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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aroma production by spores ofPenicillium roqueforti on a synthetic medium (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Penicillium roqueforti ; Methyl ketone ; Aroma ; Buckwheat ; Volatile loss
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The synthesis of 2-heptanone from the sodium salt of octanoic acid by spores of five strains ofPenicillium roqueforti was studied. The strains showed a high disparity in kinetic behavior. The one selected, which was originally isolated from blue cheese, had a good resistance to substrate inhibition along with a good apparent biotransformation yield (close to 60%). An activator was needed in the incubation medium. The loss of activity of aging spores was reduced by the activator compounds; ethanol exhibited the highest efficiency. When spores were produced on buckwheat seeds with a solid state fermentation technique, the medium itself was an activator source. When the biotransformation reaction was carried out in a stirred aerated fermentor, the volatile loss by air-stream stripping had to be taken into account. No ketone metabolism occurred with the strain used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569435
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fermentation of cheese whey by a mixed culture ofClostridium beijerinckii andBacillus cereus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Cheese whey ; Clostridium beijerinckii ; Bacillus cereus ; Fermentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Fermentation of cheese whey to produce butanol and butyric acid was carried out using a mixed culture ofClostridium beijerinkii andBacillus cereus. Fermentation selectivities were studied by controlling the pH of the system. Controlled pH values higher than 6.5 as well as those below 5.0 were not conducive to butanol production. Maximum product formation was obtained by controlling the pH at 5.5. When compared with the results obtained using the pure culture ofC. beijerinckii, a higher butanol concentration was obtained in the mixed culture without sacrificing the level of butyric acid formed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569437
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Methionine inhibition of thienamycin formation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Thienamycin ; Methionine interference ; Streptomyces cattleya
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Methionine interference in the formation of thienamycin byStreptomyces cattleya is due, to a major extent, to inhibition of enzyme activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569443
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modeling of calcium-induced solubility profiles of casein for biotechnology: Influence of primary structure and posttranslational modification (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Casein ; Solubility profile ; Primary structure ; Posttranslational modification ; Protein functionality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Molecular biology holds the promise of new tools for the food industry which include proteins with tailor-made functionality. Without a fundamental knowledge of the molecular bases of these properties, implementation will be strictly empirical. For example, the phenomena of salt-induced precipitation of proteins (salting-out) and their resolubilization (salting-in) has heretofore been discussed only qualitatively. A quantitative method, using Wyman's theory of thermodynamic linkage, has been developed and tested on the calcium-induced solubility profiles of the major milk proteins, the caseins. Salting-out was described by a salt-binding constant,k 1, andn, the number of moles of salt bound; salting-in was described by the corresponding termsk 2 andm. The magnitude of these parameters indicated involvement of protein phosphate groups in binding and precipitation, but enzymatic dephosphorylation showed significant increases ink 1 andk 2 indicating involvement of carboxylate groups as well. Studies on two genetic variants of αs1-casein indicated the importance of a hydrophobically stabilized intramolecular ion pair in the functionality of the protein. These studies have led to a fuller understanding of the molecular basis for the solubility behavior of caseins and have laid the groundwork for future computer simulation of food protein functionality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569548
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Investigation of differences in the tertiary structures of food proteins by small-angle X-ray scattering (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Food protein ; Milk protein ; Egg protein ; Protein structure, tertiary ; Small-angle scattering ; β-Lactoglobulin ; α-Lactalbumin ; Lysozyme ; Ribonuclease ; Riboflavin-binding protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary With current emphasis in bioengineering on developing new and better structure-function relationships for proteins (e.g., the need for predictability of expected properties prior to cloning), practical and reliable methodology for providing characterization of appropriate features has become of increasing importance. The most potent and detailed technique, X-ray crystallography, has severe limitations: it is so demanding and time-consuming that X-ray coordinates are frequently unavailable for materials of interest; its data relate to static and essentially unhydrated structures, whereas proteins exhibit a variety of dynamic features and function in an aqueous environment; and many proteins of technological importance may never be crystallized. Small-angle X-ray scattering, however, is particularly suitable as a methodology that can provide a substantial number of significant geometric parameters consistent with crystallographic results, that can readily show tertiary structural changes occurring under varying conditions, and that can deal with solutions and gels. Results are presented here from small-angle X-ray scattering investigations of the apo and holo forms of chicken egg-white riboflavin-binding protein, chicken egg-white lysozyme, bovine milk-whey α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, and bovine ribonuclease. We utilize these observations to compare tertiary structures of these proteins as well as conformational changes in these structures, and to provide a basis for discussion of their physical and biological significance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569550
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of the biomacromolecular architecture of eukaryotic and prokaryotic serine proteases (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Serine protease ; Limited proteolysis ; Biomacromolecular architecture ; Genetic engineering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary We have been developing computational approaches to increase our ability to analyze the growing body of three-dimensional structural data with applications centered on the serine proteases and their natural inhibitors and substrates. It is essential that these approaches emphasize the comparison of these macromolecules at the separate levels of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. We assume in our analysis that in functionally related macromolecules (i.e., a family of evolutionarily related enzymes), regions of structural and/or physicochemical similarity will exhibit functional similarity; regions that are different in structure and/or physicochemical properties will function differently and, therefore, be the source of observed specificity. It is the intent of our research to encapsulate such ‘knowledge’ in a form which is capable of observing patterns which may serve as generalizable rules for macrostructural analysis (Liebman, M.N. 1986. Enzyme 36: 150–163), and to serve as the essential ‘tools’ for the rational design of modified serine proteases and/or their natural inhibitors by the methods available through genetic engineering.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569519
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The lipid composition and conversion of tryptamine toN b-acetyltryptamine in aCatharanthus roseus cell line without indole alkaloids (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Catharanthus roseus ; Sterol ester ; Lipid ; Indole alkaloid ; Acetyl coenzyme A ; Tryptamine ; Tryptophan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A cell line, NA13-2, was selected as a rapidly growing colony of protoplasts from a UV(254 nm)-fluorescent cell line, NA13-1, which originated from a tryptamine-resistant strain ofCatharanthus roseus NA13. Cell line NA13-2 lost the capability to produce indole alkaloids. Tryptophan fed to these cells was converted toN b-acetyltryptamine as the major product. The free acetyl coenzyme A content of NA13-2 cells was 50% higher than in the mother cells. The total lipid content of the NA13-2 cells was 2.5-fold that in the NA13 cells. In spite of the similarity in the fatty acid content to that of the mother cell line NA13, the total lipid extract of NA13-2 cells appeared as a wax instead of an oil, resulting from the presence of sterol esters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569529
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protoplast fusion inStreptomyces avermitilis (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Recombination ; Protoplast fusion ; Streptomyces avermitilis ; Avermectin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The power of protoplast fusion as a generally applicable method for obtaining genetic recombination is demonstrated by the recombination of genes involved in avermectin biosynthesis. A backcross ofStreptomyces avermitilis strain MA6202, an improved mutant that had lost the ability to carry out the methylation of the C-5 hydroxyl of the avermectin molecule, with the original soil isolate MA4680 resulted in the recovery of at least one unambiguous recombinant class despite the instability of rifampicin resistance, one of two markers initially used for recombinant selection. Such intrinsic instability is frequently encountered in streptomycete genetics, and this result delineates the utility of protoplast fusion as a genetic tool. Other difficulties addressed include recovery of complementary recombinant classes, differences in recombination frequency due to colony density on regeneration medium, and alteration in plating efficiency on diagnostic media following protoplasting and regeneration. The results of a cross between a nicotinamide auxotroph MRG1003 and a lysine auxotroph MRG 1004 are included to aid in the elucidation of these problems as well as to support the finding of homologous recombination inS. avermitilis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569532
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction of media components during bioreactor sterilization: definition and importance of R0 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Sterilization ; Bioreactor ; Media ; R0 ; F0
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Sterilization of bioreactor media, to destroy viability of the indigenous microbial population, is normally accomplished by autoclaving, or heating with pressurized steam. However, simultaneous chemical changes in media can also be expected to result from the high temperatures. A kinetic procedure involving on-line computer calculation of heat input, designated asF 0 values, was previously developed to estimate sterility achievement. A similar kinetic procedure, based on a general purpose Arrhenius ‘pseudo’ rate equation and designated asR 0 values, has now been designed to evaluate, and control the effects of temperature and heating time on chemical reactions occurring in the media. Data are presented indicating thatR 0 may be a useful parameter for reducing variability in culture metabolism and ‘scale-up’ when these variations result from different nutrient concentrations produced by non-standard heating during media sterilization in stirred bioreactors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574082
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Altered bacterial culture density following exposure to aflatoxins (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Aflatoxin ; Bioassay ; Cell growht ; Bacterium ; Density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Eight species of bacteria were incubated in culture media containing 10 μg/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), or aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). Their culture density at 20°C was determined at four and eight days (d) after inoculation. In all species of bacteria studied (Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Erysipylothrix rusiopathie (insidiosa), Streptococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus spp., andEscherichia coli), AFB1, AFB2 and AFG2 substantially decreased culture sizes at 4 d, but not at 8 d. InB. cereus andP. mirabilis, culture sizes were increased by AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 8 d post inoculation. These results indicate that AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 suppressed initial growth of these species in vitro, while later growth in some species was either unaltered or enhanced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577350
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Germanium toxicity in selected bacterial and yeast strains (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bioaccumulation ; Germanium ; Sensitivity ; Tolerance ; Toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The toxicity of germanium dioxide (GeO2) to 21 bacterial and 13 yeast strains was investigated in liquid broth medium to obtain information on strains tolerant to high (1 to 2 mg/ml) GeO2 concentrations.Arthrobacter sp. NRC 32005,enterobacter aerogenes NRC 2926,Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 andPseudomonas putida NRC 5019 were tolerant to 1 mg/ml GeO2.Bacillus sp. RC607 was able to grow in the presence of 2 mg/ml GeO2 at pH 10 in broth culture. The yeastsCandida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae andPachysolen tannophilus were the most sensitive to GeO2 as evidenced by their diminished growth rates at a GeO2 concentration as low as 0.1 mg/ml. None of the yeast strains tested exhibited growth in the presence of 1 mg/ml GeO2. The high pH of the medium containing germanium may be partially responsible for the growth inhibition of the yeast cultures. Select bacterial cultures previously exposed to 1 mg/ml GeO2 could tolerate and grow better at 2 mg/ml GeO2, suggesting the existence of very efficient adaptive mechanisms. The pH of the medium could modulate GeO2 tolerance and this effect was found to be strain-dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577353
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protoplast formation, L-colony growth, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 and B-593 andClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Clostridium genetics ; Clostridium beijerinckii ; Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Protoplast regeneration ; L-colony
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Protocols for protoplast formation, L-colony cultivation, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592, B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 were developed. Two osmotically reinforced media were formulated. Protoplasts of B-592, B-593, and ATCC 10132 grew as cell wall-deficient forms (L-colonies) when plated on the first medium (BLM) and continued to do so through at least 3 passages on this medium. The second (BRM) permitted the L-colonies to regenerate cell walls after transfer to this medium. TransferredC. beijerinckii B-592 L-colonies reverted to bacillary colonies at a frequency of 25%. Likewise, L-colonies of B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 could be regenerated at frequencies of 7.0 and 8.6%, respectively. Thus, these procedures are suitable for genetic engineering of these industrial microorganisms using protoplast manipulation techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577356
