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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; HPLC ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Trockenfrüchte ; Kohlenhydrate ; ESR ; HPLC ; food irradiation ; dried fruits ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While in a previous work the ESR spectroscopic detection of irradiated dried fruits was reported, in this paper liquid chromatographic determination of the carbohydrate fraction of these fruits is introduced and connected with the ESR results. After irradiation of dried fruits three different types of ESR spectra are observed. In most cases the dried fruits can be attached to these various types by means of their sugar composition. It was also found that the ESR spectra observed for sucrose-rich fruits are very similar to that of pure sucrose. The structure of the ESR spectra can change with storage. Probably, radical rearrangement reactions in the samples are responsible for these changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem in einer früheren Arbeit der ESR-spektroskopische Nachweis von strahlenbehandelten Trockenfrüchten besprochen wurde, wird in diesem Bericht die flüssigchromatographische Bestimmung der Kohlenhydratfraktion dieser Früchte vorgestellt und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Zuckerzusammensetzung und den ESR-Signalstrukturen nachgewiesen. Die bei der Bestrahlung von Trockenfrüchten beobachteten ESR-Spektren lassen sich in 3 Typen unterteilen. Die Zuordnung der Trockenfrüchte zu den einzelnen Typen anhand ihrer Kohlenhydratzusammensetzung gelingt in einer überwiegenden Zahl der untersuchten Proben. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daß die beobachteten ESR-Signale in ihrem Habitus denen der reinen bestrahlten Mono- und Disaccharide ähnlich sind. Dies trifft besonders für saccharosereiche Früchte und Saccharose zu. Die Struktur der ESR-Spektren strahlenbehandelter Trockenfrüchte kann sich über einen längeren Zeitraum ändern. Für die Veränderung werden radikalische Umwandlungen in der Probenmatrix verantwortlich gemacht.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Nachtschicht ; Arbeiter ; Mahlzeiten ; Werktage ; Wochenende ; Nutrient intake ; nightshift ; worker ; meals ; weekdays ; weekend days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified weight record technique, total dietary intake was obtained in 24 permanent nightshift workers during a period of 7 consecutive days; intake data were attached to eight defined meals. As a control, 25 shift workers of the same company were investigated during the morning shift. Mean daily energy intake was 2866±616 kcal (12.0±2.6 MJ) including 14% protein, 39.5% fat, 37.8% carbohydrates, and 8.7% alcohol. Statistically significant differences between groups were found for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In both groups intake data for vitamin A, D, zinc and dietary fiber did not meet 3/4 of the recommandations of the German Nutrition Society. In contrast to controls, nutrient intake of the permanent nightshift workers was slightly less during weekend days; mean meal frequency decreased from 5.4 (weekday) to 4.3. The distribution of total daily nutrient intake to different meals partly did not agree with existing recommendations; however, the deviation seems reasonable. Regarding the risks for accidents as well as the working capacity, the relatively high alcohol intake during working hours has to be criticized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern eines metallverarbeitenden Betriebs in Bayern wurde über einen Zeitraum von 7 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen der gesamte Verzehr mit Hilfe der vereinfachten Wiegemethode erfaßt und 8 definierten Mahlzeiten zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 25 Wechselschicht-Arbeiter in der Frühschicht desselben Betriebs. Eiweiß lieferte 14%, Fett 39,5%, Kohlenhydrate 37,8% und Alkohol 8,7% der durchschnittlichen täglichen Energiezufuhr in Höhe von 2866±616 kcal (12,0±2,6 MJ). Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bestanden für Vitamin E und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren. In beiden Gruppen erreichte die Aufnahme an Vitamin A, D, Zink und Ballaststoffen nicht 3/4 der Empfehlungen der DGE. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe führten die Dauernachtschicht-Arbeiter an den Wochenenden geringfügig weniger Nährstoffe zu als an Werktagen; die durchschnittliche Mahlzeitenzahl verringerte sich von 5,4 (Werktag) auf 4,3. Die Verteilung der täglichen Nährstoffzufuhr auf einzelne Mahlzeiten an den Werktagen wich teilweise von bestehenden Empfehlungen ab, erscheint aber sinnvoll. Im Hinblick auf Unfallgefahren und Leistungsfähigkeit ist der relativ hohe Alkoholkonsum während der Arbeitszeit zu kritisieren.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 68-78 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; modifizierter 24 hour recall ; NF-Aufnahme ; NF-Quellen ; Dietary survey ; modified 24-h-recall ; dietary fiber intake ; dietary fiber source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From May to November 1991, a dietary survey in form of a 24-h-recall questionnaire was carried out in Zurich. For the first time, food data from a large, voluntary, undefined, selected collective was acquired (n=3653). The mean dietary fiber intake of the women was 30 g/day and of the men 33 g/day, which is comparable with various literature data. These values show a positive trend in the eating habits of the population. The dietary fiber intake was also considered in relation to the origin of the fibers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Zürich wurde von Mai bis November 1991 eine Ernährungserhebung in Form eines schriftlichen 24 hour recall durchgeführt. Erstmals wurden Verzehrszahlen eines überdurchschnittlich grossen, freiwilligen, nicht definiert ausgewählten Kollektivs erfasst (n=3653). Die durchschnittliche NF-Aufnahme der Frauen in Höhe von 30 g/Tag und der Männer in Höhe von 33 g/Tag ist mit diversen Literaturwerten vergleichbar und deutet auf eine positive Entwicklung im Ernährungsverhalten der Bevölkerung hin. Der NF-Verzehr wurde nach Herkunft der Fasern aufgeschlüsselt betrachtet.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungsfolate ; Folatanalytik ; Folatverfügbarkeit ; Folatmetabolismus ; Food folates ; analysis of folates ; folate bioavailability ; folate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Because of the unequal and, in some instances, low stability of different folate vitamers against extreme conditions the analytical determination of folate and the estimation of folate losses in food processing and preparation cause considerable difficulties. HPLC allows determination of the native folate derivative patterns. As the bioavailability of folates is influenced by a variety of factors and different methods were employed for assessing bioavailability there is a considerable inconsistency in the results of these studies. Folates labeled with radioactive or stable isotopes provide new approaches to metabolic and bioavailability studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wegen der unterschiedlichen, zum Teil geringen Stabilität der einzelnen Folatvitamere gegenüber extremen Bedingungen bereitet sowohl die analytische Folatbestimmung als auch die Abschätzung der Folatverluste bei der Lebensmittelverarbeitung und-zubereitung erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Mit Hilfe der HPLC ist es möglich, Aussagen über das native Folatderivatmuster zu treffen. Da die Bioverfügbarkeit der Folate von vielen Faktoren beeinflußt wird und zur Bioverfügbarkeitsbestimmung unterschiedliche Methoden eingesetzt wurden, ist die Inkonsistenz der Ergebnisse erheblich. Mit radioaktiven oder stabilen Isotopen markierte Folate haben neue Wege in Bioverfügbarkeits- und Metabolismusuntersuchungen eröffnet.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 162-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffpräferenz ; Serotonin ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Stimmung ; Protein ; Kohlenhydrat ; Plasma-Tryptophan ; Food preference ; serotonin ; nutrient intake ; mood ; protein ; carbohydrate ; plasma tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The neurotransmitter serotonin significantly contributes to the regulation of food intake and appetite behaviour. The cerebral serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of the precursor tryptophan. To examine how diets with different carbohydrate, protein and tryptophan content affect food preferences and the mood, healthy obese and non-obese male adults consumed the following isocaloric diets at breakfast: standard diet (60 % carbohydrate), protein-rich diet (35 % carbohydrate, 40 % protein), carbohydrate-rich diet (80 % carbohydrate), tryptophan supplemented diet (standard diet +1.5 g tryptophan). The plasma concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) is determined by their uptake with the diet. In obese and non-obese adults the TRP/LNAA-quotient rose significantly by upto 0.40 to 0.57, following the tryptophan supplemented breakfast. The protein-rich diet reduced the TRP/LNAA-quotient. The preference of protein-rich food after the consumption of carbohydrate-rich diets (60–80 % carbohydrate) was diagnosable with the non-obese person and not with the obese person. No obvious connection was detected between nutrient preferences and plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient. There was no influence of the plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient after meals with different nutrient relation on mood. Therefore it is concluded that different carbohydrate and protein content and also additional tryptophan supplementation of single meals is not able to modify the brain serotonin synthesis and release in healthy people in a kind that serotonin induced behaviour would be changed, at least on a short time basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Appetitverhaltens ist das zentralnervöse serotoninerge System beteiligt. Die Syntheses des Neurotransmitters Serotonin ist dabei von