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  • Articles  (141)
  • Emerald  (141)
  • 1990-1994  (141)
  • 1945-1949
  • Computer Science  (141)
  • Geography
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Community economic development networks: A grassroots leadership challenge (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 2-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Communities of all sizes now have the ability to gain access to theInternet for minimal costs. Access to the Internet has created a kind ofglobal "infomarketplacerdquo; by making business information and expertadvice readily available. Communities can take advantage of thislow-cost accessibility to spur local economic development andentrepreneurship through collaboration with experts. Communities needto consider what level of Internet connectivity best meets their needs,in view of the cost/benefit ratio of Internet access. Issues andbarriers to be dealt with include profit motives, teleliteracy, andtechnofear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798795
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NCSA Mosaic: A Global Hypermedia System (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper reports on an Internet-based system for hypermediainformation discovery and retrieval and wide-area distributedasynchronous collaboration designed and built at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications (NCSA). The system, called NCSA Mosaic,integrates cleanly into existing Internet protocols, formats, datasources, and environments, and provides powerful new capabilities forusing and sharing information across the Internet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798803
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Networked information in France, 1993: The internet's future (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 18-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The French are becoming world leaders in networked information. The keyto this development is the immediate access to the general publicprovided by their national Minitel system. New networked libraries arebeing built, existing libraries are going online, and the crisis-riddenFrench publishing industry is looking to networked information for itssalvation. The French approach to networking offers interesting lessonsfor the Internet, not least because the French approach may ultimatelybe considered more attractive than the Internet's for developingnetworked information in Asia and elsewhere
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798812
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    InfoMall: an innovative strategy for high-performance computing and communications applications development (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: InfoMall is a program led by the Northeast Parallel Architectures Centerfeaturing a partnership of approximately twenty-four organizations witha plan for accelerating development of the High-Performance Computingand Communications (HPCC) software and systems industry. HPCC is acritical technology where the United States has clear internationalleadership and which will have unprecedented impact on industry,education, society, and defense. The communications component of HPCC iscritical to developing HPCC products. Acceptance of HPCC by thesereal-world sectors has been delayed by the extremely hard problem ofHPCC software development. InfoMall employs a novel technologydevelopment strategy involving closely linked programs in technologyextraction and certification, software development, marketing,education, and training, economic development, and small businesssupport. The process is constructured and explained by analogy to afull-service set of stores in a shopping mall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798821
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing US Government bulletin boards: problems, policy issues and recommendations (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 45-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Federal government agencies increasingly use electronic bulletin boardtechnology as a means of providing access to and dissemination ofelectronic government information. This paper identifies and analyzesexisting government bulletin boards (BBSs). It also assesses the typesof information available to information users on the BBSs as well as thecost and technological access issues involved in federal agency use ofBBSs. Furthermore, the paper presents a typology of bulletin boards.Finally, it discusses information policy implications resulting from BBSdevelopment, especially with regard to access and dissemination ofelectronic government information. These "new" access mechanisms areoften-times difficult to use, are poorly deployed and operated, and mayserve to limit access to some types of government information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798830
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Clinton electronic communications project: An experiment in electronic democracy (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Clinton Electronic Communications Project is the successor to theClinton campaign's e-mail program. The object of the work reported herewas to determine to which White House material posted to the Internet ismore current and comprehensive than information available through moretraditional sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798849
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The CICNet rural datafication project: Extending network access and services (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The past year has seen increased effort across the country to expandnetworking services in rural areas. This note describes the "ruraldatafication" activities that CICNet, a regional network in the midwest,is currently pursuing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798858
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leadership Strategies for Networked Enterprises: A Personal Perspective (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A rapidly expanding number of organizations have begun to usehigh-performance, completely digital networks, like the Internet, tocoordinate activities and to develop products and services that servevery wide geographic areas. Now, primarily as a result of the ClintonAdministration's National Information Infrastructure initiative, theentire nation has begun to buzz with talk of the whys, wherefores, andhow-tos of making this way to doing business the rule rather than theexception of twenty-first-century life and enterprise. This papersurveys the politics and economics of the contemporary networking scene,and presents four general stratgies for making progress in the currentclimate of great change and uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798876
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeking equity in the national information infrastructure (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 9-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Available evidence indicates that there is a growing gap between theinformation rich and information poor. That gap is part of a largerstruggle for control of information resources and for the societal powerthat accompanies such control. New institutional arrangements are neededto spread the benefits of modern information technologies to allsegments of the population. Achieving social equity objectives requiresgovernmental leadership and funding. But current legislative proposalsfor shaping the National Information Infrastructure (NII) lack clearstatements as to how the social equity objectives enunciated by thePresident and Vice President would be accomplished. These proposals seemto make insufficient provision for expanding the development of morethan 150 computerized community information systems (CCIS) created bygrass-roots organizations over the past several years. Locallycontrolled information delivery systems supported by a federallysponsored system of National and Regional Institutes for InformationDemocracy could help meet the daily information needs of all people,regardless of economic class or community environment. The Instituteswould provide sustained support for anc coordination of social equityand empowerment objectives, and could servie as the institutionalstructures lacking in current legislation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798867
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ethics of Research in Cyberspace (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 30-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: As computers, the Internet, online digital resources, and eventually theNational Information Infrastructure become increasingly important in ourlives, the study of the use of these technologies has become one of thefastest growing areas in social science. This research is important,but, like any kind of social science involving the study of humansubjects, it raises questions of ethics and human dignity. Most majorresearch universities have guidelines for this kind of scholarship,based on the Nuremberg Code and/or the Belmont Principles. But researchin cyberspace was clearly not on the minds of those drafting theseguidelines. Some of the difficulties produced by this tension betweentraditional guidelines and new technologies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798894
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive computing and the internet: One step forward, two steps back? (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 2-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Advances in adaptive computing technology provide opportunities forpeople with disabilities to access information and participate insociety. But some networking tools, especially those based on graphicaluser interfaces, threaten to erode the accessibility of electronicresources. This paper offers a brief overview of adaptive technology forcomputers and networking and identifies a number of issues that must beaddressed in order for people with disabilities to become fullparticipants in online activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798902
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A learning organization perspective on training: Critical success factors for Internet implementation (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 36-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper argues that training is a critical success factor for theimplementation of the Internet in organizations. Given the Internet'spotential for transforming organizations, it is imperative that wedevelop training that goes beyond the teaching of Internet skills andinstead enables trainees to become active participants in the strategicplanning process. This perspective on training is termed the learningorganization perspective. A number of conceptual areas are suggested asrelevant to the development of the necessary training and the associatedtheoretical perspective. It is hoped that this initial articulation ofthe critical role of training will provide the impetus for others toexpand on the perspective and its actual implementation in organizations
