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  • Articles  (17,303)
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  • 1990-1994  (12,745)
  • 1950-1954  (2,736)
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  • Technology  (17,303)
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  • Articles  (17,303)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trauma in the Aftermath of Organizational Catastrophe:: The Short- and Long-term Impact on Employees and their Supervisors (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 18-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Literature of trauma in the workplace after an organizationalcatastrophe often focuses on various aspects of a critical incidentwhere data are more readily available because of organizational "pressurepoints" - public relations, technology and the financial impact of adisaster on a corporation. Highlights the fact that external publicrarely express concern or even interest in the mental health of workersin an organization perceived as being responsible for a catastrophe.Provides results from recently published studies that reveal workersexperience some trauma after a critical incident, ranging from milddepression, to the onset of manic disease, to suicidal thoughts.Scrutinizes the impact on departmental and organizational morale,production and sustainability of key projects to comprehend theorganizational behaviour dimension of critical incidents in anappropriate context. Overviews the relationship of organizationalbehaviour to crisis management and analyses the impact of trauma uponworkers at one department of large oil exploration company operating inAlaska. Reaches beyond anecdotal surveys to include an analysis ofemployee turnover in the immediate department of that company after fourworkers had been badly injured in a serious industrial accident. Resultssuggest attention must be paid to stress and trauma by employees whowitness organizational catastrophes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410064985
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring up to Disaster: The Necessity for Valid Baseline Data (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Monitoring air, water and soil contamination by means of animals,plants, fungi and bacteria is increasingly in demand for assessingenvironmental quality, environmental impacts, and health and safety. Itis essential that environmental monitoring by bioassays is crediblybased on standardized procedures and on substantial scientific evidencewhich should include background measurements to establish baseline data.Cites case studies involving the use of organisms for monitoring heavymetals and radionuclides in order to demonstrate such proceduralpre-requisites in environmental surveillance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410076757
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training for the Management of Major Emergencies (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 16-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Looks at major disasters and the steps taken to limit the problems whichhave and may occur, by an adequate training resource. Looks inparticular at oil-rig disasters such as Piper Alpha, Ekofisk, AleksanderKjelland and Ocean Ranger all of which had contributory shortcomingsenhanced by management on-and off-shore. Reinforces the concepts that anemergency response or contingency plan must provide the basis foremergency training, and that training for the 1990s will be insimulators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049621
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are Disasters Really Getting Worse? (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Have disasters become more frequent and more severe? We often assumethat they have but a review of the evidence does not support this view,so far as the oil and chemical industries are concerned. In the 1970sthe size of the chemical industry doubled but the number and frequencyof accidents killing five or more people remained constant. However, inthe 1980s, although the frequency remained the same there were moremajor incidents and more people died. Two forgotten, nineteenth centurydisasters, which resulted, like Hillsborough (1989), from the failure ofcrowd control, are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049649
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why Do We Worry When Scientists Say There Is No Risk? (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: There is sometimes a divergence of opinion between scientists and thegeneral public on the acceptability of the risk associated with anindustrial project. This divergence has sometimes been attributed to alack of understanding of scientific issues on the part of the generalpublic. Attempts to gain acceptance have therefore centred on publiceducation or information campaigns. Scientific assessment of riskconcentrates on the parameters of probability and severity. Thephenomenon of the issue-attention cycle demonstrates, however, thatperceived risk can vary without the probability or severity changing,indicating that there is a third factor which is a major determinant ofperceived or subjective risk. This is the salience of the issue. Thecomplexity of modern society makes it impossible to evaluate all risksobjectively. In everyday life heuristics, or rules of thumb, aretherefore used to evaluate those risks which have the greatest effect inour personal environment. The process of making the public aware of anissue which needs to be evaluated in this way is referred to as "agendasetting".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053905
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An International Company's Approach to Managing Major Incidents (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Assesses the capability of dealing with all the issues resulting from amajor incident. Looks at some ways to develop and improve managementcapability and success in introducing and working with an IncidentCommand System. This also helps company staff to heighten theirawareness of the importance of safety and environmental protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053941
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety Culture, Corporate Culture: Organizational Transformation and the Commitment to Safety (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Draws attention to contextual variables in the development andmanagement of safety cultures. Examines the relationship betweencorporate culture change and safety management and considers theimplications for safety of the manipulation of values and beliefs aspart of corporate motivation. Considers the extent to which thedevelopment of a safety culture is compatible with the development of acorporate culture. Examines the following areas, the pursuit of order,conflict and contradiction, rhetoric and taken-for-granted assumptions,in order to challenge cosmetic approaches to safety management.Indicates the importance of recognizing that some information defiesdata capture and gives attention to the irrational aspects of systems.Isolates issues for management in the perception and promotion of safetyand offers current examples of good practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410065010
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping in the Emergency Context (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Coping style has been examined across a variety of stressful encounters,but surprisingly little is known about coping in the emergency ordisaster context. Examines coping strategies and impact of events inemergency workers who generally have not been exposed to major events inthe course of their emergency role. The profile of scores suggests thatemergency workers are problem-focused and are less inclined to assuageproblems through emotion-focused coping, thus supporting the popularnotion of emergency workers as task-oriented and committed to action.Discusses the extent to which this profile may enhance wellbeing andprevent stress symptoms following emergency events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410076775
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Handling the Press (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Major disasters make very newsworthy stories - not only because they areunusual events but because of the human interest angle. No matter howhorrific the circumstances, the public seems to be fascinated by otherpeople's misfortunes and the press and broadcasting media know it. Themanner of coverage and reporting often leads to criticism that the mediawere intrusive and lacking in sensitivity, as in the live filming of theHillsborough disaster. The press and broadcasting agencies argue thatthey have a right to report and comment on matters of public interest.Moreover, they feel that matters of discretion and good taste should beleft to them. This calls for good relationships between the authoritiesand the media. The aim should be to give accurate information and assistreporters where possible, provided that the judicial process is notcompromised, operations are not hampered and there is no invasion ofprivacy. In return, there are many ways in which the media can help theauthorities, for example by broadcasting messages, providing photographsand newsreel film to assist enquiries and training personnel asspokespersons. Such co-operation is likely to be achieved throughsensible policies and good, workable press arrangements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049630
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Constructive Critique of United Kingdom Emergency Planning (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Emergency planning in the UK is inadequate, disorganized andinefficient. Recent changes have the capacity to worsen the situation byfurther fragmenting the organization while reducing funding at a timewhen it needs to be increased. Suggests reorganization using a centralagency as a controlling and co-ordination organization, and proposesthat this could be achieved without excess additional cost by reducingthe duplication of work currently undertaken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049667