der Verfügbarkeit der Vorstufe Tryptophan abhängig. In dieser Studie erhielten gesunde normal- und übergewichtige Probanden folgende normokalorische Frühstücksmahlzeiten: Standarddiät (Mischkost mit 60 % Kohlenhydrate), proteinreiches Frühstück (35 % Kohlenhydrate, 40 % Protein), kohlenhydratreiches Frühstück (80 % Kohlenhydrate), Tryptophan-supplementiertes Frühstück (Standarddiät +1,5 g Tryptophan). Es wurde untersucht, wie sich diese Testdiäten mit unterschiedlichem Kohlenhydrat/Protein-Verhältnis post-prandial auf die Nährstoffpräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit auswirken. Die Nahrungspräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit wurden mittels Fragebogen ermittelt und zu den Blutparametern (Tryptophan (TRP), langkettige neutrale Aminosäuren (LNAA), TRP/LNAA-Quotient, Serotonin) in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Tryptophan- und LNAA-Konzentrationen im Plasma korrelierten erwartungsgemäß mit ihrer Aufnahme mit der Nahrung. Der aus beiden Parametern ermittelte TRP/LNAA-Quotient nahm bei Normal- und Übergewichtigen nach dem Tryptophan-supplementierten Frühstück um bis zu 0,40 auf 0,57 zu. Nach der proteinreichen Diät war bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen der Quotient aufgrund der relativ erhöhten Aufnahme an LNAAs erniedrigt. Eine Bevorzugung von proteinreichen Lebensmitteln nach dem Verzehr von kohlenhydratreichen Kostformen (60–80 % Kohlenhydrate) war bei den normalgewichtigen Probanden festzustellen, nicht jedoch bei den Übergewichtigen. Zwischen den Nährstoffpräferenzen und dem Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten war aber kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zu erkennen. Ein Einfluß des Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten auf die psychische Befindlichkeit konnte bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen ebenfalls nicht festgestellt werden. Offenbar läßt sich die zerebrale Serotoninsynthese und -freisetzung durch einmaligen Verzehr von Mahlzeiten mit unterschiedlicher Nährstoffrelation nicht in dem Maße beeinflussen, daß daraus serotoninvermittelte Verhaltensänderungen zu erwarten sind.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 230-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Fuzzy-Sets ; Prerow-Wert ; Ernährungs-Optimierung ; Nutrient intake ; fuzzy sets ; Prerow value ; optimization of nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fuzzy sets are especially suitable to evaluate the intake of a nutrient. For the evaluation of several components, the harmonic mean of the individual fuzzy values proves to be the best compromise. The mean of all nutrients results in the so called Prerow value, which can be used for the evaluation of the nutrition status. Maximizing the Prerow value is suitable for optimizing nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fuzzy-Sets sind besonders gut geeignet, die Zufuhr eines Nährstoffes zu bewerten. Für die Bewertung mehrerer Nährstoffe erweist sich das harmonische Mittel der einzelnen Fuzzy-Werte als angemessener Kompromiß. Die Mittellung über alle Nährstoffe ergibt den sogenannten Prerow-Wert, der zur Beurteilung des Ernährungsstatus herangezogen werden kann und dessen Maximierung auch geeignet ist, Ernährung zu optimieren.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rapssamen ; Mastrinder ; Fettsäuren ; Vitamin E ; oxidative Stabilität ; Rape seed ; beef cattle ; fatty acids ; vitamin E ; oxidative stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Four groups of five fattening bulls each consumed a concentrate — wheat straw-diet (2.5 : 1) supplemented with either 0, 7, 14 or 21 % ground rape seed for 350 days. Rape seed contained 427 g crude fat (ether extract) and 127 mg vitamin E per kg dry matter. The supplementation with rapeseed increased the fat concentrations in the rations from 25 to 50, 75 and 100 g, and of vitamin E from 11 to 19, 26 and 34 mg per kg dry matter. All bulls were slaughtered with about 560 kg body weight. Fatty acid composition of depot fat and of the fat ofmusc. long. dorsi were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Vitamin E concentrations in blood, depot fat and muscle were determined by HPLC. Oxidative stability of depot fat was measured as induction time by means of rancimat-test. Rape seed supplementation decreased C16-fatty acids and increased C18-fatty acids in depot and muscle fat. Muscle fat contained significantly more mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids (40.2 and 7.4 %) than depot fat (33.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Rape seed supplementation enhanced significantly the vitamin E-concentrations in all body samples. In depot fat vit. E increased from 4.5 to 7.3, 8.5 and 14.9 µg/g. Induction time increased from 10.9 to 18.5, 16.1 and 19.5 h, when 0, 7, 14 or 21 % rapessed were added.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Einzelfütterungsversuch über 350 Tage wurden der Kraftfutter-Weizenstroh-Ration (2,5 : 1) von je 5 Mastbullen 0, 7, 14 bzw. 21 % geschrotete Rapssamen zugesetzt. Infolge des Fett- (427 g) und Vitamin-E-Gehaltes (127 mg je kg Trockensubstanz, TS) der Rapssamen stiegen der Rohfett- bzw. Vitamin-E-Gehalt der Ration von 25 über 50, 75 auf 100 g bzw. von 11 über 19, 26 auf 34 IE je kg TS an. Mit einer Endmasse von ≈ 560 kg wurden alle Tiere geschlachtet und das Fettsäurenmuster des Nieren- und Beckenhöhlenfettes und des intramuskulären Fettes im Musc. long. dorsi, der Vitamin-E-Gehalt in diesen Proben sowie im Blut und die Induktionszeit des Depotfettes mittels Rancimattest ermittelt. Der Rapssameneinsatz bewirkte sowohl im Depot- als auch im Muskelfett einen Abfall im Gehalt an C16- und einen Anstieg der C18-Fettsäuren. Das intramuskuläre Fett enthielt signifikant mehr Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren (40,2 und 7,4 %) als das Depotfett (33,5 und 2,0 %). Der Vitamin-E-Gehalt stieg mit Rapssamenzulage in allen untersuchten Tierkörperproben signifikant an, im Depotfett erhöhte er sich von 4,5 über 7,3, 8,5 auf 14,9 µg/g. Die oxidative Stabilität des Depotfettes, gemessen als Induktionszeit mittels Rancimattest, stieg nach Rapssamenzulage von 10,9 über 18,5, 16,1 auf 19,5 h an.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Homoarginine labeling ; guanidination ; racemization ; D-amino acids ; protein digestibility ; Homoargininmarkierung ; Guanidinierung ; Razemisierung ; D-Aminosäuren ; Proteinverdaulichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Homoargininmarkierung (Guanidinierung) dient zur Bestimmung der wahren präcaecalen Proteinverdaulichkeit. Die Proteinguanidinierung erfolgt bei alkalischem pH, was möglicherweise zur Bildung von D-Aminosäuren führt. Da D-Aminosäuren enthaltende Proteinein vitro eine verminderte Verdaulichkeit zeigen, könnte die Homoargininmethode eine falsch niedrige Proteinverdaulichkeit ergeben. Daher wurde das Ausmaß der Proteinrazemisierung während der Guanidinierung von Casein bei pH-Werten zwischen 9 und 11 und bei Temperaturen zwischen 4 und 65°C bestimmt. Optimale Guanidinierungsbedingungen lagen bei 4°C und einem pH-Wert von 10,5–11 oder bei 22°C und pH 10. Höhere pH-Werte bei 22°C führten ebenso wie Temperaturen über 22°C zur Bildung nicht mehr vernachlässigbarer Mengen von D-Aminosäuren.
    Notes: Summary Homoarginine labeling (guanidination) is used to calculate true prececal protein digestibility. A particular worry is that guanidination of proteins at alkaline pH might cause formation of D-amino acids. If D-amino acids show decreased protein digestibility in vivo, as seen in vitro, then the homoarginine method would underestimate protein digestibility. Therefore, the degree of protein racemization was measured during guanidination of casein at pH values between pH 9 and 11 and temperatures between 4o and 65°C. Optimal conditions for the guanidination reaction were 4°C and pH 10.5–11 or 22°C and pH 10. A higher pH value at 22°C or temperatures above 22°C at each pH leads to the formation of appreciable amounts of D-amino acids.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Deep-fat frying ; sunflower oil ; column chromatography ; color index ; acid value ; fatty acid esters ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Fritieren ; Säulenchromatographie ; Refraktionsindex ; Fettsäurengehalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen eines Sonnenblumenöls, das 15 mal aufeinanderfolgend für die Fritierung von Kartoffeln benutzt wurde, untersucht. Dazu wurden analytische Routinemethoden, wie die Gaschromatographie der Fettsäuren, die Bestimmung des Refraktions-und Farbindexes sowie der Säurezahl mit einer absorptionschromatographischen Methode zur Bestimmung der polaren Verbindungen, die während des Fritierens entstehen, verglichen. Der Gehalt polarer Verbindungen stieg signifikant (p〈0,05) von 6,2±0,3 mg/100 mg Öl auf 18,7±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl bei der letzten Fritierung. Die Konzentration an Linolensäure verminderte sich dagegen signifikant (p〈0,05) von 53,8±0,2 mg/100 mg Öl auf 48,1±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl beim 15. Durchgang. Der Gehalt an Ölsäure veränderte sich dagegen nicht. Der Farbindex und die Säurezahl stiegen signifikant (p〈0,05) nach 15 Fritierungen. Die Veränderung des Farbindexes, der Säurezahl und des Gesamtgehalts polarer Verbindungen wiesen eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen auf (0,98〉r〉0,933; p〈0,01). Der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigte ebenfalls eine signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen (r=−0,692; p〈0,05). Die Säurezahl und der Farbindex sowie der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigten ebenfalls eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zum Anteil der polaren Verbindungen (r=−0,9272 bzw. r=0,9065 bzw. r=−0,764; alle p〈0,01). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Routinemethoden, wie Säurezahl oder Farbindex, die wir für die Bestimmungen im Sonnenblumenöl benutzt haben, genauso nützlich sein können wie andere mehr spezifische Methoden, wenn man die Ausgangswerte dieser Indizes für das zu behandelnde Öl hat.
