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  • Articles  (14,811)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (10,426)
  • Wiley  (4,385)
  • 1990-1994  (14,811)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (9,436)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (5,375)
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  • Articles  (14,811)
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of Hydrogen Gas as a Result of Drilling Within the Saturated Zone (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Hydrogen gas was discovered within the steel casing above standing water in a percussion-drilled borehole on the Hanlord Site in south-central Washington state. In situ measurements of the borehole fluids indicated anoxic, low-Eh (〈-400 mV) conditions. Ground water sampled from adjacent wells in the same formation indicated that the ground water was oxygenated. H2 was generated during percussion drilling, due to the decomposition of borehole waters as a result of aqueous reactions with drilled sediment and steel from the drilling tools or casing. The generation of H2 within percussion-drilled boreholes that extend below the water table may be more common than previously realized. The ambient concentration of H2 produced during drilling was limited by microbial activity within the casing-resident fluids. H2 was generated abiotically in the laboratory, whereby sterilized borehole slurry samples produced 100 times more H2 than unsterilizcd samples. It appears that H2 is metabolized by microorganisms and concentrations might be significantly greater if not for microbial metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00492.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased Thermal-Pulse Flowmeter Resolution by Adding a Packer and Computer (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Measurement accuracy was increased by nearly one order of magnitude by outfitting the thermal-pulse flowmeter (TFM) with an inflatable packer. To accurately measure slow water velocities in boreholes greater than 15 cm diameter, it is necessary to divert borehole fluids through the TFM by inflating a packer. During calibration it was noted that the TFM's accuracy decreased as the borehole diameter increased. With Lhe packer inflated the TFM has a useful flow measurement range of 0.08 to 15 L/min (with flow velocities of 0.24 ± 0.012 cm/inin to 45.7 ± 0.61 cm/min, respectively, in 20-cm-diameter pipe), compared to 0.8 to 57 L/min for a packcrless TFM. A computer interlace was added to the TFM to provide a real-time graphical display of the differential voltage output from the TFM, a running mean and standard deviation of the pulse-response time, and a mean flow rate and velocity based on calibration curve fits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00497.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    National Water Quality Monitoring Strategy Update (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00486.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Assessment of the Nguyen and Finder Method for Slug Test Analysis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Nguyen and Pinder method is one of four techniques commonly used for analysis of response data from slug tests. Limited field research has raised questions about the reliability of the parameter estimates obtained with this method. A theoretical evaluation of this technique reveals that errors were made in the derivation of the analytical solution upon which the technique is based. Simulation and field examples show that the errors result in parameter estimates that can differ from actual values by orders of magnitude. These findings indicate that the Nguyen and Pinder method should no longer be a tool in the repertoire of the field hydrogeologist. If data from a slug test performed in a partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer need to be analyzed, recent work has shown that the Hvorslev method is the best alternative among the commonly used techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00490.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground Water Monitoring Statistics Update: Part II: Nonparametric Prediction Limits (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Nonparametric prediction limits can be useful statistical tools for ground water monitoring at facilities regulated under RCRA Subtitle C. Subtitle D. and similar regulations. New, exact tables arc presented for both “1 of m” plans (m chances to gel one observation inbounds at each of r monitoring wells to avoid a statistically significant increase) and “California” plans (first or all of the next m-1 observations inbounds at each well). The tables provide per-constituent significance levels (false positive rates) as a function of the background sample size n. m. r, the prediction limit (the largest or the next to largest, background observation), and the confirmatory resampling plan selected.When used in a monitoring program, future observations from several wells are compared with a prediction limit obtained from a common background sample. The table significance levels therefore depend critically on having IID (independent and identically distributed) observations. In particular, the false positive rate computations are not valid, and the procedures should not be used, with constituents whose measurements exhibit inherent spatial or systematic temporal variability.Recent U.S. EPA guidance explicitly encourages controlling facility-wide false positive rates over both constituents and wells. Nonparametric prediction limits, particularly with California resampling plans, will have greater difficulty in meeting the new. lower per-constituent false positive rate goals than previous ones, especially if many constituents are involved. Nonetheless, nonparametric prediction limits remain superior to other commonly used procedures for dealing with data with high proportions of nondctects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00494.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Client-Consultant Relationship (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00461.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wellhead Protection Workshops: What Have We Learned? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00465.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid Assessment of Trichloroethylene in Ground Water (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: On-site analysis of trichloroethylene (TCE) in aqueous samples by head- space sample preparation and gas chromatography (HS/GC) provides for quick and precise concentration estimates. This analytical approach is well suited for the on-site determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a variety of sample matrices, including ground water and saturated and unsatured soils. For these reasons, HS/GC can be used to establish analyte concentrations on a near real time basis to help select appropriate casing material during monitoring well installation. This application and the collection of multiple well samples during sampling events facilitates the hydrogeological site interpretation and the formulation of remediation strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00472.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical Distribution and Partitioning of Chromium in a Glaciof luvial Aquifer (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The vertical distribution and partitioning (between the solid and aqueous phase) of chromium in a glaciofluvial aquifer in northeastern Connecticut were assessed. Most of the chromium (99 percent of its mass) is bound to the soil. Retardation is primarily the result of binding to organic matter and adsorption to iron oxide coatings. However, other attenuation mechanisms also appear to be significant. If the degree of chromium binding observed here is representative of other chromium contaminated sites, pump-and-treat remediation will not remove the vast amount of chromium from the subsurface. However, most of the chromium may be immobile, and removal may not be required following the initial pumping to remove the mobile fraction. Further knowledge of the mechanisms that bind chromium to the soil, their reversibility, and their kinetics is essential to developing effective remediation strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00476.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of “What You Don't Find Isn't There, Or Is It? (or The absence of proof is not proof of absence),”Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, v. 14, no. 1, pages 79-83, Winter 1994. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00480.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of “What You Don't Find Isn't There, Or Is It? (or The absence of proof is not proof of absence),”Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, v. 14, no. 1, pages 79-83, Winter 1994. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00481.