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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (6,449)
  • Drosophila
  • Evolution
  • 1990-1994  (6,848)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: GAL4-VP16-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration and transcriptional activation were observed with preassembled chromatin templates that contained regular and physiological nucleosome spacing. Both processes were dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), although binding of GAL4-VP16 to the chromatin was ATP-independent. Factor-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration was not, however, sufficient for transcriptional activation. These experiments recreate in vitro the active participation of nucleosomal cores in the regulation of transcription that occurs in vivo, and they suggest a multistep pathway for transcriptional activation in which factor- and ATP-dependent nucleosome reconfiguration is followed by facilitation by the DNA-bound activator of transcription from the repressed chromatin template.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pazin, M J -- Kamakaka, R T -- Kadonaga, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2007-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0347.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Drosophila ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Templates, Genetic ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: Light absorption by rhodopsin generates metarhodopsin, which activates heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) in photoreceptor cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. In contrast to vertebrate metarhodopsins, most invertebrate metarhodopsins are thermally stable and regenerate rhodopsin by absorption of a second photon. In experiments with Rh1 Drosophila rhodopsin, the thermal stability of metarhodopsin was found not to be an intrinsic property of the visual pigment but a consequence of its interaction with arrestin (49 kilodaltons). The stabilization of metarhodopsin resulted in a large decrease in the efficiency of G protein activation. Light absorption by thermally stable metarhodopsin initially regenerated an inactive rhodopsin-like intermediate, which was subsequently converted in the dark to active rhodopsin. The accumulation of inactive rhodopsin at higher light levels may represent a mechanism for gain regulation in the insect visual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiselev, A -- Subramaniam, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1369-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*metabolism ; Arrestin ; Darkness ; Drosophila ; Eye Proteins/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Light ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*metabolism ; Rhodopsin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1994-10-28
    Description: The polarized microtubule cytoskeleton of the Drosophila oocyte directs the localization of the maternal determinants which establish the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of the embryo. Because the formation of this microtubule array is dependent on signals from the follicle cells that surround the oocyte, it has been proposed that AP polarity originates in the follicle cells. Here it is shown that the movement of the oocyte to the posterior of the egg chamber early in oogenesis determines AP polarity in the follicle cell layer, and also in the oocyte. Moreover, the generation of AP asymmetry requires signaling from the germ line to the soma and back again.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gonzalez-Reyes, A -- St Johnston, D -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 28;266(5185):639-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome/CRC Institute, University of Cambridge, England.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Genes, Insect ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Insect Hormones/genetics ; Microtubules/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Oogenesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Trans-Activators
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1994-05-13
    Description: In Drosophila and human cells, the TATA binding protein (TBP) of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex is tightly associated with multiple subunits termed TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that are essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription. The Drosophila TAFII150 has now been molecularly cloned and biochemically characterized. The deduced primary amino acid sequence of dTAFII150 reveals a striking similarity to the essential yeast gene, TSM-1. Furthermore, like dTAFII150, the TSM-1 protein is found associated with the TBP in vivo, thus identifying the first yeast homolog of a TAF associated with TFIID. Both the product of TSM-1 and dTAFII150 bind directly to TBP and dTAFII250, demonstrating a functional similarity between human and yeast TAFs. Surprisingly, DNA binding studies indicate that purified recombinant dTAFII150 binds specifically to DNA sequences overlapping the start site of transcription. The data demonstrate that at least one of the TAFs is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein and that dTAFII150 together with TBP are responsible for TFIID interactions with an extended region of the core promoter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verrijzer, C P -- Yokomori, K -- Chen, J L -- Tjian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):933-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Insect ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; TATA Box ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1993-12-24
    Description: The elongated proteins of the spectrin family (dystrophin, alpha-actinin, and spectrin) contain tandemly repeated segments and form resilient cellular meshworks by cross-linking actin filaments. The structure of one of the repetitive segments of alpha-spectrin was determined at a 1.8 angstrom resolution. A segment consists of a three-helix bundle. A model of the interface between two tandem segments suggests that hydrophobic interactions between segments may constrain intersegment flexibility. The helix side chain interactions explain how mutations that are known to produce hemolytic anemias disrupt spectrin associations that sustain the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yan, Y -- Winograd, E -- Viel, A -- Cronin, T -- Harrison, S C -- Branton, D -- CA 13202/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL 17411/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 24;262(5142):2027-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Crystallization ; Drosophila ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Spectrin/*chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1993-11-12
