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  • Articles  (84)
  • Frankia  (84)
  • Springer  (84)
  • EDP Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (59)
  • 1980-1984  (25)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (84)
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  • Articles  (84)
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  • Springer  (84)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence and dispersal of infective Frankia in peat and meadow soils in Sweden (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Alnus ; Energy forestry ; Frankia ; Meadow soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peat soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Use of the N2-fixing grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, as a short-rotation crop for energy production is currently being explored. To evaluate the need for inoculation of alders, the distribution of infective propagules of Frankia in the soil at potential sites for alder plantations was examined. Uninoculated grey alder seedlings were grown in three types of soil. Frequent nodulation was found in a meadow soil which had been free from actinorhizal plants for nearly 60 years, but the alder seedlings failed to nodulate in peat soil from two different bog sites. One of these bogs had been exploited for peat and the surface layer of the peat had been removed, so that the soil samples were taken from deep layers of the peat. At the other site, an area of cultivated peat, there were no infective propagules of Frankia in plots without alders; the infective Frankia was present in plots only where it had been introduced by inoculated alders. There was no detectable air-borne dispersal of Frankia. Instead, water movement might account for the dispersal of Frankia in peat. Although the apparent absence of Frankia in these peat soils necessitates inoculation of alder seedlings before planting out, this makes it possible to introduce and maintain Frankia strains with selected beneficial characteristics, since there is no competition from an indigenous Frankia flora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257918
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective nodulation ofCoriaria myrtifolia L. induced byFrankia strains fromAlnus glutinosa L. (Gaertn.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal association ; Frankia ; nitrogen-fixation ; specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present contribution covers the cross-inoculation between two actinorhizae belonging to different genera and families, mainlyAlnus glutinosa andCoriaria myrtifolia. Frankia strains isolated fromA. glutinosa received from the Netherlands (LDAgp1r1, LDAgn1) and from Scotland (UGL010708), induced a fully effective nodulation onC. myrtifolia. The same effect was caused by a nodule extract fromA. glutinosa. The reverse, a crushed-nodule inoculum fromC. myrtifolia nodulated all theA. glutinosa seedlings, though nodules formed were less effective than those induced by the other inocula. Re-isolation of thoseFrankia strains from the nodules formed onA. glutinosa was readily obtained, whereas attempts to re-isolate them from the nodules formed onC. myrtifolia failed, suggesting that isolation procedures different to those employed should be tried.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226796
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the contribution of the shoot and/or root ofAlnus sp. in the compatibility between the host and a Sp+ Frankia strain using a grafting technique (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; compatibility ; Frankia ; grafting technique ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two alder species,Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. andAlnus incana (L) Moench, were inoculated with a Sp+ Frankia homogenate obtained fromA. incana root nodules. This inoculum formed effective nodules on the original host plant and ineffective nodules onA. glutinosa. Grafts between the two alder species were made to determine which part of the plant is involved in this phenomenon. The results obtained indicate that the compatibility between Alnus andFrankia is restricted to the root system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181927
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogenase activity in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana and cultures ofFrankia sp. HFP020203: Effects of temperature and partial pressure of O2 (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of time after exposure to acetylene and of nodule excision were examined using a flow-through system. After a transient depression in the rate of acetylene reduction that began about 1.5 min after exposure to acetylene, the rate recovered to 98% of the initial maximum value after 40 min. After nodule excision the rate stabilized to 90% of the initial maximum value observed in the intact plant. Excised nodules, measured at 6-min intervals in a closed system, with frequent changes of the gas mixture, were used for the remaining experiments. Acetylene reduction by the nodules increased rapidly as temperature was increased between 6 and 26°C. Between 26 and 36°C there was relatively little effect of temperature on acetylene reduction. Nodules and cultures ofFrankia were compared with respect to the effect of temperature and pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) on oxygen uptake. Cultures ofFrankia were grown on a nitrogen-free medium at either 0.3 kPa O2 (vesicles absent) or 20 kPa O2 (vesicles present). Oxygen uptake by nodules (vesicles absent) and by vesicle-containing cultures was strongly dependent on pO2 at values below 20 kPa. This suggests the presence of a barrier to oxygen diffusion. Oxygen uptake was dependent on temperature as well as on pO2, but the Q10 was much larger for the cultures than for the nodules. This suggests that vesicles or related structures are not the source of the diffusion barrier in Casuarina nodules. Respiration by cultures ofFrankia lacking vesicles became O2-saturated at low pO2 values. Thus these cultures did not have a significant diffusion barrier. From these results it is concluded that nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana have a barrier to oxygen diffusion supplied by the host tissue and not byFrankia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232795
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of field-grownCasuarina equisetifolia to inoculation withFrankia strain ORS 021001 entrapped in alginate beads (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina equisetifolia ; Frankia ; alginate beads ; N2 fixation ; Sénégal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A large scale field experiment (ca 1 ha) was carried out in Senegal, to evaluate the response ofCasuarina equisetifolia to inoculation withFrankia strain ORS 021001 entrapped in alginate beads. Biomasses (expressed as dry weight or total nitrogen) of assimilatory branchlets, wood and roots, and nodules were measured in uninoculated and inoculated trees, randomly sampled 1,2 and 3 years after transplantation in the field. When biomasses were expressed as dry weight, increases due to inoculation were similar at the three sampling dates, 45, 36 and 40%, respectively. When biomasses were expressed as total nitrogen, the response to inoculation with time was much higher in the 2nd year than in the 1st and 3rd year. N2 fixation, estimated using the difference method reached 2.48, 12.25 and 13.44 g N2 fixed annually per tree. Correspondingly, nodule dry weights, expressed in g per tree, were 2.5, 12.18 and 22.75 at the end of the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd year, respectively. In spite of the positive response of field-grownCasuarina equisetifolia to inoculation, the decrease of N2 fixation observed in the third year was probably due to unfavorable climatic conditions coupled with insect attacks at the beginning of the third year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232798
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of pectolytic activity andpel homologous sequences inFrankia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; DNA-DNA hybridization ; Frankia ; pectate lyase ; pectolytic activity ; root symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using a cup-plate pectin agar assay, pectolytic activity was detected in nodule filtrates obtained fromAlnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng,A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn andA. crispa (Ait.) Pursh seedlings after infection with twoFrankia strains (ACN1 AG , CpI1). Pectolytic activity was also detected in cultures filtrates of the same twoFrankia isolates afterin vitro-cultivation on Qmod pectin liquid medium. When Southern blots of Frankia total DNAs from 3 isolates ofF. alni subsp.Pommerii (ACN1 AG , ArI3, and CPX32b) and 3 isolates ofF. elaeagni (EUN1 pec, SCN 10a and TX31e HR ) were hybridized withPelBDA probes fromErwinia chrysanthemi, positive signals were found in all 7 Frankiae tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232810
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for the quantification ofFrankia cell biomass (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; Frankia ; methods ; packed cell volume ; protein ; quantification ; turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six methods for the estimation of microbial biomass were compared for determination ofFrankia cell concentrations. Six strains ofFrankia were cultivated in stationary culture, harvested by centrifugation, washed with saline buffer and diluted to five standardized concentrations. These cell suspensions were then used to assess reliability of each of the biomass determination methods. The destructive total protein determination methods were the most sensitive and reliable. Two non-destructive methods, packed cell volume and turbidity measurement, were also accurate, and because of their simplicity hold advantage for routine growth measurements and inoculum dilutions. Dry weight determinations were inconsistent for the small cell masses used in this study. An ELISA procedure demonstrated reliability but little sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232807
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic oligonucleotide probes for identification ofFrankia strains (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: filter hybridization ; Frankia ; in-situ hybridization ; oligonucleotide probes ; rRNA sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Reverse transcriptase sequence analyses of variable regions of 16S rRNA of the nitrogen-fixing (Nif+)Frankia strain Ag45/Mut 15 and the Nif− strains AgB1.9 and AgW1.1 showed large differences in two of three variable regions between bothFrankia groups. Synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to sequences in one of these different regions were used in hybridization experiments against isolated rRNA of severalFrankia strains belonging to three compatibility groups. Ribosomal RNA of eleven effectiveFrankia strains obtained from differentAlnus species strongly hybridized with the probe against the effective strain Ag45/Mut 15 (probe EFP), whereas ineffective strains and effective strains obtained from other hosts (Elaeagnus, Comptonia, Coriaria, Hippophaë, Colletia spp.) did not hybridize. Strong hybridization was also obtained with the effectiveCasuarina strain CcI3. In the group of effective alder strains one strain showed weaker hybridization indicating small sequence differences. Different sequences were also found after hybridization with the probe against the ineffectiveFrankia strains AgB1.9 and AgW1.1 (probe IFP). Only these two strains showed hybridization. The same results were obtained byin-situ hybridizations with probe EFP, whereas hybridization with probe IFP showed crossreaction with several other strains. Tests of these probes against rRNA of several microorganisms indicate a high specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232809
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment polymorphisms in the rDNA region among seven species ofAlnus andBetula papyrifera (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alder ; Betulaceae ; birch ; in vitro clones ; cluster ; Frankia ; genetic divergence ; RFPs ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study of restriction fragment polymorphisms of ribosomal DNA among seven actinorhizal species (Alnus spp.) and a non-actinorhizal species (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) of the Betulaceae was conducted, using a simple method for the extraction of high molecular weight restrictable nuclear DNA from leaf tissues of perennial angiosperms and nine restriction endonucleases. rDNA restriction fragments were variable within and among the species studied, and the variation noted was used to calculate the similarities and infer phenetic relationships among these members of the Betulaceae. The results confirmed the taxonomy of alder based on morphological characters, showing a clear clustering of the species ofAlnus sampled in each of the two different subgeneraAlnus andAlnobetula. Within each subgenus, the closely related taxa often classified as subspecies by their similar morphology and their ability to interhybridize, were similarly shown by restriction fragment polymorphisms to be more closely related to each other than to any other taxon. The analysis also suggested that some alder species may not be more divergent fromBetula papyrifera than from other alder species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232811
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity amongFrankia isolated from Casuarina nodules (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; nif ; genes ; RFLPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nodulation ability of variousFrankia strains isolated from the nodules of Casuarina were tested on two Casuarina species (C. equisetifolia andC. glauca), and onHippophaë rhamnoides. We found that the isolates could be separated into two groups, some of them being unable to reinfect the Casuarina host-plant but infective onH. rhamnoides. Other isolates effectively nodulated the original Casuarina host-plant. The second purpose of this study was to examine the genetic diversity among the Casuarina-isolated strains using well-characterized symbiotic genes as hybridization probes. We found a relationship between nodulation characteristics and hybridization patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232812
