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  • Articles  (20,650)
  • Springer  (20,650)
  • 1990-1994  (20,185)
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  • Economics  (10,421)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (9,974)
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  • Articles  (20,650)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composting of explosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Composting ; Explosives ; Propellants ; Thermophilic ; Mesophilic ; Bioremediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Composting was investigated as a bioremediation technology for clean-up of sediments contaminated with explosives and propellants. Two field demonstrations were conducted, the first using 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine (HMX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl) contaminated sediment, and the second using nitrocellulose (NC) contaminated soil. Tests were conducted in thermophilic and mesophilic aerated static piles. Extractable TNT was reduced from 11840 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg, and NC from 13090 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg under thermophilic conditions. Under mesophilic conditions, TNT was reduced from 11 190 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. The thermophilic and mesophilic half-lives were 11.9 and 21.9 days for TNT, 17.3 and 30.1 days for RDX, and 22.8 and 42.0 days for HMX, respectively. Known nitroaromatic transformation products increased in concentration over the first several weeks of the test period, but decreased to low concentrations thereafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569746
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of extracellularβ-fructofuranosidases fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524 (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 145-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fructo-oligosaccharide ; 1-Kestose ; Glycoprotein ; Fructosyl-transferring activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two extracellular β-fructofuranosidases (E-1 andE-2) fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524, producing 1-kestose (1F-β-fructofuranosyl-sucrose) from sucrose, were purified to homogeneity. Molecular weights of the enzymes were estimated to be about 304000 (E-1) and 315000 (E-2) Da by gel filtration. The enzymes contained 33% (w/w) (E-1) and 27% (w/w) (E-2) carbohydrate. TheK m values for sucrose ofE-1 andE-2 andE-2 were 0.34 and 0.28 M, respectively. were 0.34 and 0.28 M, respectively. The enzymatic profiles of these enzymes were almost identical to intracellular enzymesP-1 andP-2 except for the differences in carbohydrate content andK m values ofE-2 andP-2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569747
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect fungal symbionts: A promising source of detoxifying enzymes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Toxin ; Secondary plant metabolite ; Allelochemical ; Insecticide ; Mycotoxin ; Endocytobiont
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Many species of insects cultivate, inoculate, or contain symbiotic fungi. Insects feed on plant materials that contain plant-produced defensive toxins, or are exposed to insecticides or other pesticides when they become economically important pests. Therefore, it is likely that the symbiotic fungi are also exposed to these toxins and may actually contribute to detoxification of these compounds. Fungi associated with bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, termites, leaf-cutting ants, long-horned beetles, wood wasps, and drug store beetles can variously metabolize/detoxify tannins, lignins, terpenes, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other toxins. The fungi (Attamyces) cultivated by the ants and the yeast (Symbiotaphrina) contained in the cigarette beetle gut appear to have broad-spectrum detoxifying abilities. The present limiting factor for using many of these fungi for large scale detoxification of, for example, contaminated soils or agricultural commodities is their slow growth rate, but conventional strain selection techniques or biotechnological approaches should overcome this problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569619
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosensors for process monitoring (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biosensors ; Process control ; Enzyme thermistor ; Immunoassay ; Bio-field effect transistor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A short review about the biosensor research activities for bioprocess monitoring in the F.R.G. after its reunification is given. The principles of biosensor applications are presented. In situ sensors and sensors based on the principles of flow injection analysis are studied. Some applications of a four-channel enzyme thermistor, bio-field effect transistors, and immunoanalysis systems for real process monitoring are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569620
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology ofVibrio vulnificus in Galveston Bay oysters, suspended particulate matter, sediment and seawater: Detection by monoclonal antibody — immunoassay — most probable number procedures (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Vibrio vulnificus ; Oyster ; Monoclonal antibody ; Most probable number ; Enzyme immunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Oysters, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment and seawater samples were collected from West Galveston Bay, Texas over a 16-month period and analyzed for the presence ofVibrio vulnificus, a naturally-occurring human marine pathogen. Detection and enumeration ofV. vulnificus was performed using a species-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb FRBT37) in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-most probable number (MPN) procedure capable of detecting as few as 2000 target organisms.V. vulnificus was not detected in seawater, oyster or SPM samples during the cold weather months, but was detected at low levels in several sediment samples during this time period. Increased levels of the organism were first observed in early spring in the sediment, and then in SPM and oysters. The major increase inV. vulnificus occurred only after the seawater temperature had increased above 20°C and the winter-spring rainfall had lowered the salinity below 16‰. The highestV. vulnificus levels at each site were associated with suspended particulate matter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that (1)V. vulnificus over-winters in a floc zone present at the sediment-water interface, (2) is resuspended into the water column in early spring following changes in climatic conditions, (3) colonizes the surfaces of zooplankton which are also blooming during early spring and (4) are ingested by oysters during their normal feeding process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569626
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion of sodium cyanide to carbon dioxide and ammonia by immobilized cells ofPseudomonas putida (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Pseudomonas putida ; Immobilization ; Sodium cyanide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pseudomonas putida, isolated from contaminated industrial wastewaters and soil sites, was found to utilize sodium cyanide (NaCN) as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Cells, immobilized in calcium alginate beads (1–2 mm diameter) were aerated in air-uplift-type fluidized batch bioreactor containing 100–400 ppm of NaCN. Degradation of NaCN was monitored for 168 h by analyzing gaseous and dissolved ammonia (NH3), CO2, pH and optical density. The results indicated that the alginate-immobilized cells ofP. putida were able to degrade NaCN into NH3 and CO2 in a time-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569629
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in protein composition ofSaccharomyces brewing strains in response to heat shock and ethanol stress (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Heat shock protein (HSP) ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces ; Viability ; Thermotolerance ; Ethanol tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Heat shock and ethanol stress of brewing yeast strains resulted in the induction of a set of proteins referred to as heat shock proteins (HSPs). At least six strongly induced HSPs were identified in a lager brewing strain and four HSPs in an ale brewing strain. Four of these HSPs with molecular masses of approximately 70, 38, 26 and 23 kDa were also identified in two laboratory strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The appearance of HSPs correlated with increased survival of strains at elevated temperatures and high concentrations of ethanol. These results suggest that HSPs may play a role in the ethanol and thermotolerance of yeasts. The properties of these proteins and membrane fatty acids in relation to heat and ethanol shock are being investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569628
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a novel polysaccharide fromBacillus licheniformis NCIB 11634 (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Novel polysaccharide ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Raffia venifera ; d-Glucose ; d-Mannose ; d-Xylose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A polysaccharide producing strain ofBacillus licheniformis was isolated from exudate of raffia palm,Raffia vinifera. The optimum conditions for growth and polysaccharide production have been investigated and established. No appreciable polysaccharide was formed on glucose. It grew best in Czapek-Dox media with sucrose as the carbon source. The polysaccharide has been characterized as a heteropolymer containingd-glucose,d-mannose andd-xylose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569630
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement from the publisher (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 269-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569634
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of deglycosylation on the properties of β-fructofuranosidaseP-1 fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524 (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: β-Fructofuranosidase ; Deglycosylation ; Aureobasidium ; Enzymatic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Most of the carbohydrate moiety of β-fructofuranosidaseP-1 fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524 was removed by endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase F. A subunit of 94000 Da was observed in SDS-PAGE after deglycosylation. TheK m value for sucrose was not changed by deglycosylation but the stability at pH 4–5 and 50°C was decreased. The deglycosylated enzyme was more sensitive to proteases such as pronase E and subtilisin than the native enzyme. It is considered that the carbohydrate moiety of β-fructofuranosidaseP-1 contributes to the stability of the enzyme but is not essential in its catalytic function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569632
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unemployment insurance: Risk sharing versus efficiency (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Unemployment Insurance ; Risk Sharing ; Social Security
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Two models of spot labor markets are presented in which labor suppliers have heterogeneous attitudes towards effort and in which uncertainty prevails on labor productivity and growth. The problem of selecting efficient rules to manage unemployment insurance (UI) systems is considered. We show that there does not exist any system which combines an efficient allocation of labor with an efficient allocation of risks among employees, unemployed workers and capital-owners. Pareto-efficient policy rules are a best compromise between these two conflicting objectives. It implies that productive efficiency could be improved in periods of mass unemployment by reducing UI benefits. That would be at the expense of more inefficiencies in the sharing of macroeconomic risks. At the optimum, the UI benefit is positively correlated to growth and it is negatively correlated to labor productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942857
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comment on social insurance (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 137-138 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386302
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comment on Professor Atkinson's lecture (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 139-141 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386303
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incentives, redistribution and social insurance (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 143-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Social Insurance ; Redistribution ; Incentives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We extend the familiar income taxation model à la Mirrlees, so as to include income uncertainty, due for instance to a risk of illness. Following a line of research initiated by Blomqvist and Horn [1984] we prove that the existence of a Social Health Insurance system may be justified even when the insurance market is efficient. Moreover, if there is a negative statistical dependence between probability of illness and labor productivity, then the optimum of a Utilitarianist Social Welfare function implies that Social Insurance provides a complete coverage for every household.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386304