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Purification and properties of xylanase fromAureobasidium (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Auerobasidium ; Color variants ; Xylanase ; Hemicellulase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The yeast-like fungusAureobasidium is a promising source of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) with an exceptionally high specific activity. For enzyme production in volumes of several liters, xylose was the preferred carbon source and inducer. Xylanase in clarified cultures was concentrated by reversible adsorption to cation-exchange matrix to 5% of the initial volume, and recovered at nearly 2 million IU/1. Selective conditions permitted 97% recovery of xylanase with a 1.8-fold enrichment in specific activity, to 70% of purity. The predominant xylanase species (20 kDa) was subsequently purified to 〉99% of homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography. Purified enzyme exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.5, and specific activity of 2100 IU/mg under optimal conditions, determined to be pH 4.5 and 45°C. The activity of purified enzyme was specific for polymeric xylan.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569536
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toxic effects of tin compounds on microorganisms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 375-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Toxicity ; Organotins ; Tin ; Methiltins ; Butyltins ; Tributyltin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Organotins are used for industrial and agricultural purposes and in antibiologic agents. They are significantly more toxic than inorganic tins, and eventually reach the environment where they can be toxic to a wide variety of organisms. Particular attention has been given to tributyltins which are highly toxic components of antifouling paints. Realization that the molecular species of organotin influences fate and effects of organotins led to development of sensitive methods for quantifying individual molecular species. Even though such methods are now available, little information has been obtained on the ability of microorganisms to bioaccumulate tin compounds. Trisubstituted alkyl and aryltins (R3Sn's) are more toxic than disubstituted compounds (R2Sn's) while monosubstituted organotins (RSn's) are still less toxic. R4Sn's are toxic only if they are metabolized to R3Sn's. Among trisubstituted compounds propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, and cyclohexyl Sn's are generally the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area of the tin compound and to the octanol:water partition coefficient,K ow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity; a highK ow indicates greater hydrophobicity and predicts greater toxicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds, for a number of biological, physical and chemical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although little is known of the effects of tin compounds on microbial processes, a number of bacterial processes can be inhibited by organotins and all relate to membrane functions. They include effects on energy transduction, solute transport and retention and oxidation of substrates. Very little is known of how organotins exert their toxic effects on algae and fungi; Information on effects on chloroplasts and mitochondria stems principally from animal systems and from higher plants. Triorganotins act against chloroplasts and mitochondria by causing swelling, by acting as ionophores and by acting against ATPase, while diorganotins appear to act by binding to dithiol groups on enzymes and cofactors. Nucleic acids do not seem to be affected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Virtually nothing is known of the action of tin compounds on microbial enzymes, but resistant mutants are easy to obtain and should facilitate work to understand modes of microbial interaction with tin compounds and mechanisms of resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569539
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enzymatic characterization ofBacilli from food packaging paper and board machines (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 419-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus ; Paper and board machines ; Starch degrading enzymes ; Cellulase ; Proteases ; Slimicides ; Food packaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Aerobic spore-forming bacteria were found dominant in the microflora of food packaging paper and board. Twenty-five strains of bacteria belonging to the genusBacillus were isolated from these paper and board machines, papermaking chemicals, and final products of papermaking. Nineteen strains were analyzed for production of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, β-glucanase, carboxymethyl cellulase, and caseinase, and also for resistance towards industrial biocides. pH and temperature optima for the activity of the enzymes were determined. All strains were found to produce one or more of the enzymes studied. The amylolytic enzymes of most strains had high temperature optima for activity. Vegetative cells of all strains were found very resistant towards the different commercial slimicides used in paper and board mills. This property together with the ability to survive through the dry end of the machine to the final board and paper, and the production of enzymes degrading papermaking chemicals makes these bacteria potentially harmful in paper and board mills.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569637
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in freshwater microcosms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): DNS hybridization ; Gene probe ; Environmental survival ; Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 ; Alcaligenes A5
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The effectiveness of gene probe methods for tracking genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in the environment was tested by inoculating nutrient-supplemented freshwater microcosms withAlcaligenes A5 (a naturally occurring 4-chlorobiphenyl degrader) orPseudomonas cepacia AC1100 (a genetically engineered 2, 4, 5 T-degrader) and following the fates of the introduced bacterial populations. Colony hybridization of the viable heterotrophic bacterial populations and dot blot hybridization of DNA recovered from the total microcosm microbial communities showed persistence of bothAlcaligenes A5 andP. cepacia AC1100 in the microcosms in the presence and absence of the xenobiotic substrates that these organisms biodegrade. Although there was a gradual decline in the added populations, both of the bacterial populatins were still detected in the microcosms two months after their introduction into the microcosms. Addition of 2, 4, 5-T enhanced the survival ofP. cepacia AC1100 — and 4-chlorobiphenyl addition resulted in increased levels ofAlcaligenes A5. The results indicate that both organisms may persist for very long periods in freshwater habitats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569640
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Anaerobic biotransformations of pollutant chemicals in aquifers (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Aquifer ; Biodegradation, anaerobic ; Pollutant ; Groundwater ; Methanogenesis ; Sulfate-reduction ; Ecology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Anaerobic microbial communities sampled from either a methanogenic or sulfate-reducing aquifer site have been tested for their ability to degrade a variety of groundwater pollutants, including halogenated aromatic compounds, simple alkyl phenols and tetrachloroethylene. The haloaromatic chemicals were biodegraded in methanogenic incubations but not under sulfate-reducing conditions. The primary degradative event was typically the reductive removal of the aryl halides. Complete dehalogenation of the aromatic moiety was required before substrate mineralization was observed. The lack of dehalogenation activity in sulfatereducing incubations was due, at least in part, to the high levels of sulfate rather than a lack of metabolic potential. In contrast, the degradation of cresol isomers occurred in both types of incubations but proved faster under sulfate-reducing conditions. The requisite microorganisms were enriched and the degradation pathway forp-cresol under the latter conditions involved the anaerobic oxidation of the aryl methyl group. Tetrachloroethylene was also degraded by reductive dehalogenation but under both incubation conditions. The initial conversion of this substrate to trichloroethylene was generally faster under methanogenic conditions. However, the transformation pathway slowed when dichloroethylene was produced and only trace concentrations of vinyl chloride were detected. These results illustrate that pollutant compounds can be biodegraded under anoxic conditions and a knowledge of the predominant ecological conditions is essential for accurate predictions of the transport and fate of such materials in aquifers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569525
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pullulan production by color variant strains ofAureobasidium pullulans (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Aureobasidium pullulans ; Color variant ; Cornstarch ; Pullulan ; Regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Naturally occurring ‘color variant’ strains ofAureobasidium pullulans are distinguished from typical strains by their brilliant pigmentation, overproduction of secreted enzymes (xylanase), and low DNA relatedness. Color variants have not previously been examined for pullulan secretion. Among five independently isolated color variants, strains NRRL Y-12,974 and YB-4026 made the greatest amounts of pullulan from cornstarch, with conversion efficiencies of about 10%. Neither color variant nor typical strains made significant amounts of pullulan from the unconventional lactose or xylan substrates. Pullulan yields were inversely correlated with biomass production. Pullulan production thus appears to be a variable characteristic of both color variant and typically pigmented strains ofA. pullulans, regulated by specific inducers during growth limitation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569581
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Method for the preparation of stabile microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Granulation ; Lactic acid bacteria ; Culture ; Coating ; Microencapsulation ; Stabilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A method to produce viable and stabile dry microorganisms for food and agricultural purposes was developed. Spray-dried, freeze-dried or liquid culture concentrates of lactic acid-producing bacteria were mixed with various bulking agents to form a homogeneous wet granulation having a water content of 35–60% (w/w). The wet granulation was extruded through a dye onto a spinning plate (350–500 rpm) of a spheronizing device which resulted in the formation of discrete spherical particles. After forming spheres, the aggregate cell particles, both coated and uncoated, were dried to a moisture level of 5–10% using a temperature below the microorganism's optimum growth temperature. The coated and uncoated products were stored at different temperatures and periodically sampled to determine stability. Uncoated cell particles were more stabile at 4°C than at 22°C for 76 days. While both coated (with sodium alginate or carboxymethyl-cellulose) and uncoated particles showed similar stability at 4°C, at higher storage temperatures the applied coating improved the storage stability of the culture particles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569583
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adsorption ofTrichoderma reesei cellulases on protein-extracted lucerne fibers (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Adsorption ; Cellulase ; Cellulose ; Lucerne fiber ; Trichoderma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Protein-extracted lucerne fibers (PELF) had a higher adsorptive capacity forTrichoderma reesei cellulases than a variety of other cellulosic substrates compared on an equal carbohydrate basis. Adsorption at room temperature reached a maximum at about 5 min; desorption was directly proportional to the extent of carbohydrate solubilization. Cellulase binding conformed to a Langmuir isotherm; the maximum cellulasebinding capacity of PELF was 111 filter paper units per g dry weight. About 85% of the cellulase was recovered in the soluble fraction after PELF hydrolysis. Soluble carbohydrates in the hydrolysate inhibited cellulase adsorption to fresh substrate (50% inhibition at a hydrolysate concentration of 7% glucose equivalents). The effect of these carbohydrates on cellulase adsorption was a complex one composed of both enhancing and inhibitory influences. Artificial hydrolysates (known sugars in proportions identical to actual hydrolysates) inhibited adsorption, but glucose, cellobiose and xylose resulted in adsorption enhancement. Acid treatment of the hydrolysate to convert oligosaccharides to monomers increased reducing sugar concentrations and eliminated its capacity for adsorption inhibition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569527
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanisms of tetracycline and rifampicin resistance inBacteroides fragilis mutants obtained by ionizing radiation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Anaerobe ; Antibiotic resistance ; Irradiation ; Mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Based on a dose-survival curve, a radiation dose of 3.99 C/kg was used to induce antibiotic-resistant mutants inBacteroides fragilis. Escherichia coli B/r membrane fragments were employed as a reducing agent. Antibiotic-resistant mutants ofB. fragilis were utilized to study the mechanism by which these organisms become resistant to selected chemotherapeutic agents. Decreased accumulation of tetracycline by resistant mutants ofB. fragilis suggests that the resistance to this antibiotic is associated with the outer membrane permeability. There is a marked difference in the inhibitory action of rifampicin on RNA polymerase activity in rifampicin-sensitive and-resistant strains ofB. fragilis. This enzyme is, therefore, the likely target for inhibition of bacterial growth in this anaerobe by rifampicin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569530
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Purification and characterization of a thermostable pullulanase fromThermoactinomyces thalpophilus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 343-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Thermophilic actinomycete ; Actinomycete ; Debranching enzyme ; pullulanolysis ; Saccharification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus No. 15 produced an extracellular pullulanase in an aerobic fermentation with soluble starch, salts, and complex nitrogen sources. Acetone fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration purified the enzyme from cell-free broth 16-fold to an electrophoretically homogeneous state (specific activity, 1352 U/mg protein; yield, 4%). The purified enzyme (estimated MW 79 000) was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 70°C and retained 90% relative activity at 80°C (30 min) in the absence of substrate. The enzyme was activated by Co2+, inhibited by Hg2+, and exhibited enhanced stability in the presence of Ca2+. The enzyme hydrolyzed pullulan (K m 0.32%, w/v) forming maltotriose, and hydrolyzed amylopectin (K m 0.36%, w/v), amylopectin beta-limit dextrin (K m 0.45%, w/v) and glycogen beta-limit dextrin (K m 1.11%, w/v) forming maltotriose and maltose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569555
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ammonium lactate from deproteinized alfalfa juice byStreptococcus faecium (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural by-product ; Fermentation ; Ammonium lactate ; Probiotic
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Deproteinized alfalfa juice is a by-product of the mechanical fractionation of alfalfa to obtain protein. In this work the juice was used as the substrate for the production of ammonium lactate (l-lactic acid) by a strain ofStreptococcus faecium. Batch fermentation with a constant pH of 5.8 gave 27.2 g/l of lactic acid (90% conversion and 1.1 g/l/h productivity) and 6×1012 cells/l after 24 h. Semicontinuous fermentation allowed the conversion of 3-times the volume of deproteinized juice after 44 h, finally giving 29.7 g/l of ammonium lactate (99% conversion and 2.5 g/l/h productivity) and 4–6×1012 cells/l.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569559