    Notes: Summary The alteration of a sunflower oil used repeatedly and discontinuously for frying potatoes on 15 successive occasions was studied. For this purpose, standard analytical indexes, such as fatty acids, gas chromatography, refraction and color indexes, and acid value were compared with a chromatographic method that quantifies the polar compounds originated during fryings. Total polar content increased significantly (p〈0.05) from 6.2±0.3 mg/100 mg oil to 18.7±0.8 mg/100 mg oil in the last frying. Linoleic acid decreased significantly (p〈0.05) from 53.8±0.2 mg/100 mg oil to 48.1±0.8 mg/100 mg oil at the 15th frying, while oleic acid concentration remained unaltered throughout the frying operations. The color index, and acid value, showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after 15 fryings. Color index, acid value, and total polar content highly and significantly correlated with the number of fryings (0.981〉r〉0.933; p〈0.01). Linoleic acid concentrations also significantly correlated (r=−0.692; p〈0.05) with the number of fryings performed. Acid value, color index, and linoleic acid concentration also showed high and significant correlation with the percentage of total polar component of the oil (r=0.9272, r=0.9065 and r=−0.764 respectively; all p〈0.01). These data suggest that standard methods such as acid value and color index can be applied and are as useful as silica-gel chromatographic evaluation in the monitoring of frying operations, provided that initial values of both the color index and acid value are available.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 83-84 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 120-127 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gicht ; Nahrung ; Purinabbau ; Mikroorganismen ; Gout ; nutrition ; purine degradation ; microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 27 microorganisms were tested for their ability to degrade extracellular purines as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Beside adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and urate as free purine bases, this test included 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP, and 5′-IMP, as well as DNA and RNA as purine compounds. Generally, only a limited number of microbial species was capable of metabolizing the substances named above. Compared to the other species,Paracoccus denitrificans showed the greatest substrate spectrum, including the free bases as well as the mononucleotides. However, the polymers DNA and RNA were not degraded.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 27 Mikroorganismen wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit zum Abbau extrazellulärer Purine als alleinige Kohlenstoff-, Stickstoff- und Energiequellen untersucht. Dieser Test umfaßte neben den freien Purinbasen Adenin, Guanin, Xanthin, Hypoxanthin und Urat deren Verbindungen 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP und 5′-IMP sowie DNA und RNA. Allgemein betrachtet war nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Mikroorganismen zur Metabolisierung der genannten Substanzen befähigt. Im Vergleich mit den übrigen Spezies wiesParacoccus denitrificans das größte Substratspektrum auf, das sowohl die freien Basen als auch die Mononukleotide umfaßte. Die Polymere DNA und RNA wurden jedoch nicht abgebaut.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 164-166 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Müsli-Kost ; Zinkresorption ; Phytate ; Spurenelemente ; Lymphozytensubpopulation ; Muesli-diet ; zinc absorption ; phytates ; trace elements ; subpopulation of lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A total of 51 athletes, randomly divided into two groups (with or without zinc supplementation) and respective two subgroups (with or without cereal diet) had been tested for their serum levels in respect of zinc, ferrum, copper, phosphorus and potassium over a period of 8 weeks, i.e. during a period of competition. Furthermore, subpopulations of lymphocytes were defined. Modifications of the immunologic defense mechanism with special regard to the zinc level could, however, not be detected. Minerals, i.e. zinc and ferrum revealed to decrease significantly during simultaneous uptake of certain amounts of the cereal products. This is due to the relatively high amounts of phytates in cereals which are capable to bind the trace elements in form of complex salts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 51 Leistungssportlern, die randomisiert in je zwei Kollektive (mit bzw. ohne Zinksupplementierung) und jeweilige Untergruppen (mit bzw. ohne 200 g Getreideflocken) eingeteilt wurden, untersuchten wir die Serumspiegel von Zink, Eisen, Kupfer, Phosphor und Kalium über einen Zeitraum von 8 Wochen während der Wettkampfperiode. Außerdem wurden auch die Subpopulationen der Lymphozyten bestimmt. Veränderungen in der immunologischen Abwehrlage unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Zinkspiegels fanden sich jedoch nicht. Bei den Serumwerten zeigte sich eine signifikante Abnahme von Zink und Eisen, wenn die Sportler gleichzeitig eine gewisse Menge von Getreiderohkost zu sich nahmen. Ursache hierfür ist vermutlich der relativ hohe Gehalt an Phytaten im Getreide, die Spurenelemente in Form von Komplexsalzen binden.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vegetarian diet ; endurance run ; nutritional requirement ; dietary survey ; Vegetarische Ernährung ; Ausdauerlauf ; Nährstoffbedarf ; Ernährungserhebung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während eines Ausdauerlaufs (1000 km in 20 Tagen) wurde untersucht, ob eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost (OLVD) den Nährstoffbedarf von Ausdauersportlern decken kann. Als Vergleichskost diente eine konventionelle Kostform (RWD). Beide Kostformen wurden mit einem Energiegehalt von 4500 kcal pro Tag und mit einem Nahrungsenergieanteil von Kohlenhydraten:Fett:Protein im Verhältnis von 60:30:10 angeboten. Die Läufer wurden — entsprechend ihrer üblichen Ernährungsgewohnheiten — in zwei Ernährungsgruppen eingeteilt. Die Ergebnisse der 55 Läufer, die das Ziel erreichten, zeigten, da\ sich Läufer aus beiden Gruppen prozentual die gleiche Menge an Nahrungsenergie, Kohlenhydraten, Fett und Protein zuführten. Läufer der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe nahmen mehr Ballaststoffe und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren sowie weniger Cholesterin auf. Mit Ausnahme von Natriumchlorid und Cobalamin war die Aufnahme der berechneten Mineralstoffe und Vitamine in der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe höher und überschritten die offiziellen Nährstoffempfehlungen. Diese Studie zeigt, daß eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost mit einer hohen Nährstoffdichte den Nährstoffbedarf eines Ausdauersportlers angemessen decken kann. Die Zufuhr und Resorption von Eisen bedarf bei jeder Kostform einer genauen Überwachung.
    Notes: Summary During an endurance run (1000 km in 20 days) it was investigated whether an ovo-lactovegetarian diet (OLVD) could cover the nutritional requirements of endurance athletes. A regular western diet (RWD) was used as reference. Both diets were offered with an energy content of 4500 kcal per day and an energy percentage of carbohydrate:fat:protein of 60:30:10. The runners were divided into two dietary groups according to their usual dietary habits. The results of the 55 participants who completed the race show that runners from both groups had the same intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein. Runners of the OLVD group consumed more dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as less cholesterol. With the exception of sodium chloride and cobalamine, the intake of the calculated minerals and vitamins was higher in the OLVD and exceeded the official recommendations. This study shows that an OLVD with a high nutrient density is adequate to cover the nutritional requirements of endurance-athletes. The intake and absorption of iron should be monitored closely in all diet groups.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kinderernährung ; Kindergesundheit ; Impfungen ; Kindersterblichkeit ; AIDS-Epidemie ; Bevölkerungspolitik ; Child health ; infant feeding ; immunization ; infant mortality ; AIDS-epidemic ; population-policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The health of children in poor countries is determined by their nutritional status and by the economic conditions of their families and societies. Socioeconomic differences are correlated with the infant mortality rate (IMR). The decline of the IMR in the industrialized countries mainly occurred before 1960. Programs for Primary Health Care cannot cope with the deterioration of economic problems due to the disadvantaged position of the poor countries in the world market. The typical clinical pattern of diseases in childhood in the tropics is essentially determined by the nutritional status (e.g. measles). The advantages of breastfeeding also relate to the immune response after immunization. The HIV-epidemic requires social assistance for the future of the AIDS-orphans in the first line. Additional assistance is needed for the procurement of medication, otherwise HIV-infected patients are in competition with non-HIV-infected patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gesundheitssituation von Kindern in armen Ländern ist entscheidend geprägt von ihrem Ernährungszustand und dem wirtschaftlichen Status ihrer Familien und Gesellschaften. Sozioökonomische Unterschiede korrelieren mit der Säuglingssterberate (SSR) in den Ländern der Erde. Die Senkung der SSR in den Industrieländern hat wesentlich bereits vor 1960 stattgefunden. Programme zur primären Gesundheitspflege können nicht die Probleme auffangen, die durch wirtschaftliche Benachteiligung erschwert werden. Das klinische Bild von Kinderkrankheiten in den Tropen wird entscheidend durch den Ernährungszustand geprägt (Beispiel Masern). Die Vorteile des Stillens betreffen auch die Impfantworten. Die HIV-Epidemie fordert in erster Linie soziale Hilfen, damit die AIDS-Waisen eine Zukunft bekommen. Weitere Hilfe muß der Medikamentenversorgung gelten, da sonst HIV-Infizierte und Nicht-Infizierte miteinander in Konkurrenz geraten.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Plasmalipide ; Lipoproteine ; Fischöl ; Olivenöl ; Schwein ; Plasma lipids ; lipoproteins ; fish oil ; olive oil ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two experiments with sows were performed to investigate the effect of isoenergetic replacement of starch by fish oil or olive oil on concentrations of lipids in plasma and lipoproteins. The first experiment was based on a cross-over design with three periods, each lasting 16 days. Each sow was fed during one of the periods a basal ration with isoenergetic addition of (1) starch (495 g/d), (2) olive oil (221 g/d), or (3) fish oil (223 g/d) based on energetic requirement for maintainance. The second experiment was based on a cross-over design with eight periods, each lasting 16 days. In the first and in the last periods, each sow was fed the basal ration. In the other six periods, each sow was fed the basal ration with addition of two different amounts of (1) starch (284/568 g/d), (2) olive oil (140/281 g/d), or (3) fish oil (141/282 g/d). The two different amounts of addition were selected to exceed the energetic requirement for maintainance by 25 % or 50 %. In both experiments blood samples were taken before each change of the ration. In both experiments olive oil elevated the concentration of cholesterol in plasma in comparison with starch. This elevation was due to a large elevation in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and a slight elevation in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The ratio between HDL and LDL cholesterol was increased by feeding olive oil. The effect of olive oil on concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was dose-dependent. In both experiments none of the two dietary oils significantly changed concentrations of triglycerides in plasma and lipoproteins. Concentrations of phospholipids in plasma, HDL, and LDL were elevated by olive oil. In both experiments addition of fish oil elevated concentration of cholesterol in plasma due to elevated cholesterol concentration in LDL. Concentration of HDL cholesterol was not changed by fish oil. Thus, the ratio between HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was lowered by fish oil. The effect of fish oil on concentration of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was also dose-dependent. Fish oil had no significant effect on phospholipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins. In conclusion, in the present experiment olive oil caused antiatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile, whereas fish oil caused proatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Versuche mit Sauen durchgeführt, um die Wirkung des isoenergetischen Austausches von Stärke durch Fischöl und Olivenöl auf die Konzentration der Lipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen zu untersuchen. Im ersten Versuch erhielten 9 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 3 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration plus isoenergetischer Zulage an (I) Stärke (495 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (221 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (223 g/Tag) auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau. Im zweiten Versuch erhielten 8 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 8 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau plus zwei Zulagestufen an (I) Stärke (284 bzw. 568 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (140 bzw. 281 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (141 bzw. 282 g/Tag). Die beiden Zulagestufen waren so gewählt, daß der energetische Erhaltungsbedarf um 25 % bzw. 50 % überschritten wurde. In der ersten und der letzten Versuchsperiode wurde jeweils nur die Grundration gefüttert. In beiden Versuchen wurden unmittelbar vor jeder Umstellung der Versuchsration Blutproben entnommen. Olivenöl erhöhte in beiden Versuchen im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Konzentration des Cholesterins im Plasma, basierend auf einem starken Anstieg in den high-density Lipoproteinen (HDL) und einem mäßigen Anstieg in den low-density Lipoproteinen (LDL) und den very low-density Lipoproteinen (VLDL). Der Quotient aus HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin wurde durch Olivenölzulage erhöht. Die Konzentration der Triglyceride wurde in beiden Versuchen durch die beiden Öle nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Konzentration der Phospholipide wurde durch Olivenöl im Plasma sowie in den HDL und den LDL erhöht. Die Wirkung des Olivenöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin und Phospholipiden in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage erhöhte im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Cholesterinkonzentration im Plasma, basierend auf einem Anstieg in den LDL. Die Konzentration des Cholesterins in der HDL-Fraktion änderte sich nicht, so daß unter Fischölzulage ein vermindertes Verhältnis zwischen HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin auftrat. Die Wirkung des Fischöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war ebenfalls dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Konzentrationen der Phospholipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen. Insgesamt führte unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen der Ersatz der Stärke durch Olivenöl zu einer antiatherogen Verschiebung des Lipoproteinprofils, Fischöl hingegen zu einer proatherogenen.