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk taking and taxation in complete capital markets (1991)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Risk Taking ; Taxation ; Complete Conventional Securities Markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In general equilibrium, with complete conventional securities markets and endogenous asset supply, taxes on risk remuneration are ineffective but harmless. They do not alter the real allocation of goods or the distribution of wealth, they impose no excess burden, and, in particular, have no impact on risk taking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386305
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beneficial changes in random variables under multiple sources of risk and their comparative statics (1992)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 7-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Risk ; Insurance Demand ; Deterministic Transformations ; Stochastic Dominance ; Expected Utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The consequences of a change in a random parameter are determined for a decision model with more than one source of randomness. The two cases of independent and stochastically dependent sources of risk are discussed. Four comparative static theorems are given. These state the effect of first degree stochastically dominant shifts or risk decreases for one random variable while the other random variable is held fixed. Deterministic transformations are used to represent random parameter changes. The results are presented in the context of the coinsurance demand model with a risky insurable asset and background risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941954
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparative statics under multiple sources of risk with applications to insurance demand (1992)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 21-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Insurance Demand ; Multiple Sources of Risk ; Comparative Statics ; Increases in Risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we propose an answer to the following problem of comparative statics in models with multiple sources of risk: How a risk averse agent will change his coinsurance demand when the distribution of the insurable loss is shifted? To answer the question, we first comment on Jack Meyer's results and then we show how an alternate approach leads to more definitive comparative statics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941955
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pricing insurance and warranties: Ambiguity and correlated risks (1992)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 35-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Ambiguity ; Pricing ; Actuaries ; Decision Processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the results of a questionnaire study of pricing decisions made by professional actuaries when the probabilities of a loss are either ambiguous or nonambiguous. Theoretical hypotheses derived from the expected utility model were compared with the implications of procedures described by practicing actuaries. Actuaries were asked to act as consultants to a computer manufacturer concerning the price of a warranty. The suggested prices were considerably higher when probabilities were ambiguous than when they were well-specified. These pricing decisions were consistent with the procedures described by actuaries but inconsistent with predictions from expected utility theory when the risks are perfectly correlated. Further insight into the actual decision process is provided by interviews with actuaries and an analysis of comments written on the questionnaire forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941956
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  • 19
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    Saving under uncertainty: A bivariate non-expected utility approach (1992)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Saving ; Borrowing ; Increases in Risk Aversion ; Increases in Risk ; Multivariate NonExpected Utility Model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We adopt the multivariate non-expected utility approach proposed by Yaari [1986] to provide a characterization of the comparative statics effects of greater risk aversion and of mean-preserving increases in risk on saving and borrowing in the presence of income and interest rate risk. We show that in Yaari's model, it is possible to extend the applicability of the Diamond and Stiglitz [1974] and Kihlstrom and Mirman [1974] (DSKM) single-crossing property to establish a relationship between greater risk aversion and saving (or borrowing) on the basis of the individual's ordinal preferences as long as the two risks are independent. We also demonstrate that the comparative statics effects of a joint mean-preserving increase in random income and interest rate on saving and borrowing can be determined by an extension of the DSKM single-crossing property.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941957
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Bioconversion of the sodium salt of Simvastatin (MK-733) to 6-desmethyl-6-α-hydroxymethyl Simvastatin (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Actinomycete ; Biotransformation ; pH control ; Magnesium sulfate ; MK-733 ; Simvastatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An actinomycete (MA 6474, ATCC 53828) isolated from a soil sample (Mutare, Zimbabwe) was found to biotransform the sodium salt of Simvastatin (MK-733) to 6-α-hydroxymethyl MK-733, 6-β-hybroxymethyl MK-733, and 6-ring-hydroxy MK-733. The bioconversion efficiency to the desired compound, 6-α-hydroxymethyl MK-733, was enhanced by optimizing the physico-chemical parameters of the process. In shake flask cultures, addition of magnesium (0.125 mg/l Mg SO4·7H2O) to the medium resulted in a five-fold increase in the rate of bioconversion to the α diastereomer. The ratio of bioconversion products (6-α-hydroxymethyl, 6-β-hydroxymethyl, and 6-ring-hydroxy MK-733) was regulated by pH. Process improvements and scale up in 23-1 fermentors, which consisted of a controlled addition of substrate (MK-733), resulted in a 2-fold increase in alpha diastereomer Production (42 vs. 79 U/ml) and a 23-fold rate increase in the formation of α-diastereomer. A high diastereomeric ratio (α: β=9∶1) facilitated downstream processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575848
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  • 21
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    Fermentation study for the production of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen by the methylotrophic yeastHansenula polymorpha (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Methanol ; Yeast extract ; Two-phase process ; Periplasmic antigen ; Intracellular antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Various physico-chemical parameters have been studied in order to improve the production of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen (middle surface antigen) by the methylotrophic yeastHansenula polymorpha. Antigen production was done in two steps: first, production of cells on glycerol (Phase 1), followed by induction of antigen expression with methanol (Phase 2). Dense cultures ofH. polymorpha, equivalent to 35–40 g/l (dry weight), were readily obtained in small fermenters using minimal medium containing glycerol as carbon source. Antigen expression in this minimal medium, after induction with methanol, was however low and never exceeded 1.6 mg/l of culture. Antigen production was greatly enhanced by adding complex organic nitrogen sources along with methanol at induction time; yeast extract was the best of all the sources tested. In shake flasks, antigen production was proportional to yeast extract concentration up to 7% (w/v) yeast extract. it became clear that the nutritional conditions for good antigen expression were different from those for good biomass production. The effects of yeast extract were reproduced in small fermenters: antigen levels reached 8–9 mg/l in medium containing 6% (w/v) yeast extract during induction with methanol. The mechanisms of yeast extract's effects are still unknown but are probably nutritional. The recombinantH. polymorpha strain produced both periplasmic and intracellular antigen. The periplasmic antigen was shown to be present as 20–22-nm particles and was therefore immunogenic. Immunoblotting indicated that part of the pre-S2 antigen was present as a 24-kDa degradation product. These studies have led to a 140-fold increase in volumetric productivity of antigen and to a 4.6-fold increase in specific production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575847
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  • 22
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    Effect of cultural conditions on production of eicosapentaenoic acid byPythium irregulare (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 171-178 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: EPA ; Omega-3 ; Arachidonic acid ; Polyunsaturated fatty acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of culture conditions upon lipid content and fatty acid composition of mycelia ofPythium irregulare was investigated with particular attention to increasing the yield of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5; ω−3) (EPA). All experiments were done by shake flask culture using a yeast extract + malt extract medium. The maximum growth rate was obtained at 25°C, but maximum EPA production was obtained at 12°C. The highest EPA production was 76.5 μg EPA/ml 13 days fermentation at 12°C. Addition of glucose during fermentation increased the yield considerably. The highest yield was 112 μg/ml, obtained at 13 days fermentation with spiking on day 11. Fermentation time could be shortened by initial incubation at 25°C for 2 days, followed by incubation at 12°C for 6 days. The culture also produced arachidonic acid and other ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EPA production was also obtained with lactose or sweet whey permeate, a by-product of cheese manufacture that contains lactose as the main carbohydrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575850
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  • 23
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    Production of arachidonic acid byMortierella alpina ATCC 32222 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Mortierella alpina ; Arachidonic acid ; Polyunsaturated fatty acid ; Fungal lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary WhenMortierella alpina ATCC 32222 was incubated in a glucose salts medium at 25°C the biomass (17.5 g/l) contained 9.62% arachidonic acid which amounted to 54% (w/w) of total biomass lipids. When the glucose concentration in the medium was varied from 0 to 150 g/l, the percentage of arachidonic acid in biomass and in lipids was highest at a glucose concentration of 30 g/l, but highest yield of arachidonic acid per litre of culture broth was observed at a glucose concentration of 100 g/l. While production of biomass reached a plateau of 17 g/l after a 3-day incubation at 25°C, the percentage of arachidonic acid in lipids and biomass increased dramatically from 3 to 6 days with a concurrent arachidonic acid yield increase from 0.89 to 1.63 g/l. Optimum initial culture pH for arachidonic acid production was in the range 6.0–6.7. By increasing the concentration of the glucose salts medium three-fold, yields of biomass and arachidonic acid were increased to 35.8 g/l and 3.73 g/l, respectively.
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    Sch 42029, a naturally produced dopamine receptor ligand: Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and structure (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Dopamine receptor ; Agonist and antagonist ; Ligand ; Dihydroxy acetanilide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A natural product, Sch 42029, isolated from the fermentation of anActinoplanes sp. (SCC 1971) was found to displace Sch 23390 from the dopamine-1 (D1) receptor. The compound was isolated from the fermentation broth by adsorption of the filtrate on XAD-16 resin, elution with water-methanol, followed by purification by gel-permeation chromatography and HPLC. Using spectroscopic analysis, the structure was determined to be 2,5-dihydroxy acetanilide. The pure compound displaced Sch 23390, a D1-selective ligand, at aK i of 1.6 μm and spiperone, a D2-selective ligand, at aK i of 200 μm.
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    The assimilation of organic hazardous wastes by municipal solid waste landfills (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Organic hazardous waste ; Leachate ; Landfill management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Co-disposal of 12 compounds representing major organic classes (aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, and phthalate esters) with shredded municipal solid waste was tested using a laboratory-scale column and pilot-scale lysimeter to characterize transport and transformation phenomena including sorption, volatilization and bioassimilation. Leachate and gases emitted from the lysimeters were examined for identifiable products of biotransformation. The results of this investigation provided a mechanistic evaluation of the attenuating and assimilative capacity of municipal solid waste landfills for specific organic compounds. Physical/chemical organic compound characteristics were related to refuse characteristics and composition to predict compound fate. Such knowledge is useful in developíng landfill management and operational strategies consistent with the need for control of pollutant releases.