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798885
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notes from the grassroots: online lobbying in Canada (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Public Advisory Council on Information Highway Policy (PACIHP)project is discussed in terms of activities, difficulties, successes,impact, motivations, and background. This paper is presented in twoparts. The first part details how project organizers have attempted toinvolve the online community in the policy-making process, thetechniques used, and the community's and policymakers' response to theinitiative. Some preliminary observations about the project's impact arealso discussed. The second part presents an overview of the Canadianregulatory and political environment. The specific trends identifiedhave contributed to the authors' concerns, providing some of themotivation for the project. In conclusion, thoughts on the future ofcomputer-mediated communication and its potential for democratizingpolitics are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798911
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wired Warp and Woof: An Ethnographic Study of a Networking Class (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 20-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes an ethnographic study of the electronic communityformed during an intensive summer school seminar on networking. Theseminar, conducted in a mostly electronic environment, was comprised ofmaster's and doctoral students involved in various fields of study.Ethnographic research techniques facilitated the observation anddescription of the actions and events of this networked learningcommunity, where events reflect both individual personalities and sharedknowledge. This exploration of the cultural meanings of classpedagogical events led to an enhanced understanding of both the natureof the online educational environment and the applicability ofethnographic research techniques to networked communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798920
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use and Users of a Congressman's Network Information Services (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 36-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A growing movement toward public access to the federal government viathe Internet has created increased interest in establishing networkcommunications and information services, especially among nationalofficeholders. However, little empirical study of the use and users ofsuch services exists to guide their efforts This paper reports resultsof a two-part study of the use and users of US Representative SamCoppersmith's (D - Arizona 1) Gopher and distribution list servicesduring the first quarter of 1994. The first part analyzes Gopher usagedata gathered during the study period. The second part detials with auser survey distributed to fifty-seven Gopher server guest registrantsand eighty listserv subscribers just after the end of the study period.The research shows that (1) use of the Gopher subdirectory dwarfs thatof the listserv, (2) services like Coppersmith's should provide basicinformation, as well as unique and timely information and issue positionstatements, (3) assessment of such services is methodologicallychallenging, and (4) Coppersmith's services are effective informationmedia that promote observability of distant officeholders, a functionthat helps promote increased participation in government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798939
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Civic networking in the United States: A report by Columbia University students (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 4 (1994), S. 52-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During the 1994 spring semester, twelve students, enrolled in ColumbiaUniversity's graduate program in public policy and administration andexplored the new phenomenon of civic networking for a workshop inapplied public policy analysis. Each workshop is required to besponsored by a governmental client, which in this case was the USNational Commission on Libraries and Information Science. The commissionwas interested in ascertaining the range of activities sponsored by thenetworks and in determining their involvement or lack of involvementwith local public libraries. Participating in this project wererepresentatives of twenty-four civic networks, who answered telephonequeries covering a range of topics dealing with network services, users,goals, funding, governance, technical design, social benefits,government information provision, evaluation, and definition. This papersummarizes the findings of the students' investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249410798948
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary Disputes:: Negotiating the Boundary between the Technical and the Social in the Development of IT Systems (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 9-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Discusses the problematic nature of the boundary between the"technical" and the "social" and its consequences in respect ofunderstanding the relationship between technological and organizationalchange. Illustrates the argument using material drawn from research onthe implementation of a hospital information system and an R&D project todevelop a knowledge-based system to assist the implementation ofstrategic change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074007
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information Technology and the Family: Electronic Surveillance and Home Imprisonment (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The development of information technologies has led to the restructuringof the boundaries within and between organizations in a number of areasof social life. Examines the impact of a specific form of informationtechnology being introduced in the field of punishment and control– the electronic monitoring of sentenced offenders. Electronicsurveillance and home imprisonment are features of the currentrestructuring of the boundaries between prison, work and family life. Itis both the physical and the cultural boundaries between "home" and"prison" that are being readjusted. Over the past 200 years these twospheres of social life have been constructed around incompatible sets ofvalues. However the complex contradictions involved in making theboundaries between these two spheres more permeable have not been fullyexplored in current penal discourses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074034
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confounding Effects of Construct Overlap:: An Example from IS User Satisfaction Theory (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Theoretical constructs serve important roles in facilitating informationand knowledge flows among, between and within information systemsresearchers and practitioners. In order for the benefits of constructsto be fully exploited, they must be appropriately applied andoperationalized. Describes a controlled field study, examining users'satisfaction with a decision support system, undertaken to point out thedangers of misapplying constructs and their measurement scales.Particular consideration is given to the risks associated with the useof general instruments in situations where more narrowly focused andcontext-specific instruments are preferred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074061
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The "Modernisation" of the Australian Taxation Office:: Issues in Participatory Design in Large Organizations (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 19-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The difficulties in designing and implementing successful technologicalsystems which support business objectives, good work practices and highquality outcomes are well known. Discusses the "modernisation" of theAustralian Taxation Office - an ambitious ten-year programme oforganizational and tech-nological change - which has its origins in theneed for re-equipment and the recognition that the new systems mustsupport the way in which the Taxation Office would work in the future.Review of the programme mid-term shows considerable success, but alsoareas where it has been difficult to achieve some of the aims. In spiteof the participatory framework, participants tend to feel thattechnology has driven the process, rather than business or workplacerequirements. In particular, some initiatives have impacted negativelyon workers, and it has been difficult to integrate the implementation ofnew systems with the design of better work practices. Recognition ofthese problems has encouraged the development of new approaches to workand systems design, and considerable further organizational andstructural change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076681
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 6-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Many information systems involve data about people. In order reliably toassociate data with particular individuals, it is necessary that aneffective and efficient identification scheme be established andmaintained. There is remarkably little in the information technologyliterature concerning human identification. Seeks to overcome thatdeficiency by undertaking a survey of human identity and humanidentification. Discusses techniques including names, codes,knowledge-based and token-based identification, and biometrics.Identifies the key challenge to management as being to devise a schemewhich is practicable and economic, and of sufficiently high integrity toaddress the risks the organization confronts in its dealings withpeople. Proposes that much greater use be made of schemes which aredesigned to afford people anonymity, or which enable them to usemultiple identities or pseudonyms, while at the same time protecting theorganization's own interest. Describes multi-purpose and inhabitantregistration schemes, and notes the recurrence of proposals to implementand extend them. Identifies public policy issues. Of especial concern isthe threat to personal privacy that the general-purpose use of aninhabitant registrant scheme represents. Speculates that, where suchschemes are pursued energetically, the reaction may be strong enough tothreaten the social fabric.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076799
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social Choice about Privacy: Intelligent Vehicle-highway Systems in the United States (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 63-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Broad coalitions of companies, governments, and research institutions inseveral countries are currently designing massive electronicinfrastructures for their roadways. Known collectively as intelligentvehicle-highway systems (IVHS), these technologies are intended to easetoll collection and commercial vehicle regulation, provide drivers withroute and traffic information, improve safety and ultimately supportfully automated vehicles. Although many aspects of IVHS are uncertain,some proposed designs require the system to collect vast amounts of dataon individuals' travel patterns, thus raising the potential for severeinvasions of privacy. To make social choices about IVHS, it is necessaryto reason about potentials for authoritarian uses of an IVHSinfrastructure in the hypothetical future. Yet such reasoning isdifficult, often veering towards Utopian or dystopian extremes. To helpanchor the privacy debate, places IVHS privacy concerns in aninstitutional context, offering conceptual frameworks to discuss thepotential interactions between IVHS technologies and the computer designprofession, standards-setting bodies, marketing organizations, the legalsystem and government administrative agencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076825