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The mechanism of stabilization of actinomycete foams and the prevention of foaming under laboratory conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Nocardia amarae ; Surface tension ; Hydrocarbon affinity ; Montmorillonite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Cultures ofNocardia amarae give rise to cell-stabilized foams in a laboratory scale foaming apparatus. The organism produces a surfactant and the cells are very hydrophobic; factors which, in terms of froth flotation theory, are essential for foam production and transport of the cells from the aqueous to the bubble phase. The addition of montmorillonitic clay to the culture prior to foaming prevents foam stabilization. The results obtained suggest the formation of a salt-dependent, reversible, bacterium-montmorillonite complex which prevents transport of cells to the bubble phase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574075
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of coal source and treatment upon indigenous microbial communities (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Coal leaching ; Desulfurization ; Thiobacilli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The leaching of six Eastern coals was investigated using experimental coal columns subjected to simulated leaching events. Measurements of CO2 assimilation and specific enrichment cultures indicated that the microbial communities of all leachates were dominated by iron- and sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparison of CO2 assimilation rates in leachates and core samples of leached coal indicated that most chemoautotrophs remained within coal columns during leaching. Mean numbers of chemoautotrophic bacteria in leachate samples were correlated with concentrations of dissolved iron and sulfate. Leachates from unwashed, run-of-mine coals contained more chemoautotrophs and more iron and sulfate than did leachates from washed, final product coals. After several leachings, the ratio of sulfur oxidizers to iron oxidizers tended to increase. These data suggest that the chemoautotrophic community of final product coals may be pyritelimited. Aerobic heterotrophs constituted a minor component of the microbial community in leachates from the six coals and their abundance and metabolic activity were apparently not influenced by the beneficiation history of the coal. Changes in rates of acetate metabolism may have been related to microbial succession within the heterotrophic community of coal columns. In all leachates, rates of tritiated methylthymidine assimilation were correlated with rates of acetate incorporation but not with CO2 assimilation, even though autotrophs dominated the microflora. Thus, thymidine assimilation rates appear to reflect activities or growth of mainly heterotrophic microorganisms in leachate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574077
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of immobilization on growth, substrate consumption, β-galactosidase induction, and byproduct formation inEscherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Metabolism ; Acetate ; Alginate ; Carbon balance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Some metabolic properties of both suspended and immobilized aerobically and anaerobically growingEscherichia coli cells were investigated. Metabolic activity was found to be substantially different whenE. coli cells were immobilized in alginate. Cells grown immobilized in alginate, and then released from the gel, synthesized 1.6 (aerobic growth) and 4.9 (anaerobic growth) times as much β-galactosidase per cell in response to induction as did suspended cells. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the cell yield from glycerol for immobilized cells was half that for suspended cells. At specific growth rates that were not significantly different from those of suspended cells, immobilized cells consumed glycerol at twice the rate of suspended cells. Immobilized cells produced elevated quantities of acetate, pyruvate, and lactate. Interpretation of these findings is discussed in terms of the kinetics of energy metabolism and the regulation of inducible protein synthesis inE. coli.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574081
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fructose production by immobilizedArthrobacter cells (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Glucose isomerase ; Immobilization ; K-carrageenan ; Glucose ; Fructose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary ImmobilizedArthrobacter cells (NRRL-B-3728) were used for continuous isomerization of glucose to fructose in a bioreactor system. The system utilized stationary phase (55h) cells (2.2×109 CFU/ml saline) immobilized onto K-carrageenan (3% w/v) beads [cells were heated at 65°C for 10 min to inactivate endogenous proteolytic enzymes]. Immobilized-cell preparations were hardened using three different glutaraldehyde systems. Glutaraldehyde (0.2 M) treated-immobilized cells (pH 7.0, 5°C for 30 min) exhibited good gel strength and high glucose isomerase activities. Maximal bioreactor isomerization of 44% was achieved when a buffered feedstock containing 40% glucose was fed into the column (60°C) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The biological half-life of glucose isomerase activities in this system was 400 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed large numbers of cells distributed within the beads. A thin layer surrounding the beads following glutaraldehyde treatment was mainly due to cross-linking reactions between cell proteins and glutaraldehyde. This layer prevented leaking of cells during continuous isomerization reaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577349
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biodegradation of a dilute waste oil emulsion applied to soil (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Biodegradation ; Landfarming ; Metal-working coolants ; Waste-oil emulsions ; On-site oil disposal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The use of land treatment for disposal of a dilute waste oil emulsion generated by an aluminum rolling industry was investigated. Major components of the waste, identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, were linear and branched (C12−C25) and fatty acid emulsifiers (primarily, isomers of oleic acid). Hexadecane and pristane were readily biodegraded in vitro when added to soil collected from the waste disposal site. Hydrocarbons and fatty acids extracted from the waste were similarly, biodegraded, however, the rate of decomposition may have depended on the history of waste applications to soil collected from the land treatment site. The apparent half-life of resolvable waste hydrocarbons and fatty acids was 9.5 days in soil which had received waste applications averaging 25.4l m−2 wk−1. In contrast, soil receiving either 50.8l m−2 wk−1 or no waste application during summer 1987 apparent exhibited half-lives of 28.1 and 60.3 days, respectively. Waste components were restricted to the upper 48 cm of the soil cores collected from the disposal site. Core samples also provided evidence for biodegradation of hydrocarbons and fatty acids as well as an accumulation of other compounds not readily resolvable by gas chromatography
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577352
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sugar utilization by yeast during fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Sugar uptake ; Yeast ; Brewer's wort
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary When glucose and fructose are fermented separately, the uptake profiles indicate that both sugars are utilized at similar rates. However, when fermentations are conducted in media containing an equal concentration of glucose and fructose, glucose is utilized at approximately twice the rate of fructose. The preferential uptake of glucose also occurred when sucrose, which was first rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by the action of the enzyme invertase, was employed as a substrate. Similar results were observed in the fermentation of brewer's wort and wort containing 30% sucrose and 30% glucose as adjuncts. In addition, the high levels of glucose in the wort exerted severe catabolite repression on maltose utilization in theSaccharmyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) brewing strain. Kinetic analysis of glucose and fructose uptake inSaccharomyces cerevisiae revealed aK m of 1.6 mM for glucose and 20 mM for fructose. Thus, the yeast strain has a higher affinity for glucose than fructose. Growth on glucose or fructose had no repressible effect on the uptake of either sugar. In addition, glucose inhibited fructose uptake by 60% and likewise fructose inhibited, glucose uptake by 40%. These results indicate that glucose and fructose share the same membrane transport components.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577355
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Efficacy of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin againstLegionella pneumophila in industrial cooling water (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 403-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bromochlorodimethylhydantion ; Legionella pneumophila ; Industrial cooling water
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Free residual chlorine and bromine can be generated in water from bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH). Efficacy of chlorine from inorganic sources has been studied extensively, but there is much less information on the efficacy of bromine againstL. pneumophila; only a few efficacy studies of organically-derived. halogen appear in the literature and the results from different studies conflict or are difficult to interpret. This paper describes the efficacy of halogen from BCDMH against planktonic, pure cultureL. pneumophila in an industrial cooling water. There was no difference in efficacy between halogen derived from organic or inorganic sources in controlled laboratory experiments. Effective doses in laboratory studies cannot be translated directly to field applications because of significant differences in the microbiology. However, the data suggest that disinfection (〉99.9% reduction in viability within 10 min) of planktonic, pure cultureL. pneumophila can be achieved with about 1 ppm free residual halogen (expressed as chlorine) from BCDMH in a typical industrial cooling water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569635
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Substrate specificity, de novo synthesis and partial purification of polyphenol oxidase derived from the wood-decay fungus,Coriolus versicolor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Coriolus versicolor ; Wood-decay fungus ; Polyphenol oxidase ; Substrate specificity ; de novo Synthesis ; Partial purification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot Basidiomycete, secretes cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes as well as polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Whereas the former degrade wood polymers, the latter can convert diphenols to diquinones and oligomerize syringic acid, a lignin derivative. Certain phenolic compounds can serve as disease-resistance factors controlling the proliferation of wood-decay fungi within host tissues. BecauseC. vesicolor can be ‘batch-cultured’, overproduction and enhanced secretion of enzymes of biological and commercial interests are feasible. Reported here are the results of attempts to define the timed appearances of intracellular and extracellular PPO, to assess substrate specificity as well as distinguish synthesis versus activation of intracellular PPO and to partially purify extracellular PPO. These efforts were to provide data enabling cell-free synthesis of PPO, cloning of the gene(s) for the oxidase and the establishment of its subcellular route of secretion. Whereas two protein peaks (6 and 12 days in a 16 day time-course) were observed for dialyzed mycelial homogenates, the homogenates' PPO specific activity rose between 4 and 12 days and then declined. Total extracellular protein content climbed from 6 to 15 days for dialyzed growth medium and the medium's PPO specific activity rose at 4 days post-inoculation and except at 9 days increased linearly to 15 days. When aliquots of dialyzed 12 and 15 day media were added to PPO assay mixtures containing catechol and either syringic or gallic acids, statistically significant differences in PPO specific activity between phenolic substrates were noted. Supplementation of cultures with 1.91 μg cycloheximide ml growth medium−1 (control, growth medium only) together with 0.5 μCi [14C]-leucine revealed that cycloheximide inhibited PPO activity and suppressed [14C]-leucine incorporation into TCA-insoluble cytoplasmic protein. As for PPO partial purification, growth medium dialysis followed by 0–30% (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and subsequent 12 000×g dialyzate centrifugation yielded a 3.27-fold enhancement in PPO specific activity within the 12 000×g supernatant. Chromatography of the latter upon DEAE-Sephadex indicated that PPO exchanged with the DEAE counterion as it could be eluted with high ionic strength salt. These results suggest that: the occurrences of intracellular and extracellular PPO are time-dependent, intracellular PPO is de novo synthesized, the preferred substrate for extracellular PPO appears to be catechol and extracellular PPO can be partially purified by a combination of dialysis and ammonium sulfate fractionation as well as possibly DEAE chromatography and/or Sephadex G-150 gel filtration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569537
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A quantitative method for determining the efficacy of algicides in industrial cooling towers (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 429-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Sampling ; Biofilm
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Quantitative sampling of periphyton from natural substrates is difficult and uncommon due to the nonhomogenous and irregular nature of most natural substrates. This paper describes an experimentally verified method for quantitative sampling of periphyton directly from the relatively homogenous and regular upper deck of a cooling tower.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569638
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of computerized infrared and Raman spectroscopy to conformation studies of casein and other food proteins (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 73-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Spectroscopy, computerized ; IR spectroscopy ; Raman spectroscopy ; Protein structure-function relationship ; Conformation study
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The ability of modern biotechnology to produce new or modified proteins has outpaced current understanding of the relationship between protein structure and protein function. Resolution-enhanced infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are excellent non-destructive techniques for investigating the secondary structure of proteins under a wide variety of conditions. The techniques yield rapid, reliable estimates of the proportion of helical structure, β-strands, and turns of proteins in solution, as gels, or as solids. These methodologies can also detect subtle variations in protein conformation that frequently occur upon change of the biomolecular environment. In particular, it is possible to study structural changes which arise from alterations in pH, ionic strength, nature of solvent, and from interactions with other molecules or ions, such as another protein or Ca2+ ions. The first part of this paper will briefly review various important aspects of the techniques. The subsequent part describes application to structural problems of casein and other food proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569549