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear Industry Road Emergency Response Plan (NIREP) (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The Nuclear Industry Road Emergency Response Plan is a mutual aid schemeinvolving the major companies in the nuclear industry. The arrangementswere developed to provide a response in the event of an incident oraccident involving the road transport of nuclear material by theparticipants in the scheme. The aim of the scheme is to achieve a rapidand effective response to any incident involving a radioactive packagein transit by road.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053914
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective Responses for Proactive Enterprises: Business Continuity Planning (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the development of Price Waterhouse's business continuityplan. Points out the theory that businesses which are prepared for theworst (cites the Bishopsgate and Baltic Exchange in London, explosions)can survive the heaviest blow whereas those which are not, do not. Theperiod of recovery will therefore be shorter and only minimal impact onbusiness will occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410795623
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Offsite Planning for Nuclear Installations and Incidents Involving Radioactivity: Iodine Prophylaxis - Is this Simply a Problem of Logistics? (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Currently, legislation relating to hazardous sites is becoming morerigorous, with the exception of nuclear installations and these arebeing addressed. A particular facet of accidents at nuclearinstallations involving radioactivity is potassium iodate prophylaxis asa counter measure. Effective distribution of stable iodine is important,with early issue to an affected populace critical. Present arrangementsare unsatisfactory in that the Police Service is the principal agencyfor such distribution, with other agencies, for example the HealthService, acting in support. There is limited pre-distribution todesignated sites, but the practice varies throughout the country.Considerable thought has been given to the matter of an effectivedistribution process with the possibility shortly of guidance. It isunclear what arrangements will be in the future for this distributionand the matter will have to be treated with considerable care, bearingin mind the sensitivity of this subject as far as the public isconcerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049658
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-ordination and Disaster Response in the United Kingdom (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 66-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Co-ordination is seen as a key element in UK disaster-response planning,although the term is used synonymously with co-operation and liaison byboth the Home Office and the organizations involved. This lack ofclarity shows the ad hoc nature of both the legislation and managementpractices governing the response. Argues that, as a result,co-ordination may be an inappropriate goal; co-operation may bepreferable and more accessible. Highlights key elements influencingcurrent trends, together with practical and theoretical issues from themove towards a simplified response. Concludes that co-ordination byfeedback will continue to dominate because it is in accord with pastpractice. This will ensure that co-ordination is both confined tospecific functions and used as a general exhortation, even thoughco-operation may be a more accurate description of the key element in UKdisaster response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049685
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flood Management: Bradford Paper (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 44-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In February 1990 severe storms hit most of Britain, and in Towyn, aseaside resort in North Wales - the effects were dramatic. The force ofthe sea caused a breach in the sea defences which resulted inlarge-scale flooding affecting in the region of 2,400 properties andcausing in the biggest evacuation to take place in Britain since thewar. The disaster had not been anticipated by the local authority and noone had experience of dealing with this scale of event. As with mostdisasters, a large number of people were involved and scores oforganizations carried out a multitude of tasks under difficultcircumstances. Many of the problems were long-term, especially thosedealing with stress and aftercare. Despite the complexity and scale ofthe tasks the local authority, working with other organizations,successfully dealt with this disaster. Addresses some of the manyproblems faced at Towyn and examines the management systems and networksystems which evolved to deal with this event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053932
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Psychiatric Admissions and the Gulf War (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Between 18 January and 28 February 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles atIsraeli cities in 19 separate attacks. They caused extensive propertydamage but fewer casualties than anticipated. Statistical evidence ofserious psychiatric reactions to the war experience both immediately andafter a delay of several months is sought, based on official Ministry ofHealth morbidity records for psychiatric facilities over the thee-yearperiod, 1990-1992. Psychiatric admissions data produced no statisticalsupport for the thesis that the Gulf War and missile attacks causedextensive long-term stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410064994
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applying NIMH-FEMA Formulas to the Gulf War in Israel: Needs Assessment for Psychosocial Services in Emergencies (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 6-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Estimating the needs for psychosocial intervention in the wake of massemergencies is closely linked to the sharp controversy over theemotional impact of traumatic events. Briefly reviews some of the majorpositions on this issue to provide background for main discussion. Inthe USA especially, there have been attempts to incorporateepidemiological-community-oriented indicators of impact and not to relyexclusively on clinical diagnosis. There are still questions aboutthese formulas. Despite limitations of the predictive formulas,learning from these attempts in another country could contribute toimproving Israeli emergency psychosocial services, should they again berequired. Such formulations could also be developed through applicationto various circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000003874
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Offshore Safety Management Systems: Current Practice and a Prescription for Change (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 33-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Safety performance on the UK continental shelf is normally of a highstandard, although there are still many "minor" accidents. However, acomparative analysis reveals that major disasters in the North Sea haveforced up fatality statistics, indicating that there is a need forimprovement. The Cullen Report on the Piper Alpha disaster and theensuing Safety Case Regulations are evaluated in light of safetyperformance. While the regulations are a major step in the rightdirection, apparently there are gaps in the provision. Such gaps cannotbe filled solely by following the principles of total qualitymanagement. Problems with the regulations include the fundamentalapproach to public inquiries, the problems of objective versusprescriptive regulations, technological bias, the behaviour ofmanagement and management systems, communication problems, difficultieswith quantitative risk assessment, key concepts within the regulations(ALARP and acceptance), change management, the nature of safetymanagement systems and ignoring the natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410065001
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crisis Management and Management Strategy-Time to "Loop the Loop"? (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 59-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines a progression of theoretical and practical approaches to thejob of strategic leadership and explains why these approaches are bothmanagers and creators of increasingly chaotic and dangerousorganizational/societal situations. Argues that a new paradigm formanagement strategy is required-one which underpins behaviour ofopposing dimensions to the existing mainstream paradigm for managementbut which also harnesses beneficial aspects of the traditional paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410795632
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How Do We Handle Emergency Information in Our Borough? (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 42-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Observes one local borough's handling of emergency information in casesof crisis. Looks at the organizational aspects and in particular to howspecialized personnel can be brought into play - using a control centreand a liaison controller. Goes on to show how this would be used and thetasks of the principles involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049612
