bacteroides cellulosolvens ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolism ofBacteroides cellulosolvens was studied on cellobiose and cellulose as energy and carbon sources. The growth rate was faster on cellobiose; however, growth on cellulose resulted in consumption of 55% more hexose equivalents, and in production of 49% more biomass, and 30% more metabolites (ethanol, acetate, and lactate). On each substrateB. cellulosolvens exhibited two distinct ranges of molar growth yields (Y H g cells/mol hexose). At low substrate concentrations (less than 30 mmol) hexoseY H values were 25.5 for cellulose and 28.5 for cellobiose, while at hexose levels greater than 30 mmolY H values were 13.5 and 15, respectively. Shifts in metabolism towards greater lactic acid production resulted in decreased ATP production; however, this did not cause early growth cessation, as these shifts occurred after the drop inY H.
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    The effect of ambient temperature on the relationship between ventilation and metabolism in a small parrot (Agapornis roseicollis) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 561-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Ventilation ; Metabolism ; Parrots ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Values for basal metabolism, standard tidal volume (V T), standard minute volume ( $$\dot V_{\text{I}} $$ ), and mean extraction efficiency (EO2) in the thermal neutral zone (TNZ) inAgapornis roseicollis (1.84 ml·min−1; 0.95 ml·br−1, STPD; and 33.3 ml·min−1, STPD; and 22.5%; respectively) were all very similar to values for these parameters previously measured inBolborhynchus lineola, a similarly sized, closely related species from a distinctly different habitat. Having both a lower critical temperature (Tlc) below and an upper critical temperature (Tuc) above those ofB. lineola, the TNZ ofA. roseicollis extended from 25° to at least 35°C. The thermal conductance below the TNZ ofA. roseicollis was 14% less than that ofB. lineola. Therefore, at 5°C the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the former is 17% less than that of the latter, and at 35°C it is 20% less. At 5°CA. roseicollis has a lower EO2 and at 35°C a higher EO2 than that ofB. lineola. The patterns of resting energy metabolism and of ventilation ofA. roseicollis and ofB. lineola are consistent with the former species being better suited to living in a more variable thermal environment than the latter. MeanV T has a weak positive correlation with the rate of oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ ) at a constant ambient temperature (T a) but a much stronger correlation when resting $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ increases in response to a decrease inT a.V t is the only ventilatory parameter which is linearly correlated toT a from 35° to −25°C. The data suggest thatT a may have a regulatory effect onV T somewhat independent of $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ or $$\dot V_{\text{I}} $$ .
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    Insulin dosage adjustment using manual methods and computer algorithms: A comparative study (1986)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 577-584 
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    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Automated therapy ; Diabetes ; Glucose homeostasis ; Medical computers ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a three-way comparative study of the responses of computer-simulated diabetic patients to intervention for insulin dosage adjustment either by a diabetologist according to conventional methods or by the patient himself according to either recommended manual methods or a newly developed computerimplementable algorithm. In all cases, insulin dosage adjustment improved glycaemic control. However, the new computer algorithm described in this report was superior both in respect to the speed of improving diabetes control and the avoidance of undesirable hypoglycaemia. We conclude, on the basis of our simulations, that a computer may advantageously be used to accept daily blood glucose estimates and recommend changes in insulin therapy, that these dosage changes should improve glycaemic control (as assessed by reductions in both the mean premeal glycaemia and its variability), and finally that the development of a portable insulin dosage microcomputer device can provide both the patient having diabetes mellitus and his physician with a new and unique method for significantly improving conventional insulin therapy.
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