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spheroplast formation and partial purification of microbodies from hydrocarbon-grown cells ofCladosporium resinae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Cladosporium resinae ; Microbody ; Catalase ; Spheroplast ; Hydrocarbon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Cells ofCladosporium resinae form greater numbers of microbodies when grown onn-alkanes than when grown on glucose. To facilitate isolation of microbodies, hydrocarbon-grown cells were spheroplasted. Of four spheroplasting agents and five osmotic supports examined, best results were obtained after a 4-h incubation with Novozym 234 plus chitinase and with 0.8 M sorbitol as osmotic support. Equal numbers of spheroplasts were obtained at pH 5.8 and at pH 7.0. Catalase was used as a marker for microbodies and cytochrome-c oxidase as a marker for mitochondria. Urate oxidase, a second marker for microbodies, was not detected in cell extracts. Microbodies were extremely fragile; of eight spheroplast disruption techniques attempted, the best yield of microbodies was obtained using a Teflon homogenizer for 5 min. Microbodies were partially purified by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Best results were obtained with discontinuous Percoll gradients which yielded a fraction enriched in microbodies and one enriched in mitochondria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569552
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Filamentous growth ofPseudomonas aeruginosa (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Biofilm ; Plasticity ; Adherent bacteria ; Elongation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The growth of two strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa in stirred batch cultures was monitored by optical density, DNA concentration, and acridine orange direct cell count measurements. Growth of adherent bacteria in pure culture was also observed on suspended glass discs by light and scanning electron microscopy. Strain MUCOID produced significant numbers of filamentous cells in broth culture and in the adherent population, while strain PAO 381 did not produce elongated cells. Filamentous growth of MUCOID could be prevented by the addition of 5 × 10−2 M Mg2+. However, the addition of 0.66 mM EDTA caused an increased proportion of the population (〉50%) of MUCOID cells to become filamentous in broth culture. The results are discussed and related to theories regarding bacterial plasticity, and filamentation of normally bacillary cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569520
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Copper retention by a strain ofBacillus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Copper ; Retention ; Bacillus ; Resting cell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A survey has been made of the copper accumulation by resting cells of bacteria selected as copper-resistant, isolated from activated sludges. The best selected strain, classified asBacillus, retained copper at up to 3.8% of its cell dry weight. These values were lower in the presence of glucose, unlike a type culture ofBacillus cereus, in which the retention of copper was higher when glucose was present. Possible reasons for these changes in uptake of both strains are suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569578
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial metabolism and detoxification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 211-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial metabolism ; Fungi ; 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ; Cunninghamella elegans ; Syncephalastrum racemosum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Six strains of fungi grown on Sabouraud dextrose broth in the presence of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were surveyed for their ability to metabolize DMBA. Experiments with [14C]DMBA indicated that the extent of formation of organic-soluble metabolites ranged from 6 to 28% after 5 days of incubation, depending on the organism tested. The yields of water-soluble metabolites also varied, and ranged from 1 to 33% after 5 days.Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112 andSyncephalastrum racemosum UT-70 exhibited the highest DMBA-metabolizing activity among the organisms surveyed.S. racemosum metabolized DMBA primarily to 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHM-12-MBA)_ and 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-diOHMBA). Minor metabolites included 7-OHM-12-MBA-trans-5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols, and glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of phenolic derivatives of DMBA. In contrast, the major DMBA metabolites produced byC. elegans were water-soluble. The predominant organic-soluble metabolites produced byC. elegans included 7-OHM-12-MBA-trans-5,6-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols. DMBA-trans-3,4-dihydrodiol was also detected. Circular dichroism spectral analysis revealed that the major enantiomer of the 7-OHM-12-MBA-trans-8,9-dihydrodiol formed by each organism has anS,S absolute configuration, while the major enantiomers of the 5,6-, 10,11- and 3,4-dihydrodiols had anR,R configuration. The mutagenic activity of extracts fromS. racemosum exposed to DMBA were determined inSalmonella typhimurium TA98. The mutagenicity of DMBA decreased by 36% over a period of 5 days as 33% of the compound was metabolized. Comparison of these results with previously reported results in mammalian systems suggests that there are similarities and differences between the fungal and mammalian oxidation of DMBA and that the overall balance of fungal metabolism is towards a detoxification rather than a bioactivation pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569579
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Screening of yeasts for production of xylitol fromd-xylose and some factors which affect xylitol yield inCandida guilliermondii (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Hemicellulose ; Fermentation ; Polyol ; Pentose ; d-Xylose ; Xylitol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The ability to convertd-xylose to xylitol was screened in 44 yeasts from five genera. All but two of the strains produced some xylitol with varying rates and yields. The best xylitol producers were localized largely in the speciesCandida guilliermondii andC. tropicalis. Factors affecting xylitol production by a selectedC. guilliermondii strain, FTI-20037, were investigated. The results showed that xylitol yield by this strain was affected by the nitrogen source. Yield was highest at 30–35°C, and could be increased with decreasing aeration rate. Using high cell density and a defined medium under aerobic conditions, xylitol yield byC. guilliermondii FTI-20037 from 104 g/ld-xylose was found to be 77.2 g/l. This represented a yield of 81% of the theoretical value, which was computed to be 0.9 mol xylitol per mold-xylose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569582
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An inexpensive insoluble chromogenic substrate for the determination of proteolytic activity (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 259-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Casein ; Chromogenic substrate ; insoluble ; Proteolytic activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A new insoluble chromogenic substrate for the determination of proteolytic activity was developed. This substrate was prepared by incorporating black drawing ink into casein and heating this complex at 200°C for 4 h. It is especially suitable for determining the activity of alkaline bacterial proteinases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569584
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of gene probes in the rapid analysis of natural microbial communities (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Gene probe ; Colony hybridization ; DNA:DNA hybridization ; Community analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Hybridization probes produced from DNA sequences have proven to be a powerful tool in the rapid and sensitive analysis of natural microbial communities. By using function-specific probes, such as those identifying genes coding for photosynthesis, the potential a microbial community has for performing a given function may be rapidly determined. Gene probes have also been used in the identification and isolation of a specific catabolic genotype in less than one-fourth the time required for the conventional culture enrichment technique. Species-specific probes constructed from portions of genes coding for ribosomal RNA have been used for the rapid identification and enumeration of bacterial species in environmental samples. The use of reassociation kinetics as a measure of community diversity and complexity is also discussed. The successful application of this technique to community analysis may reduce the time required from 1 year, for conventional analysis, to 2 weeks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569528
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of whey protein hydrolyzates on the lactic acid fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Whey permeate ; Peptide average molecular weight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved markedly by the addition of enzymehydrolyzed whey protein. Acid concentrations greater than 90 g/l were achieved at a productivity of 4.3 g/l per h and a 98% substrate use. Cell mass concentration reached 6 g/l. The acid productivity achieved is somewhat higher than that typical for fermentation of whole whey. The process economics, based on in-house hydrolyzate preparation, look promising. Presented in this paper are the experimental results showing the effects of hydrolyzate concentration on acid and cell mass production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569696
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    High-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Salt-tolerant enzyme ; Heat-tolerant enzyme ; Depolymerase ; Lyase ; Oligosaccharide ; Viscosity breaker
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A new high-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase suitable as an enzymic viscosity breaker for xanthanbased hydraulic fracture fluids was obtained by soil enrichment growth on xanthan gum incubated at 45°C in the presence of 3% NaCl. The mixed culture produces exoenzymes functional up to 65°C in the presence of salts. Degradation products include the pyruvic acetal of mannose and branched oligosaccharides derived from cleavage of main-chain β-(1→4)-d-glucosyl linkages. Release of the terminal pyruvic acetal ofd-mannose leads to oligosaccharide products that evidently contain the ene-4,5-unsaturated glucuronic acid residue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569797
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative testing and evaluation of hard-surface disinfectants (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Disinfectant ; Hypochlorite ; Chlorine dioxide ; Iodine ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Glutaraldehyde ; Quaternary ammonium compound ; Phenol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The activity of eleven disinfectants againstStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae was determined using a method based on the A.O.A.C. germicidal and detergent sanitizer assay. Based on the activity against the test organisms after 30-and 60-s exposures to each disinfectant, the disinfectant containing chlorine dioxide had the highest biocidal activity in this assay, on a mg/l basis. In addition, a disinfectant containing sodium hypochlorite and a disinfectant containing sodium chlorite performed well, at concentrations below label specifications. The results illustrate the importance of testing disinfectants in the context of their intended use.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569799
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative study of some microbial arabinan-degrading enzymes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Arabinan-degrading enzyme ; Arabanase ; p-Nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinosidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A variety of thermophilic organisms andBacillus species were screened in shake flask culture for arabanase andp-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinosidase activities. Highest arabanase activity was produced by strains ofThielavia terrestris andSporotrichum cellulophilum. Thermoascus aurantiacus and severalBacillus species were most active producers of arabinosidase. Arabinosidases fromBacillus strains had pH optima in the range 5.9–6.7. pH optima of fungal arabinosidases ranged from ≤2.9 to 6.7.Bacillus arabanases had neutral pH optima, whereas fungal arabanases had pH optima in the range 3.7–5.1. In general, arabinosidases were found to be relatively thermostable, retaining 〉70% activity for 3 h at 60°C. TheT. aurantiacus enzyme retained 98% activity at 70°C after 3 h.Bacillus arabanases were relatively unstable. All fungal arabanases except theT. aurantiacus enzyme were fully denatured at 70°C after 3 h.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574074
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Naturally produced isocoumarins: inhibitors of calmodulinsensitive cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Isocoumarin ; Phosphodiesterase ; Enzyme inhibitor ; cGMP phosphodiesterase ; Secondary metabolite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Three isocoumarins have been isolated from a strain ofStreptoverticillium sp. and all inhibit the calmodulin-sensitive cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17, Boehringer Mannheim). Two of the compounds, 6,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl isocoumarin and 6,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl isocoumarin have previously been isolated fromStreptomyces. The third fermentation product, 6,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl isocoumarin, was also found as a metabolite ofCeratocystis minor, a fungal species associated with the blue stain disease of pine [2,3].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574078
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial selective plugging and enhanced oil recovery (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 215-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial enhanced oil recovery ; Microbial selective plugging ; Petroleum microbiology ; Permeability ; Biofouling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The ability of indigenous populations of microorganisms in Berea sandstone to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency and increase oil recovery by in situ growth and metabolism following the injection of nutrients was studied. Cores of differing permeabilities connected in parallel without crossflow and slabs of sandstone with differing permeabilities in capillary contact to allow crossflow were used. The addition of a sucrosenitrate mineral salts medium stimulated the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in the sandstone systems. This resulted in a preferential decrease in permeability in the core or slab with the higher initial permeability, diverted flow into the lower-permeability core or slab and improved the volumetric sweep efficiency. Injectivity into the slab with the lower initial permeability in the crossflow system increased during subsequent nutrient injections. Thus, microbial selective plugging does occur in laboratory systems that have the complex flow patterns observed in petroleum reservoirs without losing the ability to inject fluids into the formation. In situ microbial growth and metabolism increased oil recovery 10 to 38% of the original oil in place. Biogenic gas production accompanied oil production, and much of the gas was entrained within the produced oil suggesting that gas production was an important factor leading to increased oil recovery. Quantitation of the amount of phospholipid in the core confirmed that microbial growth preferentially occurred throughout the core with the higher initial permeability. These data showed that in situ microbial growth in the high-permeability regions improved not only the volumetric sweep efficiency but also the microscopic oil displacement efficiency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574079