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surfactant-Induced Reductions in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Surfactant solutions are being proposed for in situ flushing of organic contaminants from soils and aquifers. The feasibility of surfactant additives in remediation may depend in large part on how these chemicals affect the hydraulic conductivity of the porous media. While there is evidence in the literature of conductivity loss during surfactant flushing (Miller et al. 1975; Nash et al. 1987), there has been little research on quantifying the process for unconsolidated sediments. Surfactant-affected hydraulic conductivity reductions were measured in two soils (Teller loam and Daugherty sand). Testing was done with eight surfactants at a variety of concentrations (10-5 to 10-l mole/kg), surfactant mixtures, and added solution electrolytes. The Teller was also tested with its organic matter removed. Maximum hydraulic conductivity decreases were 47 percent for the sand and more than two orders of magnitude for the loam. Surfactant concentrations, surfactant mixtures, soil organic content, and added solution electrolytes all affected the degree of conductivity reduction. Results indicate that surfactant-affected hydraulic conductivity losses should be considered prior to in situ remediation and may preclude surfactant use in some fine grain soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00112.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs: A Preliminary Examination of Two States (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00088.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00094.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field Trapping of Subsurface Vapor Phase Petroleum Hydrocarbons (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Soil gas samples from intact soil cores were collected on adsorbents at a field site, then thermally desorbed and analyzed by laboratory gas chromatography (GC). Vertical concentration profiles of predominant vapor phase petroleum hydrocarbons under ambient conditions were obtained for the zone directly above the capillary fringe. Water and residual phase weathered aviation gasoline were present in this region of the profile.The sampling, trapping, and GC methodology was effective in most respects. Reproducibility, trapping, and desorption efficiency were generally satisfactory, and different sorbent tubes gave similar results. A minor shortcoming of the method occurred with the most volatile compound, 2,3-dimcthylbutane, which was poorly retained during several weeks of storage lime and was also poorly desorbed.Vapor phase concentrations of predominant hydrocarbon compounds all increased with depth at one sampling location. At a more highly contaminated location, concentrations of highly volatile compounds increased with depth while concentrations of less volatile compounds remained constant or decreased, possibly indicating distillation effects. Scatier in the data was attributed to heterogeneities in water and residual phase distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00096.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sankey Brook Catchment Study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Sankey Brook catchment lies in the heart of the Mersey basin. As part of a major study into development issues in the Sankey Brook catchment, a hydraulic model was constructed and successfully used to simulate the river system and to assist in the derivation of discharge control policies.The background to the study and the subsequent hydrological and hydraulic modelling are described, particularly in relation to the more complex systems in the lower reaches of Sankey Brook.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01154.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Reconstruction of Sewage-Treatment Works in Osaka City (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Osaka has nearly completed its sewerage system, and twelve sewage-treatment works are now in operation. Tsumori and Ebie works, the two oldest, were commissioned in 1940. For these works, full-scale reconstruction has just commenced.This paper reports on the reconstruction of the Tsumori works, and outlines the plan for future reconstruction of the city's sewage-treatment works.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01158.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Setting Effluent Consent Standards (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper outlines how consent standards are normally calculated in Scotland for both river systems and tidal waters. A background is given to the reason why a more statistical approach has been adopted in England and Wales where the use of combining distribution methods is more widespread. Comparison of the two approaches is made, particularly with regard to their potential impact on resources required for treatment plants, and also the problems of taking enforcement action. The setting of standards under the EC urban waste water treatment Directive is considered where, in addition to the implications of primary, secondary and more stringent treatment, consideration is given to storm-sewage overflows and industrial discharges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01162.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Assessment of the Impact of Inland Surface Water Input to the Bacteriological Quality of Coastal Waters (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The introduction of ultraviolet disinfection in Jersey has achieved significant improvements in water quality. However, bathing waters in St Aubin's Bay and shellfish flesh have failed to comply with microbial standards. Streams and seepages from coastal structures were investigated as potential indicator organism sources (total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci). Seepages were an unimportant bacterial source as concentrations were low. Geometric mean concentrations in streams were up to four orders of magnitude higher than in final sewage-treatment works effluent, and concentrations increased significantly at high stream discharge. Rainfall-induced pulses of poor water quality occurred two to three times per week during the 1993 summer season. Natural discharges from island catchments thus contribute significantly to the bacterial load received at the coast, especially during high flow events. These observations have implications for other UK and European schemes using tertiary disinfection technology to attain water quality targets in coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01137.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Application of Risk Assessment to Contaminated Land: The British Gas Experience (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: British Gas owns over 900 sites within the UK with a total land area in excess of 5500 ha. Many of the sites are former gasworks, chemical works or associated holder stations.Although serious attempts were made to remove contamination during the last three decades, the operating and demolition standards previously considered to be adequate may no longer be acceptable and may have given rise to sites with the potential to contaminate adjacent land, surface waters and ground-water. As a result, further actions may now be required on these sites to reach new environmental standards, thereby reducing any chance there may be of legal liability on the Company.This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of several qualitative and quantitative risk-assessment methods which can be used to prioritize potentially contaminated sites for further investigation. The use of site investigation data to accurately target risk reduction in site remediation proposals is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01157.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential Impacts of Climatic Change and of Sea-Level Rise on the Yields of Aquifer, River and Reservoir Sources (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Using regional statistics of daily rainfall, a simple water-balance model was employed to generate runoff sequences with which to simulate the yield/storage behaviour of reservoirs in south-east England, in north-west England, and North Wales. Similarly sequences of recharge to an unconfined aquifer in eastern England were the basis of deriving its yield/storage behaviour. Then, taking scenarios of the year 2030 rainfall and evaporation, provided by the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit, reductions in yield were calculated to be 5–15% below present-day values. For direct supply reservoirs, greater percentage reductions in yield were found to apply to the south-east region, as compared to the north-west. The results from the aquifer example are interpreted on a novel basis which allows an immediate comparison with the surface reservoir examples.Coastal sea-water intrusion was modelled for three common geological conditions (i) the Grimsby Chalk (confined), (ii) the Brighton Chalk (unconfined), and (hi) the Otter Valley Sandstone (unconfined). In all three cases the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean sea level was shown to have only a marginal effect on sustainable yields, which reduced by about 1.5%.Estuarine fresh-salt water interfaces are important to the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6-m sea-level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shin of the interface was found, less man 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Severn estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6-m rise in mean sea level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01156.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of Hydrogen Sulphide by Air Injection into Rising Mains (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: During the long-distance pressure transportation of sewage, the interior of a rising main tends to become anaerobic, thereby producing a large amount of hydrogen sulphide at manholes and terminals. High concentrations of hydrogen sulphide have become a serious environmental and maintenance problem.In order to prevent the production of hydrogen sulphide in rising mains, the City of Kobe (in Japan) introduced a system to inject air directly into the main.This paper describes the results of studies on the effect of air injection on hydrogen sulphide inhibition and the relationship between water quality and the amount of air injected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01161.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Institution's View of the Proposed Revision of the Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01166.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IWEM Annual General Meeting (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01133.x