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    Cadmium sorption by bacteria and freshwater sediment (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Diffusion chamber ; Cadmium-sensitive ; Cadmium-resitant ; Sediment ; Bacteria ; Cadmium-sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sorption of cadmium by sediment bacteria and freshwater sediment was investigated using diffusion chambers to simulate the water-sediment interface. Diffusion chambers were constructed to provide two compartments separated by a dialysis membrane. Diffusion of cadmium across the membrane was monitored after pure cultures of sediment bacteria or lake sediments were added to the sediment side of a diffusion chamber. Cellular accumulation of cadmium by cadmium-sensitive and cadmium-resistant bacteria removed between 20% and 80% of the dissolved cadmium from the simulated water column and pore water. Cellular accumulation of cadmium was greatest for cadmium-sensitive isolates that were tested. Sediment with an intact microbial community sequestered 80% of the cadmium added to sediment, whereas autoclaved sediment retained 97% of the metal that was added. Addition of glucose to cadmium-amended sediment decreased retention of cadmium by untreated and autoclaved sediments, resulting in elevated concentrations of dissolved cadmium in the simulated water column.
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    Determination of chemical biodegradation by direct and indirect methods (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 209-212 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Direct method ; Indirect method ; Method comparison ; BOD method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Degradation of 10 organic chemicals by pre-acclimated microorganisms in BOD dilution water was determined directly by UV spectrophotometry and indirectly by a modified BOD method. Residual chemical concentrations were periodically measured and pseudo-first-order biodegradation rate constants (k 1) were calculated. Thek 1 spectrophotometry values ranged from 0.006/h to 0.077/h andk 1-BOD values from 0.002/h to 0.043/h for 1-methylnaphthalene and indole, respectively. The ratios ofk spectrophotometry to k1-BOD were between 1.5 for salicylic acid and 3.0 for 1-methylnaphthalene with a mean of 2.7. A significant (α=0.001) linear correlation (r 2=0.854,F=46.630) existed between the two sets of rate constants. Results from this study suggest that the modified BOD method may be used to estimate chemical biodegradation rates in synthetic media.
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    Biofilms: An ESEM evaluation of artifacts introduced during SEM preparation (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biofilm ; Scanning electron microscope ; Environmental scanning electron microscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Descriptions of biofilms and their elemental compositions based on scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive x-ray analysis cannot be related to the original condition of the biofilm on the surface. Solvent replacement of water removes extracellular polymeric material and reduces the concentration of elements bound within the biofilm. In the wet state, bacteria and microalgae are enmeshed in a gelatinous film that is either removed or dried to a thin inconspicuous residue during sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The environmental scanning electron microscope provides a fast, accurate image of biofilms, their spatial relationship to the substratum and elemental composition.
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    Oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems: Media selection and process component evaluations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Deionized water ; Ultra-pure water ; Ozone ; Ultra-violet sterilization ; Oligotroph ; Bacteria ; R2A medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Presently, tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium is used in the semiconductor industry to determine the concentration of viable oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems. Deionized water from an ultra-pure water pilot plant was evaluated for bacterial growth at specific locations, using a non-selective medium (R2A) designed to detect injured heterotrophic as well as oligotrophic bacteria. Results were compared to those obtained using Tryptic Soy Agar. Statistically greater numbers of bacteria were observed when R2A was used as the growth medium. Total viable bacterial numbers were compared both before and after each treatment step of the recirculating loop to determine their effectiveness in removing bacteria. The reduction in bacterial numbers for the reverse osmosis unit, the ion exchange bed, and the ultraviolet sterilizer were 97.4%, 31.3%, and 72.8%, respectively, using TSA medium, and 98.4%, 78.4%, and 35.8% using R2A medium. The number of viable bacteria increased by 60.7% based on TSA medium and 15.7% based on R2A medium after passage of the water through an in-line 0.2-μm pore size nylon filter, probably because of the growth of bacteria on the filter. Our results suggest that R2A medium may give a better representation of the microbial water quality in ultra-pure water systems and therefore a better idea of the effectiveness of the various treatment processes in the control of bacteria.
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    Studies on the galactomannan-degrading enzymes produced bySporotrichum cellulophilum (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Mannanase ; Sporotrichum cellulophilum ; Galactomannan ; Hemicellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Extracellular mannanase activity produced bySporotrichum cellulophilum was purified into two components using acetone precipitation, SP-Sephadex C50 ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified mannanse components, M1 and M2, had molecular weights of 108 000–112 000 and 32 200–36 000 respectively. Component M1 was shown to contain 2 subunits having molecular weights of 62 000 and 50 000. M1 and M2 had similar pH-activity profiles with pH optima of 5.5 and 6.0 respectively. M1 was more thermostable than M2: half lives of the enzymes at 70°C were 30 and 9 min for M1 and M2 respectively.
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    Emulsification of hydrocarbons by subsurface bacteria (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 237-245 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Microbial emulsifier ; Biosurfactant ; Bioemulsifier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biosurfactants have potential for use in enhancement of in situ biorestoration by increasing the bioavailability of contaminants. Microorganisms isolated from biostimulated, contaminated and uncontaminated zones at the site of an aviation fuel spill and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms isolated from sites contaminated with unleaded gasoline were examined for their abilities to emulsify petroleum hydrocarbons. Emulsifying ability was quantified by a method involving agitation and visual inspection. Biostimulated-zone microbes and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms were the best emulsifiers as compared to contaminated and uncontaminated zone microbes. Biostimulation (nutrient and oxygen addition) may have been the dominant factor which selected for and encouraged growth of emulsifiers; exposure to hydrocarbon was also important. Biostimulated microorganisms were better emulsifiers of aviation fuel (the contaminant hydrocarbon) than of heavier hydrocarbon to which they were not previously exposed. By measuring surface tension changes of culture broths, 11 out of 41 emulsifiers tested were identified as possible biosurfactant producers and two isolates produced large surface tension reductions indicating the high probability of biosurfactant production.
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    The effect of pretreatment on the invertase activity of gel-entrapped yeast biomass (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Invertase ; Entrapped yeast ; Ethanol pretreatment ; Heat pretreatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gel-entrapped, non-viable yeast biomass with specific invertase activity has been produced by two different pretreatment protocols: a short-time thermal treatment and a brief contact with concentrated ethanol solutions. Four yeast strains were most promising:K. fragilis L-293,C. utilis L-282,S. cerevisiae L-170 and L-209. Of these, the ethanol-tolerant L-282 and the ethanol-tolerant and heat-resistant L-170 gave the most active gel-entrapped biocatalysts: around 2 mg of reducing sugars produced per mg dry yeast per min.
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    Expression of streptomycete cholesterol oxidase inEscherichia coli (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; 4-Cholesten-3-one ; Cholesterol oxidation ; Heterologous gene expression ; Streptococcal vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A streptomycete gene coding for extracellular cholesterol oxidase (choA) was subcloned and expressed inEscherichia coli. The pUCO series recombinants were obtained by inserting thechoA gene into the uniqueKpnI site of pUC19 vector. Expression was observed with pUCO192A and pUCO193 constructs in which the cloned gene(s) were aligned with the upstreamlacZ promoter. Isopropyl β-d-thioglucopyranoside (IPTG) enhanced this expression up to 2.5-fold. Specific Cho activity in the cell extracts of the stable pUCO193 transformant were 0.004 U and 0.007 U per mg protein without and with IPTG induction, respectively. Cho activity was detected in the spent medium of this culture, suggesting possible secretion of the enzyme.
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    Resistance of bacteria from cooling waters to bactericides (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterial resistance ; Isothiazolone, Quarternary ammonium compounds ; Thiocarbamate ; Water cooling system ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; Pseudomonas stutzeri ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacillus cereus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacteria from water cooling systems developed resistance to three different bactericides i.e. quarternary ammonium compound (QAC), isothiazolone and thiocarbamate. Resistance was induced by exposing isolates to increasing sublethal concentrations for a period of 10 weeks.Bacillus subtilis became resistant to 1000 mg l−1 QAC. Cross-resistance was also detected, e.g. isothiazolone induced resistance to QAC and thiocarbamate.
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    The biosynthetic origin of the pyridone ring of efrotomycin (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 265-271 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Efrotomycin ; Nocardia lactamdurans ; Uracil catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Nocardialactamdurans has been shown to catabolyse uracil via the reductive pathway. The end product of this pathway, β-alanine, is incorporated into the pyridone ring of efrotomycin. Support for this proposal includes: (1) reversal of thymine inhibition of efrotomycin biosynthesis by dihydrouracil andN-carbamoyl-β-aline, two intermediates of the catabolic pathway; (2) incorporation of [5,6-3H]-uracil into efrotomycin with a relative molar specific activity of approximately 0.5, close to the theoretical maximum; and (3)13C coupling at C4 and C5 of efrotomycin after feeding resting cells with [4,5-13C]-uracil. Our results do not rule out the possibility of an alternative source of β-alanine or the coexistence of uracil catabolism via oxidative reactions.