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Local Government to the New Risks (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Compares the different types of local authorities within the UnitedKingdom and the various duties imposed on them by statute or morals.Outlines the history of emergency planning in general and shows howlocal authorities become involved. Reviews the facilities and supportavailable to the emergency services from these authorities. Detailsthese in departmental form, including Works and Services; Education;Welfare and Social Services; Libraries; Housing; and EnvironmentalHealth. Outlines the services provided: supply of transport, equipment,plant and personnel; the identification, designation and preparation ofpremises for use as survivor reception, rest, relatives, or mediacentres or as temporary mortuaries; and the provision of trauma andbereavement counselling and co-ordination of volunteer services.Concludes with a discussion of the restoration phase: the setting up andmanagement of trust funds; siting and erection of memorials; andre-establishment of the incident site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410049676
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CIMAH and the Environment (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 28-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The UK's Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH)Regulations 1984 implement the European Communities "Seveso" Directive(82/501/EEC). Central to these regulations are requirements formanufacturers in control of qualifying activities which meet certainindicative criteria or involve specific dangerous substances in anindustrial activity to provide evidence which identifies the majoraccident hazards from their activities and which shows that they havetaken adequate steps to prevent such major accidents and to limit theirconsequences to people and the environment. Provides background to apresentation at "Disaster '93" which will outline the environmentalaspects of CIMAH with particular reference to the technical difficultiesand current research work involved in the assessment of major accidentsto the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053923
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergency Operating Centre Response to Media Blame Assignation: A Case Study of an Emergent EOC (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A three-person field team devoted four days to gathering data inAndover, Kansas, USA, after a tornado devastated the Golden Spur MobileHome Park on 26 April 1991. They sought to assess the extent to whichthe media's reporting of the local emergency management team's responseto the disaster influenced the team's subsequent decisions. Theresearchers functioned as participant observers in the emergencyoperating centre (EOC), informally interviewed principal EOC members andmedia personnel, and obtained copies of media news stories (televisionand newspaper) which reported on the organizational response to thedisaster. Assesses the observation and interview data as well as thecontent analysis of the news stories and suggests that the EOC teamdevoted a considerable portion of their time to responding to thenegative press they received centring around two issues: pre-impactwarning and post-impact debris clearance. Some of the media's newsstories sought to engage in blame assignation. The EOC members devotedtime to developing strategies to control the media damage and changedsome decisions they had made in response to the media's criticism. Therelevant disaster research literature is utilized to explain theresponse of the EOC personnel and the media. Reliance on normal timeroles explains the EOC response to blame assignation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410064976
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    The Development of UK and European Major Hazards Legislation and the Review of the Seveso Directive: The Implications for Industry (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 8-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes the development of major hazard controls, first domesticallyin the UK and more recently in the European Community. Traces UKdevelopments are traced from the early concerns of the 1960s, theFlixborough disaster and the work of the Advisory Committee on MajorHazards on which the current philosophy for controlling major hazards isbased. Describes in detail the evolution of European Communitylegislation from the Seveso Directive to the proposed new Directive forthe control of major accident hazards (COMAH). The proposed COMAHDirective will be considered in the CEC's Environment Working Group andEnvironment Council over the coming months. If these negotiations aresuccessful in reaching common position by the end of 1994, the newDirective is likely to be adopted by the Council of Ministers in 1995.The UK will have to implement the new Directive within 18 months of itsadoption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410053897
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Management and Damage Mitigation at IAT '94 (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 32-40 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes the emergency management structure created for theInternational Air Tattoo '94 at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire.Describes the table-top discussion and live exercise which preceded theevent, to ensure that adequate procedures were in place should a majorincident occur. Discusses lessons learned from the live exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410076784
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socio-technical Disasters: Profile and Prevalence (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 3 (1994), S. 41-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines socio-technical disasters, particularly during the 1980s and1990s, listing the organizational situations in which they occur andsingling out Hillsborough (football) and Kesworth (aeroplane) fordetailed treatment. Deals with various aspects of the socio-technicaldisaster: the disaster sequence; signals and triggers; the extensivedamage to human life and the physical environment; the large economicand social costs; responses to and resolution of crises, among others.After discussing the simple and complex causes of socio-technicaldisasters, urges management to learn from past disasters and makeorganizational changes. Concludes that this type of disaster willcontinue in the 1990s in ordinary organizations which are potentiallysocio-technically disaster-prone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569410076766
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    Beyond the House of Quality: Dynamic QFD (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes a dynamic approach to quality function deployment (QFD) thattranslates customer wants and needs into relevant product and processparameters. Using feedback loops, this new approach incorporates updatedcustomer satisfaction data and dynamically links evolving requirementsdirectly back into manufacturing and related processes. Updated customerrequirements "peg" the key parameters in statistical process controlcharts. Introduces the concept, illustrates the mechanics of theapproach, and describes how it benefited an IBM assembly plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410056868
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    Benchmarking: The Best Tool for Measuring Competitiveness (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Argues that benchmarking is much more fundamental to strategic thinkingthan other tools relied upon thus far by senior managers in theirdecision-making processes. Argues that for benchmarking to be effectiveit has to be closely linked to total quality management programmes inplace. Strongly recommends that the focal point has to be onunderstanding process and behaviour (i.e. the means/enablers) beforeasking questions about results (i.e. the outcomes). Unless such adiscipline is established, results can only be considered as absolutesand as such are not useful in telling us why differences take place.Benchmarking works inwards by helping organizations set desired goalsand objectives and set about achieving them through continuousimprovement activities. Proposes an implementation strategy forbenchmarking based on 16 steps. In addition highlights some factorswhich are considered to be critical if the practice of benchmarking isto lead to any results. Provides some guidelines on ensuring thatbenchmarking remains a powerful strategic tool.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410056859
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    Benchmarking Quality Management Practices in India (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 5-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The main objective of this research is to study the quality managementpractices of Indian manufacturing organizations. Presents the resultsof a survey conducted among the chief operating officers of medium-andlarge-size Indian manufacturing companies. Presents an analysis of thesurvey results. The survey investigated several qualitymanagement-related issues including adherence to the "quality isfree" philosophy, causes of poor quality, quality performance, efforts toimprove quality and status of ISO 9000 certification among the Indiancompanies. Compares also quality practices in India with industrializednations such as Japan, USA, Germany and Canada.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410063310
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    Achieving Competitive Advantages of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 42-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Change is an essential business trait. Manufacturing particularly istransforming at an unprecedented pace. Adopting effective managementpractices, capable of keeping pace with the changing technologicalenvironment, is particularly important to success in global markets.Manufacturers employing advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) areoften more flexible than their traditional counter-parts since AMTpermits the integration of product design and production processes.Consequently, this synergistic effect facilitates achievement ofworld-class manufacturing objectives. Despite obvious advantages, sparseresearch exists concerning achieving AMT competitive advantages. Toincorporate AMT organizationally, management must be cognizant of therequirements for successful AMT implementation. Provides managerialrequirements for successfully achieving AMT competitive advantages.Assuming management understands the "how" of doing things right andincorporates the necessary corporate cultural changes to embrace AMT,manufacturing strategic planning can lead the organization towards"what" are the right things to pursue. Therefore, strategic planning isgiven substantial consideration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410063329