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The anaerobic biodegradation ofo-, m- andp-cresol by sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment cultures obtained from a shallow anoxic aquifer (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Sulfate-reduction ; Anaerobic biodegradation ; Ground water ; Bacterial enrichment ; Phenol ; Cresol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichments were obtained from a shallow anoxic aquifer for their ability to metabolize eithero-, m-, orp-cresol. GC/MS and simultaneous adaptation experiments suggested that the anaerobic decomposition ofp-cresol proceeds by the initial oxidation of the aryl methyl group to formp-hydroxybenzoic acid. This intermediate was then converted to benzoic acid. Benzoic acid and a hydroxybenzaldehyde were also found in spent culture fluids from ano-cresol-degrading enrichment culture. This result, in addition to others, suggested thato-cresol may also be anaerobically degraded by the oxidation of the methyl substituent. An alternate pathway for anaerobicm-cresol decomposition might exist. Enrichment cultures obtained with eitherp- oro-cresol degraded both of these substrates but notm-cresol. In contrast, am-cresol enrichment culture did not metabolize theortho orpara isomers. Anaerobic biodegradation in all enrichment cultures was inhibited by molybdate and oxygen, and was dependent on the presence of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. The stoichiometry of sulfate-reduction and substrate depletion by the various enrichment cultures indicated that the parent cresol isomers were completely mineralized. This result was confirmed by the conversion of14C-labeledp-cresol to14CO2. These results help clarify the fate of alkylated aromatic chemicals in anoxic aquifers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577348
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of organotin and organolead compounds on yeasts (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Lead ; Organotins ; Organoleads ; Tin ; Tributyltin ; Yeasts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Four methods were used to screen nine organotin and two organolead compounds for toxicity to 29 yeasts, representing 10 genera. Center well diffusion plates were useful in comparing the sensitivity of yeasts to the most toxic organometals but were not useful for comparisons between compounds because of differences in diffusion rates and lack of sensitivity. Two-layer diffusion plates (density gradient plates) were also of limited use for comparisons between compounds but provided quantitative information on toxicity and allowed comparisons between organisms. Two-dimensional diffusion plates were useful for estimating the effect of pH on organometal toxicity. Release of K+ from cell suspensions measured using a K+-electrode provided quantitative information and allowed comparisons between compounds and organisms. The presence of 3% NaCl in cell suspensions decreased the rates and extent of organotin-induced K+ release. Yeasts varied in their sensitivity from strain to strain, but tributyltin was the most toxic compound tested. Mono- and dimethyltins were the least toxic. Triphenyltin, dibutyltin, monobutyltin, trimethyltin, triethyltin, diethyllead, diethyltin, and dimethylleads showed intermediate toxicity, but triphenyltin and monobutyltin were the most toxic among the group.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577351
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Proteins as potential bacterial growth inhibitors in foods: Suppression of the activity of water by proteins as determined by NMR relaxation methods (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacterial growth retardation ; Suppression of the activity of water ; Protein hydration ; Deuterium NMR relaxation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Food microbiologists have long known that suppression of the activity of water,a w, can retard microbial growth in food systems. Traditionally,a w, suppression has been achieved by addition of salts or humectants to foods. To limit the amount of preservatives added to food products, studies were initiated to assess the feasibility of using proteins to suppressa w to a practical value for retarding bacterial growth and to determine the optimum environmental condition for maximizing this effect for milk proteins. New expressions were developed relating observed longitudinal and transverse NMR relaxation rates, in the absence of cross-relaxation, to protein hydration $$\bar \upsilon _w $$ , to the protein activity coefficient, γp, and to the correlation time of the bound water, τc. From γp, the second virial coefficient of the protein,B o, can be found. By use of $$\bar \upsilon _w $$ andB o,a w could then be directly evaluated at any protein concentration. Resulting expressions were tested by2H-NMR relaxation measurements made as a function of protein concentration, for: β-lactoglobulin A (the major whey protein) under nonassociating (pH 6.0) and associating (pH 4.65) conditions; and for casein (the major milk protein) in the micellar (with added Ca2+) and submicellar (without Ca2+) forms. Values ofa w calculated from these2H-NMR data show that casein, at all the concentrations and temperatures examined, suppressesa w more than does β-lactoglobulin A because of a largerB o. In turn, micellar casein suppressesa w to a larger extent than does submicellar casein because of a larger $$\bar \upsilon _w $$ . Extrapolation ofa w at 4°C to a concentration ten times that in normal milk yields a value, ofa w of less than 0.95, at whichSalmonella and some strains ofClostridium botulinum no longer grow. These results are in agreement with what is known about storageability of condensed milk. Generalizations regarding the types of proteins and cosolutes to be used for suppressinga w will be discussed. Structural information on these proteins calculated from τc will also be presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569521
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trichothecene biosynthesis inGibberella pulicaris: Inheritance of C−8 hydroxylation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Trichothecene ; Gibberella pulicaris ; Fusarium sambucinum ; Diacetoxyscirpenol ; Acetylneosolaniol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Naturally occurring strains ofGibberella pulicaris (Fusarium sambucinum) produce different kinds and levels of trichothecene toxins. Progeny from crosses between strains which produce trichothecenes with an oxygen-containing group at C−8 (C8+) and those that do not (C8−) can segregate in a 1∶1 ratio for this trait. These results define a genetic locus, which we have designatedTox1. The segregation patterns observed for progeny obtained from crosses between high-toxin producers and low-toxin producers indicate that the level of toxin production is determined by several loci. One gene which controls quantitative aspects of toxin production segregates independently of both theTox1 locus and another locus which controls toxin levels. These results suggest that multiple, unlinked nuclear loci are involved in the control of trichothecene biosynthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569523
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial transformations of tin and tin compounds (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Tin ; Microbial transformation ; Methylation of tin ; Methyltin ; Butyltin ; Organotin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The use of organotins for agricultural and industrial purposes and in the marine environment has been increasing steadily for more than 20 years. Recently, reliable methodologies have been developed to permit quantification of individual molecular species of organotins in cultures and in the environment. Particular attention has been given to methyltins which can be formed abiotically and by microorganisms, and to tributyltins which are toxic components of effective antifouling paints. In the aquatic environment tin, tributyltins and other organotins accumulate in the surface microlayer, in sediments, and on suspended particulates. Tin compounds are toxic to a variety of organisms and some aquatic organisms can bioaccumulate them. When tin compounds, particularly di-or tri-substituted tins, enter an ecosystem, a portion of the microbial population is killed. Among the survivors are organisms which can methylate inorganic or organic tins, but the relative contribution of biotic and abiotic mechanisms is not clear. While many details of methylations and demethylations need to be worked out, it is clear that transformations of tins can influence the toxicity, volatility and mobility of tin in natural ecosystems. Tributyltins can be debutylated by microorganisms, and hydroxybutyl tins may be intermediates, as they are in mammalian systems. Little is known of the potential and probable microbial transformations of other economically important organotins, but the transformations should be studied for they may have industrial and environmental importance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569577
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A rapid and simple method for staining of the crystal protein ofBacillus thuringiensis (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 227-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus thuringiensis ; Crystal protein ; δ-Endotoxin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A rapid and simple method of staining for the crystal protein (δ-endotoxin or parasporal body) ofBacillus thuringiensis has been developed. Changes in colonial morphology were observed when cells lost their ability to form crystal protein or both crystal protein and spore.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569580
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conversion of cyanide to formate and ammonia by a pseudomonad obtained from industrial wastewater (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation to cyanide ; Cyanide degradation ; Formate ; Pseudomonad ; Industrial wastewater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A cyanide-degrading pseudomonad was isolated by selective enrichment in a chemostat inoculated with coke-plant activated sludge and maintained at a dilution rate of 0.042/h for 60 days with a feed of 10 mg/l cyanide. The isolate, a facultative methylotroph capable of growth on methanol and methylamine, degraded cyanide to formate and ammonia; it could utilize the released ammonia as a nitrogen source but did not further metabolize formate under the experimental conditions employed. Both cyanide-degrading enzyme activity and respiratory resistance to cyanide were inducible and were enhanced by repeated exposure to the compound. Cell-free extracts stoichiometrically converted cyanide to formate and ammonia in a reaction that did not require oxygen. Enzyme activity, lost upon dialysis, was restored by less than equimolar ratios of NAD(P)H or ascorbate to cyanide, indicating that the reductants did not function directly as co-enzymes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569526
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Direct utilization of lactose in clarified cheese whey for xanthan gum synthesis byXanthomonas campestris (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Tn951 lactose gene ; Chromosomal integration vector ; Exopolysaccharide production ; Xanthan gum ; Cheese whey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A derivative ofXanthomonas campestris B1459 was constructed that utilizes lactose in clarified cheese whey for xanthan gum synthesis. Genes conferring lactose utilization carried by transposon Tn951 were inserted into the bacterial chromosome. The ability to use lactose for xanthan gum synthesis was stably inherited and the amount of xanthan produced suggested carbohydrate conversion efficiencies similar to wild-typeX. campestris growing in the presence of glucose. Bench-scale fermentation of this organism and identification of the optimal whey sources and pretreatments can now proceed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569533
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial accumulation of neptunium (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Neptunium ; Metal uptake ; Microorganism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Resting cells of several species of microorganisms removed neptunium (Np) from an aqueous solution. Concentrations of up to 15 mg Np per g cells (dry weight) were obtained. Maximum uptake byMicrococcus luteus occurred in less than 10 min.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569534
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of aeration on antibiotic production byStreptomyces clavuligerus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Cephamycin C ; Dissolved oxygen ; Streptomyces ; Batch fermentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary During the rapid growth phase ofStreptomyces clavuligerus in a 10 litre fermentor, the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to drop to almost zero for a period of approximately 10 h, delaying the appearance of and lowering the production of the antibiotic cephamycin C. Controlling the DO at either 50% or 100% throughout the fermentation did not significantly alter the specific growth rate of the culture, but did elevate final antibiotic levels two- and three-fold respectively. The improved oxygen availability affected antibiotic production both by increasing the rate of specific cephamycin C bisosynthesis and by maintaining this higher rate throughout the production period. These results demonstrate that controlling dissolved oxygen levels close to saturation during periods of rapid growth markedly improves the efficiency and duration of cephamycin C biosynthesis inS. clavuligerus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569557
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mycotoxigenic isolates and toxin production on buckwheat and rice hulls used as bedding materials (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Mycotoxin ; Aflatoxin ; Trichothecene ; Upholstery ; Rice and buckwheat hulls
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A pre-evaluation of the samples of both buckwheat and rice hulls, planned for use as pillow fill-materials, showed the presence ofAspergillus flavus, A glaucus, andPenicillium spp. Buckwheat- and rice-hull media (BHM and RHM) inoculated withA. flavus both supported the production of aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFG1) in the parts per million (ppm) range; BHM yielded approximately twice the quantity of both AFB1 and AFG1 than did RHM. Both BHM and RHM inoculated withFusarium tricinctum yielded trichothecenes (T-2 toxins) in the ppm range, with the BHM producing approximately three times more T-2 toxins than the RHM. Also,F. tricinctum grown on both media produced several metabolites which included HT-2, 3′-OH T-2, neosolariol, T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol. The BHM yielded all of the above, while the RHM failed to support the production of the 3′-OH T-2 toxin. In addition, neither medium inoculated withMyrothecium roridum yielded any detectable levels of macrocyclic trichothecenes. The results indicated that these materials have the potential to become contaminated with mycotoxins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569556
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermal inducible expression of xylose isomerase and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Xylose isomerase ; Enzyme expression ; thermally inducible ; Hollow fiber bioreactor ; Escherichia coli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary TheEscherichia coli xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) has been expressed under the control of a thermal inverting promotor system (att-nutL-p-att-N block) and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor measured. The conversion of xylose to xylulose was inversely proportional to the flow rate and the system operated up to 60°C. The maximum conversion efficiency observed was 19.05% at 55°C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569686