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dataveillance by Governments: The Technique of Computer Matching (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 46-85 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Computer matching is a mass surveillance technique involving thecomparison of data about many people, which have been acquired frommultiple sources. Its use offers potential benefits, particularlyfinancial savings. It is also error-prone, and its power results inthreats to established patterns and values. The imperatives ofefficiency and equity demand that computer matching be used, and theinformation privacy interest demands that it be used only wherejustified, and be subjected to effective controls. Provides backgroundto this important technique, including its development and applicationin the USA and in Australia, and a detailed technical description.Contends that the technique, its use, and controls over its use are veryimportant issues which demand research. Computing, telecommunicationsand robotics artefacts which have the capacity to change societyradically need to be subjected to early and careful analysis, not onlyby sociologists, lawyers and philosophers, but also by informationtechnologists themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074070
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  • 24
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    The Use of Information Technology to Achieve Accurate Pricing in Agricultural Commodity Markets in Japan (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: At one level, the function of a marketplace is to enable sellers andbuyers to meet, to agree to terms and conditions, and effect contracts.At another level, however, a marketplace is a mechanism for ensuringthat information which might affect the terms and conditions is readilyavailable to all participants, so that the pricing for sales will not beunduly influenced by participants with special information or otheradvantages, but rather will approach the theoretical price at which themarket will settle. Information technology is increasingly being appliedto support the exchange of goods and services. It may be used simply toautomate existing practices. Alternatively, the introduction oftechnology into the market may provide an opportunity to rationalize thearrangements. In some instances, however, the implementation of IT maybe grasped as a strategic weapon, by a buyer, a seller, or by anorganization which provides marketplace services to buyers and sellers.Considers another kind of strategic use of IT in relation tomarketplaces. This is the enforcement of fairness in the setting ofprices, by drawing participants into a marketplace in which keydifferences in market power are equalized. Evaluates the outcomes of anelectronic exchange supporting trading in chilled and frozen meat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004027
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Touching Big Brother: How Biometric Technology Will Fuse Flesh and Machine (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 38-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The evolution of information technology is likely to result in intimateinterdependence between humans and technology. This fusion has beencharacterized in popular science fiction as chip implantation. It is,however, more likely to take the form of biometric identification usingsuch technologies as fingerprints, hand geometry and retina scanning.Some applications of biometric identification technology are nowcost-effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result, biometricsystems are being developed in many countries for such purposes associal security entitlement, payments, immigration control and electionmanagement. Whether or not biometry delivers on its promise ofhigh-quality identification, it will imperil individual autonomy.Widespread application of the technologies would conflict withcontemporary values, and result in a class of outcasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076807
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  • 26
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    Programmed Innovation? Trajectories of Change in Software Development (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 25-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Explores the idea of trajectories of innovation in software development.Patterns of Innovation are analysed within social and institutionalcontexts, and within the context of changes in the ways computertechnology is used. Three main trajectories of innvation in softwaredevelopment are discussed: technical change (e.g. languages, techniques,tools, methods); organizational and managerial change; andcommodification (the substitution of packaged products for customdevelopment). Sub-trajectories are also described. Concludes that thescope and heterogeneity of software development activity has supportedthe formation of a number of different and competing trajectories whichlead to quite different conclusions about the future of softwaredevelopment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074016
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    Promoting Health and Welfare: The Challenge for Information Technology?: A Strategic Agenda for Enabling Disabled People (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 81-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The question of how to enable disabled and disadvantaged people viainformation technology (IT) represents one of the challenges facing mostdeveloping countries in the coming decade. Examines the feasibility of,and argues for, an approach to health and welfare promotion centred onthe enabling potential of IT. Describes the contextual specificity ofthe Asian (which is a highly differentiated) experience in state welfareand health provision. Based on some comparative findings and projectedscenarios in East Asian countries, explores the challenge andopportunity for IT in this enabling process. The IT-based promotionalstrategies are outlined and discussed; it is argued that theeffectiveness of IT applications in this process is contingent on thevariables embedded in the technology--the risks associated withtechnological development as well as the underlying socio-politicalstructure. Ends with remarks on the role of IT in global welfare andhealth promotion in the 1990s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074043
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    Boundaries and Quandaries: Establishing a Professional Context for IT (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 48-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The professionalization of IT has long been complicated by disagreementover the appropriate model to employ. Physicians, lawyers, scientists,engineers, artisans, and artists have all one been invoked at one timeor another by one group or another as guiding examples for thedevelopment of an IT profession. Yet none of these has proved fullyconvincing. Discusses the different kinds of professional practice whichhave been likened to IT, considers why it has proved so difficult tosettle on a single one, and suggests an alternative way ofconceptualizing IT practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074025
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    Running the Network: Supporting Co-operative Systems (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 7-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Commercial software systems intended to support the work of groups arenow freely available. However, uptake of these systems has beenrelatively poor and limited user experience has been reported. Presentssome experiences from a study of a network that explicitly aims toinvestigate the effectiveness of computer-supported co-operative work(CSCW) tools. Focuses on the currently hidden cost of managing thenetwork. Also explores the implications for CSCW systems development byoutlining an exploration of support for the management of a CSCWnetwork.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410074052
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    Networked Information Resources:: Electronic Opportunities for Users and Librarians (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 5-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Many of the activities people perform with the Internet are new, andpossibly could not have been conceived before the network becameavailable. Describes innovative uses of the Internet by staff of twoAustralian universities. While the Internet provides opportunities forcommunication among its users, it poses challenges to the computing andinformation systems professionals who support them. It also presentslibrarians with the opportunity to apply their established skills aseducators, information managers, custodians, information providers, andchange agents in their work with Internet users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076672
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    The Use of NUDIST, a Computerized Analytical Tool, to Support Qualitative Information Systems Research (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 50-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Discusses the use of software tools to support qualitative informationsystems research, and provides a practical example of how one tool,NUDIST, was used in a recent empirical study. Argues that greatestbenefit can be gained from software tools when their use is based onsound theory of qualitative research. The analysis for the study wasbuilt on the concept of grounded theory, which was developed in 1967 andextended in 1984. Describes the processes involved in the particularresearch, and the way NUDIST was used to support these processes. Aimsto illustrate how tools like NUDIST enhance the researcher'scapabilities, and allow much deeper, and more reflective analysis of thequalitative material generated by the research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076708