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    Plasmid incidence and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate biodegradation in wastewater and pristine pond ecosystems (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate ; Biodegradation ; Plasmid ; Detergent ; Gene probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a widely used anionic surfactant. Although approximately 1 million metric tons of LAS are produced annually, relatively little is known about the bacteria or the genetic factors that control LAS degradation in the environment. The objectives of this research were to: i) compare bacterial populations in wastewater and pristine pond systems; ii) determine the frequency of plasmids in bacteria from these sites; and iii) compare the frequency of DNA sequences coding for aromatic catabolism in isolates from these two sites. Plate counts indicated that exposure to wastewater resulted in higher levels of both heterotrophic bacteria and bacteria capable of growing on LAS containing medium (LAS/YEPG). In addition to higher numbers, a higher proportion of heterotrophs from the wastewater system were capable of growth on LAS/YEPG medium. Thus, the high levels of LAS in the wastewater system apparently selected fro organisms that were able to tolerate and/or degrade, it. Mineralization of14C-ring labelled LAS in any habitat related to the presence of organisms that grew on LAS/YEPG. Although may of these isolates could carry out primary degradation, no isolate, could mineralize14C-ring LAS in pure culture. A higher incidence of plasmids was found in bacteria from the wastewater pond and among bacteria that grew on LAS containing medium. However, the presence of plasmid, DNA did not necessarily confer the ability to degrade LAS nor was the ability to degrade LAS dependent on the presence of a plasmid. The incidence of selected genotypes for aromatic catabolism was similar among isolates on LAS/YEPG at both sites, suggesting that LAS ring degradation may be present in other populations or encoded by alternative sequences. In conclusion, LAS mineralization is mediated by a consortium and the evidence that initial attack of LAS is plasmid mediated is inconclusive.
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    10-Hydroxy-8(Z)-octadecenoic acid, an intermediate in the bioconversion of oleic acid to 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fatty acid bioconversion ; hydroxy octadecenoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Previously, we reported the discovery of a new compound, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) which was produced from oleic acid by a new bacterial isolate PR3 [6,7]. The reaction is unique in that it involves a hydroxylation at two positions and a rearrangement of the double bond of the substrate molecule. Now, we have isolated another compound from the reaction mixture determined by GC/MS to be 10-hydroxy-8-octadecenoic acid (HOD). NMR and IR data indicate that the unsaturation is probablycis. The optimum pH and temperature for the production of HOD by strain PR3 were 6.5 and 30°C, about the same as those for DOD. However, the amount of HOD detected remained small throughout an 48-h reaction period during which the amount of DOD increased sharply. At 48 h of reaction, the ratio between HOD∶DOD was 1∶10. HOD may be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of DOD from oleic acid.
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    Cultivation ofCandida blankii in simulated bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 109-113 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Candida blankii ; Biomass ; d-Xylose ; l-Arabinose ; Acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary All fourCandida blankii isolates evaluated for growth in simulated bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate utilized the sugars and acetic acid completely. The utilization ofd-xylose,l-arabinose and acetic acid were delayed by the presence ofd-glucose, but after glucose depletion the other carbon sources were utilized simultaneously. The maximum specific growth rate of 0.36 h−1 and cell yield of 0.47 g cells/g carbon source assimilate compared with published results obtained withC. utilis. C. blankii appeared superior toC. utilis for biomass production from hemicellulose hydrolysate in that it utilizedl-arabinose and was capable of growth at higher temperatures.
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    Laboratory-scale biosynthesis ofTrichoderma mycolytic enzymes for protoplast release fromCochliobolus lunatus (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 115-119 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Mycolytic enzymes ; Trichoderma viride ; Protoplasts ; Cochliobolus lunatus ; Fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microorganism useful for the induction of enzymes lytic towards walls of filamentous fungusCochliobolus lunatus were studies. Production of specificTrichoderma viride mycolytic enzymes was studied in a laboratory fermentor. The product with high chitinase and relatively low protease activity gave better yields ofC. lunatus protoplasts than commercial Novozym 234.
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    Optimized protocol for the pilot-scale preparation of fungal cellulase (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Trichoderma viride ; Cellulase production ; Optimized production medium and parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A 25-l scale protocol is devised for the optimal secretion and recovery of fungal cellulase. Using a selected higher yieldingTrichoderma viride SMC strain, a protocol consisted of: a) an optimized production medium rich in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), fortified with 1% (w/v) ammonium sulphate, 0.5% (w/v) soybean flour, 0.1% (v/v) Tween-80 and other trace nutrients; b) optimized physical parameters of production, such as an inoculum containing a homogeneous suspension of 6×107 conidia per 1,28±1°C, pH 4.0±0.5, 300±20 rpm, 11000±1000 l/h aeration, and 170–220 h duration; c) optimal recovery through a filter press (450 l/h rate of filtration) followed by precipitation with 2.5–3.0 volumes of acetone (15°C and basket centrifugation (27°C, 1700 rpm)); and d) vacuum drying (35°C, 4–6 h). This afforded 70% recovery of cellulase in the form of white fluffy powder containing 20000±2000 carboxy methyl cellulase and 1000±50 units filter paperase per g activities, with raw material cost of US$ 8–10 per million carboxy methyl cellulase units. During storage for 18 months at 4°C, ambient temperature and 37°C, the cellulase preparation was found to retain 100, 75 and 60% of its initial activity, respectively.
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    Production ofLactococcus lactis biomass by immobilized cell technology (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Cheese ; Starters ; Production ; Alignate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Calcium alginate beads containingLactococcus lactis cells were used for three batch fermentations of milk or a commercially available growth medium (Gold Complete, Nordica) with the aim of producing concentrated cultures. Repeated fermentations did not significantly increase bead CFU counts which were between 3.3–7.8×1010 CFU/g. During the second and third fermentations, which lasted 6 h each, the bead populations decreased if the incubation was extended over 2 h. There was cell release from the beads. Fermentation media and fermentation time all had an effect on free cell counts, but none of these factors statistically interacted. Free cell counts were higher at the end of fermentations 2 and 3 than in the first fermentation and approximately 50% of the population was in the free state. Free cell counts were higher when the beads were incubated in Gold complete than in milk. Although the total bacterial population of a standard free cell fermentation was always higher than those having immobilized cells, immobilized cell technology did enable the production of dense cultures.
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    Immobilization ofβ-fructofuranosidase fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524 on porous silica (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 247-250 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fructosyl-transferring enzyme ; 1-Kestose ; Fructo-oligosaccharide ; Continuous production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary β-Fructofuranosidase P-1 fromAureobasidium sp. ATCC 20524, which produces a fructo-oligosaccharide (1-kestose) from sucrose, was immobilized covalently onto alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde at high efficiency (44.4%). Optimum pore diameter of porous silica for immobilization of the enzyme was 91.7 nm. The enzymatic profiles of immobilized enzyme were almost identical to the native one except its stabilities to temperature and metal ions were improved. 1-Kestose was produced continuously and selectively from 40% (w/v) sucrose at fast flow rates by a column packed with the immobilized enzyme for up to 26 days, and the effluent concentration of 1-kestose remained in the range 113–135 mg ml−1.
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    Production of microbial levan from sucrose, sugarcane juice and beet molasses (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 257-260 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Polysaccharide ; Fructan ; Gum ; Fermentation ; Bacillus polymyxa ; Sweetener
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacillus polymyxa (NRRL-18475) produced a levan-type fructan (B, 2→6 fructofuranoside) when grown on sucrose, sugarcane juice, and sugarbeet molasses. The organism converted about 46% of the fructose moiety of sucrose to levan when grown on sucrose medium, however, the yields of levan from sugarcane juice and beet molasses were much less than sucrose solution. Such sugarcane juice and beet molasses can be made a good substrate for levan production by various modifications. Adding peptone to sugarcane juice or passing beet molasses through a column of gel filtration media improved levan yield to a level almost comparable to that obtained from sucrose.
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    Competitive allocations when the asset market is incomplete (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01498457
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    Non-informative rational expectations equilibria when assets are nominal: An example (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 73-79 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract When assets are nominal, non-informative rational expectations equilibria exist.
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    Review of Peter Zweifel's bonus options in health insurance (1993)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 103-105 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125821
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    Transformation of protoplasts ofCellulomonas flavigena (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 137-139 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Cellulomonas flavigena ; Protoplast ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts ofCellulomonas flavigena (Cms) were transformed with plasmid pC194. Transformation frequency was 2.72×10−3 in MR-1 regeneration medium with 2 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Transformation conditions are described.
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    Kinetic studies on surfactant production byPseudomonas aeruginosa 44T1 (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biosurfactant production ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rhamnolipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biosurfactant accumulation occurred in the exponential and stationary phases. Production started when the nitrogen level was very low. Surfactant was produced with a diauxic pattern. Rhamnolipid concentration increased as nitrogen levels increased. Maximum product yield (Y p/x) 2.9 was detected when C/N ratio was 6.6 and specific rate of product formation (p q) was calculated. The examination of these kinetics parameters such as product yield and specific rate of product formation should be taken into account to develop a high efficient production process.
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    Bioventing soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (1991)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Soil venting ; Bioremediation ; Soil volatilization ; Jet fuel ; Diesel ; Hydrocarbons ; Petroleum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bioventing combines the capabilities of soil venting and enhanced bioremediation to cost-effectively remove light and middle distillate hydrocarbons from vadose zone soils and the groundwater table. Soil venting removes the more volatile fuel components from unsaturated soil and promotes aerobic biodegradation by driving large volumes of air into the subsurface. In theory, air is several thousand times more effective than water in penetrating and aerating fuel-saturated and low permeability soil horizons. Aerobic microbial degradation can mitigate both residual and vapor phase hydrocarbon concentrations. Soil venting is being evaluated at a number of U.S. military sites contaminated with middle distillate fuels to determine its potential to stimulate in situ aerobic biodegradation and to develop techniques to promote in situ vapor phase degradation. In situ respirometric evaluations and field pilot studies at sites with varying soil conditions indicate that bioventing is a cost-effective method to treat soils contaminated with jet fuels and diesel.