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Oyster mushroom ; cholesterol ; absorption ; catabolism ; Austernpilz ; Cholesterol ; Absorption ; Katabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Wochen nach der Absetzung männlicher Ratten (Stamm Wistar) wurden die Tiere mit zwei Diätvarianten gefüttert: Die erste erhielt eine Zugabe von 0,3% Cholesterol, die zweite zusätzlich noch 5% von getrocknetem und gemahlenem Austernpilz. Die Zugabe von Austernpilz zur Cholesteroldiät verursachte eine Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels um 33% und des Cholesterolgehaltes in der Leber um 27%. Der Gehalt an Serumtriazylglyzerolen wurde durch die Pilzzugabe zur Diät nicht beeinflußt, aber deren Gehalt in der Leber wurde um 41% verringert. An der Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels waren die Lipoproteine von sehr niedriger Dichte mit 55% und die Lipoproteine von niedriger Dichte mit 38% beteiligt. Der Cholesterolgehalt in Lipoproteinen hoher Dichte wurde durch den Austernpilz nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Austernpilzzugabe zur Diät setzte die Cholesterolabsorption signifikant um 14% herab, was mittels der Verhältnismethode der Dualisotopenplasma-Methode bestimmt wurde. Die Austernpilze enthaltende Diät beschleunigte um 37% den Fraktionsveränderungsgrad des Cholesterols, was mittels der Zerfallskurvenanalyse von 4−14C-Cholesterol bestimmt wurde.
    Notes: Summary The content of cholesterol in the serum and liver of male Wistar rats fed, for the period of 8 weeks shortly after weaning, a diet containing 0.3% of cholesterol was reduced by 33 and 27% by the addition of 5% of dried oyster mushroom powder. Although the level of serum triacylglycerols was not affected by oyster mushroom, their content in liver of rats on mushroom diet was reduced by 41%. Very-low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins participated by 55 and 38%, respectively, in the total reduction of serum cholesterol. Cholesterol content in high-density lipoproteins was not significantly affected by oyster mushroom. Cholesterol absorption as determined by dual-isotope plasma ratio method was significantly reduced by 14% with oyster mushroom diet. Similarly, this diet increased by 42% the fractional catabolic rate of cholesterol determined by the analysis of decay curve of [4−14C]cholesterol.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A3 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Organosolv lignin was used as organic filler for polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethene-co-vinylacetate) (EVA) containing 13wt-% vinylacetate. As a function of the lignin content, which was varied between 0 and 30wt-%, mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress, fracture stress, and elongation at break of the thermoplastic lignin-based compounds were measured. Both lignin-filled thermoplastics exhibit pronounced matrix reinforcement with increasing lignin content. Due to better interfacial adhesion between lignin and EVA, 30wt-% lignin addition to EVA doubles Young's modulus without sacrificing high elongation at break.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 4-Vinylphthalic anhydride can be prepared from phthalic acid via bromination and subsequent olefination (Heck-reaction). Homo- and copolymerization with styrene was accomplished using AIBN as initiator. The copolymer compositions were determined by infrared-spectroscopy. The copolymerization parameters are rs=0,15 and rVPA=3,09, the corresponding Q, e values of 4-vinylphthalic anhydride are estimated as Q=3,34 and e=0.09. Despite the fact that the molecular weights were rather low as a consequence of the reaction contions, the glass transition temperatures rise with increasing VPA content. The homopolymer has a glass transition temperature in the order of 226°C.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Immiscible melt mixed blends of a crystallisable polyolefin (isotactic polypropylene, PP) and atactic polystyrene (PS) were prepared in a wide composition range. It was found that when PP is the major component in the blend its crystallisation behaviour is not affected by blending it with PS. However if PP is the minor component, it will be dispersed in the immiscible PS matrix, hence the nucleation mechanism changes from predominantly heterogeneous to predominantly homogeneous as long as the size of the dispersed PP droplets is below a critical value (of the order of 1–2 μm).
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary New types of epoxy compounds containing biphenyl and azophenyl groups were synthesized. Model glycidyl ethers with one epoxy group were prepared to study the first reaction steps during the curing process. Diglycidyl ethers with or without a hexamethylene spacer were made to obtain epoxy networks. The structures of some intermediates and of the epoxy compounds synthesized were confirmed by Proton and Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy.
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    Notes: Summary A novel initiator, i.e. trimethylsilylmethyllithium has been successfully used for the ring opening polymerization of cyclosiloxanes, in toluene or in the bulk, in the presence of the cryptand [211] or DMSO. Suitable conditions have been found in which monomodal distributions of molecular weights are observed for homopolymers of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4) as well as for copolymers of V4 with D3 or D4.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary Methylalumoxane (MAO)-activated rac-[1,2-bis(η5-(9-fluorenyl))-1-phenylethane]zirconium dichloride (1) was used for propene polymerization at 30, 50, and 70°C and constant monomer concentration. The polypropene products are isotactic with stereoregularities depending on the polymerization temperature. The pentad distributions follow “enantiomorphic site statistics”, indicating stereocontrol being conducted by the chiral catalyst site.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 125-126 
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 389-395 
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    Notes: Summary A satisfactory synthesis route to a new monomer, the 3-chloro-4-nitrostyrene (3-CNS) is described. The results of free radical polymerisation experiments (limit of conversion, global kinetics) are reported by comparison with those of the isomer 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene (4-CNS). They show the great influence of the nitro group position which markedly increases the reactivity of 3-CNS.
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 431-438 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate)-polystyrene graft copolymers were prepared by the reaction of active polystyrene containing peroxide group with poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate) at 80°C. Graft copolymers with a wide graft composition range depending on the amount of active polystyrene in the original mixture were produced and separated from the grafting product by fractional precipitation. NMR and IR spectra of the graft copolymers were containing the characteristic bands of the corresponding blocks. DSC curves of the graft copolymers had a large endotherm between 50 and 110°C.
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    Notes: Summary The isothermal crystallization kinetics of the isotactic content of three poly(1-hexadecene) samples with different tacticity has been studied by real-time small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation. The process was analyzed in terms of the Avrami equation. The value of the Avrami exponent was found to be approximately 1, suggesting instantaneous nucleation followed by rod-like growth. The results are compared with those previously obtained by differential scanning calorimetry.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 367-371 
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    Notes: Summary In the present work we report the results of the polymerization of styrene using diphenylzinc-butanone, Ph2Zn-MeCOEt. Our results indicate that these systems induce the polymerization of styrene reaching a larger conversion when the molar ratio MeCOEt/Ph2Zn=1,0. According to size exclusion chromatography, SEC, studies of the polystyrene obtained using the Ph2Zn-MeCOEt showed unimodal curves and have molecular weight distribution narrower than those obtained using the Ph2Zn-H2O system, suggesting a more simple reaction system.
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    Notes: Summary Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) has been used to identify oligomers with different end groups obtained by the carbonate interchange reaction of bisphenol-A with dimethyl carbonate and the partial methanolysis of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate)s. Based on the FAB-MS data, a reaction pathway for the formation of compounds in the synthesized oligomers is proposed.
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Abstract A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN's) based on different compositions of an acyclic polyethylene terephthalate oligomer and unsaturated polyester resin (UP) were prepared. The oligomer was dissolved in the resin containing styrene crosslinker. Later this mixture was crosslinked at room temperature using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst and cobalt naphtanate as promoter. The tensile strength of the IPN's decreases as the concentration of oligomer increases, whereas, elongation to break increases. A characterization of the oligomer used is also presented.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 479-485 
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    Notes: Summary The impact properties of 1:1 polyolefin-polystyrene blends compatibilised with a series of hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymers of various structures have been studied with a view to establishing a structure-property realationship. The most effective compatibiliser in this context appears to be a low molecular weight triblock (Kraton G1652). Addition of only 5% Kraton G1652 affords a ca. three-fold improvement in the impact strength for a 1:1 PP/PS blend over the uncompatibilised blend and leads to near HIPS impact strength for a 1:1 LDPE/PS blend. This compatibiliser is as effective as a high molecular weight tapered diblock and appears to be substantially more effective than either low molecular weight diblocks or a higher molecular weight triblock.