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    Developing Innovation Benchmarks: An Empirical Study (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 3-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Benchmarking against industry averages or high performance organizationscan be useful for most companies to improve products and processes,including strategic planning, forecasting marketing trends, andinternal operation. Company innovation is also widely recognized as acritical process for company survival and growth. As businessglobalization and competition increase, company innovativeness hasbecome essential for success. Analyses company innovativeness from apractical perspective, in terms of the activities and mechanismsnecessary for companies to seek, evaluate, implement and foster thedevelopment of new ideas. The results provide strong empirical evidencethat company innovation is a major determinant of company businessperformance. Because most benchmarking schemes are industry-specific,focuses on the manufacturing industry. Provides a first attempt atdeveloping an industry-wide average for company innovativeness whichbusiness managers can use to gauge their company's performance along thevarious activities required to innovate. Managers can then focus theirattention on why their respective organizations vary from the industryaverages regarding specific items.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410073283
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    D2D: A Quality Winner's Approach to Benchmarking (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 21-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Design to Distribution Ltd (D2D) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the ICLgroup. It gained this status in 1993, having previously been ICLManufacturing Division. Since 1991 it has strategically penetrated thecontract manufacturing market and now aims to provide a totalelectronics manufacturing service to external customers. It hasdeveloped a total solution capacity whereby it is able to offer itscustomers expertise, advanced manufacturing technology, and purchasingpower to enable them to release their capital and resources toconcentrate on their core competences. D2D have an established totalquality culture and have benefited significantly from the resultantenhanced customer satisfaction and reduced cost of non-conformance. Itconstantly searches for process improvement tools and benchmarking isone tool D2D employs. However, D2D has concentrated benchmarking effortson results-driven studies carried out by consultants. Although thisprovides a useful introduction to benchmarking, the next step for D2D toachieve its goal of worldwide competitiveness is a more process-drivenapproach. Reviews the construction of benchmarking projects previouslycarried out by D2D and suggests a tool to help overcome one of the mainpitfalls of process-driven benchmarking, that of appropriate processselection.
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    Investing in Advanced Manufacturing Technology: Comparing Australia and the United Kingdom (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 24-41 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Compares the findings of a survey conducted in Australia and the UnitedKingdom which investigated issues concerning investments in advancedmanufacturing technologies (AMTs). Responses were received from 61companies in Australia (37.9 per cent response rate) and 67 companies inthe United Kingdom (44.7 per cent response rate). Respondents in bothcountries represented around ten different industrial sectors and variedin size from less than 100 employees to more than 10,000 employees.Respondents reported investment in one or more AMTs with aroundtwo-thirds of the investment in the range £250,000 to £500,000 andA$500,000 to A$10m respectively in the two countries. The comparisonshows some interesting similarities and differences between Australiaand the UK. These are in the types of technologies implemented,financial appraisal methods used, training in AMT and productionmanagement, perceived benefits of AMTs, difficulties of implementingAMTs and the respondents' role in formulating various strategies.Discusses the similarities and differences in the above areas in somedetail and argues why some of the differences exist.
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    A Perspective on Benchmarking: Gregory H. Watson in conversation with the Editor (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An interview with the Editor in which Gregory Watson was asked to givehis perspective on some of the issues on benchmarking. Addresses thebasics of benchmarking.
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    Total Quality: Teamsmanship over Leadership (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 38-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Total quality management sharply modifies management itself. As teamsand teamwork take root, leadership idolatry fades in importance.Teamsmanship requires breaking vertical and horizontal barriers thatstand in the way of quick, high-quality customer service. Managementtools helpful in barrier-busting include team-building, cross-training,job rotation, cross-careering, project teams, and re-engineering. Whilethese tools are in wide use, companies often misapply or weakly applythem. Examples are given of how some companies use these tools in waysthat effectively enhance teamsmanship. Teamsmanship also feeds oninformation, which must be widely shared. In most Western cultures,however, people tend jealously to guard their own knowledge andpersonally acquired information. Organizations must employ systematicdevices that promote information sharing. Among the better known suchdevices are benchmarking and quality function deployment. Also useful,but less familiar, are common files and the "star system". As applied by asmall number of organizations, these techniques can become effectivetools of teamsmanship.
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    Measuring the Quality of Services: The Use of Internal Climate (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Attempts to illustrate how an internal climate survey can be used as ameasurement tool to assess the level of quality in the service sector.Internal climate should ideally be determined by examining across-section of an organization. In an empirical study of two publicmental health and mental retardation (MHMR) agencies, middle managerswere initially believed to be more resistant to the introduction of aquality improvement process than line workers. Two hypotheses regardinginternal climate among different levels of employees were tested.Results from this study provided insight for top managers of both publicagencies to facilitate their total quality management processes.
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    The Relationship between Quality Management Practices, Infrastructure and Fast Product Innovation (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 48-64 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As the size of the global competitive arena increases, manufacturershave been striving to find new means for achieving and sustaining acompetitive advantage. Fast product innovation is a strategy which hasgained popularity in recent years, particularly in Japan. Deals withtwo assertions: (1) fast cycle innovation will be most effective when itis pursued in conjunction with a quality strategy; and (2) there is anorganizational infrastructure that provides the environment whichsupports the simultaneous achievement of fast cycle innovation and highquality. Using data from 42 Japanese and US plants in three industriesin the US, discriminant analysis determined the key quality,organization, human resource management and JIT characteristics whichseparated faster product innovators from slower product innovators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410056886
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    Total Quality Design: An Approach for Customer Satisfaction in Critical Advanced Technologies (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 65-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Composites are prime examples of technology moving faster than theunderlying science. Faced with increasing global competitiveness, theissues of high cost, product robustness and long lead times associatedwith product development are emerging in the forefront of problemsfacing emerging and existing performance-critical industries, such as inthe area of advanced materials. However, the mere use of the newparadigms or philosophies, such as concurrent engineering, isinsufficient to guarantee successful completion of the productrealization process (PRP). Planning for competitiveness and quality asan integral part of the programme goals and decision process is a key tosuccess. It is essential that clear plans be developed and measurableattributes of performance be identified as early in the design processas possible. The approach described herein provides the framework forsuccessful implementation of an integrated decision-production systemwithin the basic definition of Total Quality Management (TQM). Discussesthe five elements critical to the success of a new technology orproduct: definition; requirements; benchmarking; concepts; and review.