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  • 25
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    Proceedings of IWEM Symposium on ‘Contaminated Land: From Liability to Asset’ (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01129.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the ‘Biothane’ Wastewater Treatment System in the Soft Drinks Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes the experience gained by Yorkshire Water in the construction and operation of a wastewater treatment plant to deal with the effluent from Europe's largest canning and bottling factory (at Wakefield, West Yorkshire). The process which was chosen was the ‘Biothane’ upward-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system. Commissioning of the plant was fraught with difficulties due to the erratic organic load being discharged from the factory, along with larger than anticipated volumes of caustic solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01101.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Management of Water Colour in Peatland Catchments (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The problems of water-colour management in peatland catchments are discussed. Colour may be managed in three areas of the reservoir catchment system: on the catchment itself, in the channel/conduit system and within the reservoir. Whilst a number of workers have considered the management of catchment areas and some have evolved tributary turnout strategies, no previous research has considered the role of the reservoir in the amelioration or enhancement of water colour. The management of water colour at Thornton Moor catchment (near Bradford) is described. In this catchment a staged approach has been adopted, with colour being managed in an integrated manner at three stages along the catchment/conduit/reservoir system.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Books reviewed in this article: Water Wisdom, by Colin Allsebrook. Regional Ground-Water Quality. Edited by W. M. Alley. Respirometry of Activated Sludge, by Milenko Ros. Strategy for the Sustainable Use of England's Estuaries, by English Nature. European Environmental Law Casebook, by L. Krämer.
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    Benefits of Flow Data for Flood-Protection Design (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Stream gauging data play a vital role in the planning of flood mitigation strategies. A study of the value of stream flow data for the design of levee systems shows that the availability of a reasonable sample of pertinent data can be worth many times the cost of collecting that data.
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    The Institution's Response to the Government's Consultation Papers ‘Development Below Low Water Mark’ and ‘Managing the Coast’ (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01113.x
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    Reconstruction of British Nuclear Fuel's Drigg Marine Outfall (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: In 1985 the House of Commons Environment Committee expressed reservations over some of the waste-management procedures followed by British Nuclear Fuels Ltd at their Drigg low-level radioactive waste disposal facility near Sellafield in Cumbria. These reservations prompted the company to implement a £20 million programme of improvements aimed at maximizing site usage, reducing trench leachate arisings and redirecting to the Irish Sea.This paper provides information and test results associated with design considerations and initial dilution testing, respectively, of a computercontrolled long sea outfall system designed to discharge leachate to the Irish Sea. Information is also provided on difficulties experienced during construction of the outfall.
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    Experience of Cast-Iron Mains Rehabilitation in the Gas Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Since 1987 British Gas plc has undertaken an extensive programme of medium pressure (up to 2 bar) cast-iron mains replacement in urban locations, using a variety of rehabilitation techniques.This paper describes the experience of North Thames Region of British Gas plc, over the period 1987–1991, when the rehabilitation of over 230 km of mains was undertaken in the size range 300–460 mm.The techniques which were used favoured medium density polyethylene pipe wherever possible. However, about 100 km of rehabilitation was undertaken using hoselining, usually where mains were larger than 460 mm dia., or where aboveground access was restricted, or if the mains configuration included many changes of direction.This paper deals with (a) various aspects of operating rehabilitation contracts from a public utilities viewpoint, (b) the special factors relating to the inspection and testing of hoselined mains including factors found to contribute to failure, and (c) some of the controls that have been introduced to improve reliability of rehabilitation systems.
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    Use of Cement Kilns in Managing Solid and Hazardous Wastes: Implementation in Australia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The use of cement kilns for managing solid and hazardous wastes is facilitated by the high temperature, long gas retention periods, natural alkaline environment, minimum amount of waste produced and high thermal capacity. The main benefits include energy recovery, conservation of fossil fuels, reduction in cement production costs and the use of already existing facilities.The test burns conducted in cement kilns worldwide have demonstrated very high destruction efficiencies for most stable organic compounds, with toxic contaminants barely above the background levels.There are several cement plants in the US and Europe presently using solid and hazardous wastes as supplementary fuel. The application of this technology in Australia has been ignored in the past. An international conference (Kilnburn‘92) on the role of cement kilns in waste management was held recently in Australia and has enhanced the implementation of this technology in Australia.
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    The Institution's Response to the Consultation Paper on ‘Proposed Amendments to the Water Resources Act 1991 and the Reservoirs Act 1975′ (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The Institution's Response to the Consultation Paper on ‘River Quality: The Surface Waters (Fisheries Ecosystem) (Classification) Regulations 1993′ (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00915.x
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    WILLIAM OSWALD SKEAT, Bsc(Eng), MICE, FIMechE, (Hon Fellow) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The Institution's Response to the Consultation Paper on ‘Waste Management Paper No. 2/3: The Preparation of Waste Disposal (Management) Plans’ (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Construction and Operation of a Submerged Aerated Filter Sewage-Treatment Works (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The capacity of the sewage-treatment works at Silchester in Hampshire has been enhanced and the effluent quality improved to a high standard by the installation of a new submerged biological aerated filter plant. Ten prefabricated steel submerged aerated filters reduce BOD and fully nitrify settled domestic sewage from a population equivalent of 20 000.Comprehensive operating data are presented to demonstrate the ability of single-stage submerged downflow aerated biological filters to produce a nitrified effluent. The final effluent quality remains consistently within consent limits at 4.8 mg/l BOD, 7.0 mg/l SS and 0.5 mg/l NH3-N, all 95 percentiles. (Consent 7 mg/l BOD, 25 mg/l SS, and 5 mg/l NH3-N, 95 percentiles.)Data are presented on total coliform and E. Coli concentrations through the filter plant, showing better than 3 log reductions in the effluent.