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating alder-endophyte (Alnus acuminata-Frankia-Mycorrhizae) interactions (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus acuminata ; Costa Rica ; Frankia ; Glomus ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the interaction betweenFrankia and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on the growth and N-fixing response ofAlnus acuminata seedlings under three different phosphorus levels.A. acuminata is an actinorhizal tree, commonly associated with pastures on upland areas. Seedlings were grown in sterile vermiculite, and inoculated withFrankia strain ArI3 and/or VAM (asGlomus intra-radices) under three phosphorus levels (10, 50 and 100 ppm). After 120 days differences in growth were observed at the 50 ppm P level between nodulated and non-nodulated plants; either if inoculated withFrankia+VAM or just with VAM. Interaction betweenFrankia and VAM was positive on nodule weight at 50 ppm P level. Differences in acetylene reduction, per gram of fresh nodule, were observed between and within both groups:Frankia inoculated andFrankia+VAM inoculated seedlings. InFrankia inoculated seedlings differences were observed between seedlings receiving 50 ppm P which showed higher nitrogenase activity than seedlings treated with 100 ppm P. Plants inoculated withFrankia andGlomus intra-radices at low P level (10 ppm) showed the highest acetylene reduction. It was 150% higher than the mean of the other treatments within the group, and 87% higher than the general mean of the onlyFrankia inoculated plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232801
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-culture ofFrankia alni subsp.pommerii (strain ACN1 AG ) with birch (Betula papyrifera) protoplasts (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; birch protoplasts ; in vitro co-culture ; microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to set up an experimental system in which barriers to infection of a non-host plant related to the presence of the cell wall, at the level of recognition and/or the necessity of penetrating the cell wall, might be bypassed. Co-cultures betweenFrankia alni subsp.pommerii (strain ACN1 AG ) andBetula papyrifera protoplasts were established. Betula protoplasts remained viable after 2 weeks with no substantial cell wall regeneration. Suppression of the wall barrier was not sufficient to allowFrankia infection under the conditions tested. The non-infectivity ofFrankia on Betula protoplasts may also reflect difficulties inherent to thein vitro environment, which might not permit duplication of infection mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232806
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of continuous nitrogen application and nitrogen preconditioning on nodulation and growth ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232805
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of indole compounds secreted byFrankia HFPArI3 in defined culture medium (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Alnus rubra ; auxin ; Frankia ; IAA ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-ethanol ; nodule secretion ; phytohormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole compounds secreted byFrankia sp. HFPArI3 in defined culture medium were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). WhenFrankia was grown in the presence of13C(ring-labelled)-L-tryptophan,13C-labelled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-ethanol (IEtOH), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and indole-3-methanol (IMeOH) were identified. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC-MS with selected ion monitoring were used to quantify levels of IAA and IEtOH inFrankia culture medium. IEtOH was present in greater abundance than IAA in every experiment. When no exogenous trp was supplied, no or only low levels of indole compounds were detected. Seedling roots ofAlnus rubra incubated in axenic conditions in the presence of indole-3-ethanol formed more lateral roots than untreated plants, indicating that IEtOH is utilized by the host plant, with physiological effects that modify patterns of root primordium initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232808
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Survival ofFrankia strains introduced into soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhiza ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus incana ; fine sand ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; nodulation capacity ; peat ; persistence ; pH ; spore ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Factors affecting the establishment of Alnus/Frankia symbioses were studied partly by following the survival ofFrankia strains exposed to different soil conditions, and partly by investigating the effect of pH on nodulation. TwoFrankia strains were used, both of the Sp− type (sporangia not formed in nodules). One of the strains sporulated heavily, while the other formed mainly hyphae. The strains originated fromAlnus incana root nodules growing in soils of pH 3.5 and 5.0. The optimum pH for their growth in pure culture was found to be 6.7 and 6.2, respectively. The strains were introduced into twoFrankia-free soils, peat and fine sand. Their survival, measured as the persistance of nodulation capacity using the plant infection technique, was followed for 14 months. The survival curves of the strains were similar despite the morphological differences between the strains in pure culture. The nodulation capacities declined over time both at 14 and 22°C. Survival was better in soils limed to a pH above 6 than in soils at their original pH (peat 2.9, fine sand 4.2). The effect of pH on nodule formation in Alnus seedlings by theFrankia strains was studied in liquid culture. The number of nodules increased linearly within the pH range studied (3.5–5.8). No nodules were formed at pH 3.5.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371196
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  • 16
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules ofMyrica gale in Maine, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Frankia ; Myrica gale ; nitrogen fixation ; root nodules ; spore-negative ; spore-positive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative root nodules ofMyrica gale L. was investigated at 34 sites throughout Maine. the sites represented a wide range of environmental conditions, including soils from organic to sand, soil pH from 3.1 to 6.4, elevations from 3 to 529 m, and average number of frost-free days per year from 80 to 162. Habitats included peatlands, streamsides and lakeshores. Spore(−) nodules dominated with 61% of the nodules examined sp(−) and 39% sp(+). Two sites were 100% sp(+), 7 sites were 100% sp(−) and the remaining 25 sites had varying proportions of both types. Overall, sp(+) and mixed sites dominated in the southern interior and coastal regions, areas with lower elevations and longer growing seasons. Spore(−) sites were located primarily in northern and western Maine, areas with higher elevations and shorter growing seasons. In all habitats occurrence of spore(+) modules was positively correlated with the average number of frost-free days per year (r=0.57 for peatlands, r=0.71 for lakeshores and streamsides). In addition, at the 21 lakeshore and streamside sites occurrence of sp(+) nodules was also positively correlated with percent organic matter in the soil (r=0.56) and negatively correlated with pH (r=−0.60). Within mixed sites sp(+) and sp(−) nodules were distribated randomly and were often closely intermingled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370633
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  • 17
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    Nitrogenase activity, hydrogen evolution and biomass production in different Casuarina symbioses (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass production ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; hydrogen evolution ; nitrogen content ; nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogenase activity, hydrogen evolution, biomass production and nodulation were studied in threeCasuarina species,C. equisetifolia Forst.,C. glauca Sieber ex Spreng andC. obesa Miq., either inoculated with a crushed nodule inoculum prepared fromC. glauca nodules or inoculated with the pure cultureHFP CcI3. Nodulation was also studied inC. cristata Miq. inoculated with the above mentionedFrankia sources. C. equisetifolia, C. glauca andC. obesa were nodulated when inoculated with both of theFrankia inoculum, whileC. cristata was very poorly nodulated. Nitrogenase activity per plant and on a nodule dry weight basis was significantly highest inC. glauca inoculated withC. glauca inoculum after 150 days from planting. This difference decreased and at 217 days from planting there was no significant difference between the symbioses, except forC. obesa inoculated withC. glauca inoculum which showed the significantly lowest nitrogenase activity. After 150 days from planting relative efficiency of nitrogenase was lowest inC. equisetifolia inoculated withHFP CcI3 and inC. equisetifolia inoculated withC. glauca inoculum. Biomass production was similar inC. glauca inoculated withC. glauca inoculum, inC. equisetifolia inoculated withHFP CcI3 and inC. obesa inoculated withHFP CcI3 at the final harvest. The data presented here show that there is a strong interrelationship between host plant and endobiont. This interrelationship is of considerable importance when introducing Casuarina symbioses for production of fuel wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371140
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  • 18
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    Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Purshia: inoculation responses and species comparisons (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 383-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Microbial ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Purshia ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. Speculation that insufficient endophyte populations in surface soils may limit non-leguminous symbiotic nitrogen fixation in marginal land was explored.Purshia tridentata andP. glandulosa seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from nativePurshia sites. Treatments include a control, an inoculated treatment, and six mmole nitrogen amendment. When inoculated with aP.tridentata crushed nodule inoculum, two of five non-nodulating soils and three sparsely nodulating soils produced well nodulated plants. Inoculation also increased nodule mass, total nitrogen, nitrogen content and shoot dry mass in plants from some of the soils. Of the three soils failing to produce nodulated plants when inoculated, one produced plants that responded well to nitrogen additions but failed to nodulate under low nitrogen conditions; another produced severely stunted plants indicating nutritional limitations on the host; and the third produced plants that were not nitrogen deficient. An application of nitrogen completely suppressed nodulation in all but one soil. The twoPurshia species were similar in nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth, although important exceptions exist that indicate species may differ in adaptability to certain soil conditions.
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    Frankia growth and activity as influenced by water potential (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth responses of Frankia isolates to decreasing water potential were monitored in systems where potentials were controlled by KCl, NaCl and Polyethylene glycol. The highest potential tested was −2 bar (basal medium). The general pattern emerging was that isolates fromAlnus glutinosa, A. viridis andComptonia peregrina showed declining growth at potentials below −2 to −5 bar. AMyrica gale isolate showed declining growth with decreasing potential. All isolates were more sensitive to decreases in potential in a matric controlled than an osmotic controlled system. They all showed approximately 50 percent growth reduction at −5 to −8 bar, and meagre growth at −16 bar after 35 days. The Comptonia isolate was the most vigorous at low potentials. Nitrogen fixation ability was monitored for two isolates. Highest specific activities were observed between −3 and −5 bar for the Myrica isolate and between −5 and −7.5 bar for theA. glutinosa isolate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374525
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    Physiology and chemical diversity ofFrankia spp. isolated from nodules ofComptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. andCeanothus americanus L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Physiology ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary TwoFrankia spp., isolated from the nodules of the plant hostComptonia peregrina, were found to fall into two previously described physiological groups (A and B). Of five frankia isolates fromCeanothus americanus plants of the same provenance, three belonged to physiological group A and two to a novel group whose final disposition remains to be decided. The diversity in whole cell sugar chemistry, morphology and other growth characteristics of these strains is discussed.
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  • 21
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    Morphology, physiology and infectivity of twoFrankia isolates An 1 and An 2 from root nodules ofAlnus nitida (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 45-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
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    Heterogeneity withinFrankia sp. LDAgpl studied among clones and reisolates (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 29-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Frankia ; Infectivity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sporulation ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Frankia sp. LDAgpl, an isolate from spore positive nodules ofAlnus glutinosa, only slowly infects its host plant. Reisolates obtained from occasional nodules caused by infection with LDAgpl, are capable of infecting the alder much more rapidly. A variability analysis of LDAgpl has been performed to obtain more insight into the question whether these reisolates constitute a different genotype within LDAgpl and if the plant is exerting an influence during plant passage. High dilutions of mildly sonicatedFrankia suspensions were plated to obtain genetically homogeneous colonies. Clones thus generated showed differences in growth pattern, sporulation and C2H2-reduction on media containing propionic acid as sole C-source (P-medium). Differences in sporulation on P-medium indicate that LDAgpl was a highly heterogeneous strain. Comparisons of sporulation on several different media gave evidence that the differences in sporulation between LDAgpl clones are the result of differences in efficiency of propionic acid utilization. The differences observed between the reisolates and LDAgpl clones indicate that the reisolates constitute a different genotype, which could be selected for by the plant during the infection process. Comparison with similar changes in phenotype occuring in a spore negative type strain fromA. glutinosa is discussed.