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    The Realizability of the Potential Benefits of Intelligent Vehicle-highway Systems: The Influence of Public Acceptance (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 7 (1994), S. 48-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) combine computing, sensorsand telecom-munications to deliver a more effective road/vehicle systemfor freight and passenger vehicles. Many of these technologies involvesurveillance of the location and behaviour of identified vehicles and/orpeople, and the collation of such data for further use. These and otheraspects of IVHS technologies raise concerns among the community, andhave delayed the adoption of some systems. Outlines IVHS systems, andconsiders strategies for their introduction. The ownership and use ofdata collected in the course of IVHS operations is shown to presentopportunities relating to revenue-collection and law-enforcement, on theone hand, and public acceptability problems, on the other. There aregrowing links with large-scale data transmission facilities such as theUS National Information Initiative (NII) and the equivalent massiveinteractive data networks developing elsewhere. Major errors in theimplementation of early elements of IVHS may make it extremely difficultto deploy further elements. Argues that adoption of a number ofprinciples could safeguard the potential benefits at an acceptablesocial cost.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076816
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    Security in Open and Distributed Systems (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Distributed computing systems impose new requirements on the security ofthe operating systems and hardware structures of the computersparticipating in a distributed data network environment. It is proposedthat multiple level (greater than two) security hardware, withassociated full support for that hardware at the operating system level,is required to meet the needs of this emerging environment. The normaltwo layer (supervisor/user) structure may probably be insufficient toenforce and protect security functions consistently and reliably in adistributed environment. Such two-layer designs are seen as part ofearlier single computer/processor system structures while a minimumthree/four-layer security architecture appears necessary to meet theneeds of the distributed computing environment. Such multi-levelhardware security architecture requirements are derived from earlierwork in the area, particularly the Multics project of the mid-1960s, aswell as the design criteria for the DEC VAX 11/780 and Intel iAPX-286processor and its successors, as two later examples of machinestructures. The security functions of individual nodes participating ina distributed computing environment, and their associated evaluationlevel, appear critical to the development of overall securityarchitectures for the protection of distributed computing systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685229410058759
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    Information Technology and Innovation: Identifying Critical Innovation Factors (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 4-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Identifies critical innovation factors (CIF) linked to informationtechnology (IT). First, identifies the various trends in research andhow they relate to each other in terms of IT and organizational changeprocesses. Then identifies and discusses five elements regarded ascrucial for the relation between IT and innovation. These are: thechange agent's role, organizational culture, management style, themarket, co-ordination and service. For each of these elements CIF isidentified in relation to IT. Concludes by systematizing the various CIFin relation to the five elements in a coherent framework.
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    Computer Usage and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Exploration (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 10-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: On the basis of a survey of 1,300 employees from the Australiantelecommunications industry, examines the impact of computer usage onjob satisfaction. Results reveal that job satisfaction is positivelyinfluenced by the extent of computer usage, aspects of computer-relatedtraining and demographic characteristics such as tenure and jobposition. However, by catering for different areas of computer-usage andby controlling for job-position and tenure, it was found that usage indifferent functional areas (by different sub-groups) tended to affectuser satisfaction to a different degree. The results illuminate some ofthe human resource and training issues and challenges that organizationsengaged in extensive computerization may need to address.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685229410059541
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    Executive Liability for Computer Crime and How to Prevent It (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 29-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A new Federal regulation aimed at tackling white-collar crime hassobering implications for CEOs, information systems managers, and othersenior management. Simply stated, the regulation holds the CEO andsenior management responsible for crime involving their organization.Officials remain responsible even when the organization and its membersare honest, and the crime clearly was perpetrated by intruders.Organizations are exposed to liability of up to $290 million andpossible corporate probation for financial crime. To prevent thisliability, organizations need to prove a "good faith" effort at preventingand deterring criminal conduct on their networks through an"effective" security program However, the most prevalent computer securitysystem - the password - is considered by computer security experts to belargely ineffective. Organizations relying on computer passwords alonefor security will carry heightened liability - and their managementscarry heightened risk.
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    Censorship on the Information Highway (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 30-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Provides summaries of the arguments of two contributors to TheAustralian debating the case for and against censorship on the Internetnetwork.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685229410068244
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    The Clipper Chip and the Price of Security in America (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The information explosion had led to the emergence of electronic crimeboth in the transfer of electronic funds and the gaining of information.Reports on the introduction of the clipper chip to protect informationand gives a discription of how it works, giving definitions of variousterms. Examines a number of problems associated with the chip: trade;effectiveness; Constitutionality; reliability; necessity. Suggestsplaces of contact for further investigation and information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685229410072582
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    The Information Highway:: The Interstate Highway System for Computer Networks (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information management & computer security 2 (1994), S. 4-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-5227
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Provides a strong basic definition of the Information Highway (IH),including security, hardware and software and discusses the futureramifications. Identifies the four main parties involved: cablecompanies, telephone companies, Internet and the policy-makers inWashington, detailing their opinions and interests. Specifies a numberof legislative issues involved and discusses the role of the Clintonadministration. Finally, discusses the resulting business and economicimplications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685229410072573
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    A Computer-based Inventory Management System for Spare Parts (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Describes the design and analysis of a computer-based information systemfor inventory management in a computer service company. Studies theexisting manual system for possible adaptation and necessarymodifications and identifies the requirements of the users and thecomponents of the system. To facilitate control, the parts areclassified into four categories. Various quantitative models for demandforecast, economic order quantity, and safety stock are considered, andfor each part type, an appropriate set of models is used depending onthe relative importance of its category. The information system sodesigned is implemented in a modular form. The database for thisapplication is implemented in dBASE III PLUS while the control programsare written in CLIPPER tools. Extensive user interface is provided foruser-friendliness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410072135
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    Change and Staff Development in Australian Manufacturing Enterprises (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 3-11 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Australian manufacturing enterprises are seen to be facing enormouspressures in terms of international competition and turbulent externalenvironments, and longer-term investment in training and staffdevelopment (TSD) is seen to be essential to produce the highly skilledand flexible employees who will be needed. These issues wereinvestigated in a survey completed by senior managers from 151 privatesector Australian manufacturing enterprises. One group of organizationsappeared to see needs for change and flexibility in employee knowledge,skills and abilities and used a longer-term approach to TSD. A smallergroup saw less need for changes and flexibility and tended to use TSDonly when changes in staff, procedures or equipment made it necessary.Both groups, however, seemed to be facing similar amounts ofenvironmental uncertainty and international competition. Discussespossible reasons for the apparent lack of relationship between perceivedinternal needs for change and the state of the external environment.
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    Organizational Design for Self-managed Teams (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Explores the organizational components deemed necessary to thedevelopment of heterogeneous self-managed work teams. Explains theinterrelationship between organizational structure and strategies.Describes the organic structure, with emphasis on formalization,socialization, training and empowerment/ decentralization, as thecornerstone of the development of these teams. Outlines strategies foreffective use of communication, shared values and trust.
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    Product Information Management: Using an "Intellectual Inventory" (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 19-22 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Presents a case study describing the implementation of a productinformation management system, in an organization manufacturing complexelectronic telecommunications equipment. Describes how to measure thebenefits of the system in terms of reduced costs, accelerated newproduct development and improved product quality. Emphasizes thatflexibility, configurability and an open architecture are essentialingredients in a successful product information management solution.