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    Metabolic roles of peptone and yeast extract for the culture of a recombinant strain ofEscherichia coli (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 165-169 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fermentation ; Complex medium ; RecombinantEscherichia coli ; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of complex compounds on the growth of a recombinant strain ofEscherichia coli containing the gene encoding glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as the production of this enzyme have been studied. Batchwise cultures led to an accumulation of acetate, which was not utilized in a yeast extract-free medium. After glucose exhaustion, growth stopped and enzyme activity decreased. Whereas yeast extract allowed acetate assimilation and growth, peptone stabilized the enzymatic activity. The addition of both compounds resulted in optimal performances for enzyme production.
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    Δ′-Dehydrogenation of steroids byArthrobacter simplex immobilized in calcium polygalacturonate beads (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 259-264 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Steroids ; Δ′-Dehydrogenation ; Immobilized cells ; Arthrobacter simplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Arthrobacter simplex ATCC 6946 (viable cells) was immobilized in a calcium polygalacturonate gel. The trapped cells were used for repeated batchwise bioconversion of steroids. Reichstein's compound S and hydrocortisone were dehydrogenated introducing a double bond between C1 and C2 of ring A. The products 1-dehydro S and prednisolone, respectively, were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography. Steroid dehydrogenase activity increased in the system when an artificial electron acceptor, such as menadione (vitamin K3) was present in the reaction mixture. An airlift-type reactor was used to bioconvert up to 90% of substrate in 15 min, under optimal conditions. The gel entrapped cell preparations were used for repeated batch bioconversion during 30 days; 69 batch bioconversions for Reichstein's compound S were performed during 15 days of operation of the reactor. The operational stability of the process and the feasibility of repeated batch bioconversions was shown to be comparable to similar processes.
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    Attachment ofSalmonella typhimurium andListeria monocytogenes to glass as affected by surface film thickness, cell density, and bacterial motility (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 281-283 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biofilm ; Contamination ; Biofouling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With equal cell densities, surface film thickness did not influence the numbers ofSalmonella typhimurium andListeria monocytogenes cells which attached to glass. MotileL. monocytogenes cells had a greater cell surface charge and generally attached in higher numbers than non-motile cells.
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    Colonization byCladosporium spp. of painted metal surfaces associated with heating and air conditioning systems (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 277-280 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Cladosporium herbarum ; Cladosporium cladosporioides ; Biodeterioration of paint ; Airborne fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cladosporium cladosporioides andC. hebarum colonized painted metal surfaces of covering panels and register vents of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems. Hyphae penetrated the paint film and developed characteristic conidiophores and conidia. The colonies were tightly appressed to the metal surface and conidia were not readily detectable via standard air sampling procedures.
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    Optimisation of culture conditions for production of eicosapentaenoic acid byMortierella elongate NRRL 5513 (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Eicosapentaenoic acid ; Mortierella elongata ; Omega-3 fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary WhenMortierella elongata NRRL 5513 was cultured in shake flasks at 25°C, mycelial growth reached a stationary phase at 48 h but maximum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production was observed at 6 days. When incubated at 11°C, EPA production also continued to rise during the stationary phase of growth, reaching a maximum after 10 days. An initial culture pH of 6.1 was found to be optimum for EPA production. The effect of temperature on EPA production was dependent on medium constituents. In glucose and linseed oil supplemented media, optimum temperature for EPA production was 11 and 15°C respectively. A maximum EPA yield of 0.61 g/l was obtained in linseed oil (2%), yeast extract (0.5%) supplemented basal medium. Maximum EPA content as a percentage of lipids (15.12%) was observed when the latter medium was supplemented with 0.25% urea.
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    Effect of the levels of dissolved oxygen on the expression of recombinant proteins in four recombinantEscherichia coli strains (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Recombinant culture ; Dissolved oxygen ; Biomass ; Plasmid content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Four recombinant strains ofEscherichia coli were examined for the effects of the dissolved oxygen level on the level of biomass, the plasmid content, and the level of recombinant protein at the stationary phase of batch growth. Strains JM101/pYEJ001, and TB-1/pYEJ001 (encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), and strain TB-1/p1034, and TB-1/pUC19 (encoding β-galactosidase) were grown at the constant dissolved oxygen levels of 0, 50, and 100% air saturation, as well as in the absence of dissolved, oxygen control. The biomass of all strains under constant aerobic conditions was 12–36 times higher than that under anaerobic conditions, but was the same as or slightly higher than that without dissolved oxygen control. The plasmid content in all strains under anaerobic conditions was 2.9–11.7 times higher than that under aerobic conditions. The optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for the specific activity of recombinant proteins was dependent upon the strain. In no strain were constant aerobic conditions optimal. However, because of the effect on biomass, controlled aerobic conditions were optimal for the volumetric activity of recombinant protein in all but one strain.
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    Enhanced glucan formation of filamentous fungi by effective mixing, oxygen limitation and fed-batch processing (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 19-25 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Schizophyllum commune ; Sclerotium glucanicum ; Branched β-1,3-glucan ; Fan-impeller ; Oxygen limitation ; Process design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glucan formation ofSchizophyllum commune andSclerotium glucanicum were investigated. Process data obtained during batch cultivation are presented. Glucan release can be improved by oxygen limitation. Thus, growth and glucan release are influenced by oxygen in opposite ways. Possible pathways of this oxygen-dependent regulation are discussed. A draft-tube/propeller system, rushtonturbine-, fan- and helicon-ribbon-impeller as well as a fundaspi and intermig agitator were tested. The 4-bladed fan impeller withd *=0.64 yielded the best results, since effective bulk mixing is much more important than bubble break up (micromixing) with regard to this system. Fed-batch cultivation always resulted in higher rates of glucan formation than the batch process.
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    Fate in water of a recombinantEscherichia coli K-12 strain used in the commercial production of bovine somatotropin (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Genetically engineered microorganisms ; Bovine somatotropin ; Survival ; River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fate in water ofEscherichia coli K-12 strain LBB269, both plasmid-free and carrying the recombinant plasmid pBGH1, was studied.E. coli K-12 strain LBB269 (pBGH1) is a nalidixic acid resistant derivative of W3110G (pBGH1), the microorganism used by Monsanto Company for the commercial production of bovine somatotropin. Water samples were obtained from the Missouri River and from the Monsanto Life Sciences Research Center aqueous waste basin. Strains LBB269 and LBB269 (pBGH1) were grown in fermentation vessel under bovine somatotropin (BST) production conditions, and inoculated into the water samples. The inoculated water samples were incubated, at 26°C, and the number of viableE. coli cells was determined as a function of time. In sterile water from both sources, the two strains remained, at a constant level for at least 28 days; LBB269 (pBGH1) remained at a constant level in sterile water for at least 300 days. In non-sterile water from both sources, the two strains declined from an initial concentration of about 3.0×106 cells per ml to less than 10 cells per ml in 147 h. The study conditions did not adversely affect the populations of indigenous microorganisms. The selective loss of strains LBB269 and LBB269 (pBGH1) demonstrates that theseE. coli strains do not survive in environmental sources of water. In addition, it was observed that the presence of pBGH1 had essentially no effect on the disappearance of strain LBB269 from either source of water.
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    Rapid identification of teleocidins in fermentation broth using HPLC photodiode array and LC/MS methodology (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 45-52 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Protein kinase C (PKC) ; Phorbol ester ; Methylpendolmycin ; Pendolmycin ; Actinomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary During the course of screening for inhibitors of phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C, several actinomycete cultures were discovered that produce active metabolites. HPLC coupled to photodiode array and LC/MS techniques were applied to broth extracts to identify the presence of indolactams belonging to the teleocidin family. Various members of this family were rapidly identified from crude broth extracts using a combination of these spectroanalytical procedures. An analytical HPLC system was developed to optimize separation of teleocidin, A and B analogues directly from ethyl acetate extracts of whole broth cultures. This technique allowed us to identify a novel homologue of pendolmycin and demonstrated the utility of photodiode array HPLC coupled with LC/MS as an intial analytical tool in the analyses of these secondary metabolites produced by soil microorganisms.
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    Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bioremediation ; Biotransformation ; Cytochrome P-450 ; Metabolism ; PAHs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of hazardous environmental pollutants, many of which are acutely toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. A diverse group of fungi, includingAspergillus ochraceus, Cunninghamella elegans, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, andSyncephalastrum racemosum, have the ability to oxidize PAHs. The PAHs anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, as well as several methyl-, nitro-, and fluoro-substituted PAHs, are metabolized by one or more of these fungi. Unsubstituted PAHs are oxidized initially to arene oxides,trans-dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and tetralones. Phenols andtrans-dihydrodiols may be further metabolized, and thus detoxified, by conjugation with sulfate, glucuronic acid, glucose, or xylose. Although dihydrodiol epoxides and other mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds have been detected as minor fungal metabolites of a few PAHs, most transformations performed by fungi reduce the mutagenicity and thus detoxify the PAHs.