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    Sustainability and the Water and Environmental Manager (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01087.x
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  • 40
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    Treatment of Algal-Laden Water: Pilot-Plant Experiences (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: In recent years an increase in the eutrophication of reservoirs has added to the problems of lowland surface-water treatment. A pilot plant was installed to test the effectiveness of various treatment regimes for a river source which was subject to occasional algal blooms, and a eutrophic reservoir source which was heavily contaminated with cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.). The treatment processes adopted were dissolved-air flotation for chemical coagulation, sand and anthracite filtration, comparative disinfection stages using ozone and chlorine followed by granular activated carbon filtration.The dissolved-air flotation plant was not particularly effective for the removal of algae, but the sand/anthracite filtration process was capable of removing 50% of the algae. The ozone disinfection stage was adequate for disinfection and also reduced algal numbers. Overall the chlorine/granular activated carbon method did not perform as effectively as the ozone/granular activated carbon process; the iatter process was +99% effective for algai control, with river and reservoir sources.
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    Identification of Odour Problems in the River Dee: A Case Study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: An intermittent strong vegetable/cabbage odour was noted on raw water abstracted from the River Dee (NW England). The source of the odour was traced to an industrial discharge from an animal feed manufacturer to a tributary of the River Dee. Analysis of water samples by CLSA GC-MS revealed the likely causes of the odour to be dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide. 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMB), a hydroxy methionine analogue growth supplement used by the feed manufacturer was a likely precursor to the odour problem. Studies conducted on the behaviour of HMB in untreated water showed it to be rapidly degraded. Degradation products included dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide and methyl(methylthio)methyl disulphide. The odour of water samples incubated with HMB changed from that of potato to cabbage/sprout, indicating that breakdown of this compound was responsible for the vegetable odour on untreated river water.
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    Stigma Happens: Social Problems in the Siting of Nuclear Waste Facilities (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper by Metz challenges the view that stigma associated with a nuclear waste repository might lead to significant economic losses to the host region. We have been invited to comment on the general issues raised by this paper. We find that much of the evidence presented in the paper consists of factual and conceptual errors and misrepresentations of the research literature. Based on our review of evidence documenting the social and economic impacts of perceived risk, we conclude that stigma is an important phenomenon that is symptomatic of fundamental problems with the way in which nuclear waste facilities are sited.
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    Designing Risk Communications: Completing and Correcting Mental Models of Hazardous Processes, Part I (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Many risk communications are intended to help the lay public make complex decisions about risk. To guide risk communicators with this objective, a mental models approach to the design and characterization of risk communications is proposed. Building on text comprehension and mental models research, this approach offers an integrated set of methods to help the risk communication designer choose and analyze risk communication content, structure, and organization. An applied example shows that two radon brochures designed with this approach present roughly the same expert facts as a radon brochure widely distributed by the U.S. EPA but meet higher standards on other content, structure, and organization criteria.
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    Development of a Standard Soil-to-Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: It has recently been suggested that “standard” data distributions for key exposure variables should be developed wherever appropriate for use in probabilistic or “Monte Carlo” exposure analyses. Soil-on-skin adherence estimates represent an ideal candidate for development of a standard data distribution: There are several readily available studies which offer a consistent pattern of reported results, and more importantly, soil adherence to skin is likely to vary little from site-to-site. In this paper, we thoroughly review each of the published soil adherence studies with respect to study design, sampling, and analytical methods, and level of confidence in the reported results. Based on these studies, probability density functions (PDF) of soil adherence values were examined for different age groups and different sampling techniques. The soil adherence PDF developed from adult data was found to resemble closely the soil adherence PDF based on child data in terms of both central tendency (mean = 0.49 and 0.63 mg-soil/cm2-skin, respectively) and 95th percentile values (1.6 and 2.4 mg-soil/cm2-skin, respectively). Accordingly, a single, “standard” PDF is presented based on all data collected for all age groups. This standard PDF is lognormally distributed; the arithmetic mean and standard deviation are 0.52 ± 0.9 mg-soil/cm2-skin. Since our review of the literature indicates that soil adherence under environmental conditions will be minimally influenced by age, sex, soil type, or particle size, this PDF should be considered applicable to all settings. The 50th and 95th percentile values of the standard PDF (0.25 and 1.7 mg-soil/cm2-skin, respectively) are very similar to recent U.S. EPA estimates of “average” and “upper-bound” soil adherence (0.2 and 1.0 mg-soil/cm2-skin, respectively).
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    Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment for Exposures to Estuary Sediments and Biota Contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Terphenyls and Other Toxic Substances (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A Latin Hypercube probabilistic risk assessment methodology was employed in the assessment of health risks associated with exposures to contaminated sediment and biota in an estuary in the Tidewater region of Virginia. The primary contaminants were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals released into the estuary from a storm sewer system. The exposure pathways associated with the highest contaminant intake and risks were dermal contact with contaminated sediment and ingestion of contaminated aquatic and terrestrial biota from the contaminated area. As expected, all of the output probability distributions of risk were highly skewed, and the ratios of the expected value (mean) to median risk estimates ranged from 1.4 to 14.8 for the various exposed populations. The 99th percentile risk estimates were as much as two orders of magnitude above the mean risk estimates. For the sediment exposure pathways, the stability of the median risk estimates was found to be much greater than the stability of the expected value risk estimates. The interrun variability in the median risk estimate was found to be +/-1.9% at 3000 iterations. The interrun stability of the mean risk estimates was found to be approximately equal to that of the 95th percentile estimates at any number of iterations. The variation in neither contaminant concentrations nor any other single input variable contributed disproportionately to the overall simulation variance. The inclusion or exclusion of spatial correlations among contaminant concentrations in the simulation model did not significantly effect either the magnitude or the variance of the simulation risk estimates for sediment exposures.
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    Summary of the Workshop on Issues in Risk Assessment: Quantitative Methods for Developmental Toxicology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This report summarizes the proceedings of a conference on quantitative methods for assessing the risks of developmental toxicants. The conference was planned by a subcommittee of the National Research Council's Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology/〉 in conjunction with staff from several federal agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, and Health and Welfare Canada. Issues discussed at the workshop included computerized techniques for hazard identification, use of human and animal data for defining risks in a clinical setting, relationships between end points in developmental toxicity testing, reference dose calculations for developmental toxicology, analysis of quantitative dose-response data, mechanisms of developmental toxicity, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and structure-activity relationships. Although a formal consensus was not sought, many participants favored the evolution of quantitative techniques for developmental toxicology risk assessment, including the replacement of lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) with the benchmark dose methodology.