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    Notes: Summary In the copolymerizations of 1-chloro-1-octyne (ClOc) and 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylene (ClPA) with norbornene (NBE) by MoCl5-n-Bu4Sn in toluene at-20°C, both comonomers were consumed simultaneously. The GPC curves of the copolymerization products were unimodal and identical irrespective of the RI and UV (290 nm) detectors. The13C NMR spectra of the products exhibited the presence of cross-propagating sequences. From these results, it is concluded that the copolymerization products are copolymers and not mixtures of homopolymers. The monomer reactivity ratios were: rClOc=0.69, rNBE=6.4; rClPA=1.0, rNBE=3.1. The more electron-donating the ring substituent of CiPA, the more reactive the ClPA in copolymerization with NBE.
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A5 
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  • 39
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of 1-phenyl-2-(p-phenoxyphenyl)acetylene (p-PhODPA), 1-phenyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)acetylene, and 1-phenyl-2-(p-n-butoxyphenyl)acetylene was examined. These monomers polymerized with TaCl5-n-Bu4Sn to give methanol-insoluble polymers in over 60% yields. Poly(p-PhODPA) was a yellow solid completely soluble in toluene, CHCl3, etc., and its weight-average molecular weight was about 1.0x106 or higher. This polymer was thermally very stable (the onset temperature of weight loss in TGA in air was 420 °C). Its oxygen permeability coefficient (P o 2) was 37 barrers (P o 2/P n 2 2.2) and similar to that of natural rubber. In contrast, the other two polymers did not completely dissolve in any organic solvent, and their thermal stability was lower.
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  • 40
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 141-147 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers obtained by copolymerization of methacryl-oylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) with styrene, methylmethacrylate (MMA), N-vinylpyrrolidone (VPD) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) as well as the homopolymer of methacryloylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) have been investigated. Watersoluble chelating polymers derived from copolymerization with DMAM offer not only the possibility of a very fast removal of metal ions from aqueous solution, but are also insoluble after complexing certain metal ions and can therefore be separated by filtration. As additional investigations on the model acetyloylmalodiethylester (AMDEt) show, preferably hard metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Cu2+ with an ionic radius up to 1 Å are chelated by the enolic form of the β-ketodiester. The number of ligands for a metal ion corresponds to its valence.
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  • 41
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 207-214 
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    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of free radical initiated poly(3-bromostyrene) is similar to the 1H-NMR spectra of certain poly(vinyl heterocycles) and can be interpreted in a like manner. The 13C-NMR is typical of spectra for meta-substituted polystyrenes, with some of the carbon resonances showing a sensitivity to polymer stereochemistry. The spectra indicate that poly(3-bromostyrene) synthesized by free radical initiation is an atactic polymer.
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  • 42
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    Notes: Summary Thermal molecular motion of a series of comb-shaped polymers with heptadecafluorodecyl side chains (CF 8C2-) has been studied based on dynamic viscoelastic measurement. The main chain of comb-shaped polymers was poly(fumarate), poly(methacrylate), and poly(acrylate). Poly(fluoroalkylfumarate) with heptadecafluorodecyl group, P(CF 8C2-iPF) was amorphous polymer, whereas poly(acrylate) and poly(methacrylate) with CF 8C2-, P(CF 8C2-Acr) and P(CF 8C2-MAcr) showed mesomorphic behavior. The pervaporation behavior of water/organic mixtures through amorphous polymer, P(CF 8C2-iPF), and mesomorphic one, P(CF 8C2-Acr), were investigated. The distinct increase in permselectivity has been observed at the mesomorphic transition of P(CF 8C2-Acr).
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  • 43
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    Notes: Sammary New donor-acceptor substituted diarylacetylene hyperpolarizable chromophores bearing an amino group as donor and a methylsulfonyl group as acceptor at each extremities of an azatolane conjugated path have been designed to get a good nonlinearity-transparency trade-off, and synthesized. Corresponding methacrylate esters have been obtained then submitted to free radical polymerization, leading to novel side-chain nonlinear optical polymers and copolymers.
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  • 44
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 241-248 
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    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to extend the model of Leibler for the emulsifying activity and interfacial properties of A-b-B diblock copolymers in incompatible blends of the homopolymers A and B-which are identical with the respective copolymer components- to enthalpically interacting C-b-D diblock copolymers, the block C being thermodynamically compatible with A and D with B. Due to the attractive enthalpic interaction the A/C-b-D/B compatibilized blends are promising for optimum phase adhesion (bold types for thermodynamically compatible partners). Thus, the extended model for a plane interfacial layer includes the enthalpic interaction of the compatible polymer pairs beside the entropic effects. The approach starts with the equillibrium supposition, not taking into consideration enthalpy driven migration effects of the block copolymer from the bulk to the interface, The model confirms a dominant role of the enthalpic interaction between blocks of the diblock copolymer and the respective homopolymers to the compatibilization of incompatible blend components. It is applicable also for blends compatibilized with block copolymers of unfavourable repulsive type interaction, A/C-b-D/B, and for blend systems with mixed type interactions, e. g. A/C-b-B/B or A/C-b-D/B.
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  • 45
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    Notes: Summary Poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) was synthesized via free radical initiation and its 300 H-NMR and 75.5 MHz 13C-NMR spectra were recorded and analyzed. The analysis showed that poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) is an atactic polymer.
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  • 46
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    Notes: Summary Poly(2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenevinylene), PFPV, and its copolymers have been synthesized via water soluble precursor route and their electrical and optical propreties were measured. It seems that electron-withdrawing fluorine substituent on phenylene ring increases the band-gap of PFPV and it affects electrical and optical properties. The conductivity values of FeCl3-doped drawn polymer films ranged from 10-1 to 101 Scm-1 depending on their composition, and were 10 times larger than those of undrawn ones. The χ(3) value for undrawn PFPV, using THG technique at 1907nm fundamental wavelength, was 4.76x10-12 esu.
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  • 47
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    Notes: Summary A simple method for using differential scanning calorimeters to determine the crystallinity of syndiotactic polystyrene has been developed. Its validity was confirmed by use of infrared and x-ray analysis, as well as comparison to data from the literature. This method will be used to determine the effect of nucleating agents, shear stress, and temperature on the crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene.
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  • 48
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 175-182 
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    Notes: Summary Polyether-modified fullerenes have been prepared under mild conditions by reacting C60 or C70 in toluene with a precursor poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene) polymer possessing amino end-groups. In the early stages of the interaction, soluble products are formed. Later, cross-linking proceeds between the polyfunctional fullerenes and the bifunctional polyethers. The non-crosslinked fullerene derivatives are soluble both in toluene and water; by evaporation of toluene, very adhesive films are formed.
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  • 49
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    Notes: Summary Poly(sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphate)s as polysoap induced the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene in the absence of an added radical initiator in water at 80°C. The polysoap having a C14 alkyl group showed the highest activity of all tested groups. The generalized initiation mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization in which the micellar aggregation state participates is discussed.
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  • 50
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    Notes: Summary Racemic ((3S,4R)-(3R,4S))-3-methyl-4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-oxetanone has been prepared by a simple and reproductible method starting from a racemic mixture of threo-((2S,3S)-(2R,3R))-3-methylaspartic acid as chiral precursor. This α, β substituted β-lactone has been polymerized anionically, using tetraethylammonium benzoate as initiator, to yield high molecular weight and amorphous racemic threo-poly(β-benzyl-3-methylmalate). The catalytic cleavage of protecting benzyl ester groups has been conducted in different solvents and racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has been obtained in N-methylpyrrolidone at room temperature. Racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid-co-benzyl-β-3-methylmalate) has been prepared by heterogeneous H2/Pd charchoal catalyzed partial hydrogenolysis of the polymer precursor. Solubility of these different materials has been considered. Hydrolysis of threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has conducted to racemic threo-3-methylmalic acid. High resolution 13C NMR and selective INEPT NMR have been used for resonances assignment of polymers and copolymers. This new poly(β-hydroxy acid) type polyester expands the family of poly(β-malic acid) derivatives by opening the route for tailor making functional polystereoisomers with two stereogenic centers in the main chain and with the presence of an hydrophobic alkyl group and an hydrophilic carboxylic acid group in the macromolecule.
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  • 51
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 229-235 
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    Notes: Summary The dependence of intensity of surface enhanced Raman scattering on the concentration of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) solutions was investigated. The spectral quality and the Raman scattering intensities of the enhanced spectra of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) adsorbed on nitric acid-roughened silver foil were inversely proportional to the concentration when it changed from semi-dilute to very dilute. The band intensity-concentration plot displays a turning point corresponding to the critical concentration for coil shrinkage. The observed phenomena are in accordance with Qian's proposal for the existence of C s for coil shrinkage in dilute solution.
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 257-257 
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  • 53
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 629-635 
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    Notes: Summary The unconventional liquid chromatography of polymers under limiting conditions of their solubility was applied to poly(methyl methacrylate)s differing in their tacticity. The polymers were dissolved in thermodynamically good solvents and injected into an appropriate size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column flushed with matched, moderately strong nonsolvents. The set of (limiting) conditions was found under which less soluble syndiotactic poly(methyl, methacrylate) moved along the column together with the zone of its initial solvent while better soluble isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) was eluted according to the SEC mechanism. This indicates the potential of liquid chromatography under limiting conditions to characterize the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate)s.
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  • 54
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 675-678 
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    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(dimethylphenyl methacrylátes) were studied considering the different positions of the methyl groups on the phenyl ring. In all cases a clear α relaxation can be observed which is associated to the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). Nevertheless, at lower temperatures, viscoelastic activity is negligible. A correlation between the steric hindrance due to the methyl groups and the temperature at which the relaxation is detected, was established.
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  • 55
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 679-685 
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    Notes: Summary Dielectric permittivity and loss have been measured over the frequency range 10-2 Hz-10 kHz between 100 K and 350 K for samples of 50/50 mixtures of each of two hyperbranched polyesters, one five-generation hydroxy functional (5G-OH) and one threegeneration alkyl-terminated polymer (3G), with dielectrically inactive linear polyethylene. The thermal transitions of the hyperbranched polymers were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Three relaxation transitions were found in 5G-OH: α, the glass-rubber transition and two subglass processes denoted β and γ showing Arrhenius temperature dependence both with an activation energy of 96±2kJ mol-1. The low temperature process could be assigned to motions of the terminal hydroxyl groups whereas β is due to reorientation of the ester groups. Sample 3G showed only a glass transition and one subglass process being assigned to reorientation of the ester groups. The high activation energy (202 kJ mol-1) of this process indicates that the ester groups are highly constrained in this polymer.