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    Chemical modification of the α-amylase ofBacillus caldovelox with diethyl pyrocarbonate: Evidence for an essential histidine at the active site (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 63-68 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: α-Amylase ; Histidine ; Chemical modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The α-amylase ofBacillus caldovelox is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH 6.6 and 20°C by a monomolecular reaction with a second-order rate constant of 41.7 M−1·min−1. The rate of inactivation increases with decreasing pH, suggesting participation of an amino acid residue with a pK a of 6.6. The increase in absorbance at 240 nm, unchanged absorbance at 280 nm and reactivation in the presence of hydroxylamine suggest the participation of a histidine residue. Statistical analyses of inactivation suggest that only one histidine residue is essential for activity. Substrate afforded complete protection against inactivation, indicating the involvement of the histidine residue at the active site of the enzyme.
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    Some factors influencing the proportion of periplasmic hepatitisB virus pre-S2 antigen in the recombinant yeastHansenula polymorpha (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Secretion ; Periplasmic pre-S2 antigen ; Recombinant protein ; Experimental design ; Methylotrophic yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate, for the purpose of future process optimization, the influence of pH, yeast extract and ammonium chloride concentrations on the proportion of periplasmic hepatitisB pre-S2 antigen in the recombinant yeastHansenula polymorpha. Each factor was tested at five levels, and a second order polynomial model for the proportion of periplasmic antigen was fitted to the treatment combinations. pH showed the greatest effect: the proportion of periplasmic antigen was greatly increased at the higher pH levels. At the higher pH levels used, the proportion of periplasmic antigen was enhanced by a high concentration of ammonium chloride. Additional experiments have confirmed both the validity of the selected model and the optimal conditions found. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of periplasmic antigen and the total yield of antigen. These results indicated that is should be possible to modulate the distribution of the pre-S2 antigen between the periplasm and the cytoplasm of the yeast.
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    Antimicrobial activities of 2-arylthio-N-alkylmaleimides (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Antimicrobial activity ; 2-Arylthio-N-alkylmaleimide ; Antibacterial activity ; Antifungal activity ; Minimum inhibitory concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A variety of 2-arylthio-N-alkylmaleimides were prepared, and their antimicrobial activities were examined. Almost all of these compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such asBacillus subtilis andStaphylococcus aureus. Some compounds such as 2-(halogeno-phenyl)-thio-N-methylmaleimides (4, 5, 6, 8 and 10) and 2-(2-carbamoylphenyl)thio-N-methylmaleimide(35) exhibited antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coli. All compounds tested were inactive againstPseudomonas aeruginosa except 2-(2-carbamoylphenyl)thio-N-methylmaleimide(35) which was marginally active. Activities against Gram-positive bacteria were not due to the effect of the substituent on the benzene ring, except in the instances 2-carboxy, 2-carbomethoxy, 2-amino groups and alkyl chains, however, activities against Gram-negative bacteria were due to phenylthio and the alkyl substituents. Some of 2-arylthio-N-alkylmaleimides were examined for their antifungal activities using eight strains of fungi, and they showed activity against these.
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    Clusters of genes for the biosynthesis of antibiotics: Regulatory genes and overproduction of pharmaceuticals (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 73-90 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: β-Lactam antibiotics ; Penicillin ; Cephalosporin ; Cephamycin ; Biosynthetic gene clusters ; Control of expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the last decade numerous genes involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics, pigments, herbicides and other secondary metabolites have been cloned. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin, cephalosporin and cephamycins are organized in clusters as occurs also with the biosynthetic genes of other antibiotics and secondary metabolites (see review by Martín and Liras [65]). We have cloned genes involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics from five different β-lactam producing organisms both eucaryotic (Penicillium chrysogenum, Cephalosporium acremonium (syn.Acremonium chrysogenum) Aspergillus nidulans) and procaryotic (Nocardia lactamdurans, Streptomyces clavuligerus). InP. chrysogenum andA. nidulans the organization of thepcbAB,pcbC andpenDE genes for ACV synthetase, IPN synthase and IPN acyltransferase showed a similar arrangement. InA. chrysogenum two different clusters of genes have been cloned. The cluster of early genes encodes ACV synthetase and IPN synthase, whereas the cluster of late genes encodes deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase/hydroxylase and deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase. InN. lactamdurans andS. clavuligerus a cluster of early cephamycin genes has been fully characterized. It includes thelat (for lysine-6-aminotransferase),pcbAB (for ACV synthase) andpcbC (for IPN synthase) genes. Pathway-specific regulatory genes which act in a positive (or negative) form are associated with clusters of genes involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. In addition, widely acting positive regulatory elements exert a pleiotropic control on secondary metabolism and differentiation of antibiotic producing microorganisms. The application of recombinant DNA techniques will contribute significantly to the improvement of fermentation organisms.
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    Preparation of (S)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol byPseudomonas sp. and its use in the synthesis of (R)-epichlorohydrin (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Stereospecific degradation of 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol ; Pseudomonas sp. ; Microbial resolution ; (S)-2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pseudomonas sp. OS-K-29 assimilated (R)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol preferentially as the sole source of carbon. Isolation of optically pure (S)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol with 100% enantiomer excess (e.e.) from the racemate was done based on this bacterial assimilation using immobilized-cells of OS-K-29 with calcium-alginate. The overall examination of the reactor involved 19 batches for 50 days without loss of its activity. Highly pure (R)-epichlorohydrin with 99.5% e.e. was prepared from the (S)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol with treatment of aqueous NaOH. This new method is simple and useful for manufacturing optically active (S)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol and (R)-epichlorohydrin.
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    Regulation of glucose and maltose transport in strains ofSaccharomyces (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 127-130 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Repression ; Derepression ; Transport ; Saccharomyces ; Glucose ; Maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Growth of yeast cells on glucose resulted in complete inactivation of maltose transport and repression of the high affinity glucose transport system. When the cells were grown on maltose or subjected to substrate starvation, an increase in glucose and maltose transport was observed in both brewing and non-brewing yeast strains. The concentration of glucose employed in the growth medium was also observed to affect sugar transport activity. The higher the glucose concentration, the more pronounced the repressive effect. In addition, the time of growth of yeast on glucose or maltose also intermining the rate of sugar transport. These results are consistent with the repressive effect of glucose on the high affinity glucose and maltose transport systems.
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    Formation of water-solubleMonascus red pigments by biological and semi-synthetic processes (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Monascus ; Water-soluble pigments ; Semi-synthesis ; Amino acids ; Natural food color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary New water-soluble red pigments were produced byMonascus sp. in a chemically defined fermentation medium containing glutamate as nitrogen source. They were isolated and characterized as glutamate derivatives of the well-known orangeMonascus pigments (monascorubrin and rubropunctatin). The new pigments have several advantages over the known redMonascus pigments (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) including very high water-solubility, higher absorption coefficient, and greater resistance to decoloration by light. Adding glutamate, glycine or leucine to a resting-cell system led to the formation of specific water-soluble red pigments corresponding to the exogenous amino acid. The water-soluble red pigments produced by resting-cells have retention times identical to those of the corresponding red derivatives made chemically from the orange pigments in methanol-phosphate buffer at pH 7. The hydrophobicities of the amino acid sources correspond to the HPLC retention times of the red pigments derived from them.
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    Microbial biomass and community structure of a phase-separated methanogenic reactor determined by lipid analysis (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Acetogenesis ; Biomarkers ; Cluster analysis ; Fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An anaerobic phase-separation biomass reactor was established on cellulose with the hydrolysis and fermentation steps occurring in the first stage, and acetogenesis and methanogenesis in the second stage. Based upon lipid biomarker analysis, eubacterial and eukaryotic cells accounted for approximately 6% of the volatile solids of the first stage and 17% of the second, while methanogens were approximately 1% of the volatile solids in the first stage and 9% of the second. Clustering the polar lipid fatty acids into groups based upon their distributions between the two stages of the reactor clarified the differences in community structure caused by phase-separated operation. Although inoculated from the same source, the two stages maintained very different microbial communities. Signature fatty acids known as indicators of unbalanced growth in eubacteria were significantly higher in the first stage of the reactor.
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    Detoxification of sesquiterpene phytoalexins byGibberella pulicaris (Fusarium sambucinum) and its importance for virulence on potato tubers (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Dry-rot ; Rishitin ; Lubimin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gibberella pulicaris (Fusarium sambucinum) is a major cause of dry-rot of stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide. The ability of field strains ofG. pulicaris to cause dry-rot is correlated with their ability to detoxify sesquiterpene phytoalexins produced by potato. All highly virulent field strains can detoxify the sesquiterpenes rishitin and lubimin. Meiotic recombinational analysis indicates that rishitin detoxification can be controlled at two or more loci. High virulence has been associated with one of these loci, designatedRiml. Detoxification of rishitin and lubimin comprises a complex pattern of reactions involving epoxidation, dehydrogenation, and cyclization. To date, seven lubimin metabolites and one rishitin metabolite have been characterized. Genes for rishitin and lubimin detoxification are being cloned fromG. pulicaris in order to more rigorously analyze the role and regulation of sesquiterpene metabolism in potato dry-rot. Our results indirectly support a role for sesquiterpene phytoalexins in resistance of potato tubers to dry-rot and may enhance research on alternative control strategies for this economically important potato disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569624
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    Use of lignin-degrading fungi in the disposal of pentachlorophenol-treated wood (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 181-191 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Pentachlorophenol ; Lignin-degrading fungi ; White-rot fungi ; Phanerochaete chrysosporium ; Phanerochaete sordida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The lignin-degrading fungiPhanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida, Trametes hirsuta, andCeriporiopsis subvermispora were evaluated for their ability to decrease the concentration of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and to cause dry weight loss in PCP-treated wood. Hardwood and softwood materials from PCP-treated ammunition boxes that were chipped to pass a 3.8-cm screen were used. All four fungi caused significant weight losses and decreases in the PCP concentration. The largest PCP decrease (84% in 4 weeks) was caused byT. hirsuta, and the smallest decrease was caused byC. subvermispora (37% in 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, the fate of spiked14C[PCP] in softwood chips inoculated withT. hirsuta was as follows: 27% was mineralized, 42.5% was non-extractable and bound to the chips, 23.5% was associated with fungal hyphae, and 6% was organic-extractable. Decreases of PCP byP. chrysosporium andP. sordida averaged 59% and 57%, respectively. PCP decreases caused byPhanerochaete spp. were not significantly affected by wood type or sterilization and were primarily due to methylation of PCP that resulted in accumulation of pentachloroanisole. Softwood weight losses caused byT. hirsuta, P. chrysosporium andC. subvermispora were respectively, 24, 6.5, and 17%, after 4 weeks. These weight losses are comparable to reported weight losses by these organisms in non-treated softwood. Nutrient supplementation significantly increased weight loss but not percentage decrease of PCP. The results of this research demonstrate the potential for using lignin-degrading fungi to destroy PCP-treated wood.