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    Growth kinetics and nitrogenase induction inFrankia sp. HFPArI 3 grown in batch culture (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 61-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Batch culture ; Frankia ; HFPAr13 ; Nitrogenase ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Kinetics of growth and nitrogenase induction inFrankia sp. Ar13 were studied in batch culture. Growth on defined medium with NH 4 + as the N source displayed typical batch culture kinetics; however, a short stationary phase was followed by autolysis. Removal of NH 4 + arrested growth and initiated vesicle differentiation. Vesicle numbers increased linearly and were paralleled by a rise in nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity. Nitrogenase activity (10 nM C2H4·mg protein−1·min−1) was sufficient to support growth on N2 and protein levels rose in parallel with nitrogenase induction. Optimal conditions for vesicle and nitrogenase induction were investigated. Maximum rates of acetylene reduction were obtained with 5 to 10 mM K2 HPO4/KH2PO4, 0.1 mM CaCl2 and MgSO4. The optimum pH for acetylene reduction and respiration was around 6.7. The amount (5 to 10 μg protein/ml) and stage (exponential) of growth of the ammonium-grown inoculum strongly influenced the subsequent development of nitrogenase activity. Propionate was the most effective carbon source tested for nitrogenase induction. Respiration in propionate-grown cells was stimulated by CO2 and biotin, suggesting that propionate is metabolized via the propionyl CoA pathway.
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    The biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid byFrankia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Biosynthesis ; Frankia ; Indole-3-acetic acid ; Nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary High perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the products of [5-3H] tryptophan metabolism byFrankia sp. Avc I1 indicates that small amounts of [3H] indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are excreted into the growth medium.Frankia has a limited capacity for the catabolism of [2-14C]IAA and the product that accumulates is different from that detected inRhizobium japonicum cultures following inoculation with [2-14C]IAA. The data imply that the rate of turnover of IAA is much more rapid inRhizobium thanFrankia and that the two organisms employ different routes for the catabolism of IAA.
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    Observations on the ultrastructure ofFrankia sp. in root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
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    Effects of soil acidity on nodulation ofAlnus glutinosa and viability ofFrankia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 429-434 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Nodulation ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Black alder seedlings were grown from seed for 7 weeks in six soils limed to various pH levels and inoculated withFrankia in two inoculation-seeding time combinations (inoculated and seeded concurrently; inoculated then seeded 5 weeks after inoculation). Three mine soils and three non-mine soils were used. Soil pHs in the study ranged from 3.6 to 7.6. In the second inoculation-seeding time combination, a series of soil samples at each of the pH levels below 7.0 were relimed to pH 7.0 immediately prior to seeding. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of soil acidity on the nodulation of black alder byFrankia and the viability ofFrankia in acid soils. Based on the average number of nodules established per seedling, soil pH was determined to be a significant factor affecting nodulation in the mine soils. The highest levels of nodulation occurred between soil pH 5.5 and 7.2. Below pH 5.5, nodulation was reduced. There was also evidence of decreased viability of the endophyte below pH 4.5.
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    Frankia-Alnus incana symbiosis: Effect of endophyte on nitrogen fixation and biomass production (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 291-297 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; actinorhizal plants ; Alnus incana ; biomass production ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of different FinnishFrankia strains as symbionts onAlnus incana (L.) Moench was evaluated in inoculation experiments by measuring nitrogen fixation and biomass production. Since all available pure cultures ofFrankia are of the Sp− type (sporangia not formed in nodules), but the dominant nodule endophyte ofA. incana in Finland is of the Sp+ type (sporangia formed in nodules), crushed nodules of thisFrankia type were included. The Sp− pure cultures, whether originating fromA. incana orA. glutinosa, produced with one exception, similar biomass withA. incana. The highest biomass was produced with an American reference strain fromA. viridis crispa. Using Sp+ nodule homogenates fromA. incana as inoculum, the biomass production was only one third of that produced by Sp− pure cultures from the same host. Hence, through selection of the endophyte it is possible to exert a considerable influence on the productivity ofAlnus incana.
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    Effects of some pure and mixedFrankia strains on seedling growth in differentAlnus species (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Alnus ; clones ; endophyte × host interaction ; Frankia ; inoculation ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In greenhouse experiments plants of eightAlnus species, from various parts of the world, and from different taxonomic sections, were inoculated with threeFrankia strains in order to show any possible interaction. Mixtures in equal parts of theseFrankia strains were also tried. The growth of inoculated plants was significantly higher than of the controls, with one of the three strains being superior. Mixtures of strains generally provided higher growth than the best individual strain. No interaction betweenFrankia strains andAlnus species was detected in the young plants 60 days after inoculation. Three clones ofAlnus glutinosa were inoculated with the same pure cultures ofFrankia, without producing any interaction. Inoculation time was studied in one clone and one progeny ofAlnus glutinosa. The best results were obtained with the earlier inoculation (at sowing for the progeny and at transfer to soil for thein vitro-propagated clone). The results are discussed in terms of nursery practice and field experiments for selection in breeding programmes.
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    Polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes ofFrankia (Actinomycetales) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cellulase ; Frankia ; hydrolytic activity ; polysaccharide ; reducing sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made of the polysaccharide-hydrolyzing activity inFrankia (Actinomycetales) grown in synthetic media using modifications of three standard assay procedures. In screening five different strains ofFrankia for cellulase activity, based on the method of utilization of cellulose in liquid culture, only one strain, CcI3, degraded filter paper cellulose to complete disintegration and only under very specific conditions of pH and primary carbon source. When carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at 1% was used as substrate, all five strains showed the capacity to produce reducing sugars as hydrolytic products. Microcystalline cellulose, xylans and gum arabic were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent. Optimum activity depended upon pH and primary carbon source with pH 5.0 and pyruvate or propionate producing highest activities. In fractionation studies of culturedFrankia, assays for hydrolysis of 1% CMC in liquid medium showed that highest activity was in the enzyme preparation supernatant with lesser activity in the cell-free extract and cell wall fractions.Frankia strain CpI1 showed the greatest total hydrolytic activity against CMC after 2 weeks of culture. Strains ArI3 and CcI3 also showed good activity. The agar plate method for direct dye-polysaccharide interaction proved to be the least sensitive assay method with only ArI3 showing significant activity using CMC as substrate. It appears that theFranka strains grown in synthetic media all showed hydrolytic activity but the degree of hydrolysis of polysaccharides to reducing sugars depends upon strain of bacteria and very specific cultural conditions.
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    Total and CO-reactive heme content of actinorhizal nodules and the roots of some non-nodulated plants (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 225-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; Hemoglobin ; Myrica ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentration of total and CO-reactive heme was measured in actinorhizal nodules from six different genera. This gave the upper limit to hemoglobin concentration in these nodules. Quantitative extraction of CO-reactive heme was achieved under anaerobic conditions in a buffer equilibrated with CO and containing Triton X-100. The concentration of CO-reactive heme in nodules of Casuarina and Myrica was approximately half of that found in legume nodules, whereas in Comptonia, Alnus and Ceanothus the concentrations of heme were about 10 times lower than in legume nodules. There was no detectable CO-reactive heme in Datisca nodules, but low concentrations were detected in roots of all non-nodulating plants examined, includingZea mays. Difference spectra of CO treated minus dithionite-reduced extracts displayed similar wavelengths of maximal and minimal light absorption for all extracts, and were consistent with those of a hemoglobin. The concentration of CO-reactive heme was not correlated to the degree to which CO inhibited nitrogenase activity nor was it affected by reducing the oxygen concentration in the rooting zone. However, there was a positive correlation between heme concentration and suberization or lignification of the walls of infected host cells. These observations demonstrate that, unlike legume nodules, high concentrations of heme or hemoglobin are not needed for active nitrogen fixation in most actinorhizal nodules. Nonetheless, a significant amount of CO-reactive heme is found in the nodules of Alnus, Comptonia, and Ceanothus, and in the roots ofZea mays. The identity and function of this heme is unknown.
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    Influence de basses températures sur la croissance et la survie de souches pures deFrankia isolées de nodules d'Aulnes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Croissance ; Frankia ; Température ; Viabilité
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Influence of low temperatures on the growth and survival ofFrankia strains were studied. Even when isolated from cold areas, the strains were unable to grow below 15°C. However, the strains remained viable at the low temperatures and were able to give colonies as soon as the growth temperature raised up to 28°C during a few hours.
    Notes: Resumé L'influence des basses températures sur la croissance et la survie de cultures pures deFrankia a été étudiée. Les souches, même isolées de stations à climat froid, sont incapables de se développer à des températures constantes inférieures à 15°C. Cependant elles résistent à ces températures défavorables et sont capables de reformer des colonies dès que la température se maintient à 28°C pendant quelques heures.
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    Growth, nitrogen fixation and relative efficiency of nitrogenase inAlnus incana grown in different cultivation systems (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 147-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; C2H2-reduction ; Cultivation systems ; Frankia ; H2-evolution in air ; Hydrogenase ; Nitrogen content ; Relative efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three cultivation systems were compared. In one system the alders were grown hydroponically. In the two other systems the alders were planted in gravel and either given water and nutrients at intervals or the nutrient solution was continuously supplied. Alders continuously supplied with nutrients and water showed a significantly more rapid growth, higher biomass production and higher nitrogen content than did alders given nutrients and water at intervals or alders hydroponically grown. Alders continuously supplied with water and nutrients had a constant RE (relative efficiency of nitrogenase) of about 0.80 throughout the experimental period while alders supplied with water and nutrients at intervals showed a slight decrease in RE at the end of the experimental period. No strict relationship was found between RE and nitrogen content or between RE and plant productivity.