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  • 56
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    Notes: Summary The chemistry of poly(methyl methacrylate) subjected to 193-nm radiation, emitted by an argon-fluorine excimer laser, was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From the O/C atomic ratios measured at two different sampling depths, it is concluded that the role of depolymerization in the laser ablation process may be less important than previously suggested.
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  • 57
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 725-732 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)was found to precipitate from a clear plasticizer solution as it was cooled and this unique temperature (TP) (UCST) was noted. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) did not precipitate and in this case the temperature at which it went into solution (TS) was noted. A quantity, referred to previously as the miscibility parameter (MP), is an excellent relative quantitative indicator of the miscibility of poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(vinyl chloride) with plasticizers as demonstrated from a correlation of MP with TP and Ts. Each polymer-plasticizer system is unique. A plot of MP vs. TP or TS for several polymer-plasticizer systems allows additional plasticizers to be evaluated for their plasticizing ability from calculated MP's without resorting to additional experimental measurements. The absolute level of MP acceptability is dictated by the application. For PVB, a copolymer which precipitates from a plasticizer/solvent, the interaction parameter chi(χ) is chi critical ( $$\chi _{cr} $$ ) at the TP of PVB in plasticizer. Since TP approximates the Θ temperature in the limit of molecular weight, the temperature of precipitation or Θ temperature, the solvent volume VS, and the $$\chi _{cr} $$ , define the theoretical MPcr as given by $$\frac{{(\chi _{cr} - 0.35)RT}}{{V_S }}$$ . All MPcr s were≈0.3 which represents the critical MP above which phase separation occurs. The low molecular weight plasticizers were estimated to drastically increase MPcr to about 1 for acceptable application compatibility and this value compares favorably with (PVB) acceptability for a wide range of plasticizer-PVB combinations based on a plasticizer DP of about 20.
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  • 58
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    Notes: Summary Frictional forces are very sensitive to the interface structure and the chemical and atomic structure of surfaces. It has been shown in the late 80′s (1) that lateral forces due to friction can be measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact mode (2,3). This involves measurements which evoke vertical deflection of the AFM probe and observation of lateral forces which twist the AFM force sensor. A simultaneous detection of vertical deflection and twisting of the microcantilever can be done by using a four-sectored positional sensitive photodetector which measures the change in the deflection of a laser light reflected off the top of the microcantilever. The newest generation of SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope) equipment allows for simultaneous AFM and Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM) scans. There is ample evidence in the literature that contact-mode AFM can be used not only to investigate polymer morphology (4,5), but also to study polymer architecture from a true molecular perspective (6).
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 487-491 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of binary mixtures of heptane with different diluents on the porous structure of styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) copolymers was investigated. It was found that the porosity produced by the diluent mixtures depends not only on the affinity of each diluent for the copolymer but also on the interaction of the diluent molecules with themselves. In this work it was observed that some polar aromatic solvents when mixed with heptane presented cosolvency effects. In general, the accessible pore volumes were higher than the fixed pore ones, indicating the formation of elastic internuclear chains.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Suspension ; particle migration ; demixing ; bimodal ; anisotropy ; concentration gradient
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A variety of studies reported in the literature have established that initially well mixed suspensions subjected to non-homogeneous shear flows attain an anisotropic particulate structure. It has also been shown that non-homogeneous shearing causes suspensions of unimodal spheres to demix, i.e., gradients in solids concentration are formed. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of non-homogeneous shear flows on suspensions of bimodal particles, and specifically, to determine if the solids concentration gradients which develop are accompanied by size segregation of the coarse with respect to the fine fraction. We used the simplest and most direct methods to determine the relative solids concentrations: visual observation of tracer particles in transparent suspensions and physical separation of the coarse and fine solid fractions. Three different types of non-homogeneous shear flows were examined, and in each case the data support two main conclusions: 1) suspended particles migrate from regions of high shear rate to regions of low shear rate, and 2) the coarse fraction of particles migrates much faster than the fine fraction, leading to size segregation of initially well-mixed suspensions. While the former conclusion is consistent with other studies reported in the literature, to our knowledge this paper provides the first data supporting and, to a limited extent, quantifying the latter conclusion.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 241-241 
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  • 62
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 344-354 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Complex modulus ; relaxation ; fractional relaxation modes ; asphalts
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years, a considerable effort has been made to develop a new generation of asphaltic materials based on a combination of polymers and asphalts. Regular and polymer-modified asphalts are studied via fractional relaxation processes, represented here by a fractional rational form of the complex modulus, G *. Basic properties of this complex modulus and the forms of generated constitutive equations are studied. Relaxation times of the model are related via a pseudospectrum to the phase angle lag.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 337-343 
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    Keywords: Rheological models ; viscoelasticity ; fractional differentiation ; non-Debye relaxation ; thermo-rheological simplicity ; projection operator
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    Notes: Abstract Relaxation processes in complex systems like polymers or other viscoelastic materials can be described by equations containing fractional differential or integral operators. In order to give a physical motivation for fractional order equations, the fractional relaxation is discussed in the framework of statistical mechanics. We show that fractional relaxation represents a special type of a non-Markovian process. Assuming a separation condition and the validity of the thermo-rheological principle, stating that a change of the temperature only influences the time scale but not the rheological functional form, it is shown that a fractional operator equation for the underlying relaxation process results.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 369-384 
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    Keywords: Cone-and-plate rheometer ; domain perturbation ; viscoelastic fluid ; secondary flow
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    Notes: Abstract The method of domain perturbation developed by Joseph is used to calculate velocity and stress profiles in a slightly misaligned cone-and-plate rheometer where the cone is spinning and the plate is stationary. Results for a Newtonian fluid, a Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey fluid, an upper-convected Maxwell fluid, and a White-Metzner fluid are presented and compared with earlier results in which the cone is stationary and the plate is spinning (Dudgeon and Wedgewood, 1993). Streamlines calculated for the Newtonian fluid show a very small recirculation region near the stationary plate. Velocity and stress contours are symmetric around the plane of largest gap width. For the elastic fluids studied, streamlines are asymmetric. The fluid response lags where the fluid is dominated by memory effects. Much larger recirculation regions are calculated for fluids dominated by shear thinning. These recirculation regions contain a large fraction of the fluid in the apparatus and have the effect of changing the shape of the flow domain for the remaining fluid that rotates around the cone's axis. Elasticity also has a pronounced effect on the stress profile, indicating that the accuracy of the cone and plate may be compromised even for small mis-alignments.
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  • 65
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 446-453 
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    Keywords: ABS ; terminal relaxation ; gel point ; particle size ; interparticle distance
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamical viscoelasticity of ABS melts with different particle size was investigated at various levels of rubbery phase contents. The effects of the rubber are more pronounced in the terminal zone: a transition from viscoelastic liquid to viscoelastic solid behavior was observed which can be interpreted as a physical gelation occurring at a critical rubbery phase content. This critical content resulted in being smaller in the case of smaller particles. A quantitative explanation of the experimental findings was proposed in terms of the average interparticle distance and overlapping of the chains grafted onto the neighboring rubber particles. The gel-like transition appeared to correspond to an approximately constant level of grafted chains overlapping.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 485-505 
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    Keywords: Anchored bead-rod chain ; Brownian dynamics ; simulation ; shear flow ; surface bound polymer
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    Notes: Abstract The behavior of a terminally anchored freely-jointed bead-rod chain, subjected to solvent shear flow, was investigated via Brownian dynamics simulations. Previous calculations have been improved by computing the segment density and fluid velocity profiles self-consistently. The segment density distributions, components of the radius of gyration, and chain attachment shear and normal stresses were found to be sensitive to low values of shear rate. Additionally, it was found that the thickness of a model polymer layer was a strong function of the shear rate, and that the functional dependence on shear rate changed dramatically as the chain length increased. For the longest chains studied, the thickness of the model polymer layer first increased as the shear rate increased, passed through a maximum, and then decreased at high shear rates, in accordance with experimental results in theta solvents. These results suggest that a dilute or semi-dilute layer model may explain hydrodynamic behavior previously thought to be due to the entanglements that occur in dense surface bound polymer layers.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 542-552 
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    Keywords: LC-polymers ; capillary rheometry ; slit die wall effect ; ordered texture ; Frank elasticity
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on geometry dependent viscosity curves of the biaxial thermotropic LC-Polymer Vectra B 950 measured with rectangular slit dies. The geometry dependence of the flow behaviour originates from the flow of two layers. The layer near the wall is highly flow oriented and free from defects. The layer in the bulk has an ordered texture. The thickness of the wall layer decreases with wall shear stress. Based on the Frank theory and the assumption that the core of a moving disclination is the smallest radius of distortion, the wall layer thickness is predicted and compared with experimental data.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Zero shear viscosity ; polymer melts ; polymer solutions ; magnetoviscometer ; thermoreversible gelation ; glass transition temperatures ; critical molecular weight ; master curves
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Zero shear viscosities, η0, were determined by means of a magnetoviscometer for melts of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (M = 8.7 to 450 kg/mol, T =53.5 to 200°C) and for concentrated solutions of the highest molecular weight sample in isopropanol (T = 34.8 to 131.5 °C). Master curves can be constructed in both cases if the reference temperature is set proportional to the gelation temperature of the particular fluid. Special intersegmental interactions (eventually leading to thermoreversible gelation) can above all be felt in η0 (T) and in M c , the critical molecular weight determined in plots of log η0 vs. log M. As the temperature is lowered, the behavior changes from WLF to Arrhenius, and M c declines considerably. The former observation is explained by analogy to the transition from fragile to hard glasses resulting from increased crosslinking. The latter effect can also be rationalized in terms of a physical network reducing the molecular weight that is required for the formation of entanglements.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Yield stress ; rheometry ; suspensions ; mud ; natural clay