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    Best Practice Quality Management in Pathology: Results of a Benchmarking Study (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 64-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents the results of a study which was undertaken to establish bestpractice in the management of a pathology department through bestpractice. The study was carried out in two stages: an in-depth analysisof the pathology department through a SWOT analysis and in-depthinterviews with 25 key internal and external customers, and a survey ofNHS laboratories both in the UK and Ireland by targeting a sample ofconsultant pathologists in 50 random locations - the purpose of thisquestionnaire was an attempt at establishing best practice in pathologyquality management. The study revealed that in pathology there iscurrently a major dependency on quality control that reflects acompliance to set standards laid down by professional bodies. It alsoidentified a poor understanding of customer needs and expectations, amechanistic culture which is resistant to change, and a reluctance bypathology managers to delegate ownership for ongoing quality improvementor to take responsibility for quality improvement issues such as wastereduction and cost improvement. Concludes with a set of recommendationsgeared towards helping managers of pathology services to deal withissues such as cost of quality, listening to customers, empoweringemployees and getting the job done right the first time and every time.
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    Integrating Total Quality Management in the Adoption of New Technologies (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 1 (1994), S. 52-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses how appropriate technologies can be selected in order to facethe quality challenge. Identifies the multitude of factors thatinfluence such selection and uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and quality function deployment (QFD) to analyse thetechnology-selection problem. Presents and considers a new philosophy ofquality - strategic total quality management - in this selectionprocess.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779410073300
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    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
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    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
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    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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    Robust optimal design using a second-order tolerance model (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Optimization ; Robust design ; Tolerances ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a general, quantitative method for developing designs that are robust to variation in design variables and parameters. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of uncertain quantities about nominal values. We specifically address the case where input variations are assumed to be random variables that are normally distributed. The method incorporates a second-order tolerance model as part of a nonlinear optimization process. The second-order tolerance model makes it possible to estimate the skewness of function distributions, which are modeled with a three-parameter gamma distribution. We apply the method to determine robust designs for 11 test cases that span a variety of problems; robustness is verified with Monte Carlo simulation. The method enables a designer to understand and account for the effects of tolerances, making it possible to build robustness into an engineering design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588089
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    A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Design management ; Design process improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This research is aimed at structuring complex design projects in order to develop better products more quickly. We use a matrix representation to capture both the sequence of and the technical relationships among the many design tasks to be performed. These relationships define the “technical structure” of a project, which is then analyzed in order to find alternative sequences and/or definitions of the tasks. Such improved design procedures offer opportunities to speed development progress by streamlining the inter-task coordination. After using this technique to model design processes in several organizations, we have developed a design management strategy which focuses attention on the essential information transfer requirements of a technical project.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588087
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    Testing the hypothesis law of design: The case of the Britannia Bridge (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 38-57 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Britannia Bridge ; Design laws ; Design process ; Design reasoning ; Hypotheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper, Dasgupta[6] has claimed to have identified two universal, qualitativelaws of design. Of these, one is called thehypothesis law, which states that: “A design process that reaches termination does so through one or more cycles of hypothesis creation, testing and (if necessary) modification.” This law was arrived at from arguments based on a model of the design process at the “knowledge level”[9] and on the concept of “bounded rationality”[15]. In the present article we describe an extensiveempirical test of the hypothesis law using an important historical case study. The case in question is the design, conducted between 1844 and 1847, of the Britannia Bridge which spanned the Menai Straits in Wales. Using published records of the project as the basis for our evidence, we shall show that the design process followed in this project strongly corroborates the hypothesis law.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588090
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    Qualitative reasoning and the representation of fundamental principles in structural engineering (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Qualitative reasoning is a methodology for deriving the behavior of a device from a declarative representation of relevant fundamental principles and a high-level description of the device. This article and its companion present a qualitative reasoning framework, named the space-centered framework, for reasoning about the behavior of structural systems subjected to loads. The framework includes a representation of the topology and geometry of a structure, and the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility and force-deformation relationships. A parameter, such as a displacement or an internal force, is represented qualitatively by its algebraic sign and its relationship in magnitude with other parameters in the model. Component qualitative states incorporate the fundamental principles for a class of components, such as frame members or supports. The conjugate analogy between the equilibrium and compatibility laws is recognized in the representation. Processes acting between components represent fundamental principles of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. A companion paper presents the inference strategy for the space-centered framework and its application to qualitative analysis of conceptual designs of structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579984
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    A referential scheme for modeling and identifying spatial attributes of entities in constructed facilities (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 142-168 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Geometric modeling ; AEC ; CAD/CAE ; Facility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a referential scheme for representing and identifying the spatial extent of physical entities of constructed facilities, such as buildings and offshore structures. Using the basic operations of a non-manifold geometric modeler, a set of high-level algebraic operations is defined. The scheme and its algebra are used for modeling the spatial attributes of a facility entity at two levels: primary and secondary. The primary representation uniquely captures an entity's spatial attributes at the “skeletal” level and is used mainly for identifying discipline-independent topological relationships of that entity with others. Secondary representations, on the other hand, are used to provide an entity's discipline-specific geometric attributes. The topological relationships and geometric attributes of facility entities thus need not be explicitly stored, but can be computed on demand by the underlying non-manifold modeler.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607276
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    Automatically deriving behavior constraints for performance variables in mechanical design (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 85-102 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Analysis ; Behavior derivation ; Constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generation of the behavioral constraint equations needed for analysis in the mechanical design synthesis-analysis iteration loop is currently based on approaches that model the behavior of an entire system or subsystem of the design. This paper presents a general approach to constraint derivation that is localized around design performance variables. The approach consists of an amenable design configuration representation, a standard format for representing behavior knowledge, and an algorithm that builds a constraint network that can be used to solve for the performance variables by applying behavioral knowledge to the configuration. The algorithm works outward from the initial performance variables, creating new performance variables as required, and processing only those behavior laws and components of the design needed to obtain a solution. It can take design variables (known conditions or variable parameters) into account, takes advantage of the part-subpart hierarchy in the configuration, can exploit previous solutions, and can detect indeterminacy that is sometimes caused by simplifying assumptions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579986
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    Conceptual robustness in simultaneous engineering: An extension of Taguchi's parameter design (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 211-222 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Simultaneous engineering ; Concurrent engineering ; Robust design ; Distributed optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous engineering processes involve multifunctional teams; team members simultaneously make decisions about many parts of the product-production system and aspects of the product life cycle. This paper argues that such simultaneous distributed decisions should be based on communications about sets of possibilities rather than single solutions. By extending Taguchi's parameter design concepts, we develop a robust and distributed decision-making procedure based on such communications. The procedure shows how a member of a design team can make appropriate decisions based on incomplete information from the other members of the team. More specifically, it (1) treats variations among the designs considered by other members of the design team asconceptual noise; (2) shows how to incorporate such noises into decisions that are robust against these variations; (3) describes a method for using the same data to provide preference information back to the other team members; and (4) provides a procedure for determining whether to release theconceptually robust design or to wait for further decisions by others. The method is demonstrated by part of a distributed design process for a rotary CNC milling machine. While Taguchi's approach is used as a starting point because it is widely known, these results can be generalized to use other robust decision techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608400
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    Feedback stabilization of a hybrid PDE-ODE system: Application to an overhead crane (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Asymptotic stabilization ; Boundary control ; Distributed parameter systems ; Hybrid system ; Lyapunov approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the feedback stabilization of a hybrid PDE-ODE system which models an overhead crane with a flexible cable. The well-posedness of the closed-loop system is established, and asymptotic stabilization is proved, using LaSalle's Invariance Principle, for a class of nonlinear feedback laws. Estimates of the rate of decay are provided for a simplified model. Illustrative simulations are displayed.