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    Selection and micropropagation of nodulating and non-nodulating clones ofAlnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus crispa ; Alnus viridis spp.crispa ; Clones ; Frankia ; Nodulation ; In vitro culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary 600,000 seedlings ofAlnus crispa were inoculated with a 1∶1∶1 mixture of theFrankia strains ACN1 AG , AGN1 exo AG and MGP10i. After 3 successive inoculations and screenings, one individual, AC-4, was selected as non-nodulating (Nod−) with Frankiae. This selected individual AC-4 (Nod−) and two other clones ofA. crispa, AC-2 and AC-5, known for their ability to nodulate (Nod+) and two other clones ofA. crispa, AC-2 and AC-5, known for their ability to nodulate (Nod+) withFrankia werein vitro propagated. The different clones ofA. crispa in culture required different kinds and concentrations of sugar during the in vitro multiplication and rooting stages. Nodulation tests using 7Frankia strains indicated that the clone AC-4 (Nod−) was non-nodulating with 6 of the 7Frankia strains tested. One strain,Frankia ANNI, isolated from one unique nodule produced on the mother-plant AC-4, induced 38% of the AC-4 plantlets to nodulate but with a number of nodules 10 to 20 times less than the clones AC-2 (Nod+) and AC-5 (Nod+). Morphological observations of the roots of AC-4 (Nod−) indicated that this clone had few and abnormally short root hairs.
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    In vitro physiological approach to classification ofFrankia isolates of ‘the Alnus group’, based on urease, protease and β-glucosidase activities (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 7-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; Esculin hydrolysis ; Frankia ; Gelatin hydrolysis ; β-Glucosidase ; Myrica ; Protease ; Urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Most of theFrankia strains isolated fromAlnus andMyrica species are morphologically almost indistinguishable, when grown under standard culture conditions. They form similar vegetative hyphae while sporangia are produced in variable amounts from strain to strain. Physiological reactions were assessed in order to compare 20 strains isolated from various species ofAlnus and one species ofMyrica in Europe and North America. Among invariant negative or positive characteristics, differences in urease, protease and β-glucosidase activities appeared to be of significant value.
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    A modified sucrose fractionation procedure for the isolation of frankiae from actinorhizal root nodules and soil samples (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Bacterial isolation techniques ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Soil ; Sucrose density fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The isolation and pure culture of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing frankiae has always been difficult. In the past the isolation of these actinomycetes directly from soil samples has proven impossible and isolations from root nodules of many genera has been only poorly successful. We report here a modified sucrose fractionation procedure which increased the success of isolations from root nodules and which permitted the isolation ofFrankia directly from soil samples. Crushed nodule suspensions or soil suspensions were incubated briefly in 0.7% phenol (carbolic acid) just before application to a sucrose density gradient. This phenol incubation decreased the number of contaminating eubacteria and fungi but more importantly increased the number ofFrankia developing on the isolation plates. If the phenol incubation was used solely without sucrose fractionation noFrankia were isolated, suggesting the death of the organisms due to phenol toxicity. The use of selective nitrogen-deficient media proved important for the isolation of frankiae from soils.
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    A comparison of cultural characteristics and infectivity ofFrankia isolates from root nodules ofCasuarina species (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; Root nodules ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The isolations of three new strains ofFrankia were made from root nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana growing aeroponically. Two strains, HFPCCI1 and HFPCcI2 isolated by Lopez are typicalFrankia strains, producing sporangia among filamentous mats in culture and, in the absence of combined nitrogen, forming vesicles and showing acetylene reduction. They are red-pigmented and, although failing to nodulateCasuarina hosts, effectively nodulatedElaeagnus andHippophae. A third strain HFPCcI3 isolated by Zhang from the same source, also a typicalFrankia, can form sporangia and vesicles in culture and reduce acetylene, is unpigmented, fails to nodulateElaeagnus but effectively nodulatesC. cunninghamiana andC. equisetifolia. Comparisons are made among all of theCasuarina isolates in our collection from around the world (twelve in all) with regard to their cultural characteristics and capacity to infect host plant species. Questions are raised about the specificity of the various isolates and their possible affinities. Opportunities are suggested for inoculation of seedlings for forestry and field application using the infective, effective strains now available.
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    Identification of the endophypte ofDryas andRubus (Rosaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 105-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cytology of root nodules ; Dryas drummondii ; Frankia ; Geographic distribution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rubus ellipticus ; Ultrastructure of endophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root nodules ofDryas drummondii are of the coralloid type (Alnus type). The endophyte is present in the middle cortical cells of the root-nodule tissue. Transmission electron micrographs revealed an actinorhizal endophyte with septate hyphae and non-septate spherical or ovoid vesicles. Vesicles always possess at the base a septum; septa formation in the endophyte is always associated with the presence of mesosomes. Branching of the endophyte is not necessarily correlated with septum formation. Hyphal structures are more prominent in the apical part of the root nodule and vesicles are more numerous in a broad zone below this. In the middle and towards the base of the root nodule the endophytic structures appear in a stage of disintegration. Vesicles appear in a broad region near the periphery of the host cell and regularly show no strict orientation towards the host-cell wall. In the center of the host cells only hyphae occur. In the intercellular spaces between the host cells theFrankia endophyte produces spore-like structures although the outline of the sporangia is often faint. The coralloid root ofRubus ellipticus shows characteristically a basal rootlet initiated below the dichotomous branching of the nodular lobes, but extending beyond the root nodule. The endophyte is only present in the outer cortex of the root nodule in a 1–2 cell wide layer. This endophytic layer is bounded, internally as well as externally, with a 4–5 cell wide layer of tannin-filled host cells. The implications of this situation are discussed. Tannin-filled cells occur regularly inRubus species and their arrangement has been used for taxonomic purposes within the genus. TheRubus endophyte is aFrankia species with septate hyphae and distinctly septate spherical vesicles. The ultrastructure of the vesicles of theRubus endophyte is very similar to that of theAlnus endophyte.
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    Nitrogenase activity in root nodule homogenates ofAlnus incana (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Intact plants ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nodule homogenates ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root nodule homogenates of actinorhizal plants may representFrankia in a symbiotic stage but released from environmental influence of the host plant. Anaerobic homogenization with a blender in buffer supplied with sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and reducing substances gave three times higher yields of nitrogenase activity (C2H2-reduction) than crushing the nodules in liquid nitrogen. The activity in the homogenates was very reproducible and was, on average, nearly twice as high as the activity in excised nodules and c. 10% of the activity in intact plants. The difference in activity between excised nodules and intact plants was, roughly by halves, due to removal of the root system from the pot and to excision of the nodules. The nitrogenase activity in the homogenates was slightly higher when nodule excision was done in Ar or under water as well as after treatment of the homogenate with toluene or Triton X-100 or osmotic shock. These gains in activity were considered too small to outweigh the increased complications of preparing homogenates for routine use. Due to the reproducible recovery of nitrogenase in the homogenates the technique seems useful for physiological studies on nitrogen fixation inAlnus incana.
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    Seasonal variations of the sexual reproductive growth and nitrogenase activity (C2H2) in matureAlnus glutinosa (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Carbon-nitrogen ; Competition ; Frankia ; symbioses ; Nitrogenase activity ; Sexual reproductive growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal variations of the growth of sexual reproductive organs and of the nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of root nodules are surveyed in mature field alders (Alnus glutinosa). The growth of female catkins—pollinated in February-early March—takes place chiefly from June to August and the growth of immature male catkins from July to September. The nitrogenase activity steadily shows two periods of high rate—the first from late April to early June, the second in September–October-and a summer period of low rate when the female catkins and the seeds achieve the most part of their growth. The seasonal fluctuations of thein vitro/in vivo nitrogenase activity ratio showing the supply of metabolic factors in the root nodules as a likely cause of the variations of thein vivo nitrogenase activity, the possible competition for photosynthate allocation between the production of sexual organs and the nitrogen-fixing capacity in mature field alders is discussed.
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    Studies on the localization of infectible cells onAlnus glutinosa roots (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Infectivity ; Root hair deformation ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four Frankia isolates ofAlnus glutinosa were studied in relation to the location of infectible cells along 10 day oldAlnus glutinosa roots. For all isolates tested a clear zonation in infectible cells was found just above the position of the root tip at the time of infection. Differences in the length of the root nodule induction zone were observed, depending on the isolate and possibly also depending on the age of the Frankia culture tested. A second infection zone was found which was the only infectible zone by an isolate with a retarded infective potential (LDAgp1). Root hair deformation is clearly correlated with the presence of Frankia near axenic alder plants, although actual contact of root hairs and the symbiont is not prerequisite. Some evidence is presented indicating that the type of deformation might be correlated with the Frankia strain.
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules ofAlnus incana ssp.rugosa in Maine, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Alnus incana ssp.rugosa ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; root nodules ; spore-negative ; spore-positive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of spore-positive (sp+) and spore-negative (sp−) root nodules ofAlnus incana ssp.rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen (speckled alder) was examined at 29 sites with a wide range of environmental conditions in Maine, USA. These included: pH 3.4 to 7.0, soil texture ranging from coarse gravel to clay to organic soils, elevation from 3 to 591 m and latitude 43 to 47°N. Habitat types included disturbed areas, streamsides, swamps and old fields. Sp (−) nodules were substantially more common, making up 76% of all nodules, whereas only 24% were sp (+). Sp (−) nodules often occurred in pure stands and predominated at disturbed sites with mineral soils at the surface and in old fields and swamps with pH〉4.0 Sp (+) nodules were nearly always found in mixture with sp (−) nodules. They occurred primarily at streamside and lakeshore sites where they made up 40% of the nodules and at sites with pH〈4.0 regardless of habitat type. It is suggested that sp (−) strains ofFrankia may be maintained at a site by saprophytic growth in soil and thus nodulate newly established hosts, whereas sp (+) strains may be maintained primarily by spore production within nodules and thus depend on extended presence of the host.
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    Seasonal fluctuations of the mineral concentration of alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) from the field (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 201-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Nutrient cycling ; Seasonal fluctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal fluctuation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Co, in leaves, roots and nodules of 40–50 year oldAlnus glutinosa trees growing at four different locations along the banks of the Tormes river, in the province of Salamanca, was studied. Also, the evolution of the soil organic matter under the trees sampled was evaluated. The data obtained for the various nutrient elements in the three plant parts are statistically treated at the significance levels of 99–95 per cent, and some remarks as to the nutritional status of the European alder in respect to the nutrients and its contribution to soil nutrient-cycling are provided. A positive correlation was found between N−P, N−K, N−Mg, and N−Mo, in leaves, and between N−P, N−K, N−Fe, N−Mn, and N−Mo in root nodules. In roots only, no significance at any level was obtained between N and any of the elements analyzed.