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    Effectiveness of Information System Downsizing: A Survey of the Top IS Users (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 16-22 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: The information system downsizing trend has been on the increase duringthe last five years because of extreme pressures brought about by theslow economy and intense global competition. The major benefit ofdownsizing is cost saving or cost avoidance, though reports ofdownsizing show that not all companies have achieved projected costsavings; while some have gained the savings predicted, others have cutshort their efforts to downsize, the project ending in totaldisenchantment. Reports on a survey which uses companies, ranked as thetop 100 information users. These "best users" were selected as the basisfor determining: the motivation for downsizing; how cost effectivedownsizing is; and the degree of satisfaction after downsizing wasattempted. Results indicate that cost saving and effective informationtechnology utilization are the principal motives for downsizing. Lessthan 50 per cent of respondents indicated cost-reduction due todownsizing, while the rest indicated otherwise or were not sure.Discusses downsizing strategies and identifies research challenges.
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    DSS for Job Shop Machine Scheduling (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Presents a microcomputer-based interactive decision support system (DSS)to assist managers to improve decision making for machine scheduling ina job shop environment. The system downloads data from a factoryinformation system, and schedules work into the appropriate workcentres. The system produces sequences using a rule set thatincorporates set-up time reduction, shortest processing time (SPT)sequencing, downstream requirements, and job due dates. The systemautomatically expedites where required, and provides an interactiveinterface to the decision maker. A SLAM II-based computer simulationmodel guides system development and provides a test bed for policydecisions with regard to implementation of the DSS.
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    Scheduling in Multistage Flowshop Systems: An Application in the Food Processing Industry (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 16-24 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: A heuristic algorithm, designed for freeze-drying operations in the foodprocessing industry, is developed for a multistage system with parallelmachines and resource constraints. The system is extremely complex owingto factors such as stage capacities, resource constraints andrequirements, set-up charges, product mix, order sizes, andco-ordination of multiple stages. The primary objectives are meeting duedates, minimizing workflow time, and maximizing equipment utilization.The system is implemented to generate production schedules in amicrocomputer-based operating environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410063270
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    The Utility of Information Systems: Views of CEOs and Information System Executives (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 25-29 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: The views of 25 chief executive officers and their information systemsexecutives on the utility of information systems in their organizationswere examined. A gap was detected between these two groups of executiveswith regard to their satisfaction with information systems and those whorun them. It is concluded that such a gap must be eliminated throughtraining and education, if information systems are to be effective inachieving a strategic competitive advantage for the organization.
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    Increasing Meeting Efficiency with a GDSS (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Group meetings are a daily component of most businesses but are oftenconsidered as unproductive or even a "waste of time" by many participants.Over the past decade, computer-based systems called group decisionsupport systems (GDSSs) have been developed to improve meetings, andstudies have shown that the systems can increase their efficiency andeffectiveness as well as the group members' satisfaction with them.Describes this new technology with its advantages and disadvantages andshows how two corporations used GDSSs to improve their meetingproductivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410069300
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    Integrating the Internet into the Business Environment (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 37-40 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: An estimated 30 million people make use of the Internet not only forelectronic mail (e-mail), but also to peruse databases, view photographsand videos and find travel information and weather reports. Innovativedata systems managers can offer business solutions by integrating thecapabilities of the Internet into their business environment. TheInternet offers vast communication resources to enhance productdevelopment and system support. Offers an introduction to thecommunication resources of the Internet and provides several specificexamples of business solutions in the areas of e-mail communications,business applications software support, system design and databases. Anawareness of these global solutions by today's managers may stimulate anincreased appreciation of the power of electronic communications and anencouragement of co-operative work, using electronic media.
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    Benefits Derived from JIT by European Manufacturing Companies (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 12-14 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: In competitive world markets most manufacturing companies have learnedthat survival is based on a commitment towards continual process, andthat product improvement competes with high quality of product and lowprice. In today's rapidly changing marketplace a company must deliverlow cost together with high quality and reliability of product to ensureretaining adequate market share. The necessary improvements can beachieved as have already been determined first by a large number ofJapanese companies and later by US and European companies withimplementation of suitable JIT systems. A number of articles have beenwritten, which attempt to identify and discuss the critical variableessential for successful JIT implementation. To date little havereported on quantitative tangible and intangible benefits of JIT.Discusses tangible and intangible benefits which European companies havederived from JIT.
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    Expert Systems: A Service Industry Exigency (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: The highly competitive service sector of the economy is important andgrowing. Expert systems can provide a competitive edge for companies inthe service sector. Reasoning from examples in health care, education,financial services, transport and marketing, argues that expert systemscan preserve and distribute knowledge, enhance standardization, improveservice and reduce costs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410053334
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    Decision Support in Commodities Investment: An Expert System Application (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Presents an application of an expert system in the commodities market.The system is designed to facilitate decision making with regard to whento buy and sell. This system has several attractive features which makeit very appealing to users without much computer background. Executivesof large firms as well as individual investors can use this system totime the market right.
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    Japan's Quest for Global Leadership in IT: The Impact on US Computer Companies (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Over the past three decades, the Japanese information technologyindustry has been questing for global leadership. With the help ofkeiretsu, a special social organization, and government agencies, thosegiant information technology companies such as NEC, Fujitsu, etc. havebecome the leaders in dynamic random access memory chips (DRAM), diskstorage devices, video display, fuzzy logic and neural networks.Proposes some strategies to counter the actions taken by the Japanesefirms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410055837
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    Manufacturing versus Service Organizations: An Investigation of Informational and Operational Interactions in the International Domain (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 24-29 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Reports on a survey conducted among manufacturing and serviceestablishments in Saudi Arabia. Discusses the computerization motives ofthese establishments and the steps they have taken in computerization aswell as their current satisfaction with computerization. Also highlightsfuture computerization plans of manufacturing and service organizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410059464
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    Quality Management at Golden Wonder (1994)
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    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 24-28 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Traceability through a process is an integral part of a total qualitymanagement philosophy. Looks at what it means in practice with referenceto a one process weighing systems company that has implemented a systemfor a leading UK manufacturer of crisps and snacks. The system buildsfrom the bottom up, using strategically placed data collection terminalsto relay information to a management processor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410068257
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    Enhancing Performance through Employee Discretion and Feedback (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial management & data systems 94 (1994), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 0263-5577
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Many organizations are analysing the feasibility of using Japaneseproduction methods and concepts. Examines how allowing individualsdiscretion in selecting among various production scheduling techniques,combined with real-time feedback, affects their job-schedulingperformance. The results of the experiments involving sequencing jobsthrough work centres, illustrate that when discretion was afforded,performance improved. This result suggests that providing employees withdiscretionary leeway and real-time feedback enables them to improve theproduction system continuously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579410073486
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    Formalism, Language and Information Science (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Cybernetics and artificial intelligence are viewed primarily as being a major part of information science which is considered as we would any other scientific discipline. It is suggested that such a science must be capable of formalization. Language is considered as a major feature of science, where mathematics is a specialized part of language. The analysis of language in the form of semantics and pragmatics is regarded as essential to the understanding of any linguistic usage, particularly when some degree of precision is entailed. Discusses information science and its foundations in philosophy, logic and especially in semantics and pragmatics.