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Liquid holding recovery and photoreactivation of UV-induced damage inStreptococcus lactis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Streptococcus lactis ; UV irradiation ; Liquid holding recovery ; Photoreactivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Repair of ultraviolet-light-induced DNA damage inStreptococcus lactis has been examined. The wild-type strain and its derivative Lac− possess a dark repair system (maximal increase in survival of 4-fold). Enzymatic photoreactivation exists in the two strains but a weaker photoreactivability was found in the Lac− derivative (4 and 2-fold, respectively). Concomitant reduction of UV-induced mutagenesis (Rifr marker) was also studied during these two repair phenomena. The absence of dark repair after saturation of photoreactivation suggests that photoreactivation is much more efficient with pyrimidine dimers as substrate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569688
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Secretion of the sweet-tasting plant protein thaumatin byStreptomyces lividans (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Exported recombinant protein ; Recombinant protein ; β-Galactosidase ; Leader peptide ; Thaumatin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary To produce and direct the export inStreptomyces lividans of the sweet plant protein thaumatin, thaumatin II cDNA was fused in the correct reading frame to the β-galactosidase leader peptide, under the control of the β-galactosidase promoter and ribosome binding site. The export of the recombinant thaumatin may allow the correct formation of the thaumatin disulfide bonds. The recombinant thaumatin was purified from the medium on an S-Sepharose column and detected with western blots by sheep α-thaumatin antibodies. The recombinant thaumatin was the same size as authentic thaumatin and changed position on an acrylamide gel in response to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol in the same manner.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569691
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improved strains for production of xanthan gum by fermentation ofXanthomonas campestris (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Rifampicin ; Bacitracin ; Exopolysaccharide ; Productivity ; Viscosity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Two classes of mutants ofXanthomonas campestris B1459 were isolated that accumulate more xanthan gum than the parental wild-type in culture broths of shake flask cultures and both batch and fed-batch fermentations. The first mutant class was resistant to the antibiotic rifampicin and accumulated, on average, about 20% more xanthan gum than wild-type. The second mutant class, a derivative of the first, was resistant to both bacitracin and rifampicin, and accumulated about 10% more xanthan than its parent. On a weight basis, the viscosities of the polysaccharides made by each strain were not distinguishable. Only a subset of the drug-resistant mutants were overproducers of xanthan. The biochemical basis for the overproduction of xanthan by the mutant strains has not been determined. Both new strains served as recipients for recombinant plasmids bearing ‘xanthan’ genes and further augmented the effects of multiple copies of those genes on xanthan productivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569694
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of whey protein hydrolyzate average molecular weight on the lactic acid fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Endoprotease ; Peptide average molecular weight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved by supplementing the broth with enzyme-hydrolyzed whey protein. Hydrolyzates prepared with endoprotease were more stimulatory to acid production rates than were those prepared with exo/endo protease. The effect of hydrolyzate average molecular weight on acid production is presented. Results show that the hydrolyzate having an average molecular weight of 700 is the most stimulatory to acid production rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569697
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of acetic and butyric acid addition on polysaccharide formation byClostridium acetobutylicum (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 121-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Granulose ; Capsule ; Exopolysaccharide ; Oxido-reduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The production of granulose (an intracellular reserve polygranule), capsule and exopolysaccharide was investigated in a synthetic medium in which the oxido-reduction level was modified by the addition of acetic or butyric acid. After addition of the acids, granulose synthesis increased from 150 to 300 mg glucose equivalents ·1−1 and capsular synthesis decreased by 25%. Exopolysaccharide production was unchanged under these conditions. A hypothesis that attributes a role to the polymer in the oxido-reduction sequences is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569796
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mutants ofXanthomonas campestris defective in secretion of extracellular enzymes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Xanthomonas campestris ; Xanthan gum ; Secretion ; Cellulase ; Amylase ; Pathogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Mutants ofXanthomonas campestris B 1459 were isolated that are defective in secretion of both cellulase and amylase. Both enzymes accumulated in the periplasmic space. The defects in secretion of cellulase or amylase were partly overcome by introducing into the mutants specific multiple copies of DNA cloned fromX. campestris, and presumed to code for cellulase or amylase enzymes. The mutant strains also showed reduced amounts of extracellular pectinase and protease activities, as if the mutants were generally defective for secretion of extracellular enzymes. The mutants showed reduced pathogenesis for turnip seedlings. The secretion-defective mutants may allow production of xanthan gum with reduced cellulose, pectin, protein and starch-degrading enzyme activities, thereby allowing more widespread mixing of microbially produced xanthan gum with these commercially important water-soluble polymers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569798
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth ofRhizopus arrhizus in fermentation media (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizopus arrhizus ; Fungal growth ; Filamentous growth ; Hyphal morphology ; Fermentation medium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Rhizopus arrhizus biomass attached itself to fermentor walls, baffles and impellers when grown in casein/ glucose media. In shake flasks, dispersed filamentous growth was produced in media containing certain concentrations of glucose and soya flour. Other media tested produced pelleted or clumpy growth. Medium initial pH did not affect morphology type. Dispersed growth could not be obtained by addition of detergents, oils and polymers to a clear glucose/soya peptone medium. Addition of maize solids to this medium resulted in dispersed growth which occurred even in the presence of calcium, which in most media caused pellet formation. Mycelia appeared to bind to the maize particles and use these as growth centres thereby preventing pellet or clump formation. Mycelial pellets appeared to originate either from a single spore or by interaction of branched hyphae from different spores. Medium composition and macro-morphology type correlate with differences in hyphal structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569800
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of lethalities in mouse versus goldfish for clinical and food isolates ofAeromonas hydrophila (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Gastroenteritis ; Cytotoxin ; Food safety
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The lethality of 16 clinical or food isolates ofAeromonas hydrophila was assessed by determination of LD50 (i.p.) in mice and goldfish. In mice LD50 values for the variousA. hydrophila strains were similar, ranging from 1.2–21.0×108 cells/animal. A wider range of LD50 values, 0.03–11.8×108 cells/animal, was observed with goldfish. Lethality was not correlated between the two test animals. Further, cytotoxic response in Y-1 adrenal cells did not correlate with lethality in either test animal. It appears that lethality is not a good measure of potential enterotoxigenicity, but may be useful in assessing the invasive character of isolates causing systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574076
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Further studies on the biosynthesis of the avermectins (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Avermectin ; Streptomyces avermitilis ; Biosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The biosynthesis of avermectins was studied further inStreptomyces avermitilis MA5502 by feeding experiments with labeled precursors.13C-NMR analysis of the compounds biosynthesized from [2-13C]acetate, [1,2-13C2]acetate, [3-13C]propionate and [2,3-13C2]propionate confirmed that the aglycone of avermectins is made from seven intact acetate and five propionate units. Feeding experiments with [1-13C]2-methylbutyrate and [1-13C]isobutyrate have shown that 2-methylbutyrate and isobutyrate are immediate precursors of the starter units of the polyketide chains of avermectin ‘a’ and ‘b’ components, respectively. The3H/14C doublelabeling experiments suggest that the two oleandrose moieties are derived from glucose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574080
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermotolerant single cell protein production byKluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Single cell protein ; Sucrose ; Yeast ; Thermotolerance ; Fermentation ; Kluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Amino acid analyses were undertaken on single cell protein (SCP) produced by thermotolerant strains ofKluyveromyces marxianus var.marxianus grown on sugar cane molasses at 40°C. The maximum conversion of available sugars to biomass at 45°C was only 10.8% (g dry wt.·g−1 total sugars). The amino acid composition of the SCP did not differ markedly from that reported for other yeast species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569436
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of polymer differences on fungal penetration of hydrogel lenses (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogel lens ; Fusarium solani ; Curvularia lunata ; Fungi ; Growth in hydrogel lenses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Two chemically distinct types of hydrogel lenses, vifilcon A and bufilcon A, each with a water content of 55%, were challenged in a balanced salts solution withAspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata andFusarium solani. The lenses were cleaned, disinfected and stained after varying periods of incubation and examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For three of the four fungi, the bufilcon A lens was more susceptible to fungal attack than the vifilcon A lens.Curv. lunata produced the greatest number of penetration pegs within 72 h for both lens types. Etching of lens surfaces was observed withC. cladosporioides. In general, the susceptibility of a hydrogel lens to penetration with a fungus appeared to vary with the species of fungus and the chemical composition of the lens.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569439
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of the effect of aluminum metal on poliovirus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminum ; Virus ; Poliovirus ; Inactivation ; Disinfection ; Water treatment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Metallic aluminum has been studied for possible use in conjunction with or as an alternative to conventional soluble disinfectants as applied to drinking and wastewater. Acid-washed aluminum was incubated with [35S]methionine-labeled poliovirus type 1 (LSc) and the counts per min (cpm)/plaque-forming units (pfu) ratio was determined. After 2 h, only 0.013% of the cpm remained in solution, indicating viral adsorption onto the surface of the aluminum. After 76 h, 93% of the cpm returned to solution, while infectivity dropped from 2.2×107 pfu/ml to undetectable levels. This suggests that infectious viruses were adsorbed onto the aluminum surface and released from the surface of the aluminum as non-infectious particles. Analysis by electron microscopy, cesium chloride gradient and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that either dissociation or destruction of the viral capsid proteins occurs during incubation with aluminum, which results in viral inactivation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569440
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experimental formulations ofBacillus sphaericus for the control of anopheline and culicine larvae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus sphaericus ; Bacillus thuringiensis varisraelensis ; Anopheles ; Culex ; Psorophora columbiae ; Microbial control ; Formulation ; Persistence of larvicidal activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Four experimental formulations ofBacillus sphaericus Neide (2362 isolate) were evaluated for larvicidal activity against culicine and anopheline larvae in several natural and artificial habitats. A granular formulation (5% primary powder) was tested against natural populations of mosquitoes in two simulated habitats in Florida and in maturing and reflooded rice fields in Louisiana. Larvae ofCulex quinquefasciatus Say were reduced by 97 and 99% after application of the granules at the rate of 10 kg/ha to polluted tanks and 2.5 kg/ha to sod-lined potholes, respectively. Anopheline andPsorophora columbiae (Dyar and Knab) larvae were reduced by 68 and 92–100%, respectively, after application of 5 kg granules/ha to rice fields. A flowable concentrate (12.8% primary powder) applied to unpolluted and organically enriched habitats in Florida at 0.25 kg/ha reduced populations ofCulex spp. by 93–100% and 99%, respectively. Sustained-release briquets (5% primary powder) applied at the rate of one half briquet/1.8 m2 sod-lined potholes reduced larval populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus by 88–95% for up to 2 weeks in open sunlight. Sustained-release pellets (30% primary powder) applied to small woodland pools in Memphis, TN at the rate of four pellets/pool virtually eliminated larval populations ofCx. restuans Theobald for over 8 days. Variable persistance of larvicidal activity was noted for the other treatments depending on the formulation, target species and habitat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569441
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heat-induced injury inListeria monocytogenes (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Heat-induced injury ; Listeria monocytogenes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Heating ofListeria monocytogenes (Scott A strain) in potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.2) at 52°C for 1 h led to injury, with the heat-injured cells failing to produce colonies on agar medium containing 5% NaCl. The detection of injury was based on the use of differential media: plating on tryptose phosphate broth+2% agar and 1% sodium pyruvate (TPBA+P) and on tryptose phosphate broth+2% agar and 5% NaCl (TPBA+S). Only non-injuredListeria formed colonies on TPBA+S whereas both heat-injured and non-injured cells formed colonies on TPBA+P. The bacterial count on TPBA+P minus that on TPBA+S represents the extent of heat injury. A large number of selective agars were tested and compared to TPBA+P for their ability to support repair and colony formation of heat-injuredL. monocytogenes. Media containing 0.025% phenylethanol, 0.0012–0.0025% acriflavin, 0.1–0.2% potassium tellurite, 0.001% polymyxin B sulfate, 5% NaCl or a combination of these ingredients were detrimental to the recovery of heat-injuredL. monocytogenes. Media currently in use forL. monocytogenes are not satisfactory for the recovery of injured cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569551