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flows of natural mud-water mixtures are of great interest for industrial and civil engineering. But there is still no general agreement about the methods for determining the main rheological characteristics of these systems. We propose here an accurate rheological study of some natural mud-water mixtures. We first discuss the possible effects of changing various parameters such as temperature, pH, electrolyte concentration, solid concentration, clay type. The behavior of these muds appears to be very sensitive to most of these parameters and to be hardly predictable from a knowledge of their components. Then, we show that a Herschel-Bulkley model fits very well steady flow experimental data for a very large range of shear rates. We also suggest physical explanations of this model in agreement with our observations of behavior changes when some parameters change. The yield stress value of this model provides a good estimation of real yield stress which is a key parameter for mixture behavior. These considerations are very useful to characterize, predict, and compare various mud flows.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 8-13 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel titration electrode for measuring the concentration of CO2 is described in which OH− is generated electrochemically and the time taken for the OH− to be titrated by the CO2 is measured. A theoretical description of the variation of pH with time is presented. The curve is shown to have two inflection points. The pH at the second point of inflection is close to 8. Hence the time to the second point of inflection is the titration time. Results from experiments with known quantities of OH− are shown to be in good agreement with the theory.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 14-17 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The construction and operation of a new titration electrode for measuring C02 are described. Typical results are presented including calibration plots and a comparison of results from the new sensor with those from an infrared analyser. Good agreement is found. Results using the sensor to measure CO2 levels in a glasshouse and in the ambient atmosphere of the laboratory are presented.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1013-1018 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The protection of steel by zinc-ethyl silicate primers is based on the general principle of cathodic protection by metallic zinc in contact with a ferrous substrate. The influence of the zinc content on the paint behaviour has been studied, but little attention has been paid to effects caused by the incorporation of additives, such as extender pigments, to the formulation. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the whole composition of zinc-ethyl silicate paints on their electrochemical properties. A second purpose is to establish the nature of the anticorrosive action of these paints. Four commercial zinc-ethyl silicate paints were chosen for these investigations. It was found that the incorporation of extender pigments modified the behaviour of these paints. The anticorrosive action was due to the cathodic protection by zinc powder and the inhibition of the electrochemical reactions by corrosion products. The barrier effect, in the sense of ohmic resistance, provided by these paints was of lesser importance.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1028-1036 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of metal ions in dilute solutions is of great interest for purification of waste waters and process liquids. Hydrogen gas is a very attractive reductant, since its use gives no additional pollution. In this paper the reduction of chromate in a sulphuric acid medium has been studied. A new electrochemical cell, a GBC-cell, which is a combination of a gas-diffusion electrode in direct contact with a packed bed of carbon particles, is introduced. Hydrogen gas flows along the hydrophobic side of the gas-diffusion electrode and a chromate solution is pumped upwards through the bed. Experiments were carried out with H2SO4 solutions initially containing 70 mol m−3 chromate at various temperatures, solution flow rates, H2SO4 concentrations and bed thicknesses. Experimental results for the chromate reduction are described by an empirical relation. It has been found that the reduction of chromate is a first-order reaction in chromate and the apparent rate constant for the chromate reduction increases with decreasing chromate concentration and increasing temperature, H2SO4 concentration and bed thicknesses and is practically independent of the flow rate of the solution. It is concluded that the new GBC-cell is very attractive for the reduction of chromate in dilute solutions and for industrial abnlication on a large scale.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1044-1051 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of chromate ion and its interaction with antimony and glue on zinc electrowinning from acid sulphate electrolyte were studied. During electrolysis at 430 A m−2 and 45°C, the chromate ion was found to polarize the cathodic reaction resulting in a refined zinc deposit having a morphology featuring a vertical orientation of the zinc platelets. Although chromium did not codeposit, the current efficiency for zinc deposition was dramatically decreased in the presence of 〉 1000 mg dm−3. This effect became more pronounced when the electrolyte also contained additives such as antimony and glue.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1059-1065 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Cs+ ions added to the electrolyte for polyaniline films electrosynthesized in 0.1 m aniline/0.5m H2SO4 was investigated. Some properties of PANI films, such as the capacitance, the ohmic resistance and the charge-transfer resistance were obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that Cs+ ions used during PANI synthesis change its morphology, with a consequent increase in capacitance and conductivity, and a decrease in charge-transfer resistance.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1073-1075 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1066-1072 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three commercial elastomers, Hydrin C, Hydrin H and Hydrin T, which contain ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin repeat units, have been investigated as polymer electrolytes in contact with lithium electrode. The influence of polyethylene glycol and fine particles of zeolite on ionic conductivity of Hydrin-LiBF4 electrolytes and the exchange current density of the lithium electrode reaction has been studied by using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The specific conductivity of the elastomeric electrolyte is about 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature when polyethylene glycol is present. But the mechanical stability of the film is less. The addition of zeolite particles to the elastomers also improves the specific conductivity. When present in low concentrations, the zeolite particles show catalytic effect on the electrochemical reaction at lithium electrode at ambient temperature. The lithium electrode reaction is reversible and the electrolyte possesses good electrochemical stability.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1092-1101 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An advanced process has been developed for the separation of H2S from coal gasification product streams through an electrochemical membrane. This technology is developed for use in coal gasification facilities providing fuel for cogeneration coal fired electrical power facilities and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) electrical power facilities. H2S is removed from the syn-gas by reduction to the sulfide ion and hydrogen gas at the cathode. The sulfide ion migrates to the anode through a molten salt electrolyte suspended in an inert ceramic matrix. Once at the anode it is oxidized to elemental sulfur and swept away for condensation in an inert gas stream. The syn-gas is enriched with the hydrogen. Order of magnitude reductions in H2S have been repeatedly recorded (100 ppm to 10 ppm H2S) on a single pass through the cell. This process allows removal of H2S without cooling the gas stream and with negligible pressure loss through the separator. Since there are no absorbents used, there is no absorption/regeneration step as with conventional technology. Elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct directly, so there is no need for a Claus process for sulfur recovery. This makes the process economically attractive since it is much less equipment intensive than conventional technology.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1102-1108 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic voltammetry, in conjunction with the chromatographic analysis of the anode product, has been used to elucidate the reactions occurring during the electrolysis of lithium carbonate-lithium chloride melts. At a carbonate ion concentration of 0.033 mole fraction the peak anodic current densities were 3100 A m−2 on vitreous carbon and 6900 A m−2 on graphite with the product being carbon dioxide. The cathodic reduction of carbonate at low concentrations was found to occur at −1.0 V to −1.2 V vs a Ag/Ag(I) reference electrode which is 1.2 V less negative than the potential at which lithium ions were reduced. Voltammetric studies of the reduction of the carbonate ion indicated that the reaction mechanism involved an irreversible charge transfer.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1124-1132 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is given for calculation of parasitic currents (bypass currents) for a stack of bipolar cells used in molten salt electrolysis. A simplified bypass current calculation was confirmed by the numerical solution of the Laplace equation for Galvani potentials in the interelectrode space and in the free space of the cell stack for the aluminium cell of the ‘Alcoa Smelting Process’ (AlCl3 electrolysis) with 11 bipolar electrodes. Due to the bypass currents the current efficiency of the electrochemical process was lowered to 82%–94%, depending on the height of the stack, i.e. the thickness of the bipolar electrodes. These values were in a good agreement with values obtained on the basis of the simplified approach. The numerical solution of the Laplace equation allowed a detailed description of the influence of the bypass current flow on the current distribution at the edges of the bipolar electrodes.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1139-1145 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of corrosion inhibition of amorphous FeBSiC alloy due to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) in molar HCl is studied through weight loss and electrochemical steady-state and transient measurements. From the comparison of results with those obtained using other ‘triazole’ type-organic compounds, it is shown that ATA is the best inhibitor. ATA acts on the cathodic reaction without changing the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Impedance studies show that ATA acts by formation of a 3D compact and protective adsorbed inhibition film at the metal surface which is similar to a paint or polymer film. A correlation between the inhibition efficiency of ATA and its molecular structure is established. A schematic representation of surface coverage due to different adsorption modes of ATA is presented. The schematic representation proposed explains why the mechanism of hydrogen reduction is the same in the absence and in the presence of ATA.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1153-1157 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An electrochemical cell was specifically designed for testing in situ the quality of surface films formed on the cooling water side of condenser tubes in various situations of technical interest. Standard electrochemical techniques can be easily carried out even with the plant in operation, just requiring a half-reduction of the output. Rest potentials and polarization resistance results, together with cyclic voltammograms are presented. The results are in good agreement with those previously obtained by destructive sampling, mounting and using conventional electrochemical cells.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1164-1169 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) was prepared on a bare platinum electrode by electrooxidation of N-methylaniline in 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl. The PNMA film was more stable to anodic treatment than the polyaniline film. The electric conductivity of the PNMA film was potential dependent. High conductivity appeared only within the potential region where PNMA itself was redox-active. The PNMA filmed electrode showed redox response to dissolved hydroquinone whose redox current was evident within the potential region. Furthermore, the PNMA film behaved as an electrocatalyst for the electrode reaction of hydroquinone. The kinetics of the electrocatalytic reaction were investigated mainly using a rotating disc electrode. The experimental results obtained were analysed by the theory of Albery and Hillman, and the rate constant of the electron cross-exchange transfer between hydroquinone and the redox-active sites in the film (k) was determined and found to be 6.4 × 103 m −1 s−1 at 20° C.