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    The Early Years: Some Comments on the Origins and Concepts of Cybernetics (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines the role and importance of the ideas of Norbert Wiener, the Father of cybernetics in the context of the Information Revolution. Sketches ideas underlying the origins of cybernetics and outlines the aims of this interdisciplinary science. Analyses criticisms and objections in some detail and draws conclusions.
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    Norbert Wiener and the Social Sciences (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 46-61 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Aims to analyse the influence of Norbert Wiener's ideas on the social sciences and on social systems, including society as a whole. Describes Wiener's own attitudes regarding the applicability of cybernetics to social systems and his vision on the development of modern society. Highlights sociologists and political scientists who were inspired by his ideas and deals with researchers who tried to apply his ideas to social systems. Concludes by evaluating to what extent specific ideas of Wiener have impacted on the social sciences.
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    An Investigation of the Ethical Standards of Information Systems Academicians (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 27-46 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presents results of data obtained regarding faculty attitudes concerning the ethical propriety of and estimated faculty involvement with 38 activities. A questionnaire was sent to 480 randomly selected information systems (IS) academicians. Insights into the ethical standards of IS faculty are provided by the data, as well as the indication that a significant minority of faculty are estimated to be involved in most activities contrary to normative standards of ethical conduct, as prescribed by peers. Also identifies several attitudinal differences, based on demographic characteristics of respondents and institutions.
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    Towards Inherently Useful Theory: A Management Example (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 23-33 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Insights derived from the theory of complex systems and theoretical biology suggest that "small-scale modelling" may be valuable in the construction of management theory. Small-scale modelling can be used to embed managerial perspectives in models. For that reason small-scale modelling shows some prospect for producing what might be called inherently useful theory, namely, theory that recognizes the pragmatic limitations accompanying its use. As an example of the modelling approach, examines aspects of the management of workgroup routine. Considers directions for further research.
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    Theseus - A Way of Doing (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 49-58 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers recent developments that encourage the exploration of the potential of computers. Gives current examples of their treatment "as theatre" or to explore a novel "space of expression". New design guidelines are emerging shaped by a foundational switch in approaches to thinking and doing. This shift is underwritten by recent findings in second-order cybernetics concerning the importance of the orthogonal intersection of a variety of motor-sensory correlations, for effective behaviour in a particular domain of action. Describes a recently built system which is representative of this shift. Theseus is both a methodology for multimedia applications and a model for learning a concrete implementation in the shape of a stand-alone, multimedia training package.
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    Exploring Dynamic Group Processes with GAIA - Groups of Adaptive Inferencing Agents (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 12-26 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Applies a computer model GAIA (Groups of Adaptive Inferencing Agents) to simulate the lifecycle of artificial groups directed by agendas which specify varying strategies for collective problem solving. Within GAIA, groups of artificial agents dynamically learn and interact by proposing, combining and testing inductive hypotheses in the form of genetic building blocks. Agents share and combine building block solutions to evolve decision trees to respond to environmental inputs. Effects of agendas which emphasize stages of conservative and liberal problem solving strategies over a group's lifecycle were simulated. Conservative strategies emphasize consensus and collective memories within groups. Liberal strategies emphasize challenges to collective memory and individual agent predictions. Agendas which vary from conservative to liberal resulted in the poor group solutions. Significantly better group solutions were produced by an agenda varying from liberal to conservative and back to liberal (L-C-L). The L-C-L agenda focuses on critical evaluation and rewards for individual contribution in the beginning and ending lifecycle stages and provides a middle stage of collective exploration.
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    Cybernetics - The Modern Science of Systems (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 76-85 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article has been written in memory of Norbert Wiener and is dedicated to him. Takes a look at how cybernetics provides an extremely useful framework for the control and operation of real-world systems. With the true advent of computers and simple communications, many more processes can and will be viewed from a systems standpoint. Examples are given of how cybernetics can be applied to industrial processes and how it is seen as an important, integral part of future systems science.
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    Wiener-Hopf Equation Revisited (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 128-132 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses a class of integral equations known as the famous Wiener-Hopf equation which has interesting practical applications in stochastic systems like queues, network queues or water reservoir systems.
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    Human Emotion Estimation through Facial Expressions (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 39-46 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Facial primitives such as eyebrows, eyes and mouth are used for the computer estimation of emotion. Describes how a pictorial knowledge-base and pictorial knowledge-tree are constructed from facial primitives in order to identify emotions in humans. Shows how the pictorial knowledge is compiled using a rule-based knowledge representation. Discusses the future research implications and suggests areas where such computer estimation may be applied.
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    Alienation, Participation and Increasing Societal Complexity (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 10-34 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Provides definitions of the three concepts in the title and explores their interrelationships. Distinguishes six alienation dimensions - powerlessness; meaninglessness; normlessness; social isolation; cultural estrangement; self-estrangement - and combines them with three kinds of participation: spontaneous, negative, and compensatory. Describes increasing societal complexity from a general systems perspective. Explores the psycho- and sociogenesis of unalienated as well as alienated participation. Increasing societal complexity creates new forms of alienation and participation, but also resistances of groups that feel threatened or left out by an excessively fast rate of change, which in turn threatens macro-societal stability. Those left without the means to participate in the economic or political process tend to be the alienated "negative participants"; they are generally destructive and anti-outgroup as a result of personal experiences or economic deprivation.
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    Neural Networks as Fuzzy Systems (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 7-9 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Any fuzzy system is a knowledge-based system which implies an inference engine. Proposes neural networks as a means of performing the inference. Using the Theorem of Representation proposes an encoding scheme that allows the neural network to be trained to perform modus ponens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410059000
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    Norbert Wiener in the Early 1950s (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 28-31 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Memories about Norbert Wiener are presented by the author who had the opportunity to meet him in Paris (1951 and 1953), then at MIT and in his country house in New Hampshire in 1954. The foundation of the "Cercle d'Etudes Cybernétiques" is evoked as well as many statements made by Wiener about himself, and his researches on hidden variables in quantum mechanics and other subjects.
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    About Wiener's Generalized Harmonic Analysis (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 65-70 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Harmonic analysis, probability and statistics were among the fields Wiener was most interested in. In his generalized harmonic analysis he introduced, for a signal with finite square modulus mean value, its spectral distribution which is linked to what can be called the integral Fourier transform of the signal. Wiener demonstrated, in a refined way, an interesting property of this integral Fourier transform which can be also established, very directly, with the help of what we call "epsilon distribution" which, in a way, is the antithesis of the delta distribution of Dirac.
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    The Evolution of Vision and Its Relation to Language (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 55-56 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses the evaluation of vision and its relation to language. Defines the universe of Discourse Triangle, within which, it is maintained, all statements must be made.