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluorometric analysis of iodinated aflatoxin in minicultures ofAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Aflatoxin miniassay ; Fluorescence analysis ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A convenient miniassay for aflatoxin has been developed for cultures ofAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus grown for 3–10 days in 10 ml of a coconut extract medium. The sensitivity of the assay, as measured by photofluorometry (365 nm maximum excitation; 445 nm maximum emission), is of the order of 0.01 μM (3.12 ng/ml) for aflatoxin B1 dissolved in aqueous iodine (0.26 mM). High performance liquid chromatography, monitored by fluorometric analysis of both an aflatoxin B1 standard and selected culture filtrates, confirmed the sensitivity of the assay and indicated specificity for iodine-enhanced fluorescence of aflatoxin in the coconut extract medium. Thin layer chromatography further confirmed the aflatoxin titers and the specificity for enhancement of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in culture filtrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569553
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quality assurance of monoclonal products: Virologic and molecular biologic considerations (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Code of Federal Regulations ; DNA ; Factor 8 ; Food and Drug Administration ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ; Monoclonal antibody ; Polynucleotide ; Safety test ; Sindbis virus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The FDA has set limits concerning the viral and molecular contamination of monoclonal antibody products intended for human use. Industry has an obligation to be as familiar with these limits as it has been with federal requirements pertaining to pyrogens and bacteria. The assessment of risk from polynucleotides, based on molecular biologic and existing technical limitations, is discssed, as is the strategy of validating the purification of monoclonal antibodies of viral contaminants in terms of an indicator organism concept.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569522
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fermentation of starch hydrolysates byLactobacillus plantarum (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacterial α-amylase ; Amyloglucosidase ; Starch hydrolysate ; Tapioca ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; Lactic acid fermentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Lactic acid production by an isolated ofLactobacillus plantarum was standardised on enzyme-hydrolysed tapioca (Manihot esculenta) flour, tapioca starch and soluble starch. Calculated yields of lactic acid (g from 100 g reducing sugars used) in nutrient media containing the abovementioned hydrolysates (10% reducing sugars) were 21.8%, 16.2% and 16.2%, respectively. Higher yields (29–34%) were obtained in media containing 5% reducing sugars. A conversion efficiency of 80–99% was achieved when the acid produced in the broth was neutralised periodically. One hundred milliliters of the medium (5% sugars) yielded 4.0–4.5 g of calcium lactate. These results indicate that unrefined starchy material can be successfully employed for the economic production of lactic acid. The same substrate can also be utilised for biomass production, as viable lactobacilli are being used for therapy in medicine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569524
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of photoreactivating light on survival of ultraviolet-light-irradiatedStreptomyces lividans 66 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Photoreactivation ; Streptomyces lividans ; UV survival ; Visible light
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Biological systems can repair damage induced in their DNA by ultraviolet light (UV). Most cells contain at least three DNA repair pathways, each of which has a marked effect on UV survival. Excision repair and recombinational (postreplication) repair are light-independent whereas photoreactivation (PR), whether enzyzmatic or photochemical, is light-dependent. The specificity of photoreactivation for UV-induced DNA damage allows it to be used as a tool for examining whether premutational DNA lesions are preferred sites for photoreversal; it therefore plays an important role in mutagenesis studies. Evidence is presented here that PR occurs in a time-dependent fashion in three strains ofStreptomyces lividans 66. The effect appears to be independent of temperature and is observed only when PR treatment is given after UV irradiation. The present experiments do not discriminate between enzymatic and photochemical protection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569687
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metabolism of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes by a mixed bacterial culture growing on methane (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Methane-utilizing bacteria ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Trichloroethylene ; Chloroform ; Dichloromethane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Soil was taken from the top 10 cm of a soil column that removed halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the presence of natural gas. This soil was used as an enrichment inoculum to determine that the removals seen in the soil column were in fact of a microbiological nature. Methane served as the source of carbon and energy and was consumed immediately by the enrichments. After several transfers of the enrichments, a stable consortium of at least three bacterial types was obtained. The predominant bacterium was a non-motile, gram-negative coccus. This stable consortium was able to remove chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes when grown with methane and oxygen in the headspace. Methane was required for the removals to be observed. Acetylene inhibited the removals, which further suggests the involvement of methanotrophs. Benzene and toluene were removed by the mixed culture with or without methane in the headspace. Fatty acid analysis of the mixed culture resulted in a profile that indicated that the predominant organism was a type II methanotroph. This study provides further evidence that methanotrophic bacteria are capable of cometabolizing a wide range of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569690
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569693
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569698
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    History of yield improvements in the production of asperlicin byAspergillus alliaceus (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Fermentation development ; Cholecystokinin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The natural product asperlicin is the first nonpeptide antagonist of cholecystokinin isolated from a microbial source. At discovery, production of asperlicin by the original soil isolate ofAspergillus alliaceus was between 15 and 30 mg/l. Selection of natural variants ofA. alliaceus, use of Plackett & Burman and Simplex experimental designs; formulation of synthetic media; amino acid supplementation of production media; analysis of complex nitrogen sources for their amino acid content; evaluation of promising media in fermentors; substitution of glycerol for glucose as a carbon source and rational mutant selection all contributed to titer increases to 〉900 mg/l.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569793
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial ecology of the subsurface at an abandoned creosote waste site (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Ground water ; Biodegradation ; Hydrocarbon ; Adaptation ; Subsurface ; Creosote ; Microorganism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The microbial ecology of pristine, slightly contaminated, and heavily contaminated subsurface materials, and four subsurface materials on the periphery of the plume at an abandoned creosote waste site was investigated. Except for the unsaturated zone of the heavily contaminated material, mineralization of glucose (13.5 ppb) indicated a metabolically active microflora in all subsurface materials. However, mineralization (〈40%) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and 2-methylnaphthalene was observed in contaminated material and material from the periphery of the plume, but not in pristine material. Pentachlorophenol was mineralized in material from the periphery of the plume. Inorganic and organic nutrient amendments and changes in pH and temperature did not increase the extent of mineralization of the aromatic compounds. An array of organic compounds found in creosote were biotransformed in contaminated ground water; however some compounds were still detected after 7 months of incubation. The data suggest that the subsurface microflora in slightly and heavily contaminated subsurface materials and materials from the periphery of the plume has adapted to degrade many compounds found in creosote.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569795
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bacteriocin plasmids ofPediococcus acidilactici (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Bacteriocin ; Plasmid curing ; Phenotype ; Pediococcus acidilactici
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Pediococcus acidilactici strains E, F and H isolated from fermented sausages produced bacteriocins which were protein in nature and inhibitory to a variety of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms often encountered in foods. These strains harbored two to three plasmids ranging in size from 7.4 to 40.2 megadaltons. Curing experiments and plasmid profile analysis indicated the involvement of plasmid DNA with bacteriocin activity in all three strains. Carbohydrate fermentation and antibiotic resistance phenotypes did not appear to be associated with bacteriocin plasmids. Both bacteriocin activity and resistance determinants were linked in strain H and mediated by a 7.4-megadalton plasmid, whereas in strains E and F these two traits were not linked.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574073
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of the growth of microorganisms on diaper absorbent materials (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Diaper ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Escherichia coli ; Candida albicans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Methods were developed to study the effects of absorbent materials from diapers on microbial survival, growth and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production under specified in vitro conditions. Growth of representative skin and fecal flora organisms was equivalent in cultures in which materials from cotton cloth diapers, disposable diapers or disposable diapers containing absorbent gelling material were added as the sole carbon source. In urine used as an enrichment medium, growth of the test organisms in media containing material from the three diaper types was equivalent and no contribution to growth from the diaper material was detected. TSST-1 was not produced byStaphylococcus aureus under conditions in which urine was added to the diaper materials. Pathogenic strains of organisms purposefully introduced onto diapers failed to survive and the few microbial cells normally found in diaper material did not multiply when stored under conditions favorable to microbial growth. The data indicate that all three diaper types tested were the same with respect to growth and survival of representative skin and fecal organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569438
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Buffering as a means for increasing growth and butanol production byClostridium acetobutylicum (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Buffering capacity ; Butyric acid ; undissociated
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The objective of this work was to optimize butanol formation in the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by examining the level of buffering as it affects the dissociation of butyric acid to the less toxic butyrate anion. Experiments were carried out in batch culture using chemically defined (P2) or complex media containing various buffering agents. These included salts of acetate, citrate, phosphate, nitrate, or bicarbonate, representing a range of pK a values and buffering capacities. Growth in highly buffered medium was found to increase the stationary phase cell density, carbohydrate utilization, and the final butanol concentration. At higher levels of buffering, increased growth and elevated concentrations of butyric acid were required to initiate solventogenesis, suggesting the involvement of a critical threshold level of undissociated butyric acid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569442
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of lactic acid on growth and butanediol production byKlebsiella oxytoca (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Klebsiella oxytoca ; 2,3-Butanediol ; Lactic acid ; Ethanol ; Glucose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Production of 2,3-butanediol byKlebsiella oxytoca was enhanced in the presence of low levels (〈8 g/l) of added sodium lactate. Cell growth was inhibited, however, and essentially stopped above 15 g/l added lactate. Levels of by-products (acetic acid and ethanol) were also higher. With 3 g/l lactate and an initial glucose level of 98 g/l, butanediol concentration and productivity increased 164% with 98% utilization of glucose. With high glucose concentration (219 g/l), addition of 2.64 g/l lactate after the growth phase resulted in 81 g/l butanediol, with a productivity of 0.65 g/l/h and 71% glucose utilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569642
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Levan production byBacillus polymyxa (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Fermentation ; Inulin ; Microbial gum ; Polyfructans ; Polysaccharides ; Sucrose ; Fructose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A levan-producing bacterium was isolated from soils and its characteristics for polysaccharide synthesis were studied. A series of enrichment and plating techniques enabled the isolation of a levan-producing bacterium from closely related contaminants. Cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolate identified the organism an a strain ofBacillus polymyxa. The organism produced about 40 g extracellular polysaccharide per liter of sucrose medium, which was about three times more yield than levan obtained from known levan producers. The highest amount of polysaccharide was on a 8% sucrose medium. Hydrolysis of the product showed that the polysaccharide consisted entirely ofd-fructose, and13C.n.m.r. spectra confirmed that the product was levan, a fructose polymer linked by B-(2→6) fructofuranosyl linkage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569641
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sterilization of bioreactor media on the basis of computer calculated thermal input designated asF 0 (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Sterilization ; Bioreactor ; Computer ; F 0 ; Voice synthesizer ; Thermal input
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Industrial fermentation media are normally sterilized with steam to destroy the indigenous microbial population prior to inoculation with a specific microorganism. Because biological validation of each sterilization cycle is impractical, an ‘overkill’ approach is commonly employed on the basis that alteration of heat-sensitive nutrients is less detrimental than survival of indigenous microbes. However, the heat destruction of microbes is known to be a probability function amenable to calculation. A computer has been programmed to calculate the on-line heat input asF 0 values during sterilization of media in stirred bioreactors. The accumulation ofF 0 values is then announced verbally to bioreactor operators by a communications controller with voice synthesizer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569531