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    Alder-Frankia interaction and alder-poplar association for biomass production (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 235-243 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; Frankia ; N2-fixation ; Mixed stands ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alders have an important role to play in biomass producing stands because of their N2-fixing ability and their capacity to withstand soils having an excess of moisture. The objectives of preliminary trials were (1) to find if there is any alder-genotype xFrankia-strain interaction when the effect of inoculating the bacteria was compared to no inoculation in seed beds of different species and provenances of alder, (2) to measure the possible effect of black alders interplanted in poplars compared to pure poplar plots. Two trials were laid out to study the alder-Frankia interaction. Both produced interaction. In the first one the inoculation had a favorable effect onAlnus glutinosa at age 2 years andA. cordata at age 1 and 2 and no effect onA. rubra. In the second one the inoculation had a depressive effect at age 1 on 2 of 3 provenances ofA. rubra and no effect on 1A. rubra, 3A.glutinosa and 3A. cordata provenances. A closely spaced field trial associating one black alder provenance and the poplar clone UNAL gives no superiority of mixed plots compared to pure plots. The results suggest that the N2-fixation of alders is not profitable to poplars at age 3 with a 1.5×2 m spacing.
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    Host-Frankia specificity within the Casuarinaceae (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Frankia ; Nodulation ; Specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen species from three genera of the Casuarinaceae were inoculated with suspensions ofFrankia prepared from single nodule-lobes collected from different species and genera within the Casuarinaceae. Host-endophyte specificity was expressed mainly at the generic level. There was marked cross-inoculation within Casuarina and little nodulation ofCasuarina species from Allocasuarina sources with the exception of 3 sources ofFrankia fromA. torulosa which showed a high tendency to nodulateCasuarina species. Few sources from Casuarina nodulated species of Allocasuarina and while cross-inoculation within Allocasuarina was frequent it was less marked than within Casuarina. SomeFrankia inocula had wider host ranges than others, nodulating outside the genus or series of origin. It was not possible to determine if these apparent wider ranges in host spectra reflected genotypic differences betweenFrankia or were associated with the presence of more than oneFrankia strain in some inocula.
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    Influence de pH acides sur la viabilité d'isolats deFrankia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; Frankia ; Nodules ; pH acides ; Plantes à actinorhizes ; Viabilité ; Actinorhizal plant ; Alnus ; Frankia ; Low pH ; Nodules ; Viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary TwentyFrankia strains isolated from seven actinorhizal species were cultivated on media at various pH 5; 4.8; 4.6 and 4.2. Each strain was cultivated 2 or 3 times on the same pH. Fourteen strains did not grow at pH 4.6. At pH 4.2 all the strains died after few days. The 3 acido-resistant strains grew with free Al+++ in the culture medium. Inoculated in an acidic soil, the viability of an acido-resistant strain was greater than that of a neutrophilic strain.
    Notes: Résumé Vingt souches deFrankia, isolées à partir de 7 espèces différentes de plantes actinorhiziennes ont été cultivées sur des milieux maintenus à des pH constants de 5; 4,8; 4,6 et 4,2. Chaque souche a été cultivée 2 à 3 fois consécutives à un même pH. Quatorze souches ne montrent aucune croissance à pH 5. Seules 3 souches résistent à un séjour de plusieurs semaines à pH 4,6. Aucune souche ne demeure viable après un séjour dans un milieu à pH 4,2. Les 3 souches acido-résistantes supportent également la présence d'Al+++ libre dans le milieu de culture. Une forte concentration d'H+ dans le milieu stimule beaucoup la sporogénèse. Inoculée dans un sol acide une souche acido-résistante conserve une chance de survie nettement supérieure à celle d'une souche neutrophile maintenue dans les mêmes conditions.
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    Mechanisms of infection of plants by nitrogen fixing organisms (1988)
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    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell wall ; Frankia ; infection ; legume ; non-legume ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms can enter plants via wounds, root hairs or intact epidermises. All at some stage need the ability to digest primary cell walls and/or middle lamellas. None appears to digest secondary walls. The ability of any organism to infect a particular plant reflects (a) the enzymes produced by the microorganism (and possibly, as part of its reaction, the plant); (b) the exact nature of the primary wall; (c) the distribution of secondary walls. Plants may respond to infection by hypersensitive and other reactions which could be triggered by production of cell wall fragments. Infection threads of secondary wall material may be essential for root hair infection and where cell boundaries are crossed. Entry into host cells other than by infection threads involves a delicate balance between endophyte and host. This may only be achieved in one or a few cells, which may then divide repeatedly to produce a symbiotic structure.
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    Diversity ofFrankia strains isolated from a single alder stand (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; hybridization ; nif genes ; plasmid ; RFLPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One hundredFrankia strains isolated from variousAlnus species in a single alder stand were tested for plasmid presence. Plasmid DNA was observed in five of the frankiae strains and was analyzed. We found that plasmids with a similar molecular weight exhibited in fact minor divergences in restriction patterns. The genetic diversity among the five isolates which contained plasmids and seven isolates which contained no plasmid DNA were examined by using restriction endonucleas digestions, Southern hybridization ofnifHDK,nifAB genes, andFrankia cryptic DNA fragments determined ‘at random’. Results indicate that genomic DNA digestion patterns and Southern hybridizations to anifHDK probe were not able to discriminate between closely related frankiae. On the other hand, plasmid presence, Southern hybridization to anifAB proble or to a crypticFrankia probe allowed us to delineate groupings of these isolates.
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    Variation with soil depth, topographic position and host species in the capacity of soils from an Australian locale to nodulateCasuarina andAllocasuarina seedlings (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sandy alluvial soils in a floodplain supporting a native stand ofCasuarina cunninghamiana Miq. produced about three times as many nodulated seedlings and more than twice as many nodules per nodulated seedling on roots of baitedCasuarina spp. than did clay loam red earth soils from the adjacent valley slope. Moist and well-aerated subsurficial alluvial sands had the greatest nodulation capacity of all the soils sampled. For all topographic positions, soil samples from depths greater than 20 cm promoted 76% more nodulated Casuarina seedlings than samples from the surficial 20 cm. Seedlings of three provenances ofC. cunninghamiana, together with seedlings ofC. glauca Sieb. ex Spreng.,C. cristata F. Muell ex Miq. andC. obesa Miq. developed significantly more nodules per pot and nodules per nodulated seedling in soils from this locale than seedlings of twoCasuarina equisetifolia Forst. provenances. Seedlings of two provenances ofAllocasuarina torulosa (Ait.) L. Johnson had fewer than 1% nodulated seedlings, a significantly lower level by far than that ofCasuarina seedlings.A. torulosa provenances also had significantly fewer nodulated seedlings per pot and nodules per nodulated seedling than all Casuarina hosts excepting one poorly-nodulated provenance ofC. equisetifolia. Nodulated seedlings of allCasuarina species had the capacity to fix atmospheric N2, as indicated by acetylene-reduction capability. The presence of yellow cladodes and low rates of acetylene reduction per plant forC. cristata Miq. suggest that this association was poorly effective.
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    Growth and acetylene reduction activity by intact plants ofAlnus incana under field conditions (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 61-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; field ; Frankia ; growth ; intact plants ; nitrogenase activity ; nitrogen fixation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen-fixing grey alder,Alnus incana (L.) Moench, has a potential use in forest soil restoration and as part of energy forestry plantations. As a first step to estimate nitrogen fixation byA. incana under field conditions we performed studies on nitrogenase activity and its possible relation to abiotic factors and growth of the alders. Nitrogenase activity was measured as acetylene reduction activity (ARA) on eleven 1-year-old seedlings ofA. incana inoculated with a local source ofFrankia and planted in an experimental plot located in Umeå, northern Sweden. Each alder was planted into an open-ended cylinder which was closed with a gas tight lid around the stem base to serve as cuvette during ARA measurements. Propane served as tracer gas. ARA was measured in the middle of the day at 15 occasions during 26 June to 29 September 1987. Growth was recorded as leaf area and top shoot length at each ARA measurement until the end of August. Weather conditions were recorded for the whole growing season. Maximal ARA was recorded in late July or early August and ranged from 1.86 to 106μmol C2H4plant−1h−1. Final leaf area ranged from 0.022 to 0.124 m2. A relationship between ARA and the number of hours of sunshine during the same day was observed. ARA in relation to soil temperature increased during the study period, except for the last measurements. ARA in relation to leaf area was initially high but decreased later on. It is suggested that as leaves got older their contribution to photosynthesis per unit leaf area decreased and their potential to deliver nitrogen for retranslocation within plant increased. Both of these events would cause reduced ARA per unit leaf area. The data on ARA, growth, and abiotic factors taken together supported the view that sunshine and weather conditions affected photosynthesis and thereby delivery of assimilates to the nodules.
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    The physiology of spore-negative and spore-positive nodules ofMyrica gale (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 75-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhiza ; Frankia ; Myrica gale ; nitrogenase activity ; nodule respiration ; spore-negative ; spore-positive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The physiology of spore-negative and spore-positive root nodules was investigated inMyrica gale L. grown in water culture in a growth chamber. Spore(−) nodules were induced withFrankia cultures and spore(+) nodules with crushed nodules. Gas exchange was measured in a flow-through system. The time course of acetylene reduction following addition of acetylene was essentially the same in both spore(−) and spore(+) nodules with a stable maximum between 2 and 4 minutes followed by a steep decline to a minimum (37% of the maximum) between 9 and 30 minutes depending on the plant. The minimum was followed by a partial recovery. Nodule CO2 evolution showed a similar pattern but the minimum rate (83% of the maximum) was not nearly as low. Plants nodulated with one spore(−) and one spore(+) strain were compared at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after inoculation. At 6 weeks the spore(−) plants had 52% greater specific nitrogenase activity and 46% more biomass than the spore(+) plants. At 8 and 10 weeks, however, the differences between plants with spore(−) and spore(+) nodules became smaller. Plants nodulated with 4 spore(−) and 5 spore(+) strains were compared at 8 weeks after inoculation. Collectively the spore(−) plants exhibited a 32% greater specific nitrogenase activity, a 15% lower energy cost of nitrogenase activity (CO2/C2H4), and invested 31% less biomass in nodules than the spore(+) plants. The spore(−) plants also produced 16% more biomass indicating that spore(−) strains are generally more desirable than spore(+) strains. However, two spore(+) strains were as effective as the spore(−) strains.
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    Studies in tetrapartite symbioses (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Glomus fasciculatus ; multiple symbiosis ; Paxillus involutus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Alnus incana seedlings were successfully inoculated with an endomycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasciculatus), an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Paxillus involutus) and an isolate ofFrankia (ACN1) simultaneously. The effects of the inoculation treatments on the growth performance of the seedlings were evaluated under controlled conditions. The overall growth performance of the seedlings inoculated with the three organisms was better than those inoculated withFrankia, G. fasciculatus andP. involutus individually or withFrankia+G. fasciculatus andFrankia+P. involutus combinations. The highest growth performance and mycorrhizal infection occurred when the seedlings were inoculated simultaneously withFrankia+G. fasciculatus+P. involutus.