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    An Evolutionary and Entropic Interpretation of Information (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 34-47 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Investigates the enigmatic phenomenon of information from the two major perspectives of modern cybernetics: the negentropic and the evolutionary. Discusses the meaning of this phenomenon, considering it, ultimately, as the means of combating entropy within cybernetic or control systems which create or receive, process, stock, and use information, eventually with the purpose of regulating their matter-energy fluxes necessary for struggling against inner entropy. Discusses the sense of information as relating to thermodynamical entropy in a philosophical manner and not in some formal (mathematical) language.
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    Systolic Array Design for Low-level Image Processing (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 26-38 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Systolic array designs of parallel algorithms for low-level digital image processing, and in particular the gradient operator, are described. Indicates how, to achieve high performance, a new systolic array can be designed in which all the cells in a double pipeline are interconnected to a system bus. The transputer implementation of the design is also considered and comments and conclusions that relate to the use of the systolic array on transputer networks are given. Subsequently it is shown that the systolic array design can be extended to handle the Prewitt and Sobel operators.
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    The System Analyst and Designer's Vade-Mecum, or Applicable Systematics in a Nutshell (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 47-48 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Offers the results of experience and reflection to systems analysts. Provides a list which includes: conception, component-connection diagram, component-connection table, and function table, of all the capabilities and operational modes considered desirable from a system, together with the component settings and activated interconnections needed to obtain those capabilities or functions.
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    Experimental Studies of Heuristic Algorithms for Two Level Object Clustering (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 36-48 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The clustering of objects in a layered object storage system is by common consent an exceedingly difficult problem. Studies the performance of three heuristic placement algorithms. A series of eight reasonably realistic case studies were used as a benchmark battery, and several hundred experiments were carried out to evaluate results of using the algorithms. Presents the results and the insights gained from the study.
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    The scientific methodology in the light of cybernetics (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 1-132 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presents the scientific methodology from the enlarged cybernetical perspective that recognizes the anisotropy of time, the probabilistic character of natural laws, and the entry that the incomplete determinism in Nature opens to the occurrence of innovation, growth, organization, teleology communication, control, contest and freedom. The new tier to the methodological edifice that cybernetics provides stands on the earlier tiers, which go back to the Ionians (c. 500 BC). However, the new insights reveal flaws in the earlier tiers, and their removal strengthens the entire edifice. The new concepts of teleological activity and contest allow the clear demarcation of the military sciences as those whose subject matter is teleological activity involving contest. The paramount question "what ought to be done", outside the empirical realm, is embraced by the scientific methodology. It also embraces the cognitive sciences that ask how the human mind is able to discover, and how the sequence of discoveries might converge to a true description of reality.
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    Knowing Norbert (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 17-20 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Gives an account of Norbert Wiener's works and how they influenced the author. The seminal Cybernetics or Control and Communications in the Animal and Machine introduces the scientific world to the notion of cybernetics and indeed, according to the author, split it down the middle. Goes on to describe Wiener's other major works and the impact they had not only on the author but also on other writers, researchers and scientists. Concludes with a brief description of how the author helped Wiener to arrange a European trip in 1964.
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    What Is There to Know? (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 104-110 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The attempt to understand the working of the brain suffers from difficulties of definition, since it is not clear that brains can understand brains, and the nature of "understanding" is essentially subjective. If it is accepted that our thought processes are products of evolution, the principles of rational discourse and science are reflections of the environment rather than inherent in us. Nevertheless they are strongly ingrained and well-founded, but since their implications are essentially subjective they cannot be distinguished from other assertions that would be classed as "mystical".
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    The Presence of Norbert Wiener in Both Order Cybernetics (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 133-143 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When confronted with issues dealing with first and second order cybernetics, it seems that the manner of defining the former has been somewhat caricatured. The second appears to sometimes give rise to conclusions which are almost opposite to those of Wiener by questioning the possibility of a control for a system. We find in Wiener's research a prefiguration of the autonomy concept, which, in our opinion, could bring an explanation - and a solution - in cases where control elicits some perverse effect; an acceptance of positive feedback if it serves a desired purpose; the central importance held for him by ergodic theory that we use in an addendum on imbalanced strange attractors control; the idea of a knowledge which may be the fruit of the control; an interest for logical paradoxes he put in relation to communication in nervous system; and already the notion of dialogue in the core of the relation man/man or man/machine. Of course, Wiener did not accord an equal development to all his insights, but we have not yet finished scrutinizing his writings. First and second order cybernetics perhaps form an agonistic/antagonistic couple of which neither element could overshadow the other.
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    For Norbert Wiener (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 32-33 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Recalls the early life of Norbert Wiener and describes some of the works that initiated the cybernetic movement. Highlights people who influenced Wiener and leads on to who/what Wiener has influenced, and what particular branches of science are offshoots of Wiener's concepts. Concludes with the thought that the interdisciplinary science of cybernetics has integrated the physical and behavioural sciences and that above all, he will be remembered for this.
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    Using Neural Nets in Modelling Vector Time Series (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 12-22 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presents for the first time empirical evidence on the forecasting performance of multi-layer neural nets in modelling multiple-input vector time series processes. Compares the results produced by the neural net with those obtained by a robust VARMAX-algorithm and a multiple-input state space algorithm for vector-valued time series processes. The neural net and the VARMAX-algorithm were programmed in the C-language and the state space algorithm was programmed in FORTRAN.
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    Improved Decision Support Systems Help to Build Better Artificial Intelligence Systems (1994)
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    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 48-54 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Decision support systems (DSS) is the mathematical-model building tool of business environments. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the tool that will hopefully help computers make better business decisions by allowing the computer to learn from its experiences. The combination of DSS and AI takes us out of the theoretical by integrating the analytical tools into the management decision process, thereby making the decisions practical and useful. Discusses the integration of DSS and AI into the business decision-making process.