    Description: Calmodulin is a highly conserved regulatory protein found in all eukaryotic organisms which mediates a variety of calcium ion-dependent signalling pathways. In the Drosophila retina, calmodulin was concentrated in the photoreceptor cell microvillar structure, the rhabdomere, and was found in lower amounts in the sub-rhabdomeral cytoplasm. This calmodulin localization was dependent on the NINAC (neither inactivation nor afterpotential C) unconventional myosins. Mutant flies lacking the rhabdomere-specific p174 NINAC protein did not concentrate calmodulin in the rhabdomere, whereas flies lacking the sub-rhabdomeral p132 isoform had no detectable cytoplasmic calmodulin. Furthermore, a defect in vision resulted when calmodulin was not concentrated in the rhabdomeres, suggesting a role for calmodulin in the regulation of fly phototransduction. A general function of unconventional myosins may be to control the subcellular distribution of calmodulin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Porter, J A -- Yu, M -- Doberstein, S K -- Pollard, T D -- Montell, C -- EY08117/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 12;262(5136):1038-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Electroretinography ; Eye Proteins/*metabolism ; Mutation ; *Myosin Heavy Chains ; Myosins/*metabolism ; Nerve Degeneration ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*metabolism ; Retina/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-10-29
    Description: Shaker potassium channels from Drosophila are composed of four identical subunits. The contribution of a single subunit to the inactivation gating transition was investigated. Channels carrying a specific mutation in a single subunit can be labeled in a heterogeneous population and studied quantitatively with scorpion toxin sensitivity as a selection tag. Linkage within a single subunit of a mutation that removes the inactivation gate to a second mutation that affects scorpion toxin sensitivity demonstrates that only a single gate is necessary to produce inactivation. The inactivation rate constant for channels with a single gate was one-fourth that of channels with four gates. In contrast, the rate of recovery from inactivation was independent of the number of gates. It appears that each of the four open inactivation gates in a Shaker potassium channel is independent, but only one of the four gates closes in a mutually exclusive manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacKinnon, R -- Aldrich, R W -- Lee, A W -- NS23294/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):757-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Charybdotoxin ; Drosophila ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Scorpion Venoms/pharmacology ; Xenopus
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-07-23
    Description: Transcription initiation factor TFIIB recruits RNA polymerase II to the promoter subsequent to interaction with a preformed TFIID-promoter complex. The domains of TFIIB required for binding to the TFIID-promoter complex and for transcription initiation have been determined. The carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of TFIIB, which contains two direct repeats and two basic residue repeats, is sufficient for interaction with the TFIID-promoter complex. An extra 84-residue amino-terminal region, with no obvious known structural motifs, is required for basal transcription activity. Basic residues within the second basic repeat of TFIIB are necessary for stable interaction with the TFIID-promoter complex, whereas the basic character of the first basic repeat is not. Functional roles of other potential structural motifs are discussed in light of the present study.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamashita, S -- Hisatake, K -- Kokubo, T -- Doi, K -- Roeder, R G -- Horikoshi, M -- Nakatani, Y -- AI27397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA42567/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM45258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 23;261(5120):463-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8332911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Binding ; Transcription Factor TFIIB ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1993-07-09
    Description: Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) from mSlo, a gene encoding calcium-activated potassium channels, were isolated from mouse brain and skeletal muscle, sequenced, and expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The mSlo-encoded channel resembled "maxi" or BK (high conductance) channel types; single channel conductance was 272 picosiemens with symmetrical potassium concentrations. Whole cell and single channel currents were blocked by charybdotoxin, iberiotoxin, and tetraethylammonium ion. A large number of variant mSlo cDNAs were isolated, indicating that several diverse mammalian BK channel types are produced by a single gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butler, A -- Tsunoda, S -- McCobb, D P -- Wei, A -- Salkoff, L -- R01 NS24785-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):221-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7687074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Charybdotoxin ; DNA/genetics ; Drosophila ; Electric Conductivity ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/drug effects/*genetics/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Complementary ; Scorpion Venoms/pharmacology ; Sodium/metabolism ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-06-25
    Description: Arrestins have been implicated in the regulation of many G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Mutations in two Drosophila photoreceptor-specific arrestin genes, arrestin 1 and arrestin 2, were generated. Analysis of the light response in these mutants shows that the Arr1 and Arr2 proteins are mediators of rhodopsin inactivation and are essential for the termination of the phototransduction cascade in vivo. The saturation of arrestin function by an excess of activated rhodopsin is responsible for a continuously activated state of the photoreceptors known as the prolonged depolarized afterpotential. In the absence of arrestins, photoreceptors undergo light-dependent retinal degeneration as a result of the continued activity of the phototransduction cascade. These results demonstrate the fundamental requirement for members of the arrestin protein family in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors and signaling cascades in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dolph, P J -- Ranganathan, R -- Colley, N J -- Hardy, R W -- Socolich, M -- Zuker, C S -- R01 EY008768/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1910-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8316831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Arrestins ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Eye Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Kinetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Photoreceptor Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Rhodopsin/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism
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