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  • 84
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    Notes: Abstract New quarternary oxides (Li2O) x · MnO2 · yV2O5 (x = 0.125 ∼ 0.25, y = 0.125 ∼ 0.25), formed by heating mixtures of MnO2, NH4VO3 and LiNO3 at various Li/Mn and V/Mn atomic ratios and at different temperatures (300 ∼ 400 °C in air, have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and infrared spectroscopy. The quarternary oxide with x = 0.25 and y = 0.25 showed a discharge capacity of 220 A h (kg oxide)−1 and an energy density of ca. 600 W h (kg oxide)−1 at a current density of 0.20 mA cm−1 in 1 m LiClO4-propylene carbonate at 25 °C. When charge-discharge cycling with the (Li2O) · MnO2 · 0.25V2O5 electrode was performed at a constant capacity of 30 A h (kg oxide)−1 and at a constant current density of 0.10 0.20 mA cm−2, the electrode sustained over 100 cycles at a high mean discharge potential of ca. 3 V vs Li/Li+.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1188-1190 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1194-1195 
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  • 87
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    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of electrochemical methods in purification of synthetic wastewaters containing bisphenol-A has been tested. The role of electrode material and electrolysis parameters have been considered. The kinetics of bisphenol oxidation have been followed using different analytical techniques and a degradation mechanism has been proposed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1133-1138 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the aim of obtaining TiO2 films with increased photoresponse titanium metal was alloyed with bismuth and then directly oxidized. The free energy efficiencies of the Ti-Bi oxide increased four times by increasing the bismuth content up to 10 wt %. The spectral response of the Ti -Bi oxides was slightly shifted toward the visible region with respect to the response of TiO2, and their E g were observed to be in the range 2.87–3.0 eV.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1077-1091 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Advances in electrochemical methods for pollutant remediation, recycling and sensing are reviewed. Additionally, applications of these methods in the drinking water industry, and for disinfection scenarios are discussed. Lastly, new electrode materials for environmental applications are described. In a companion review, photoelectrochemical methods will be discussed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1109-1115 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various process variables on anode passivation in copper electrorefining was investigated by combining conventional electrochemical techniques, laser-based visualization, and digital image processing in a laboratory scale copper electrorefining cell. High current density operation causes early anode passivation; in the range of 0.23 to 1.50 kA m−2, the effect of current density on the onset of passivation was found to be constant. The higher the temperature the longer the time required for the onset of anode passivation. When the electrolyte is circulated, anode passivation occurs earlier than in the absence of circulation, but the effect also depends on the direction of circulation.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1116-1123 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract As a means to illustrate the calculation of an optimal cell-voltage control for a parallel-plate reactor, we determine the time-varying cell voltage that maximizes p-aminophenol produced from the electroreduction of nitrobenzene in a differential-conversion reactor operated in a batch mode; that is, the electrolyte is continuously recirculated from a batch holding tank through the reactor in which a low conversion per pass occurs. A rationale is given for restricting the search for the optimal control for this particular reaction network to a chattering-cell voltage that switches between a priori chosen minimum and maximum values. The optimal, time-varying duty cycle is computed using a gradient-search technique. The predicted concentrations are dependent upon the reaction time; for the conditions examined here, an improvement of twenty-five percent in the production and nine-hundred percent in the selectivity of p-aminophenol may be achieved by using the optimal, time-varying voltage in comparison to the best steady value. Since a chattering control is a mathematical construct, we illustrate that a rectangular, high-frequency waveform may be applied to yield results which are indistinguishable from those effected by a chattering cell voltage. The period of the waveform must be short enough so that surface concentrations are time invariant over it and yet, simultaneously, must be long enough so that double-layer charging does not account for a significant passage of coulombs.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1146-1152 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the application of an anode-support system (AS) and a cationic permselective membrane to the electrolytic production of yellow lead chromate pigment and sodium hydroxide solution in a two-compartment cell. The authors have determined that it is possible to utilize in the process an AISI-316 stainless steel or a titanium mesh basket loaded with lead granules. Under the operating conditions used both the AISI-316 stainless steel and the titanium remain passive and act only as electrical contact between the lead anodic pieces and the external current source. A Nafion® 901 bimembrane (Dupont, USA) is utilized to separate both compartments. Good quality yellow lead chromate and sodium hydroxide solution (50–150 g dm−3) are obtained, with a power requirement of 0.41 kWh (kg PbCrO4)−1.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1158-1163 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of the corrosion of pure aluminium by nitrite and chromate anions in near neutral aqueous chloride solution has been studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, keeping the ionic strength constant by addition of potassium sulphate electrolyte. Negative of the chloride pitting potential impedance spectra show that both anions are successful in reducing corrosion through adsorption, nitrite more than chromate. Positive of this value, nitrite becomes ineffective, whereas chromate remains adsorbed and continues to prevent pitting corrosion, probably through its ability to repair defects in the oxide film. Impedance techniques successfully show the qualitative and quantitative differences between the two inhibitors.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 119-125 
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    Notes: Abstract The oxygen electroreduction reaction was studied on two different preferentially oriented ((111)-type and (100)-type and on a conventional polycrystalline (PC) platinum rotating disc electrodes in acid solutions at 30 °C. At low overpotentials, Tafel lines of −0.060 V decade−1 were obtained on the three electrodes in oxygen-saturated 1.0m H2SO4 and 1.0m H2SO4 + y m K2SO4 (0 ⩽y ⩽ 1). At high over-potentials the usual Tafel slope of -0.120V decade−1 was observed on both (111)-type and PC platinum electrodes in 1.0m H2SO4, whereas a slope of −0.165V decade−1 was found on (100)-type platinum. In oxygen-saturated 1.0m H2SO4 the surface coverage by O-containing adsorbates on (100)-type platinum was greater than on both (111)-type and PC platinum. Rotating ring-disc electrode data showed that a higher amount of H2O2 was produced on (100)-type platinum than on the other platinum surfaces. The overpotential against current density plots are influenced by the anion concentration depending on the type of preferentially oriented platinum.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 139-144 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of mass transfer were measured by the limiting current technique at a smooth and rough inner surface of an annular gas sparged cell in the bubbly regime. Roughness was created by cutting 55°V-threads in the electrode normal to the flow. Mass transfer data at the smooth surface were correlated according to the expression j = 0.126(Fr Re)−0.226 Surface roughness of peak to valley height ranging from 0.25 to 1.5 mm was found to have a negligible effect on the mass transfer coefficient calculated using the true electrode area. The presence of surface active agent (triton) in the solution was found to decrease the mass transfer coefficient by an amount ranging from 5% to 30% depending on triton concentration and superficial air velocity. The reduction in the mass transfer coefficient increased with surfactant concentration and decreased with increasing superficial gas velocity.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 145-148 
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    Notes: Abstract Aluminium/water batteries using hydrogen evolving cathodes are one of the candidate batteries for sub-sea application. However, it is impractical to use parallel plate construction because the significant increase in the anode-cathode gap during long term anodic discharge leads to unacceptable iR losses. A conceptual design, using a dome-shaped configuration, is presented and preliminary tests on a prototype show that such a battery can ensure constant anode-cathode gap and uniform anode dissolution. The energy density of such a battery for a two year period is estimated to be 855 Wh kg−1.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 157-165 
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    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of a gold-plated connector from electronic scrap in aqueous thiourea solution has been investigated. An attempt was made to recover gold from scrap in a nontoxic thiourea medium by an electrochemical method rather than the traditional cyanide process. Linear sweep voltammetry indicated that thiourea extraction of gold is more efficient in acidic solution than in neutral and alkaline. Hydrochloric acid is preferable to control the pH of the solutions; the optimum concentration of thiourea is 2.5% (0.33 m). Analysis of voltammetric data yielded a critical potential (0.40 V vs SCE), which is the upper limit for significant extraction of gold from scrap. Higher potentials should be avoided in practice to prevent decomposition of thiourea and its passivation of the scrap. Electrolysis at constant potential indicated that gold was extracted selectively in the range 0.20–0.30 V vs SCE. Electrolysis at potentials either less than 0.15 V vs SCE or greater than 0.40 V vs SCE is not recommended, because of slow dissolution in the former and severe passivation in the latter.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 179-183 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract As an alternative for the replacement of chromate containing corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in cooling water systems, sodium borogluconate (SBG) has been evaluated by gravimetric and electrochemical methods in water containing 100 p.p.m. Cl− in an open system at ambient temperature. An inhibitor efficiency of 90% has been obtained in the presence of optimum concentration (50 p.p.m.) of SBG alone. However, the inhibition efficiency tends to decrease after 48 h of immersion due to the formation of soluble iron gluconate complexes. The formation of the complex is evident from the shift of the u.v. absorption peaks of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the presence of gluconate ions. To stabilize the inhibitive action of SBG, NO 2 − ions were added in an equal mass ratio and their combined effect was found to be very effective in maintaining inhibition efficiency up to 100 h of immersion.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Co3O4/Ti and NiCo2O4/Ti electrodes were prepared in different ways to investigate the origin of the ohmic losses observed experimentally. In particular, titanium was pretreated in various ways including etching with a HF mixture, and reduction by cathodic hydrogen discharge prior to coating. Different types of commercial titanium and different concentrations of the precursors in solution were also tried. Some electrodes were prepared with a RuO2 interlayer. Nickel and mild steel were also used as supports. Parameters to quantify the ohmic losses were the peak distance in voltammetric curves, and the initial slope and the deviation from linearity of current vs sweep rate plots. The experimental picture corroborates the view that the main component of the ohmic drop comes from the insulating barrier which forms at the support/oxide layer interface. The intrinsic conductivity of spinels does not appear to represent the main problem for thermal layers as usually prepared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 1256-1261 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic voltammetric studies of nitrobenzene and m-dinitrobenzene in 1M H2SO4 on thermally coated Ti/TiO2 electrodes indicate heterogeneous redox catalysis for both these compounds. Significant adsorption and blocking effect of these compounds are noticed at higher concentrations. m-Dinitrobenzene (MDNB) exhibits greater inhibitive adsorption when compared to nitrobenzene. These effects, however, do not significantly influence the yield and current efficiency of the reduction of these two nitro compounds to their corresponding amines. Under optimum experimental conditions yields of over 87% nitrobenzene reduction and over 83% m-dinitrobenzene reduction could be achieved. The electrolyte could also be reused by recovering the amines as their sulphates at lower temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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