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    Copper removal from an industrial waste by bioleaching (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Industrial waste ; Copper removal ; Bioleaching ; Fe medium ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Copper contained in a solid industrial waste produced in a silicone manufacturing process was leached with spent iron medium from aThiobacillus ferrooxidans culture. Most effective leaching was observed in a continuously fed, dual reactor system. Spent iron medium was generated by growingT. ferrooxidans in 0.9 K iron medium at pH 1.5 in the first reactor, and was transferred to a second reactor in which it leached the copper from the waste. Leaching was effective at a pulp density of the waste material as high as 20%. In experiments run at a pulp density of 2.5%, the spent iron medium was most efficient in leaching copper when it was first diluted 100-fold with a mineral salts solution at pH 1.5. Removal of the copper from the waste appeared to involve its displacement by acid, dissolved mineral salts, and ferric iron. Potentials for practical application of this process are discussed.
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    A simple method to study microbial coal solubilization using Pluronic F-127-amended media (1992)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 225-227 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Pluronic F-127 ; Coal solubilization ; Polyol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microbial coal solubilization and the extraction of solubilized coal products were carried out in media amended with polyol (Pluronic F-127), an agent which gels above 18°C but reverts to a liquid state at low temperature (4°C). The solubilized coal products, the unsolubilized coal particles and the mycelial mat were separated effectively by centrifugation at 4°C. The amount of coal solubilization was 30–50% higher in polyol-amended media than in agar media regardless of the microorganism. On the other hand, the amount of coal solubilization in polyol-amended control media was less compared to agar-amended control media.
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    The capital asset pricing model as a general equilibrium with incomplete markets (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 55-71 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We recast the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in the broader context of general equilibrium with incomplete markets (GEI). In this setting we give proofs of three properties of CAPM equilibria: they are efficient, asset prices lie on a “security market line”, and all agents hold the same two mutual funds. The first property requires a riskless asset, the latter two do not. We show that across all GEI only one of these three properties of equilibrium is generally valid: asset prices depend on covariances, not variances. We extend CAPM to many consumption goods in such a way that all three properties hold. But now the definition of a riskless asset depends on preferences and endowments, and so cannot be specifieda priori.
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    Social insurance for work and product injuries (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 115-139 
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    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01489705
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    Indeterminacy of competitive equilibrium in incomplete market structures with financial assets as an extreme form of market coordination breakdown (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 81-109 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Market coordination breakdowns can be formulated in terms of Incomplete Market Structures, whatever is the assumption made about market power (monopoly or competition). When the assumption of competition is made, and financial assets generate an incomplete market structure, there are, generically, an infinite number of equilibria. It is shown that after embedding the model of incomplete markets in a more general model based on the absence of double coincidence of wants, a game theoretic concept of equilibrium, like the Core, allows us to prove an equivalence theorem, i.e. to show that indeterminacy is caused by the fact that the returns of financial assets have no direct utility.
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    The double liability rule (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 159-169 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Conventional liability rules do not lead to a first best allocation. Optimal bilateral risk control can be achieved by not compensating any losses and, in addition, charging each party a fine equal to the loss suffered by the other party. In this way, each party internalizes the full accident loss. This paper investigates the properties of this “double liability” rule under risk neutrality and risk aversion of the parties. Finally the use of this rule in the context of multiple-party accidents is discussed.
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    Unemployment insurance and incentives (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 141-157 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a partial economic equilibrium model of the labor market in which we maximize the workers' expected discounted utility level, while implying a zero expected profit for the firms. The model we use for the labor market takes into consideration transitions between the various states of employment and the time periods spent in each state. The probability distribution of these time periods may be arbitrary, not restricted to being exponential, as is the case for ordinary time-continuous Markov processes. The basic principles and difficulties arising from monitoring problems and moral hazard are discussed. In order to analyze unemployment insurance schemes that include incentives for workers to avoid unemployment, we depart from the simplest form of the principle of equivalence in insurance. Several different alternatives are discussed, all giving rise to partial insurance and thus incentives. We also analyze the effects that early retirement have on unemployment. Here, we include social security benefits in the economic model. Finally, we show that the optimal solutions entail quantity rationing.
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    Exclusive vs. Independent agencies: A comparison of performance (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 171-192 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A peculiar feature of insurance is its marketing through a variety of channels about whose performance rather little is known. This paper examines two of the more important variants prevailing in Continental Europe, exclusive and independent agencies (the latter typically having contractual relationships with several companies). Two types of contract governing their behavior are examined for their incentives in terms of growth and cost control. Data covering insurance agencies of both types operating in the Swiss market are used to test for differences while holding constant contract provisions operating on the revenue side. The hypothesis that exclusive agents are less concerned about cost control than independent agencies receives a large measure of confirmation, while no evidence of better performance both in terms of growth and loss ratio can be found.
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    Review Article of Drèze's essays on economic decisions under uncertainty (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 193-202 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion Jacques Drèze has participated significantly in many fields of economic analysis. The book we have reviewed is limited to his main contributions to the economics of uncertainty and information. It is rich in ideas, models, and results for graduate students and researchers who are interested in this now basic dimension of economic analysis. We hope that its publication will permit the public at large to better appreciate the importance of its author's contributions.
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    Index forThe Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 1976 Through 1989 (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 75-102 
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    Reliability of risk management: Market insurance, self-insurance and self-protection reconsidered (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 45-58 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Default Risk ; Reliability ; Risk Aversion ; Risk Management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the three main tools of risk management in a setting where reliability cannot be guaranteed. Thus, for example, insurers might be insolvent, sprinkler systems might be inoperative and alarm systems might be faulty. These types of nonreliability are shown to have significant consequences for risk management. In particular, the relationships between increased risk aversion and the use of the various risk management tools do not carry over from models with full reliability. Moreover, the well-known result of Ehrlich and Becker, that market insurance and selfinsurance are substitutes, is shown to fail in the presence of nonreliability risk.
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    Multivariate risk aversion and uninsurable risks: Theory and applications (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 7-43 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Multivariate Risk Aversion ; Uninsurable Risks ; Global Interpersonal Comparisons of Attitudes Towards Risk ; Multivariate Risk-Sharing ; Expected Utility ; Non-Expected Utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop conditions for global multivariate comparative risk aversion in the presence of uninsurable, or background, risks, and thus generalize Kihlstrom and Mirman [1974] and Karni [1979,1989]. We analyze von Neumann-Morgenstern (VNM) utility functionsas well as smooth preference functionals which are nonlinear in distribution but locally linear in probabilities. In each case we provide an economic application which illustrates how our theorems can be used. We analyze a risk sharing, a portfolio choice, and a labor supply problem for VNM utility functions, and the optimal allocation of effort to risky technologies in the presence of a random supply (or quality) of a public good for nonlinear preference functionals. We consider thecase where the random variables are mean-independent as well as the case where they are independent. In the labor supply application for VNM utility functions, we show that if the two risks are independent, the comparative statics effect of greater risk aversion on labor supply in the presence of a background non-wage income risk is determined by a monotonic relationship between labor supply and the wage rate under certainty. That is, we extend the applicability of the Diamond-Stiglitz [1974]-Kihlstrom-Mirman [1974]single-crossing property to the case where an independent background risk is present.
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    Social insurance (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 113-131 
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    Social insurance and social security: A comment on Professor Atkinson's lecture (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 133-135 
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    Review article of Von Furstenberg'sActing under Uncertainty: Multidisciplinary Conceptions (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 201-203 
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    International P/L insurance output, input, and productivity comparisons (1991)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 16 (1991), S. 179-200 
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    Keywords: Divisia Index ; Productivity ; Insurance ; Translog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This research provides (bilateral) divisia and multilateral divisia indexes of output, input, and productivity for the property-liability (P-L) insurance industry for the following countries: United States, West Germany, Switzerland, France, and Japan. The time period studied is 1975 to 1987. The results indicate that considerable diversity exists among different countries, with Japan showing the weakest productivity growth. The United States and West Germany are associated overall with high productivity.
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    Incomplete markets and incentives to set up an options exchange (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 17-46 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Traditional analyses with incomplete markets take the securities that are traded as exogenous. In this paper we endogenize the market structure by considering incentives to introduce (costly) options exchanges which issue derivative securities. The method of financing the exchange is critical in determining whether the market structure is socially efficient. If the exchange can charge fees to all agents and make every agent's participation a necessary condition for establishing the exchange then the market structure chosen in equilibrium is efficient. However, if either of these conditions is not satisfied then an inefficient market structure may be chosen.