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    Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models in Developmental Toxicology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The kinetics of disposition of drugs and environmental chemicals will be altered as a result of the rapid and pronounced anatomic and physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy. These include changes in maternal intestinal motility, pulmonary tidal volume and minute volume, cardiac output, and renal function as well as in maternal tissue and fluid volumes and in the weight of the embryo/fetus and its developing organs. Physiologically-based models of pregnancy are capable of taking these temporal changes into account. Several such models have been developed. They vary in their characteristics, depending on the chemical under consideration and the period of gestation of concern to the developers of the models. Several physiologically-based models of gestation are outlined, and an example is given of the application of a physiologically-based model of gestation to predict dose to the rat and mouse fetus.
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    Public Perceptions of the Potential Hazards Associated with Food Production and Food Consumption: An Empirical Study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Although public perceptions of food-related hazards receive much media comment and debate, the research literature on such perceptions is sparse and piecemeal. In the reported study, 216 people completed a questionnaire relating to their perceptions of the “risk characteristics” of potential hazards associated with various aspects of food production and food consumption. Responses were examined via principal-components analysis to obtain a structural representation of risk perception of the kind provided by Fischhoff, Slovic, and their colleagues in their seminal psychometric work.(1,2) A three-component solution accounting for 87% of the variance was obtained, with the dimensions labeled as “severity,”“unknown,” and “number of people exposed.” The findings also yielded information pointing to evidence of the phenomenon of unrealistic optimism. We conclude that our findings offer a useful base upon which further in-depth research integrating different perspectives on risk perception with respect to food-related hazards may be developed.
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    Measures of Compounding Conservatism in Probabilistic Risk Assessment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Concern about the degree of uncertainty and potential conservatism in deterministic point estimates of risk has prompted researchers to turn increasingly to probabilistic methods for risk assessment. With Monte Carlo simulation techniques, distributions of risk reflecting uncertainty and/or variability are generated as an alternative. In this paper the compounding of conservatism(1) between the level associated with point estimate inputs selected from probability distributions and the level associated with the deterministic value of risk calculated using these inputs is explored. Two measures of compounded conservatism are compared and contrasted. The first measure considered, F, is defined as the ratio of the risk value, Rd, calculated deterministically as a function of n inputs each at the jth percentile of its probability distribution, and the risk value, Rj that falls at the jth percentile of the simulated risk distribution (i.e., F=Rd/Rj). The percentile of the simulated risk distribution which corresponds to the deterministic value, Rd, serves as a second measure of compounded conservatism. Analytical results for simple products of lognormal distributions are presented. In addition, a numerical treatment of several complex cases is presented using five simulation analyses from the literature to illustrate. Overall, there are cases in which conservatism compounds dramatically for deterministic point estimates of risk constructed from upper percentiles of input parameters, as well as those for which the effect is less notable. The analytical and numerical techniques discussed are intended to help analysts explore the factors that influence the magnitude of compounding conservatism in specific cases.
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    Human Interindividual Variability–A Major Source of Uncertainty in Assessing Risks for Noncancer Health Effects (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: For noncancer effects, the degree of human interindividual variability plays a central role in determining the risk that can be expected at low exposures. This discussion reviews available data on observations of interindividual variability in (a) breathing rates, based on observations in British coal miners; (b) systemic pharmacokinetic parameters, based on studies of a number of drugs; (c) susceptibility to neurological effects from fetal exposure to methyl mercury, based on observations of the incidence of effects in relation to hair mercury levels; and (d) chronic lung function changes in relation to long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. The quantitative ranges of predictions that follow from uncertainties in estimates of interindividual variability in susceptibility are illustrated.
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    Uncertainty Analysis in Multiplicative Models (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Uncertainties are usually evaluated by Monte Carlo analysis. However, multiplicative models with lognormal uncertainties, which are ubiquitous in risk assessments, allow for a simple and quick analytical uncertainty analysis. The necessary formulae are given, which may be evaluated by a desk calculator. Two examples illustrate the method.
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    Recommended Distributions for Exposure Factors Frequently Used in Health Risk Assessment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Although there has been nearly complete agreement in the scientific community that Monte Carlo techniques represent a significant improvement in the exposure assessment process, virtually all state and federal risk assessments still rely on the traditional point estimate approach. One of the rate-determining steps to a timely implementation of Monte Carlo techniques to regulatory decision making is the development of “standard” data distributions that are considered applicable to any setting. For many exposure variables, there is no need to wait any longer to adopt Monte Carlo techniques into regulatory policy since there is a wealth of data from which a robust distribution can be developed and ample evidence to indicate that the variable is not significantly influenced by site-specific conditions. In this paper, we propose several distributions that can be considered standard and customary for most settings. Age-specific distributions for soil ingestion rates, inhalation rates, body weights, skin surface area, tapwater and fish consumption, residential occupancy and occupational tenure, and soil-on-skin adherence were developed. For each distribution offered in this paper, we discuss the adequacy of the database, derivation of the distribution, and applicability of the distribution to various settings and conditions.
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    Evaluating Risk Communications: Completing and Correcting Mental Models of Hazardous Processes, Part II (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We propose a decision-analytic framework, called the mental models approach, for evaluating the impact of risk communications. It employs multiple evaluation methods, including think-aloud protocol analysis, problem solving, and a true-false test that allows respondents to express uncertainty about their answers. The approach is illustrated in empirical comparisons of three brochures about indoor radon.
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    Use of Biological Markers in Risk Assessment1 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Measurements of intermediate end points in the carcinogenic process may reduce uncertainty in human risk assessment from bioassay data, by identifying sources of interspecies variation and dose nonlinearity. This paper describes desirable properties of such markers: persistence, predictive power, temporal relevance, and consistency across dose rate and species. We illustrate these properties by evaluating markers for squamous cell nasal carcinoma in rodents exposed to formaldehyde. We also discuss design issues for bioassays that evaluate markers and tumors simultaneously at necropsy.