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    Specificity among the Casuarinaceae in root nodulation byFrankia (1989)
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    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; Gymnostoma ; host specificity ; root nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pure cultured isolates ofFrankia made from root nodules of plant species from among three genera of the host family Casuarinaceae were used in inoculation trials of seedlings grown in water culture. A large number of host species among the genera Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Gymnostoma from Australia, Papua New Guinea and other South Pacific Islands were tested. The most widely infectiveFrankia strains were CcI3 and AllI1; theFrankia strains with the narrowest host range within the Casuarinaceae were CcI2 and GpI1. Intrafamily cross-inoculations were uncommon. The most broadly receptive host species wasG. papuanum. For many species ofAllocasuarina tested, no infection by anyFrankia available for testing could be observed.
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    The isolation, culture and infectivity of aFrankia strain fromGymnostoma papuanum (Casuarinaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; cross-inoculation ; Frankia ; Gymnostoma papuanum ; infectivity ; isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofFrankia was isolated fromGymnostoma papuanum(Casuarinaceae) nodules harvested from rooted cuttings which had been inoculated with a suspension of crushedCasuarina equisetifolia nodules. Designated HFPGpI1 (catalogue #HFP021801), this strain is pigmented and similar to other pigmentedFrankia strains in cultural characteristics. A previously unknown spiraled hyphal morphology was observed at very low frequency in some cultures of this strain. HFPGpI1 is infective and effective onG. papuanum but not on anyCasuarina species tested. It also infects members of the family Elaeagnaceae andMyrica gale. The host plantG. papuanum can be infected with a wide range ofFrankia isolates and thus can be considered a promiscuous host, unlike its close relatives in the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina which are very restrictive as to which strains may nodulate them.
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    A comparison of two methods and different media for isolatingFrankia from Casuarina root nodules (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; isolation ; nitrogen fixation ; spores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four species of Casuarina were raised in the glasshouse and inoculated with nodules collected from nine different geographical areas within Australia. Isolations ofFrankia were attempted from 10 of the Casuarina-Frankia nodule combinations using two methods, a nodule dissection and a filtration method. With both techniquesFrankia isolates were obtained from four of the 10Frankia sources. Spores were not observed in sections of nodules from the four sources from whichFrankia was isolated, whereas spores were observed in the remaining six nodule sources. For selected nodule sources a range of isolation media were tried, but no improvement in the isolation success rate was achieved. The effect of host species on ease of isolation was studied. The results obtained suggested it was theFrankia strain and not the host plant species which determined the ease of isolation from Casuarina nodules.
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    Restriction enzyme digestion patterns ofFrankia plasmids (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plasmids ; Restriction analysis ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary After the initial screening of more than 200Frankia strains, the plasmid DNA observed in eight Frankiae was analyzed.In situ lysis was performed to obtain an estimate of their copy number and molecular weight. Four plasmid classes were distinguished, 7–9, 18–20, 30–35 and 50–55 kb. Twelve plasmids were thus analysed with restriction enzymes to determine their plasmid restriction patterns. While someFrankia plasmids with comparable molecular weights were found to be heterologous in their restriction enzyme pattern, an 8 kb plasmid found in bothFrankia sp. ArI3, isolated fromAlnus rubra andFrankia sp. CpI1 isolated fromComptonia peregrina showed undistinguishable ‘fingerprints’. Furthermore, an 18 kb plasmid found in the same two strains, also showed homologous restriction enzyme patterns. However, the copy numbers of the two ArI3 plasmids were higher than those of the CpI1 plasmids. Similarly, strains ACN1AG, $$TX41_{b^--- }^{AC} and TX38_{b^--- }^{AC} $$ , isolated fromAlnus crispa all contained a 50 kb plasmid, and the three plasmids were found upon restriction analysis to be undistinguishable. In one strain, ARgX17c isolated fromAlnus rugosa, it was found through restriction enzyme analysis that two plasmids of a similar molecular weight were in fact heterologous. The possible origin of the homologous plasmids and their potential as specificFrankia markers to be used in ecological studies are discussed.
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    In vitro production of specialized reproductive torulose hyphae byFrankia strain ORS 021001 isolated fromCasuarina junghuhniana root nodules (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhiza ; Activated charcoal effect ; Casuarina endophytes ; Frankia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary AFrankia strain (ORS 021001) isolated fromCasuarina junghuhniana root nodules was shown to produce four type of structuresin vitro: vegetative hyphae, sporangiospores within sporangia, N2-fixing vesicles, and a fourth type of structure which is described in detail in this report. Structures of this latter type which we propose to call ‘reproductive torulose hyphae: (RTH) result from enlargement and multiple segmentation of vegetative hyphae into torulose chaions of spore-like cells. RTH differ from sporangia in three major aspects: morphology, morphogenesis and outgrowth. RTH play an important role in survival and reproduction ofFrankia strain ORS 021001. Adding activated charcoal to the nutrient medium promotes the formation ofFrankia colonies orginating from RTH.
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    Characterization and infectivity of a spontaneous variant isolated fromFrankia sp. WEY 0131391 (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Alnus rubra ; Electrophoresis ; Endophyte ; Frankia ; Immunodiffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous variant, obtained from aFrankia isolate fromAlnus rubra nodules, was compared with the parent strain with regard to infectivity, nitrogenase activity, and electrophoretic and immunological profiles. Both the parent and the variant strain were equally effective in inducing nodulation in seedlings ofA. rubra. All inoculated plants had an active nitrogenase system as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. Electrophoresis of whole cell homogenates on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels showed similar electrophoretic profiles; however, the variant strain also exhibited striking differences in protein patterns that distinguish it from the parent strain. Immunological analysis of the originalFrankia strain and its variant revealed shared antigens as well as immunologically distinct antigenic determinants in the two strains. The variant strain exhibits a distinct morphology and growth patterns which remain stable after many passages through culture.
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    Restriction pattern analysis of genomic DNA ofFrankia isolates (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Genomic DNA ; Restriction analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total genomic DNAs ofFrankia isolates were subjected to restriction enzyme digestion and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis. Restriction fragment banding patterns were unique for each isolate and may therefore be used as a method to distinguish between isolates which may be morphologically indistinguishable. This method might be useful for practical purposes such as tracing specificFrankia strains during field studies.
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    Effect of spring flooding on endophyte differentiation, nitrogenase activity, root growth and shoot growth inMyrica gale (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 109-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Adventitious roots ; Flooding responses ; Frankia ; Myrica gale ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen content ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring flooding was investigated as a possible limiting factor in the development of nitrogenase activity, root growth, and shoot growth inMyrica gale. Dormant, one year oldMyrica gale plants were placed in a greenhouse in early April and given three treatments: control (not flooded), flooded-water (flooded with water to 2.5 cm above the soil level) and flooded-peat (flooded with water-saturated peat to 4.0 cm above the soil level). Nitrogenase activity was absent at budbreak but appeared concurrently with the differentiation of vesicles by theFrankia sp. endophyte. Flooding delayed the onset of nitrogenase activity, substantially reduced the specific nitrogenase activity of the nodules, and also severely limited the production of the new nodule biomass. Consequently by 67 days past budbreak nitrogenase activity was much greater in the control plants (5.55±0.42 μmol C2H4/plant.h; $$\bar x$$ ± SE; N=9) than in the flooded-water (1.18±0.29) and flooded-peat (0.15±0.05) plants. Production of new secondary roots was substantially reduced in the flooded plants but adventitious roots were rapidly produced along the flooded portion of the stem in the better aerated zone near the surface. New nodules formed on several adventitious roots by 67 days indicating that the plants are able to replace their largely nonfunctional deeply flooded nodules with new nodules in the aerobic zone. Initially shoot growth was unaffected by flooding but by 67 days the flooded plants had substantially less leaf biomass, lower leaf and stem nitrogen concentrations, and less total shoot nitrogen content than the control plants.
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    Nitrogen fixation and respiration by root nodules ofAlnus rubra Bong.: Effects of temperature and oxygen concentration (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; ArI3 ; Diffusion ; Energy cost ; Frankia ; Nitrogenase ; Oxygen ; Red alder ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using a root nodule cuvette and a continuous flow gas exchange system, we simultaneously measured the rates of carbon dioxide evolution, oxygen uptake and acetylene reduction by nodules ofAlnus rubra. This system allowed us to measure the respiration rates of single nodules and to determine the effects of oxygen concentration and temperature on the energy cost of nitrogen fixation. Energy cost was virtually unchanged (2.8–3.5 moles of carbon dioxide or oxygen per mole of ethylene) from 16 to 26°C (pO2=20 kPa) while respiration and nitrogenase activity were highly temperature dependent. At temperatures below 16°C, nitrogenase activity decreased more than did respiration and as a result, energy cost rose sharply. Acetylene reduction ceased below 8°C. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity at low temperatures was rapidly reversed upon return to higher temperatures. At high temperatures (above 30°C) nitrogenase activity declined irreversibly, while respiration and energy cost increased. Energy cost was nearly unchanged at oxygen partial pressures of 5 to 20 kPa (temperature of 20°C). Respiration and nitrogenase activity were strongly correlated with oxygen tension. Below 5 kPa, acetylene reduction and oxygen uptake decreased sharply while production of carbon dioxide increased, indicating fermentation. Fermentation alone was unable to support nitrogenase activity. Acetylene reduction was independent of oxygen concentration from 15 to 30 kPa. Nitrogenase activity decreased and energy cost rose above 30 kPa until nearly complete inactivation of nitrogenase at 70–80 kPa. Activity declined gradually, such that acetylene reduction at a constant oxygen concentration was stable, but showed further inactivation when oxygen concentration was once again increased. Alder nodules appear to consist of a large number of compartments that differ in the degree to which nitrogenase is protected from excess oxygen.
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    In vitro propagation and nodulation byFrankia of actinorhizal Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Elaeagnus angustifolia ; Frankia ; In vitro propagation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Russian Olive ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Following the evaluation of the nutritional requirements for thein vitro propagation ofElaeagnus angustifolia, this actinorhizal species was routinely multiplied on MS, supplemented with 100 mM sucrose and 5 μM kinetin. On this medium, at a 3 week-interval, a multiplication rate of 5–10 was observed. A morphological variant occurred in culture (wet type) but it was converted into the normal type (pubescent type) by a passage on 1/2 macro MS and 1.5% agar. One hundred percent rooting was achieved in liquid medium containing 1/2 MS without growth regulators. The plantlets were transferred aseptically to a nitrogen-free artificial soil substrate and inoculated with pure cultures of differentFrankia strains which had been isolated from Elaeagnus, Shepherdia and Hippophae host plants. We thus ascertained that afterin vitro propagation, the plants retained their capacity to nodulate and sustain nitrogen fixation.