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    Defuzzification under Constraints and Forbidden Zones (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines the problem of fuzzification in situations in which in addition to the usual fuzzy output of the controller there exists some ancillary restriction on the allowable defuzzified values. Provides two basic approaches to address this problem. In the first approach, enforces the restriction by selecting the defuzzified value through a random experiment in which the values which have non-zero probabilities are in the allowable region; this method is based on the RAGE defuzzification procedure and makes use of a non-monotonic conjunction operator. The second approach, which, in the spirit of the commonly used methods, is a kind of expected value, converts the problem to a constraint optimization problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410054870
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    Grammar-Theoretic Models of Multi-agent Systems (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Gives a broad understanding of multi-agent systems and relates it to the generative paradigm of studying complex systems. Demonstrates the functioning of the multi-agent paradigm in some approaches in artificial intelligence and in some closely related fields. After sketching a specific approach to formalization of multi-agent systems using tools and techniques of the theory of formal grammars and languages, gives a preview of the main developmental lines of the theory of grammar systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410054861
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    General Structure Functions (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 10-19 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A general concept of a structure function is proposed by considering a general order topology, where possible degrees of performance for the system and its components are going to be represented. Finite multistate structure functions and continuum structures can therefore be viewed as particular cases. Gives general definitions of minimal path and minimal cut, allowing general reliability bounds based on them. These are applied to some multivalued structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410058993
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    Boolean Algebra from the Lattice Point of View (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Using lattices, presents Boolean Algebra, which is usually introduced using its postulate-oriented approach. Relationships among sets, relations, lattices and Boolean algebra are shown to form a distributive but not complemented lattice. Provides examples together with corresponding Hasse diagrams. References useful application areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410059055
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    International Migration as a Dynamic Process (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 37-55 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Structures a model of the macrodynamics of international migration using a differential equation to capture the push-pull forces that propel the migratory current. The model's architecture is based on the functioning of information feedback between settled friends and family at the destination (migrant stock) and a pool of potential emigrants created by socioeconomic conditions prevailing at the origin. The intensity of the ensuing migratory flow is determined by a nexus of mediators functioning in either society and comprising: (a) legal imperatives such as migration laws; (b) economic imperatives measured by the ratio of income-per-capita between destination and origin; (c) political imperatives such as war or other forms of compulsion; (d) natural stimulants such as epidemics and climatic extremes; (e) societal conditions such as job-hierarchy differences and migration network characteristics; and (f) causes other than the ones motivating the pool members, such as the reasons of the so called "brain drain". The mathematical function representing the collective of these causes is named the mediating factor, and comprises both steady-state and transient components. While the model's architecture is independent of any geographic or temporal specificity, the model is capable of portraying the migration flow between any given origin/destination pair, and over any designated historical period: this through the numerical values of the model parameters derived from the historical, demographic, and economic data of the case. Two specific paradigms serve to demonstrate the model's tenets and pertinence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410064491
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    The Seeds of Wiener and the Cybernetic Tree (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 86-103 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Proposes two tentative projects for ordering the scientific concepts in relation to a systemic theory of knowledge, based on cognitive sciences. It tries to develop some basic ideas of Wiener in the framework of modern physics. The concept of complementarity is extended to ideologies. Cybernetics, it is assumed, could have an important role in the transformation of conflicts into synergetic trends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068361
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    Fuzzy Systems, Control, and Connectionism (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers and defends the realist understanding of the notion of fuzzy system, that is, the view that fuzzy functions are ontologically respectable for scientific explanations of fuzzy controllers. Looks at the arguments concerned with the revival of fuzzy set theories based on the idea of representation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068398
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    Maximum Entropy Modelling of Mixture Distributions (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Shannon's entropy is usually defined separately for discrete, and for (absolutely) continuous random variables. However, many random variables encountered in practice have mixed (discrete-continuous) distributions. A simple expression for the entropy of random variables with mixed (discrete-continuous) distributions is derived in terms of the usual entropy definitions. In addition, the maximum entropy problem in the general setting of mixture distributions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410050577
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    Recollections of Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch and Stafford Beer (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 58-62 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presents recollections of the scientists who were the pioneers of cybernetics, together with an insight into their personalities and lives. Discusses their individual contributions as the basis for such currently important fields as Artificial Intelligence, Neural Nets, Computer Technology and Robotics. Show these distinguished men as being deeply and vitally involved with larger human and ethical issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410054889
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    A Reflective Production System (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 20-35 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial Intelligence, Cybernetics, ProductionDescribes the ELEKTRA reflective production rule interpreter, which differs from other interpreters by providing considerable support for meta-level inference and reflection. Also describes the representations employed in the system, in which the control problem in production systems can be solved by increasing use of rules. Introduces the reflective properties of the system and gives examples. Shows that the interpreter on which the entire ELEKTRA system runs can be implemented as ELEKTRA rules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410059019
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    The ø-Entropy in the Selection of a Fixed Number of Experiments (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Consideration is given to the problem of optimally choosing of a fixed number of experiments in sequential form from a class of available experiments. The applications of ø entropy measure in the sequential design of experiments is studied by defining ø terminal entropy. Finally, the process is established when a sufficient experiment exists. An illustrative example, which demonstrates the usefulness of the results obtained, is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410064482
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    Possibility-Probability Transformation: A New Result via Information Theory of Deterministic Functions (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 56-59 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: By combining the theory of relative information and the information of deterministic functions, one can obtain a model of possibility-probability transformation. Relative information defines possibility in terms of syntax-semantics coupling of natural languages, while entropy of deterministic functions refers to the maximum conditional entropy principle. These two theories use the basic concepts of Shannon information theories, and do not apply any of the new recent notions such as belief, necessity, confusion, dissonance, nonspecificity, and so on. The model appears as a direct consequence of the Shannon theory itself.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410064509
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    Feedback and Musical Resonance (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Looks at the interrelationship between resonance, probability and feedback and describes how we can control and direct them - the very essence of cybernetics - by using musical science to explain their causes and effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068389
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    Wiener's Insight into Communication (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 21-22 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Briefly describes the impact that Wiener's work had on language and communication. He believed that a message was "a sequence of measurable events distributed in time" - a signal that could only be interpreted by a receiver who was in possession of the particular code. This went against the traditional beliefs of semantics that meaning travelled in a communication channel. Bemoans the fact that Wiener's insights on this subject did not become established but hopes one day that they might.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068307
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    The Mathematical Work of Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 34-45 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes some parts of Wiener's significant contribution to mathematics in as simple and non-technical a language as possible. Looks at Wiener's early research and how he applied integration theory to potential theory, but not without first explaining the background to integration theory. Then describes one of Wiener's most important works - that on Brownian motion, and how other theories such as harmonic analysis flowed from his study of Brownian motion. Concludes with a brief chronology of Wiener's life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068325
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    Organizational Cybernetics: The Ecology of Change in a Norwegian Shipyard (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 11-26 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Develops elements in what is called heterarchical logic in a study of the ecology of change in a Norwegian shipyard. The heterarchical logic is not in accordance with traditional understanding of rationality in organizations. Considers on what type of management this type of logic is based. Both "heterarchical logic" and the new type of management, joint management, partly answer Jackson's criticism of the use of cybernetical models in organizations. This also is a contribution to organizational cybernetics with regard to Flood and Carson's demand that the question of how autonomous work groups should be organized should be incorporated in organizational cybernetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410071169
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    Remarks on Scientific Creativity Considered as a Cybernetic Process (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 71-75 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers the central nervous system as a data-processing system, in which one can model (simulate) an operating system, a knowledge processor, a monitor, a model of the Universe and a linguistic model. Artistic creativity is compared with scientific activity and it is stressed that scientific creativity can also mean small advances in given areas. Considers it essential not to propose new paradigms, but to elaborate efficient imaginary ideas, to create new concepts and to propose new areas of research. In these directions, some simple methods are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068343
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    Entropy, Quality and Wastivity: A Unified View of System Performance (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers that when efficiency and effectiveness of systems are measured by the quantity and quality of their output they may be inadequate for the purpose of comparing one system with another. Seeks new criteria and defines entropy, wastivity and quality concepts in relation to system performance. Establishes the interdependence of the three concepts. Proposes that system wastivity should be used as a measure of system performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410071187
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