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    Perception of Risks From Electromagnetic Fields: A Psychometric Evaluation of a Risk-Communication Approach (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Potential health risks from exposure to power-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) have become an issue of significant public concern. This study evaluates a brochure designed to communicate EMF health risks from a scientific perspective. The study utilized a pretest-posttest design in which respondents judged various sources of EMF (and other) health and safety risks, both before reading the brochure and after. Respondents assessed risks on dimensions similar to those utilized in previous studies of risk perception. In addition, detailed ratings were made that probed respondents’ beliefs about the possible causal effects of EMF exposure. The findings suggest that naive beliefs about the potential of EMF exposure to cause harm were highly influenced by specific content elements of the brochure. The implications for using risk-communication approaches based on communicating scientific uncertainty are discussed.
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    Database Requirements for Epidemiological Estimates of Radiation Risks in Continuously Exposed Populations (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Using the revised risk coefficients recommended by the 1990 report of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP), computations have been made on the minimum databases required for detecting radiogenic cancer excesses from epidemiological surveys of populations exposed to low level radiations. The computations have been made separately for Indian and Western populations using their representative demographic data. The western database requirements are generally found to be about half the Indian requirement.For the exposures in high background radiation areas at the rate of say 5 mSv/y, the minimum required database is 121,500 person years, in the Indian case. Similarly, for Indian occupational workers exposed at the rate of say, 10 mSv/y, it is required to observe 30,000 persons for the first 40 years or 3600 persons over their entire lifetime for obtaining statistically significant results.
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    Communicating Contaminant Risks from Sport-Caught Fish: The Importance of Target Audience Assessment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A fish consumption health advisory has existed for New York Lake Ontario sport-caught fish since 1978. Our study objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of the advisory for reaching potential target audiences and to identify appropriate advisory content, style, and dissemination methods using a risk communication planning model as an evaluation framework. We used a combination of mail surveys and personal interviews with three target audiences (opinion leaders among recreational anglers and charter boat operators, migrant farm workers, and low-income individuals) and two communicator groups (fishery experts and health care experts). The New York Lake Ontario advisory appeared to be successful in reaching and encouraging risk-mitigating fish consumption behavior in recreational angler opinion leaders and low-income individuals but not in migrant farm workers. The advisory may not be reaching two sensitive subpopulations, women of childbearing age and children. Communicators and target audiences differed in their assessments of important information to include in an advisory. The health advisory could be improved with additional information such as risk-reducing cooking and cleaning methods and by diversifying the dissemination methods to reach the variety of audiences who potentially consume Lake Ontario fish.
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    Point Estimates of Cancer Risk at Low Doses (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: There has been considerable discussion regarding the conservativeness of low-dose cancer risk estimates based upon linear extrapolation from upper confidence limits. Various groups have expressed a need for best (point) estimates of cancer risk in order to improve risk/benefit decisions. Point estimates of carcinogenic potency obtained from maximum likelihood estimates of low-dose slope may be highly unstable, being sensitive both to the choice of the dose–response model and possibly to minimal perturbations of the data. For carcinogens that augment background carcinogenic processes and/or for mutagenic carcinogens, at low doses the tumor incidence versus target tissue dose is expected to be linear. Pharmacokinetic data may be needed to identify and adjust for exposure-dose nonlinearities. Based on the assumption that the dose response is linear over low doses, a stable point estimate for low-dose cancer risk is proposed. Since various models give similar estimates of risk down to levels of 1%, a stable estimate of the low-dose cancer slope is provided by ŝ= 0.01/ED01, where ED01 is the dose corresponding to an excess cancer risk of 1%. Thus, low-dose estimates of cancer risk are obtained by, risk =ŝ× dose. The proposed procedure is similar to one which has been utilized in the past by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration. The upper confidence limit, s, corresponding to this point estimate of low-dose slope is similar to the upper limit, q1 obtained from the generalized multistage model. The advantage of the proposed procedure is that ŝ provides stable estimates of low-dose carcinogenic potency, which are not unduly influenced by small perturbations of the tumor incidence rates, unlike q̂1.
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    A Process for Incorporating Comparative Risk into Environmental Policymaking in Louisiana (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The goal of Louisiana's 1990–1991 comparative risk project, also called the Louisiana Environmental Action Plan (LEAP), was to incorporate risk assessment into state environmental planning and policymaking. Scientists, government officials, and citizens were brought together to estimate the relative risk to human health, natural resources, and quality of life posed by 33 selected environmental issues. The issues were then ranked according to their relative estimated risks. It was hoped that this ranking of “comparative risks” would enable state policymakers to target the most important environmental problems and allocate scarce public resources more rationally and efficiently. As a result of the project, the governor issued an Executive Order forming a permanent Public Advisory Committee to continue this type of comparative risk assessment in Louisiana.
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    Perceived Risk and Uncertainty of Nuclear Waste: Differences Among Science, Business, and Environmental Group Members (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper presents survey results on perceived risk regarding the management of nuclear waste. Using data taken from random mail surveys of members of scientific, business, and environmental groups in Colorado and New Mexico in the summer of 1990, we examine differences between the groups in their expressed perceptions of risk and also their assessments of the certainty of their beliefs. We consider whether (a) greater uncertainty is associated with greater perceived risks and (b) whether there is greater responsiveness to new information for those whose beliefs are least certain. We find that there are connections between perceived risk and uncertainty, and there is a greater tendency to update risk assessements from a position of greater initial uncertainty. There are, however, differences between the groups as well as asymmetries in their responses to new information. The latter suggests that perceived risks will ratchet upward over time even when information is not biased toward more or less risk.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Oncogene and Transgenics Correlates of Cancer Risk Assessments (NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences Vol. 232) Edited by Constantine Zervos SPSSIPC+ Made Simple By Paul R. Kinnear and Colin D. Gray Rkk: Analysis, Perception and Management (Report of a Royal Society Study Group) Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report (2 vol.) Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rational (Cambridge Studies in Probability, Induction, and Decision Theory) By Robert C. Koons The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement By M. R. Guerin, R. A. Jenkins, and B. A. Tomkins Risk-Taking Behavior (Wiley Series in Human Performance and Cognition) Edited by J. Frank Yates Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis By Elisa T. Lee
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    Opportunities and Impediments for Risk-Based Standards: Some Views from a Workshop (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Techniques for performing scientific risk assessments for a wide variety of chemical and radiological hazards present in the environment and workplace are available. Speakers at a workshop sponsored by the Environmental and Public/Occupational Health Standard's Steering Group addressed both the state-of-the-art in risk assessment and areas of difficulty that require further research. The Steering Group concluded that within the limits of the available data, risk-assessment techniques are a useful tool in decision-making. In the past, many government agencies have not been effective either in listening to public concerns or in communicating technical or scientific information about risks. This has been true at all levels of government. Workshop speakers discussed some ways that government agencies can more effectively communicate with the public. The Steering Group concluded that major efforts must be made to ensure that two-way communication takes place. Thus the results of the workshop show that effective management of risk requires both a scientific assessment of risk and a responsive consideration of the public's perception of risk. Intensive efforts must be made to ensure that effective two-way communication takes place between members of the public and the appropriate government agencies.