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    Nilpotent bases for a class of nonintegrable distributions with applications to trajectory generation for nonholonomic systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 58-75 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nilpotent vector fields ; Nonholonomic control systems ; Trajectory generation
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a constructive method for finding a nilpotent basis for a special class of smooth nonholonomic distributions. The main tool is the use of the Goursat normal form theorem which arises in the study of exterior differential systems. The results are applied to the problem of finding a set of nilpotent input vector fields for a nonholonomic control system, which can then be used to construct explicit trajectories to drive the system between any two points. A kinematic model of a rolling penny is used to illustrate this approach. The methods presented here extend previous work using the “chained form” and cast that work into a coordinate-free setting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211485
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    Small-gain theorem for ISS systems and applications (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 95-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Input-to-state stability ; Nonlinear systems ; Partial-state feedback ; Global stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a concept of input-to-output practical stability (IOpS) which is a natural generalization of input-to-state stability proposed by Sontag. It allows us to establish two important results. The first one states that the general interconnection of two IOpS systems is again an IOpS system if an appropriate composition of the gain functions is smaller than the identity function. The second one shows an example of gain function assignment by feedback. As an illustration of the interest of these results, we address the problem of global asymptotic stabilization via partial-state feedback for linear systems with nonlinear, stable dynamic perturbations and for systems which have a particular disturbed recurrent structure.
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    Interconnections and symmetries of linear differential systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 167-186 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Feedback ; Interconnection ; Linear system ; Reductive group ; Symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the interplay between control problems and symmetries in the context of linear systems. In particular, we establish sufficient conditions under which it is possible to control a symmetric system in order to make it achieve control objectives, without “breaking” its symmetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211472
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    Feedback linearization and driftless systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 235-254 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Feedback linearization ; Dynamic immersion ; Driftless systems ; Pfaffian systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of dynamic feedback linearization is recast using the notion of dynamic immersion. We investigate here a “generic” property which holds at every point of a dense open subset, but may fail at some points of interest, such as equilibrium points. Linearizable systems are then systems that can be immersed into linear controllable ones. This setting is used to study the linearization of driftless systems: a geometric sufficient condition in terms of Lie brackets is given; this condition is also shown to be necessary when the number of inputs equals two. Though noninvertible feedbacks are nota priori excluded, it turns out that linearizable driftless systems with two inputs can be linearized using only invertible feedbacks, and can also be put into a chained form by (invertible) static feedback. Most of the developments are done within the framework of differential forms and Pfaffian systems.
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    Liapunov functions and stability criteria for nonlinear systems with multiple critical eigenvalues (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 255-278 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear control ; Liapunov ; Critical ; Relaxed ; D-stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Efficient criteria are derived via explicit construction of Liapunov functions for local asymptotic stability inference of nonlinear systems, whose linearizations possessc ≥ 2 critical modes at an equilibrium point. The stability criteria are obtained in the context of two novel notions, relaxed definiteness and relaxed stability. A real symmetricc×c matrixQ isrelaxed negative definite ifw TQw〈0 for any 0≠wεℜ + c , ℜ+=[0, ∞); a matrixR isrelaxed stable if there is aP〉0 such thatPR+R TP is relaxed negative definite. The construction leads to some characterizations of the nonlinear system's local structure,in the sense of Liapunov, and the so-called stability characteristic matrices and tensors. It is shown that a nonlinear system with multiple critical modes is locally asymptotically stable generically if the stability characteristic matrix is relaxed stable and less generically if the stability characteristic tensor is trivial or degenerate in certain way and the perturbed stability characteristic matrix is relaxed stable.
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    Decentralized sequential detection with sensors performing sequential tests (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 292-305 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Decentralized detection ; Sequential analysis ; Dynamic programming ; Distributed decision making ; Optimal stopping rules ; Stochastic teams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A decentralized sequential detection problem is considered where a set of sensors making independent observations must decide which of the given two hypotheses is true. Decision errors are penalized through a common cost function, and each time step taken by the sensors as a team is assigned a positive cost. It is shown that optimal sensor decision functions can be found in the class ofgeneralized sequential probability ratio tests (GSPRTs) with monotonically convergent thresholds. A technique is presented for obtaining the optimal thresholds. The performance of the optimal policy is compared with that of a policy which uses SPRTs at each of the sensors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211521
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    Approximation algorithm for an infinite-dimensional operator equation XL−BX=C (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 76-93 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Infinite-dimensional Sylvester equation ; Inverse problem ; Approximation algorithm ; Parabolic feedback systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study an infinite-dimensional operator equation XL−BX=C in a separable Hilbert space. The equation arises in the stabilization study of general linear parabolic systems, where the operatorsL, B, and C are coefficient operators describing a feedback control system. The solution to the stabilization naturally leads to an approximation problem of the operator equation. In this paper we propose a concrete algorithm for the approximation with the prescribed convergence rate when the closed operatorL is self-adjoint or more generally a spectral operator with compact resolvent.