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    Financial innovation, values and volatilities when markets are incomplete (1990)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 15 (1990), S. 47-53 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The traditional pricing methodology in finance values derivative securities as redundant assets that have no impact on equilibrium prices and allocations. This paper considers a model with incomplete markets in which the valuation of derivative securities cannot be treated independently from the valuation of the primary securities. The model constitutes a framework for the analysis of the consequences of financial innovation (creation of new contracts or modification of existing contracts). We provide a numerical counterexample to the popular belief that financial innovations that increase the volatilities of traded securities are “bad”. In this example the introduction of an option increases the volatility of the rate of return on the underlying stock, yet the creation of this asset is unanimously supported by investors.
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    Economic behaviour of the firm and prevention of occupational injuries (1992)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 77-851 
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    Keywords: Preventive Investment ; Employment Level ; Occupational Injuries ; Compensation ; Firm Strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an economic model of the firm's behaviour is presented, examining the interrelationship between prevention activities and employment level. A competitive firm with a fixed capital stock is considered. Two decisions must be made: the level of employment of homogeneous workers (L) and the level of prevention activities (I). Although many simplifying assumptions are adopted, the impact of wage rate and compensation level on both decision variables is sign ambiguous. Moreover the case where injured workers are irreplaceable is more difficult than its counterpart with perfect substitutability.
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    Commitment problems justify subsidies for medical insurance (1992)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 137-145 
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    Keywords: Insurance ; Commitment ; Subsidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Consumers who believe that government will provide them with some public medical care, even if they did not purchase medical insurance, may choose to purchase no such insurance. The amount of medical care consumed will then be less than the first-best optimum. Under specified conditions government can then increase the welfare of consumers by subsidizing insurance, or by providing public health care at a more generous level than the minimum it would otherwise give.
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    Self-Protection in the expected-utility-of-wealth model: An impossibility theorem (1992)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 147-158 
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    Keywords: Self-Protection ; Expected Utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the possibility of ordering expected utility-of-wealth maximizers according to their propensities to purchase self-protection. We define one agent as “more cautious” than another (toward a loss of specific size given a specific initial wealth) if the first agent would spend more on self-protection than the other, so long- as the technological relationship between spending and loss probability belongs to a broad class of functions. We show that the expected-utility-of-wealth model does not allow for the possibility that one agent could be “more cautious” than another.
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    Dynamic equilibrium and the structure of premiums in a reinsurance market (1992)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 93-136 
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    Keywords: Reinsurance ; Exchange Equilibrium ; Intertemporal Economic Model ; Market Marginal Utility Process ; Densities for Stochastic Processes ; Random Measure ; Marked Point Processes ; Dynamic Optimization ; Term Structure of Interest Rates ; Incomplete Models ; Non-Proportional Treaties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present an economic equilibrium analysis of a reinsurance market. The continuous-time model contains the principal components of uncertainty; about the time instants at which accidents take place, and about claim sizes given that accidents have occurred. We give sufficient conditions on preferences for a general equilibrium to exist, with a Pareto optimal allocation, and derive the premium functional via a representative agent pricing theory. The marginal utility process of the reinsurance market is represented by the density process for random measures, which opens up for numerous applications to premium calculations, some of which are presented in the last section. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations of individual dynamic optimization are established for proportional treaties, and the term structure of interest rates is found in this reinsurance syndicate. The paper attempts to reach a synthesis between the classical actuarial risk theory of insurance, in which virtually no economic reasoning takes place but where the net reserve is represented by a stochastic process, and the theory of equilibrium price formation at the heart of the economics of uncertainty.
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    Multivariate risk aversion and intertemporal substitution (1992)
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Multivariate Risk Aversion ; Intertemporal Substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Researchers often assume that preferences over uncertain consumption streams are representable by $$E\left[ {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \gamma }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \gamma }} \right)\sum\limits_{t = 0}^x {\delta ^t \tilde c_t^\gamma } } \right]$$ , where $$\tilde c_t $$ , is (random) period t consumption. It is moreover often asserted that estimates of γ cannot be unambiguously interpreted, since the quantity 1 − γ measures both relative risk aversion and the reciprocal of the elasticity of substitution. Clearly, this ambiguity arises only if 1 − γ indeed measures risk aversion. Although changes in γ cannot reflect changes in risk aversion according to standard definitions of comparative multivariate risk aversion, we show that γ is rationalizable as a risk aversion measure provided that the “acceptance set” of sure prospects is restricted. We also show, however, that there is essentially no relationship between changes in γ and optimal consumption, even in a simple two period model; this finding casts doubt upon the interpretation of γ as a risk aversion measure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00962712
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  • 93
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    A note on beneficial changes in random variables (1992)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Demand for Insurance ; Risk Aversion ; First-Degree Stochastic Dominance Shifts ; Mean-Preserving Shifts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an extension of Jack Meyer's paper titled “Beneficial Changes in Random Variables Under Multiple Sources of Risk and Their Comparative Statics” published in the June 1992 issue of this journal. The extension consists of showing which of the sufficient conditions in Meyer's Theorems 1 and 3 are also necessary, and which are not. In addition, conditions are provided which are necessary and sufficient for general beneficial changes to imply a decrease in the demand for insurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00962713
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  • 94
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    Aspects of insurance, intermediation and finance (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 7-30 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Insurance ; Intermediation ; Finance ; with Profits Policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the role of the insurance company as a financial intermediary which offers securities to uninformed retail investors. The search costs of retail investors cause the demand for the securities offered by intermediaries to be inelastic, making possible an intermediary spread, the difference between the returns on primary securities and the rates offered on the secondary securities sold by intermediaries. It is argued that the intermediary spread is economically significant, and a simple model of its determination is offered: the spread is shown to be an increasing function of interest rates. The bonus policy of life insurance companies is analyzed and is shown to be inefficient under simple assumptions about asset returns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125816
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  • 95
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    Product price and advice quality: Implications of the commission system in life assurance (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 31-53 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Advice quality ; Brokers' commissions ; Life assurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the implications of the commission system for the price of life assurance products and the quality of advice provided by brokers. The competitive equilibrium is shown to be neither first best nor second best efficient. The sources of the inefficiencies are examined and the effects of policy measures considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125817
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  • 96
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    A normative analysis of capital income taxes in the presence of aggregate risk (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 55-76 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Capital Income Taxation ; Optimal Taxation ; Risk-Taking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A simple portfolio model is used to examine the efficiency effects of capital income taxes when the economy faces aggregate risk. To achieve a first best optimum the use of state contingent lump sum taxes is required. Through the tax policy the riskiness of total consumption is partly assigned to the private consumption and partly to the public consumption. State independent income taxes may generate a misallocation of risk and distort the allocation of resources between assets. The second best optimum, representing a trade-off between these inefficiencies, is characterized. Uniform taxation is shown to be optimal only in very special cases. Finally, the second best optimality rule for public consumption is extended to the case of uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125818
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  • 97
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    The economics of delegated regulation: The EEC and the case of insurance (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 77-91 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Regulation ; Insurance ; European Economic Community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract It is the stated objective of the European Commission to open hitherto protected industries to international competition by the end of 1992. To this end, national governments have ceded regulatory authority over insurance to the Commission. Rather surprisingly however, the Commission in its turn appears to delegate this authority to insurance associations in EEC member countries. In this contribution, an attempt is made to explain why a supranational government might take the dual decision not to wield newly-won powers and to choose industry associations rather than governments as its partners in the regulatory process. The paper also sheds some light on the implications of such delegated regulation both for the Commission and insurers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125819
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  • 98
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    Freedom of services and competition in insurance markets: A note (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 93-101 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Freedom of Services ; Demand Diversion ; Demand Creation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study entry in markets which are characterized by adverse selection. The analysis is motivated by the introduction of freedom of services in insurance markets at the European Community (EC) level. We assume that entrants in each domestic market (large multinational firms) are more efficient due to scale/scope economies but suffer an informational disadvantage. Incumbent firms, on the other hand, have perfect information about risks but incur higher production costs. We show there may exist competitive equilibria in which both types of firms coexist. The idea is that each technology trades-off production costs with information costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01125820
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  • 99
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    Actuarial pricing of deposit insurance (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 111-130 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Deposit Insurance ; Option Pricing ; Asset Liability Management ; Interest-Rate Risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using a pricing formula for options on coupon bonds (Jamshidian [1989], El Karoui and Rochet [1990]) we are able to compute the actuarial pricing of deposit insurance for a commercial bank. Our formula takes into account the maturity structure of the bank's balance sheet, as well as market parameters such as the term structure of interest rates and the volatilities of zero coupon bonds. The relation with asset liability management methods is explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01111465
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  • 100
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    Self-insurance and self-protection: A nonexpected utility analysis (1993)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 18 (1993), S. 131-146 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Self-Insurance ; Self-Protection ; Rank-Dependent Utility ; Limited Liability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the comparative statics of self-insurance and self-protection for individuals with rank-dependent expected utility preferences. In particular, proportional wealth risks, background risk, and limited liability are considered. Limited liability has a major impact on self-insurance and self-protection. It can reverse seemingly robust comparative static results for the case of self-insurance and can eliminate some puzzling ambiguities for the case of self-protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01111466
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