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    Seed germination, seedling inoculation and establishment ofAlnus spp. in containers in greenhouse trials (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 161-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; Frankia ; Nodulation ; Seed germination ; Seedling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methods for production of containerized seedlings ofAlnus species were developed which permit nitrogen-fixing nodules to form on the root systems prior to outplanting, in order to provide an early nitrogen input during seedling establishment. The methods are based on procedures for inoculating root systems with suspensions ofFrankia (Actinomycetales), applied either directly in the container cell as a soil drench at the time of seeding, or as a root dip for seedlings transplanted into the containers. Germination of dried, stored seed was enhanced by light and by presoaking for 16 h in water. Pretreatments to overcome seed dormancy or to eliminate fungal pathogens did not further enhance germination. Some loss of seedlings was recorded in the early stages of growth shortly after germination, which is a factor in calculating projected seedling yield. Nodulation and seedling growth were evaluated in terms of growth media characteristics. Seedlings performed well in peat-vermiculite, at soil pH between 5.5 and 8.0.
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    Inoculation and production of container-grown red alder seedlings (1985)
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    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal ; Alnus rubra ; Frankia ; Inoculation ; Root nodule ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inoculation ofAlnus rubra (red alder) withFrankia sp. can lead to a highly efficient symbiosis. Several factors contribute to the successful establishment of nitrogenfixing nodules: (1) quantity and quality ofFrankia inoculant; (2) time and method of inoculation; (3) nutritional status of the host plant.Frankia isolates were screened for their ability to nodulate and promote plant growth of container-grown red alder. Inoculations were performed on seedlings and seeds. Apparent differences in symbiotic performance could be seen when seeds or seedlings were inoculated. Plants inoculated at planting performed significantly better than those inoculated four weeks later in terms of shoot height, nodule number and shoot dry weight. If inoculation was delayed further, reduction in shoot height, nodule number and shoot dry weight resulted. The effect of fertilizer was also investigated with regard to providing optimal plant growth after inoculation. Plants receiving 1/5 Hoagland's solution minus nitrogen showed maximal plant growth with abundant nodulation. Plants receiving 1/5 Hoagland's solution with nitrogen showed excellent plant growth with significantly reduced nodulation.
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    Do single nodules of Casuarinaceae contain more than oneFrankia strain? (1985)
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    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 275-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina equisetifolia ; Frankia ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies using inoculum suspensions prepared from single nodules of Casuarinaceae suggest that more than oneFrankia strain may be found in some nodules. Evidence is also presented to support the concept of intergeneric specificity in host-Frankia relations in the family Casuarinaceae.
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    The improvement and utilization in forestry of nitrogen fixation by actinorhizal plants with special reference toAlnus in Scotland (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 393-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Alnus glutinosa ; Fatty acids ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alnus species are used widely in Britain for land reclamation, forestry and other purposes. Rapid juvenile growth of the AmericanAlnus rubra makes it an attractive species for planting on N-deficient soils, particularly those of low organic content. In small plot trials, this species is nodulated by indigenous soil frankiae as effectively asAlnus glutinosa. Over a three year period both species return similar amounts of N to the ecosystem, estimated at up to 10–12 kg N ha−1. Several strains ofFrankia have been isolated from local (Lennox Forest)A. rubra nodules. These differ morphologically and in their growth on different culture media, both from each other and fromA. glutinosa nodule isolates. AllAlnus isolates, however, have a total cellular fatty acid composition qualitatively similar to some other Group B frankiae. Glasshouse tests in N free culture suggest thatA. rubra nodules formed after inoculation of seedlings with American spore (−) isolates are three times more effective in N fixation than those inoculated with LennoxA. rubra spore (+) nodule homogenates. By contrast, the early growth of seedlings inoculated with spore (−)Frankia strains suggests at best a 35% improvement in N fixing activity over seedlings inoculated with LennoxA. rubra nodule isolates. Nevertheless, this improvement in activity, together with the better performance of seedlings inoculated with isolates compared with those treated with crushed nodule preparations, suggest that it would be worthwhile commercially to inoculate nursery stock with a spore (−)Frankia strain.
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    The genetics of actinorhizalFrankia: A review (1986)
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    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 429-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Frankia ; Genetics ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Culture conditions influencing growth and nitrogen fixation inFrankia sp.HFPCcI3 isolated from Casuarina (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina ; Frankia ; Nitrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The optimum conditions for growth ofFrankia sp. HFPCcI3 isolated fromCasuarina cunninghamiana, were studied in batch culture using defined media. Maximum growth (doubling time was 24 h)_was achieved at 33°C and at pH 6.3 with pyruvate and NH 4 + as the sole C and N sources, respectively. Removal of NH 4 + from the culture medium resulted in vesicle differentiation which was paralleled by induction of acetylene reduction activity. Growth on atmospheric N2 was optimal with combined pyruvate and glucose as the carbon sources and displayed a doubling time of about 48 h. Comparisons in growth and N2-fixing activity ofFrankia strains grown in a variety of cultural conditions demonstrate the range of behavior among the strains.
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    Nitrogen in shoot litter, root litter and root exudates from nitrogen-fixingAlnus incana (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudation ; Root litter ; Shoot litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment withAlnus incana (L.) Moench growing in sand was set up to compare the amounts of nitrogen released from plants shoot litter with that released below ground as root litter and/or root exudation. No nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms was found in the sand and the increased nitrogen content of the plant + soil system was therefore due to nitrogen fixation byFrankia in the alder root-nodules. Most of the nitrogen released from the plants was in the nitrogen-rich leaf and other shoot litter. Only small amounts of nitrogen were found in the drainage water from the pots and were recorded as increased nitrogen content of the sand.
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    Soil and environmental factors related to nodulation in Cowania and Purshia (1986)
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    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 147-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowania ; Frankia ; Microbial ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Purshia ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. The possibility that soil and environmental factors may influence a soil's capability to produce nodulated seedlings was explored.Purshia tridentata andCowania mexicana var. Stansburiana seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from native sites for each of the two genera. Treatments included a control and a six mmole nitrogen amendment as NH4NO3 for both surface and subsurface samples. Nodulation was often sparse for seedlings grown in surface collected samples. Although nodulation was usually better in subsoil samples, even some subsoils produced few or no nodules. Nitrogen additions inhibit nodulation and although soil nitrogen may be inhibitory in some unamended surface soils it is probably not a general cause of sparse nodulation. Nodule masses showed the same trends as nodule number but varied less with treatment and depth of soil source. Seedlings compensated for sparse nodulation with an increase in mass per nodule. Incidence of nodulation was related to some soil and environmental factors. Multiple regression analysis explained a substantial portion of nodulation variability. Soils from lower elevations with less precipitation did not produce well nodulated seedlings even in well watered greenhouse trials. Micronutrient cations, potassium, and phosphorus are positively correlated with nodulation incidence. The two genera were generally similar in nodulation responses to soil and environmental factors.
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    Commercial micropropagation of five Alnus species (1987)
    Springer
    New forests 1 (1987), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Actinorhiza ; alder ; tissue culture ; Frankia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Clonal micropropagation was demonstrated as feasible on a commercial basis for several clones of five Alnus species. Approximately 60,000 ready-to-root individual shoots were multiplied in vitro on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.5–5 μM BAP. A total of 15,500 shoots from different clones were rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium including 1–5 μM IBA. They were transferred under mist conditions within a growth chamber illuminated with high pressure sodium lamps. Those conditions gave 99–100% plantlet survival after four weeks. Plantlets were then inoculated with selected Frankia sp. strains. These nodulated alder plants are under field evaluation at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Canadian Forestry Service in Chalk River, Ontario.
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    Influence de quelques herbicides à large spectre sur la croissance et l'infectivité de cultures pures de Frankia (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Effects of four herbicides, widely used against weeds, on Frankia strains grownin vitro were studied. At the recommended rate, Legurame, Devrinol and Fulton had significant effect on growth and morphology of Frankia strains. At a high concentration Comodor inhibited growth of 6 strains. Infectivity was affected by al herbicides; 6 weeks after inoculation nodules were not yet formed.
    Notes: Resumé L'influence de 4 herbicides couramment utilisés en agriculture sur la croissance, la morphologie et l'infectivité de cultures pures de Frankia a été étudiée. Aux doses prescrites par le fabricant, la croissance des cultures et la morphologie de Frankia ne sont pratiquement pas affectées par le Légurame, le Dévrinol ou le Fulton. A fortes concentrations le Comodor inhibe totalement la croissance de certaines souches. La formation de nodules est fortement affectée par tous les herbicides utilisés.