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    Stochastic averaging analysis of a steepest-descent-type adaptive time-delay estimation algorithm (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 121-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Averaging analysis ; Time-delay estimation ; Adaptive algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper stochastic averaging analysis tools are used to study an adaptive time-delay estimation algorithm. Analyzing such an algorithm is very difficult because of its nonlinear, infinite-dimensional, and time-variant nature. By stochastic averaging analysis, we show that for the time-invariant delay case, the adaptive algorithm output converges weakly to the solution of an ordinary differential equation. Local convergence is demonstrated by showing that the solution of this differential equation converges exponentially to the true delay under reasonable initial conditions. Implementation of the algorithm is also discussed. Guided by the averaging results, a modified algorithm is proposed to eliminate the bias of the delay estimation. Second-order analysis is carried out and the results provide a theoretical justification of the observations made by other researchers with simulation and heuristic argument. Computer simulations are also included to support the analysis.
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    A time-varying Beurling-Lax theorem and a related interpolation problem (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 148-166 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Time-varying systems ; Beurling-Lax theorem ; Sarason interpolation ; Krein spaces ; Causality ; Interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article concerns linear time-varying interpretations of the Beurling-Lax-Ball-Helton theorem and of Sarason's interpolation problem. The former characterizes shift-invariantH 2 (Krein) subspaces. Unilateral shift invariance reflects both causality and time invariance. Removing the stationarity requirement, a generalized theorem provides a characterization of certain causal subspace families Mt ⊂L2(t, ∞), t ε ℝ. Sarason's interpolation problem is interpreted here as a search for a (close to) minimal induced norm system, given causal input-output specifications. The Beurling-Lax theorem helps in identifying admissible specification classes. The problem is then reduced to and solved in terms of a linear time-varying Nehari problem. Technically, developments are based on timedomain, state-space methods.
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    On the stabilization of controllable and observable systems by an output feedback law (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 187-216 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Stabilization ; Controllability ; Observability ; Output feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For control systems which can be locally stabilized in small time by means of a dynamic periodic time-varyingstate feedback law, we give a sufficient condition on Lie derivatives of the output for local stabilization in small time by means of a dynamic periodic time-varyingoutput feedback law. If the system is analytic our sufficient condition is also necessary.
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    The computational complexity of approximating the minimal perturbation scaling to achieve instability in an interval matrix (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 279-291 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Computational complexity ; Approximation complexity ; Robust stability ; Interval matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An interval matrix can be represented in terms of a “center” matrix and a nonnegative error matrix, specifying maximum elementwise perturbations from the center matrix. A commonly proposed robust stability (regularity) characterization for an interval matrix with a stable (nonsingular) center matrix identifies the minimum scaling of this error matrix for which instability (singularity) is achieved. In this paper it is shown that approximating this minimum scaling is a MAX-SNP-hard problem. This implies that in the general case, unless the class of deterministic polynomial-time decision problems, P, equals the class of nondeterministic polynomial-time decision problems, NP, thought to be highly unlikely, this minimum scaling cannot be approximated with a ratio arbitrarily close to unity in polynomial time.
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    Singular extremals on Lie groups (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 217-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Singular extremals ; Characteristics ; Lie group ; Nonholonomic distribution ; Differential forms ; Sub-Riemannian geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the space of singular curves associated to a distribution ofk-planes, or, what is the same thing, a nonlinear deterministic control system linear in controls. A singular curve is one for which the associated linearized system is not controllable. If a quadratic positive-definite cost function is introduced, then the corresponding optimal control problem is known as the sub-Riemannian geodesic problem. The original motivation for our work was the question “Are all sub-Riemannian minimizers smooth?” which is equivalent to the question “Are singular minimizers necessarily smooth?” Our main result concerns the singular curves for a class of homogeneous systems whose state spaces are compact Lie groups. We prove that for this class each singular curve lies in a lower-dimensional subgroup within which it is regular and we use this result to prove that all sub-Riemannian minimizers are smooth. A central ingredient of our proof is a symplectic-geometric characterization of singular curves formulated by Hsu. We extend this characterization to nonsmooth singular curves. We find that the symplectic point of view clarifies the situation and simplifies calculations.
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    Embedding of time-varying contractive systems in lossless realizations (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 306-330 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Lossless embedding ; Linear time-varying systems ; Riccati difference equation ; Bounded real lemma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The lossless embedding problem, also known as the Darlington synthesis or unitary extension problem, considers the extension of a given contractive system to become the partial input-output operator of a lossless system. In this paper the embedding problem is solved for discrete-time time-varying systems with finite but possibly time-varying state dimensions, for the strictly contractive as well as the boundary case. The construction is done in a state space context and gives rise to a time-varying Riccati difference equation which is shown to have a closed-form solution. As a corollary, a discrete-time Bounded Real Lemma is formulated, linking contractiveness of an input-output operator to conditions on its state realization.
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    On the stability of slowly time-varying linear systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 331-350 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Time-varying systems ; Linear systems ; Stability ; Stochastic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract New conditions are given in both deterministic and stochastic settings for the stability of the system x=A(t)x when A(t) is slowly varying. Roughly speaking, the eigenvalues of A(t) are allowed to “wander” into the right half-plane as long as “on average” they are strictly in the left half-plane.
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    The use of best design practices: An analysis of US navy contractors (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Best practice ; Case study ; Product development process ; Strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid and successful introduction of new products is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage for manufacturing firms. Organizations need to identify and manage those critical elements of the product development process (PDP) that have a positive influence on new product success. This research identifies the distinctive product development and design practices, policies and tools currently followed by companies (Navy contractors) that participated in an empirical research study known as the Best Manufacturing Practices Program. A summary of practices reported in the case studies is compiled using content analysis techniques, and the most interesting practices by individual companies are highlighted. We find numerous examples of sophisticated CAD techniques being used to enhance the development process, including expert system design advisers, computer simulation, and design databases. Companies are emphasizing the design policies of concurrent engineering and teamwork, and documenting design process knowledge into design manuals. Company effort still appear focused primarily on the phase of detailed design rather than the concept selection phase.