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    Software Listings (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Estimation of Common Cause Failure Rates Based on Uncertain Event Data (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00256.x
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    A Note on Compounded Conservatism (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Compounded conservatism (or “creeping safety”) describes the impact of using conservative, upper-bound estimates of the values of multiple input variates to obtain a conservative estimate of risk modeled as an increasing function of those variates. In a simple multiplicative model of risk, for example, if upper p-fractile (100pth percentile) values are used for each of several statistically independent input variates, the resulting risk estimate will be the upper p'-fractile of risk predicted according to that multiplicative model, where p' 〉 p. The amount of compounded conservativism reflected by the difference between p' and p may be substantial, depending on the number of inputs, their relative uncertainties, and the value of p selected. Particular numerical examples of compounded conservatism are often cited, but an analytic approach may better serve to conceptualize and communicate its potential quantitative impact. This note briefly outlines such an approach and illustrates its application to the case of risk modeled as a product of lognormally distributed inputs.
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    Lognormal Distributions for Fish Consumption by the General U.S. Population (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The rate of fish consumption is a critical variable in the assessment of human health risk from water bodies affected by chemical contamination and in the establishment of federal and state Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). For 1973 and 1974, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) analyzed data on the consumption of salt-water finfish, shellfish, and freshwater finfish from all sources in 10 regions of the United States for three age groups in the general population: children (ages 1 through 11 years), teenagers (ages 12 through 18 years), and adults (ages 19 through 98 years). Even though the NMFS data reported in Ref. 14 are 20 years old, they remain the most complete data on the overall consumption of all fish by the general U.S. population and they have been widely used to select point values for consumption. Using three methods, we fit lognormal distributions to the results of the survey as analyzed and published in Ref. 14. Strong lognormal fits were obtained for most of the 90 separate data sets. These results cannot necessarily be used to model the consumption of fish by sport or subsistence anglers from specific sites or from single water bodies.
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    Uses of Probabilistic Exposure Models in Ecological Risk Assessments of Contaminated Sites (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Food web models have two uses in assessments of environmental contaminants. First, they are used to determine whether remediation is needed by estimating exposure of end-point species and subsequent effects. Second, they are used to establish cleanup goals by estimating concentrations of contaminants in ambient media that will not cause significant effects. This paper demonstrates how achievement of these goals can be enhanced by the use of stochastic food web models. The models simulate the dynamics of PCBs and mercury in the food webs of mink and great blue herons. All parameters of the models are treated as having knowledge uncertainty, due to imperfect knowledge of the actual parameter values for the site, chemicals, and species of interest. This uncertainty is an indicator of the potential value of additional measurements. In addition, those parameters that are responsible for variance among individual organisms are assigned stochastic uncertainty. This uncertainty indicates the range of body burdens that are expected when the end-point species are monitored. These two types of uncertainty are separately accounted for in Monte Carlo simulations of the models. Preliminary monitoring results indicate that the models give reasonably good estimates of heron egg and nestling body burdens and of variance among individuals.
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    Use of Monte Carlo Simulation for Human Exposure Assessment at a Superfund Site (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This work presents a comparison of probabilistic and deterministic health risk estimates based on data from an industrial site in the northeastern United States. The risk assessment considered exposures to volatile solvents by drinking water ingestion and showering. Probability densities used as inputs included concentrations, contact rates, and exposure frequencies; dose-response inputs were single values. Deterministic risk estimates were calculated by the “reasonable maximum exposure” (RME) approach recommended by the EPA Superfund program. The RME non-carcinogenic risk fell between the 90th and the 95th percentile of the probability density; the RME cancer risk fell between the 95th percentile and the maximum. These results suggest that in this case (1) EPA's deterministic RME risk was reasonably protective, (2) results of probabilistic and deterministic calculations were consistent, and (3) commercially available software Monte Carlo software effectively provided multiple risk estimates recommended by recent EPA guidance.
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    An Improved Framework for Uncertainty Analysis: Accounting for Unsuspected Errors (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: I use an analogy with the history of physical measurements, population and energy projections, and analyze the trends in several data sets to quantify the overconfidence of the experts in the reliability of their uncertainty estimates. Data sets include (i) time trends in the sequential measurements of the same physical quantity; (ii) national population projections; and (iii) projections for the U.S., energy sector. Probabilities of large deviations for the true values are parametrized by an exponential distribution with the slope determined by the data. Statistics of past errors can be used in probabilistic risk assessment to hedge against unsuspected uncertainties and to include the possibility of human error into the framework of uncertainty analysis. By means of a sample Monte Carlo simulation of cancer risk caused by ingestion of benzene in soil, I demonstrate how the upper 95th percentiles of risk are changed when unsuspected uncertainties are included. I recommend to inflate the estimated uncertainties by default safety factors determined from the relevant historical data sets.
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    Uncertainty and Variability in Human Exposures to Soil Contaminants Through Home-Grown Food: A Monte Carlo Assessment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper presents a general model for exposure to homegrown foods that is used with a Monte Carlo analysis to determine the relative contributions of variability (Type A uncertainty) and true uncertainty (Type B uncertainty) to the overall variance in prediction of the dose-to-concentration ratio. Although classification of exposure inputs as uncertain or variable is somewhat subjective, food consumption rates and exposure duration are judged to have a predicted variance that is dominated by variability among individuals by age, income, culture, and geographical region. Whereas, biotransfer factors and partition factors are inputs that, to a large extent, involve uncertainty. Using ingestion of fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and meat and soils assumed to be contaminated by hexachlorbenzene (HCB) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as cases studies, a Monte Carlo analysis is used to explore the relative contribution of uncertainty and variability to overall variance in the estimated distribution of potential dose within the population that consumes homegrown foods. It is found that, when soil concentrations are specified, variances in ratios of dose-to-concentration for HCB are equally attributable to uncertainty and variability, whereas for BaP, variance in these ratios is dominated by true uncertainty.