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Requirements for the high-level expression of murine interleukin-3 cDNA inEscherichia coli (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 333-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Host strain ; Protein stability ; Western analysis ; Thermoinducible high copy number replicon ; Replicon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Murine interleukin-3 (Mu IL-3) cDNA was previously expressed inEscherichia coli using atac promoter and a constitutive high copy number plasmid vector. We found that significant increases in expression levels could be realized by using thetac promoter for the expression of Mu IL-3 in a plasmid vector possessing a temperature-inducible runaway-replicon. In contrast, use of anlpp promoter under similar conditions did not result in an increase in the Mu IL-3 expression level. Significant differences were observed when the expression levels of IL-3 were monitored in variousE. coli hosts having different genetic backgrounds. A mutant ofE. coli which lacks the protease La was found to increase the level of IL-3 produced. This report describes the effect of a specific protease-deficientE. coli host strain, as well as the effect of different promoters and plasmid replicons on the expression levels and stability of a heterologous gene product.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569554
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Expression of an endoglucanase gene fromClostridium cellulolyticum inEscherichia coli (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulose ; Cloning ; Plasmid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A gene coding for an endoglucanase from the anaerobic cellulolytic bacteriumClostridium cellulolyticum has been cloned by direct selection inEscherichia coli, using the carboxymethyl cellulose-Congo Red assay. The cloned gene has been subcloned in the two possible orientations in pUC plasmids. One of the two resulting constructs exhibited a higher level of expression, which was associated with a high level of plasmid instability. The enzyme synthesized inE. coli from the cloned gene has been characterized by two procedures, maxicells and gel filtration chromatography, as a polypeptide of approximately 40 kilodaltons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569558
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of microbial traits associated with glyphosate biodegradation in industrial activated sludge (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 377-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Glyphosate ; Numerical taxonomy ; Biodegradation ; Activated sludge ; Enumeration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The microorganisms from two industrial (I1, I2) activated sludges that treat glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) wastes and one domestic (D1) sludge were enumerated by microscopic examination and by the use of eight selective media. I1 and I2 had higher total counts but fewer pseudomonads and no yeasts. The enumerations correlated directly with traditional biological performance measurements. A total of 393 microbial strains were isolated from the sludges to correlate the occurrence and relationship of glyphosate-degrading activity (GDA) to 155 biochemical and morphological characteristics. Each activated sludge contained unique bacterial populations with the microbes treating industrial wastes, capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates. Numerical taxonomy (arithmetic average linkage) using simple matching and Jaccard coefficients confirmed that there were five (D1), three (I1), and 12 (I2) clusters. GDA was found in only a small portion of the industrial clusters and did not correlate with any other characteristic tested, even though the GDA strains had a large phenotypic diversity. This suggests that GDA is not a universal trait and its expression requires enrichment through specific selective pressures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569560
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth ofZymomonas on lactose: Gene cloning in combination with mutagenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Zymomonas mobilis ; Growth on lactose ; Cloning ; Mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Wild-type strains ofZymomonas mobilis have a limited substrate range of glucose, fructose and sucrose. In order to expand this substrate range, transconjugants ofZ. mobilis containing Lac+ plasmids have been constructed. Although β-galactosidase is expressed in such strains, they lack the ability to grow on lactose. We now report the development ofZ. mobilis strains capable of growth on lactose. This was achieved in two stages. First, a broad host range plasmid was constructed (pRUT102) which contained the lactose operon under the control of aZ. mobilis promoter plus genes for galactose utilization.Z. mobilis CP4.45 containing pRUT102 was then subjected to mutagenesis combined with continued selection pressure for growth on lactose. One strain,Z. mobilis SB6, produced a turbid culture that yielded 0.25% ethanol from 5% lactose (plus 2% yeast extract) in 15 days.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569689
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A peptide binding chromogenic assay for detecting glycopeptide antibiotics (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Vancomycin ; Fermentation broth ; Cell wall inhibition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A solid-phase peptide binding assay, based on the mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics, was developed for detecting this chemical class of metabolites. Utilizing a pentapeptide (l-alanyl-d-isoglutaminyl-l-lysyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine)-bovine serum albumin conjugate immobilized on the wall of microtiter wells, the binding of the vancomycin-alkaline phosphatase to the peptide could be demonstrated by subsequently monitoring the enzyme activity. The presence of glycopeptides in fermentation broths could be detected and quantified with a competitive binding assay. Peptides with ad-alanyl-d-alanine carboxyl terminus were necessary for the binding of these glycopeptides, thus confirming the mode of action of this class of antibiotics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569692
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lactic acid production by batch fermentation of whey permeate: A mathematical model (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Peptide average molecular weight ; Kinetics ; Leudeking-Piret model
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved by supplementing the broth with enzyme-hydrolyzed whey protein. A mathematical model based on laboratory results predicts to a 99% confidence limit the kinetics of this fermentation. Cell growth, acid production and protein and sugar use rates are defined in quantifiable terms related to the state of cell metabolism. The model shows that the constants of the Leudeking-Piret model are not true constants, but must vary with the medium composition, and especially the peptide average molecular weight. The kinetic mechanism on which the model is based also is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569695
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon catabolite regulation of rebeccamycin production inSaccharothrix aerocolonigenes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Rebeccamycin ; Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes ; Carbon catabolite regulation ; Antitumor antibiotic
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A new antitumor antibiotic named rebeccamycin was isolated from fermentations of an actinomycete,Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes. A defined medium was developed to study the regulation of synthesis of rebeccamycin byS. aerocolonigenes. In glucose medium formation of rebeccamycin was detected only after glucose was depleted. Examination of eleven different carbon sources revealed that carbon catabolite regulation is a major control mechanism for rebeccamycin production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569794
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of microbial concentration on biodegradation rates of phenols (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Biomass and biodegradation ; Biodegradation rates ; Phenol biodegradation rate constants ; Biodegradation kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Biodegradation rates of 12 phenols were measured with respect to acclimated microbial biomass ranging from 2.3×104 to 2.3×108 cells/l. Rates ranged between 0.02 mg l−1 day−1 for 1.6 mg/lp-bromophenol exposed to 2.3×104 cells/l and 1.41 mg l−1 day−1 for 3.2 mg/lp-methylphenol exposed to 2.3×108 cells/l. Generally, rates for all phenols were first-order in substrate concentration and zero-order in biomass concentration. Bromophenol biodegradation was preceded by lag periods of varying lengths and to a small extent the rate was dependent on microbial biomass. Results from this study suggest chemical biodegradation generally exhibits pseudo-first-and occasionally, second-order kinetics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577354
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    pH-mediated regulation of pyruvate catabolism inLactobacillus plantarum chemostat cultures (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Acetoin ; Lactate ; Acetate ; pH-homeostasis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary While the ability of lactobacilli to catabolize pyruvate to a variety of industrially important catabolites is well known, the mechanisms which regulate pyruvate distribution among alternative catabolic pathways is unclear. This paper demonstrates that environmental acidity regulates the catabolic activities ofLactobacillus plantarum cells in chemostat cultures.L. plantarum cells grown in medium containing 100 mM exogenous pyruvate, diverted pyruvate away from lactate to acetoin. Pyruvate uptake and acetoin generation increased under acidic conditions; on a molar basis, pyruvate utilization increased twice as fast as acetoin production, reflecting the 2∶1 stoichiometry of pyruvate incorporation into acetoin. Lactate production increased under alkaline conditions when glucose was fermented to provide endogenous pyruvate. Acetate was formed only at pH 7.5 and 8.0, although acetoin production decreased at elevated pH values. These data indicate thatL. plantarum adjusts to changes in environmental pH by altering its distribution of pyruvate among various catabolites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569535
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of autochthonous bacteria and commercially available cultures with respect to their effectiveness in fuel oil degradation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): biodegradation ; fuel oil ; bacterial cultures ; activated sludge
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary This study examined the microbial degradation of fuel oil by nine highly adapted different commercially available mixed bacterial cultures (DBC-plus™, Flow Laboratories, Meckenheim, F.R.G.) and a bacterial community from a domestic sewage sludge sample. All mixed cultures were cultivated under aerobic batch conditions shaking (110 rpm) at 20°C in a mineral base medium containing 1 or 5% (v/v) fuel oil as the sole carbon source. Percent degradation of fuel oil and the n-alkane fraction was recorded for the nine DBC-plus cultures and the mixed population of the activated sludge sample. The increase in colony counts, protein, and optical density was studied during a 31-day incubation period for DBC-plus culture A, DBC-plus culture A2 and the activated sludge sample. The activated sludge mixed culture was most effective in degrading fuel oil, but various isolated bacterial strains from this bacterial community were not able to grow on fuel oil as the sole carbon source. In contrast, the n-alkane degradation rates of the DBC-cultures were lower, but single strains from the commercially available mixed cultures were able to mineralize fuel oil hydrocarbons. Strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated most frequently and these organisms were able to grow very rapidly on fuel oil as a complex sole carbon source. The results indicate that fuel oil degradation in domestic sewage sludge is performed by mixed populations of naturally occurring bacteria and does not depend on the application of highly adapted commercially available cultures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569538
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration and expression of theEscherichia coli xylose isomerase gene inSchizosaccharomyces pombe (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Xylose isomerase gene ; Xylose fermentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The xyclose isomerase gene inEscherichia coli was cloned complementarily into a Leu2-negativeSchizosaccharomyces pombe mutant (ATCC 38399). The subsequent integration of the plasmid into the chromosomal DNA of the host yeast was verified by using the dot blot and southern blot techniques. The expressed xylose isomerase showed activity on a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. The expression of xylose isomerase gene was influenced by the concentration of nutrients in the fermentation broth. The yeast possessed a xylose isomerase activity of 20 nmol/min/mg by growing in an enriched medium containing yeast extract-malt extract-peptone (YMP) andd-xylose. The conversion ofd-xylose tod-xylulose catalyzed by xylose isomerase in the transformed yeast cells makes it possible to fermentd-xylose with ethanol as a major product. When the fermentation broth contained YMP and 5% (w/v)d-xylose, the maximal ethanol yield and productivity reached 0.42 g/g and 0.19 g/l/h, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569636
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selection of spontaneous mutants ofYarrowia lipolytica by inositol-less death (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Yarrowia ; Inositol ; Mutant selection ; Auxothrophs ; Citric acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A procedure was developed for the selection of spontaneous mutants of the yeastYarrowia lipolytica. An inositol-requiring mutant of a wild-typeY. lipolytica, YB 3-122, was derived by mutagenesis and screening. The mutant had a reversion frequency of less than 6×10−9. A mutant selection procedure based on inositolless death was then developed using this mutant strain. The selection procedure killed growingY. lipolytica cells and enriched for mutants yielding cultures that consisted of 60–98% spontaneous mutants after two rounds of inositol-less death. The procedure enriched for four classes of mutants, strains that were auxotrophic, metabolite analog sensitive, temperature sensitive, or unable to grow on citric acid as the sole carbon source. Since strain YB 3-122 is now available to yeast researchers, inositol-less death will be useful for the routine isolation of spontaneous mutants ofY. lipolytica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569639
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relationship between the energetic efficiency in different micro-organisms and the rate and type of metabolite overproduced (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Metabolite overproduction ; ATP/O quotient ; ATP turnover ; Energetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary Data regarding the degree of energy conservation as determined by the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ and the highest rates of metabolite production reported for various micro-organisms have been collated and analysed. The results have indicated that the highest rates of metabolite production occur in micro-organisms possessing low efficiencies of energy conservation. Moreover, in the case of exopolysaccharide production the oxidation state of the polymer is inversely related to the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ value of the producing organism. In general, the rate of ATP turnover associated with exopolysaccharide production or the potential rate associated with over-production of other metabolites is inversely related to the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ value of the producing organism. Analysis of current production rates for a range of metabolites suggests that there is scope for major improvements of existing processes by careful selection of appropriate micro-organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569792
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