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    Qualitative reasoning inference strategy and its application to structural engineering (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 73-84 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The space-centered framework is a reasoning methodology for obtaining qualitative solutions to boundary value problems. The inference strategy uses backward-and-forward propagation. The backward propagation assumes a component or connection qualitative state consistent with available knowledge about the component or connection. The forward propagation uses the topology of the structure and derives values without ambiguity consistent with the new information assumed by the backward propagation. The forward propagation considerably improves the inference efficiency. A computer program named Agrippa implements the famework. The framework is applied to the evaluation of the load transfer characteristics of two conceptual structural designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579985
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    Simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic pairs via small-scale interference detection (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 103-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: contact detection ; kinematic simulation ; qualitative reasoning ; shape synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a shape representation and algorithms for the simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic higher pairs. The shape of a kinematic member is represented as an arrangement of small contiguous nondirected circles, which we call “molecules”. Given the shapes of the two members, a valid initial configuration, and the motion of one of the members (known as the driver), the motion of the other member (known as the driven) is determined. This simulation is based upon finding the points of contact between the member shapes. Contact is defined by interference of the molecules. As output, the simulation produces the functional relationship between the members and a record of the molecules of each member shape that came into contact during the process. Two procedures for shape synthesis are described. Given the shape of one member and the functional kinematic relationship between the member pair, the first procedure generates the shape of the second member from a blank of material. The second procedure modifies the shapes of two interacting members in order to change their contact characteristics during a kinematic interaction. Several examples from an implementation are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579987
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    An approach to functional synthesis of solutions in mechanical conceptual design. Part I: Introduction and knowledge representation (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: computer support ; concept generation ; conceptual design ; knowledge representation and reasoning ; mechanical design ; transmission design ; functional synthesis ; functional reasoning ; functional modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conceptual design is an early phase in the design process, which involves the generation of solution concepts to satisfy the functional requirements of a design problem. There can be more than one solution to a problem; this means that there is scope for producing improved designs if one could explore a solution space larger than is possible at present. Computer support to conceptual design could be effective to this end, if an adequate understanding of the required design knowledge and subsequent tools for its representation and manipulation were available. This three-part series of articles describes one approach to synthesis of solutions to a class of mechanical design problems; these involve transmission and transformation of mechanical forces and motion, and can be described by a set of inputs and outputs. The approach involves(1) identifying a set of primary functional elements and rules of combining them, and(2) developing appropriate representations and reasoning procedures for synthesising solution concepts using these elements and their combination rules; these synthesis procedures can produce an exhaustive set of solution concepts, in terms of their topological as well as spatial configurations, to a given design problem. Part I provides an overview of the scope and the approach, adopted in the entire series, to identify the design knowledge required for synthesis, and a method for its validation. It specifically focuses on the extraction and representation of this knowledge. Part II describes synthesis of topological (graph structure) descriptions of possible solutions to a given problem. Part III describes a procedure for producing spatial configurations of these solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607275
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    Guiding conceptual design through behavioral reasoning (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 169-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual Design ; Behavior ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a model for conceptual design based on an explicit behavioral reasoning step to guide the design process. Rather than mapping directly from function to form, we treat conceptual design as a two-step process, first transforming functional requirements to a behavioral description and then matching physical artifacts to this behavior. We believe that behavior, in terms of physical principles and phenomena, provides a natural bridge between functional requirements and physical artifacts. Behavioral reasoning breaks preconceived links between functions and artifacts, allowing for innovative solutions to be found. A new representation calledbehavior graphs (derived from bond graphs) has been developed to facilitate behavioral reasoning. This paper discusses behavior graphs and their use in a design synthesis model that generates systems of pre-defined embodiments (e.g., motor, spring, valve) to meet functional requirements given in terms of input and output parameters (e.g., force, pressure, displacement, voltage). An experimental computer program implementing this model is discussed and illustrative examples presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607277
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    Representation of geometric variations using matrix transforms for statistical tolerance analysis in assemblies (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 191-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Tolerance analysis ; Vectorial tolerancing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this article is to develop a tolerance representation for assemblies compatible with tolerance analysis based on a closed-form algorithm used in robotic applications. A methodology is described that represents standard Y14.5M-1982 tolerances using homogeneous 4×4 matrix transforms. Transforms represent both the nominal relations between parts and the variations caused by geometric deviations allowed by the tolerances. The analysis calculates a statistical estimate of the location of theNth part in an assembly starting from the first part or a fixture. Except forform tolerances, most types of tolerance specifications are compatible with the proposed representation. This approach is well suited to integration with CAD systems and feature-based design. Since assembly apparatus errors can be calculated using the same methodology, one can predict the relative position and angle errors between two parts about to be mated. This permits useful evaluation of assembly equipment errors, comparison of different product tolerance assignments, and calculations of assembly process capability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608399
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    The Retractable Airplane Landing Gear and the Northrop "Anomaly": Variation-Selection and the Shaping of Technology (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 1 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5129-1994-035-01-000001
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    Ideology and Technical Choice: The Decline of the Wooden Airplane in the United States, 1920-1945 (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 34 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    From Manchester to Massachusetts via Mulhouse: The Transatlantic Voyage of Aniline Black (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 70 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    The Krarup Cable: Invention and Early Development (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 129 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5129-1994-035-01-000005
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    Consultants, Managers, Testing Slaves: Changing Roles for Chemists in the British Alkali Industry, 1850-1920 (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 100 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    Time Capsule from the 17th Century: Stockholm's Vasa Museum (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 158 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: EXHIBIT REVIEW
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    The Sky's the Limit? Technology and the American West (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 168 
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    Topics: Technology
    Notes: REVIEW ESSAY
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    Norris Hundley, Jr., "The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s-1990s" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 174 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, eds., "Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 177 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    James R. Kluger, "Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 176 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    Stephen H. Cutcliffe, Steven L. Goldman, Manuel Medina, and José Sanmartín, eds., "New Worlds, New Technologies, New Issues" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 179 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Moshe Ron, "Bibliotheca Tinctoria: Annotated Catalog of the Sidney M. Edelstein Collection in the History of Bleaching, Dyeing, Finishing and Spot Removing" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 181 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
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    Kelly DeVries, "Medieval Military Technology" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 183 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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    Martha D. Pollak, "Turin, 1564-1680: Urban Design, Military Culture, and the Creation of the Absolutist Capital" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 185 
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    Robert Rotenberg, "Time and Order in Metropolitan Vienna: A Seizure of Schedules" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 187 
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    Martha D. Pollak, "Military Architecture, Cartography and the Representation of the Early Modern European City: A Checklist of Treatises on Fortification in the Newberry Library" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 185 
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    Jan Hult and Bengt Nyström, eds., "Technology and Industry: A Nordic Heritage" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 189 
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    R. A. Buchanan, "The Power of the Machine: The Impact of Technology from 1700 to the Present Day" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 190 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
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    Henry Petroski, "The Evolution of Useful Things" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 192 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
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    John N. Ingham, "Making Iron and Steel: Independent Mills in Pittsburgh, 1820-1920" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 196 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
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    Margaret H. Hazen and Robert M. Hazen, "Keepers of the Flame: The Role of Fire in American Culture, 1775-1925" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 194 
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    Michael L. Carlebach, "The Origins of Photojournalism in America" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 197 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
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    Douglas Gomery, "Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States" (Book Review) (1994)
    Detroit, Mich. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Technology and Culture. 35:1 (1994:Jan.) 199 
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    ISSN: 0040-165X
    Topics: Technology
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