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    Methods of isolation and cultivation of Frankia species from actinorhizas (1981)
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    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Myrica gale ; Root-nodules ; Sporangia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A critical review is given about the isolation and cultivation methods of Frankia species fromAlnus glutinosa root-nodules. The best results so far are obtained with a combination of sucrose (60% w/v)-sedimentation of root-nodule homogenate and subsequent suspension in the top-layer of a doubleagar layer system. The top-layer needs to contain a suitable C-source, in this study often a lipid factor from an alcoholic root-extract and an organic N-source. The isolation and cultivation of Sp(−) and Sp(+) strains fromAlnus glutinosa root nodules and a Frankia from the root-nodules ofMyrica gale is reported. The regular observation of growing colonies appears to be very important for the interpretation of results. The latter was illustrated by the remarkable diauxic growth of the strains isolated fromAlnus glutinosa Sp(+) root nodules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277372
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    Influence of inoculation on yield ofAlnus glutinosa in the Netherlands (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 189-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycete symbiosis ; Alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Farmyard manure ; Forestry ; Frankia ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and the infectivity of Frankia, the root-nodule endophyte ofAlnus glutinosa, were studied in different kinds of soil in the Netherlands. Both field and pot experiments indicated that many soils, on which alders have not been grown before, had low numbers of endogenous Frankia or none at all. Inoculation of these soils usually enhanced growth and nodulation of alders. The effect of fertilizer treatments on growth and nodulation ofA. glutinosa were studied in experimental plots. Alders grown in sandy soils, dressed with farmyard manure had the highest yield and the most nodules. The influence of inoculation with homogenates of Sp(+) and Sp(−) nodules and with a pure culture of Frankia AvcIl were studied in pot experiments. The quantity of different kinds of inoculum needed to obtain good growth and nodulation of alder was estimated. The results indicated that addition of a nodule homogenate of 90 g fresh AvcIl Sp(+) nodules is sufficient to inoculate one hectare of nursery soil to produce 10 nodules per plant, while a thousand times larger amount of inoculum is necessary when Sp(−) nodules are used. The limitations and the potentials of using nodule homogenates and pure cultures of Frankia for inoculation in forestry are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277374
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules in stands ofAlnus glutinosa andAlnus incana in Finland (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The distribution of spore positive (Sp+) and spore negative (Sp−) nodules on the two native alder species (A. incana andA. glutinosa) in Finland was investigated. Nodules were collected throughout the country from different ecosystems (forests, swamps, lake- sea- and riversides, old pastures and fields as well as from alder plantations). OnA. incana Sp+ nodules predominated, whereas onA. glutinosa the vast majority of the nodules were of the Sp− type. Sp+ nodules onA. glutinosa were found only at sites where the two alder species grew close together. This distribution pattern indicates an association of nodule type with alder species, the reasons for which are discussed. Indications of saprophytic growth in the Sp− strain were also found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374765
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    Glasshouse evaluation of the growth ofAlnus rubra andAlnus glutinosa on peat and acid brown earth soils when inoculated with four sources ofFrankia (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid brown earth ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus rubra ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule ; peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil type (an acid peat and 2 acid brown earths) andFrankia source (3 spore-positive crushed nodule inocula and spore-negative crushed nodules containing the singleFrankia ArI5) on nodulation, N content and growth ofAlnus glutinosa andA. rubra were determined in a glasshouse pot experiment of two years duration. Plants on all soils required additional P for growth. Growth of both species was very poor on peat withA. glutinosa superior toA. rubra. The former species was also superior toA. rubra on an acid brown earth with low pH and low P content. Some plant-inoculum combinations were of notable effectivity on particular soils but soil type was the major source of variation in plant weight. Inoculation with crushed nodules containingFrankia ArI5 only gave poor infection of the host plant, suggesting that inoculation with locally-collected crushed nodules can be a preferred alternative to inoculation withFrankia isolates of untested effectivity. Evidence of adaptation ofFrankia to particular soils was obtained. Thus, while the growth of all strains was stimulated by mineral soil extracts, inhibitory effects of peat extracts were more apparent with isolates from nodules from mineral soils than from peat, suggesting that survival ofFrankia on peat may be improved by strain selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226798
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    Dinitrogen fixation in a water-stressed Alnus clone is limited by host xerotolerance (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Alnus ; Frankia ; nitrogen-fixation ; xerotolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The osmotolerance, rather than the halotolerance, of the endosymbiont predicted the xerotolerance of acetylene reduction by Alnus nodulated withFrankia ARgP5 AG . Cloned plants ofAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. AG8022-16 were subjected to water stress under controlled conditions in an environmental growth chamber. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential had decreased after successive 10 day periods of moderate (75% of water demand) and severe (50% of water demand) water stress. After severe stress had wilted the plants, reducing leaf water potential to −2.10 MPa, nitrogenase activity had fallen to 2.51 μM per plant per hour. The reported rapid turnover of nitrogenase implies thatFrankia mycelium was metabolically active at this low water potential, a water potential at which no Alnus-derivedFrankia has been reported active. Although ARgP5 AG was similar to other such strains in halotolerance (lower limitca.−1.25 MPa), the low water potential limit for growth with glucose (a non-assimilated osmoticum) wasca.−2.53 MPa. Nitrogenase activity was apparently more limited by host xerotolerance than by endophyte xerotolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232793
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    Nodule structure and nitrogenase activity ofCoriaria arborea in response to varying pO2 (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 97-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diffusion ; diffusion-resistance ; Frankia ; oxygen ; periderm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When excised root nodules ofCoriaria arborea are assayed for nitrogenase activity at various pO2 they show a broad optimum between 20 and 40 kPa O2, with some evidence for adaptation. Continuous flow assays of nodulated root systems of intact plants indicate that Coriaria shows an acetylene induced decline in nitrogenase activity. When root systems were subject to step changes in pO2 nitrogenase activity responded with a steep decline followed by a slower rise in activity both at lower and higher than ambient pO2. Thus Coriaria nodules are able to adapt rapidly to oxygen levels well above and well below ambient. Measurement of nodule diffusion resistance showed that the adaptation is accompanied by rapid increase in resistance at above ambient pO2 and decrease in resistance at below ambient pO2. Plants grown with root systems at pO2 from 5–40 kPa O2 did not differ in growth or nodulation. The anatomy of Coriaria nodules shows they have a dense periderm which encircles the nodule and also closely invests the infected zone. The periderm is both thicker and more heavily suberised in nodules grown at high pO2 than at low pO2. Vacuum infiltration of India ink indicates that oxygen diffusion is entirely through the lenticel and via a small gap adjacent to the stele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232794
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    Gas diffusion pathway in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal nodules ; Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The gas diffusion pathway in nodules was traced by vacuum infiltration with India ink or aniline blue and by electron microscopy. India ink infiltration was observed in the outermost and the innermost cortex in sliced nodules, but not in intact nodules. With aniline blue infiltration, it was observed that intercellular air spaces in the outermost and the innermost cortex were connected to those in nodule roots. No air spaces were in contact with walls of infected cells, although intercellular air spaces existed in some groups of uninfected cells within the infected zone. Infiltration with either India ink or aniline blue could not be observed in the infected zone in essentially all cases. Thus it is suggested that the discontinuity of the intercellular air spaces represents a major resistance to O2 diffusion in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232796
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    Studies of an effective strain ofFrankia fromAllocasuarina lehmanniana of the Casuarinaceae (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings ofCasuarina spp. andAllocasuarina spp. were grown from seed in the greenhouse and inoculated with a nodule suspension fromC. equisetifolia. Plants ofCasuarina spp. nodulated regularly and were effective in nitrogen-fixation. Only one species ofAllocasuariona, A. lehmanniana formed root nodules. Using these plants as source of inoculum, the isolation of a newFrankia sp. HFPA11I1 (HFP022 801) was made and the strain was grown in pure culture.Frankia sp. HFPA11I1 grows well in a defined medium and shows typical morphological characteristics. In media lacking combined nitrogen, the filamentours bacterium forms terminal vesicles in abundance and differentiaties large intrahyphal or terminal sporangia containing numerous spores. This strain, used as inoculum, nodulates effectively seedlings ofC. equisietifolia andC. cunninghamiana, forming nodules with verically-growing nodule roots. Although effective in acetylene reduction, the endophyte within the nodules is filamentous and lacks veiscles. When used to inoculated seedlings ofA llocasuarina lehmanniana, Frankia sp. HFPA11I1 induces root nodules which are coralloid and lacking nodule roots. The nodules are effective in acetylene reduction and the filamentous hyphae ofFrankia within the nodule lobes lack vesicles. Effective nodulation inA. Lehmanniana depends upon environmental conditions of the seedlings and proceeds much more slowly than in Casuariana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277643
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    Preinfection events in the establishment of Alnus-Frankia symbiosis: Development of a spot inoculation technique (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Microcarriers ; Nodulation ; Spot inoculation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The early biochemical and structural events associated with the infection of Alnus byFrankia are still largely unknown. These studies have been hampered by the difficulty of localizing precisely the site of inoculation on the root surface and of standardizing the inoculum dose. To facilitate these investigations, we describe a new spot inoculation method wellsuited to study the Alnus-Frankia system. This method involves the growth ofFrankia in the presence of microcarrier and their subsequent deposition on the alder root surface as an inoculum dose. The ability of this new procedure to induce nodulation close to the point of inoculation has been observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277649
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    Effect of juglone on growthin vitro ofFrankia isolates and nodulation ofAlnus glutinosa in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alder ; Allelopathy ; Frankia ; Juglone ; Root nodules ; Tolerance ; Walnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In vitro growth (total protein content) of 5Frankia isolates was significantly inhibited at 10−4 M juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) concentration, but the degree of inhibition varied with theFrankia isolate. Isolates fromAlnus crispa [Alnus viridis ssp.crispa (Ait.) Turril] were most tolerant of 10−4 M juglone relative to controls, while an isolate fromPurshia tridentata (Pursh.) D.C. was most inhibited, displaying a dramatic decrease in growth and greatly altered morphology. Nodulation of black alder [Alnus glutinosa L. (Gaertn.)] in an amended prairie soil inoculated with aFrankia isolate from red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was significantly decreased by the addition of aqueous suspensions of 10−3 M and 10−4 M juglone. This decrease was partially independent of decreased plant growth. The addition of an equal volume of sand to the soil mixture further decreased nodulation of black alder.Frankia inoculation of the soil mixtures significantly increased the total number of nodules formed per seedling, and the degree of differences in seedling nodulation owing to juglone and soil treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277650
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    Performance ofin vitro propagatedAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. clones inoculated withFrankiae (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Nitrogen-fixation ; Symbiosis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary ThreeAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. clones, obtained byin vitro propagation techniques, were inoculated with four strains ofFrankia. The ability of these clones to nodulate and fix nitrogen was previously reported; this study deals with the performance of 12 different combinations of pairs of symbionts. Shoot fresh weight, shoot height and collar diameter were measured 60 and 82 days after inoculation. Shoot fresh weight seems to be more sensitive and reliable than the other parameters. Nitrogenase activity, measured by the acetylene reduction assay, was assayed 78 days after inoculation and was consistent with the biomass measurements. Better growth was observed when type N strains were used. Significant growth differences were observed between clones AG-2 and AG-8 on the one hand and clone AG-4 on the other. Thus, the use of genetically defined host plants and microsymbionts permitted the demonstration of significant performance variation even among cloned plants from the same provenance (AG-4 and AG-8). The duration of the experiment influenced the results with differences becoming less significant with time. This might be caused by an external limiting factor such as the pot size, competition for light,etc. But it could also be indicative of differences in nodulation speed among the treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277653
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    Distribution ofFrankia in soils from forest and afforestation sites in northern Sweden (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 407-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Afforestation ; Alnus incana ; Frankia ; Free-living ; Host plant dependency ; N2-fixation ; Nodulation ; Pine forest ; Podzol ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The presence in soil ofFrankia, capable of forming nitrogen-fixing root nodules onAlnus incana (L.) Moench, was investigated. Intact soil cores from forested as well as disturbed sites were sampled and both alder-rich and alder-free sites were included in the study. Surface-sterilized alder seeds were sown in the soil cores which were kept in sterile culture tubes in a growth chamber. Root nodules with nitrogenase activity developed in soil cores from all sites studied. Thus, infective and effectiveFrankia was present in all of the soils sampled, even from sites free from actinorhizal plants and irrespective of pH and nitrogen content of the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277412
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