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    Managing Uncertainty: The Tropospheric Ozone Challenge (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Although it has been over two decades since Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1968, ozone in the lower atmosphere remains a serious environmental concern in the United States. Significant scientific progress has been made over the past three decades, yet many important uncertainties remain unresolved. How to manage in a situation characterized by these uncertainties is a major challenge that must be overcome to develop an effective ozone abatement strategy. In this paper, we describe a decision framework for evaluation of alternative ozone abatement strategies. The framework, which embodies two major components-a simulation module and a decision module–incorporates uncertainty in a dynamic decision-making process and enables evaluation of NOx and VOC controls on a systematic basis. We demonstrate the application of the framework through an illustrative analysis to provide insight into the value of flexible ozone abatement strategies in reducing the total cost of achieving air-quality goals and the tradeoffs between the timing and the accuracy of additional information.
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    Principles of Good Practice for the Use of Monte Carlo Techniques in Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessments (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We propose 14 principles of good practice to assist people in performing and reviewing probabilistic or Monte Carlo risk assessments, especially in the context of the federal and state statutes concerning chemicals in the environment. Monte Carlo risk assessments for hazardous waste sites that follow these principles will be easier to understand, will explicitly distinguish assumptions from data, and will consider and quantify effects that could otherwise lead to misinterpretation of the results. The proposed principles are neither mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive. We think and hope that these principles will evolve as new ideas arise and come into practice.
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    Estimated Distributions for Average Daily Consumption of Total and Self-Caught Fish for Adults in Michigan Angler Households (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Fish consumption rates play a critical role in the assessment of human health risks posed by the consumption of fish from chemically contaminated water bodies. Based on data from the 1989 Michigan Sport Anglers Fish Consumption Survey, we examined total fish consumption, consumption of self-caught fish, and consumption of Great Lakes fish for all adults, men, women, and certain higher risk subgroups such as anglers. We present average daily consumption rates as compound probability distributions consisting of a Bernoulli trial (to distinguish those who ate fish from those who did not) combined with a distribution (both empirical and parametric) for those who ate fish. We found that the average daily consumption rates for adults who ate fish are reasonably well fit by lognormal distributions. The compound distributions may be used as input variables for Monte Carlo simulations in public health risk assessments.
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    Sensitivity of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models to Variation in Model Parameters: Methylene Chloride (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The parameters in a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of methylene chloride were varied systematically, and the resulting variation in a number of model outputs was determined as a function of time for mice and humans at several exposure concentrations. The importance of the various parameters in the model was highly dependent on the conditions (concentration, species) for which the simulation was performed and the model output (dose surrogate) being considered. Model structure also had a significant impact on the results. For sensitivity analysis, particular attention must be paid to conservation equations to ensure that the variational calculations do not alter mass balance, introducing extraneous effects into the model. All of the normalized sensitivity coefficients calculated in this study ranged between −1.12 and 1, and most were much less than 1 in absolute value, indicating that individual input errors are not greatly amplified in the outputs. In addition to ranking parameters in terms of their impact on model predictions, time-dependent sensitivity analysis can also be used as an aid in the design of experiments to estimate parameters by predicting the experimental conditions and sampling points which will maximize parameter identifiability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00268.x
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    Treatment of Uncertainty in Performance Assessments for Complex Systems (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: When viewed at a high level, performance assessments (PAs) for complex systems involve two types of uncertainty: stochastic uncertainty, which arises because the system under study can behave in many different ways, and subjective uncertainty, which arises from a lack of knowledge about quantities required within the computational implementation of the PA. Stochastic uncertainty is typically incorporated into a PA with an experimental design based on importance sampling and leads to the final results of the PA being expressed as a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). Subjective uncertainty is usually treated with Monte Carlo techniques and leads to a distribution of CCDFs. This presentation discusses the use of the Kaplan/Garrick ordered triple representation for risk in maintaining a distinction between stochastic and subjective uncertainty in PAs for complex systems. The topics discussed include (1) the definition of scenarios and the calculation of scenario probabilities and consequences, (2) the separation of subjective and stochastic uncertainties, (3) the construction of CCDFs required in comparisons with regulatory standards (e.g., 40 CFR Part 191, Subpart B for the disposal of radioactive waste), and (4) the performance of uncertainty and sensitivity studies. Results obtained in a preliminary PA for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the MACCS reactor accident consequence analysis model, and the NUREG-1150 probabilistic risk assessments are used for illustration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00266.x
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    Introductory Remarks (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17303.x
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    Growth Regulatory Mechanisms and Formation of the Lesions of Atherosclerosis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Mechanism of Phenotype Formation of Smooth Muscle Cells (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    T Lymphocytes in Atherosclerotic Lesions (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Endothelial Heterogeneity and Intimal Blood-Borne Cells (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Viral Genomes and Arterial Disease (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Platelets and Intimal Thickening (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Hemodynamics and Atherogenesis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Hemodynamic-Force-Induced Difference of Interendothelial Junctional Complexes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Vascular Endothelium (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Adhesion Molecule Mediated Endothelial Cell Injury Elicited by Activated Leukocytes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Down-Regulation of Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1 by Fluid Shear Stress in Cultured Mouse Endothelial Cells (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Cytokines Regulate Genes Involved in Atherogenesis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Abnormalities in the Fibrinolytic System of the Vascular Wall Associated with Atherosclerosis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Inhibit Both Proliferation and Chemotaxis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Procoagulant Properties of Atherosclerotic Aortas (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Prostacyclin, Nitric Oxide, and Atherosclerosis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Pravastatin (Mevalotin) Restenosis Trial after Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    The Role of the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor in the Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins Containing ApoE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Application of Organ Perfusion to the Study of Reverse Cholesterol Transport (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Macrophage Cholesterol Balance (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Structure and Function of Macrophage Scavenger Receptors (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Asialo GM-2 Developed on the Fatty Streak of Atherosclerotic Aorta Detected by a Novel Monoclonal Antibody (ASH1a/256C) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Familial Hypercholesterolemia Associated with Coronary Atherosclerosis in Swine Bearing Different Alleles for Apolipoprotein B (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Cigarette Smoke and Lipoprotein Modification (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 748 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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