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  • Articles  (88)
  • agroforestry  (88)
  • 1990-1994  (88)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (88)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 28 (1994), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; indigenous knowledge ; Orinoco floodplains ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Estudios agrícolas en areas tropicales sujetas a inundación estacional han sido limitados. Los suelos aluviales o vegas del Orinoco son más fértiles que suelos cercanos no sujetos a inundación y por lo tanto han sido considerados como areas potenciales para desarrollos agrícolas. Prácticas tradicionales de agroforestería constituyen una alternativa en el control de importantes factores limitantes en la agricultura de vegas. El conocimiento técnico autóctono asociado con prácticas agroforestales tradicionales de vegas fue evaluado y algunos indicadores de la dinámica de nitrógeno y biomas adel sistema fueron monitoreados. La contribución de nitrógeno por sedimentos y hojarasca fue de 1668 and 47 kg ha−1 respectivamente. La selección del tipo de sedimento a depositarse en la parcela agrícola, por medio de barreras de vegetación, y el manejo adecuado de resíduos orgánicos constituyen estrategias tradicionales que aumentan la eficiencia de uso de nutrientes en sistemas agrícolas de vegas.
    Notes: Abstract Agricultural studies in seasonally flooded areas in the tropics have been limited. Orinoco alluvial soils are more fertile than adjacent non-flooded soils, and have been considered as potential areas for further agricultural development. Traditional agroforestry practices offer some possibilities to overcome the most limiting factors of floodplain cultivation. Indigenous knowledge of these traditional agroforestry practices was assessed and some indicators of the system's nitrogen and biomass dynamics were monitored. Nitrogen inputs by sediment and plant residues were 1668 and 47 kg ha−1, respectively. Traditional selection of sediment by tree-and-grass barriers and litter management strategies increase nutrient-use efficiency in floodplain agroecosystems.
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  • 2
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    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; grazing ; sheep ; Douglas-fir ; moisture stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant-soil-water relations of a silvopastoral system composed of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) timber crop, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) as a nitrogen-fixing forage, and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as a forage crop were investigated near Corvallis, Oregon, during 1983–1986. Treatments included all possible combinations of two tree-planting patterns (trees planted 2.4 m apart in a grid, and groups of five trees spaced 7.6 m between clusters) and two grazing/understory management systems (agroforests were seeded to subclover and grazed by sheep; forests were unseeded and ungrazed). Mean twig xylem water potential (XWP) for Douglas-fir trees ranged from −0.3 to −1.5 MPa on forest plots and from −0.3 to −1.2 MPa on agroforest sites. Pre-dawn and sunset XWP were more negative for forest than for agroforest plots during dry summer periods. Midday XWP was similar for both agroforest and forest plots on all dates. Soil water content at 50–100 cm depth was greater under agroforest plots as compared to forest plots in 1984, but not in 1985 (unusually dry spring). Average foliage nitrogen content of tree needles was 1.54% vs. 1.43% for agroforests vs. forests, respectively. Our data are consistent with the hypotheses that: (1) grazing of understory vegetation may reduce water stress of trees during dry periods by reducing transpirational water use by the forage plants; and (2) nitrogen-fixing vegetation combined with grazing increases nitrogen uptake of associated trees. However, neither mean foliar N nor average XWP differences experienced by trees in agroforest versus forest plantations were sufficient to have an effect on tree growth. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to produce a second crop (i.e. forage grazed by sheep) in timber plantations without reducing the growth of the main tree crop.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: homegarden ; agroforestry ; farm productivity ; farm economic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Homegardens of Bukoba are a traditional multi-storey agroforestry farming system based on mixed cropping and livestock keeping. Major crops are banana (Musa spp.) grown for food and coffee (Coffea canephora var.robusta) for cash. Livestock keeping is dominated by cattle. Over the last few decades the farming system in Bukoba has been pervaded by a host of constraints ranging from biological to socio-economic. Consequently farm productivity has declined and so has the economic welfare of the people in the area. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1991 to 72 households in Bukoba district to compare three potential farming systems: the rehabilitation of the homegardens, the cultivation of two annual crops namely maize and beans as intercrops and the continuation of the current non-rehabilitated homegardens. Results strongly support the rehabilitation of homegardens by use of cattle manure and proper crop and livestock husbandry practices. Rehabilitated homegarden has the highest net present value and is not very sensitive to changes in prices of inputs and outputs.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Cassia siamea ; genotypic variation ; isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixing tree ; nodule 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted at the Coconut Research Institute in Sri Lanka to examine the biological nitrogen fixation potential of three Gliricidia sepium provenances (OFI 14/84, 17/84, 12/86) and a local landrace (designated LL), using the 15N isotope dilution method. There was marked variation in dry matter, total N, nodulation and 15N enrichment among the Gliricidia genotypes (=0.001), and the dry matter yield of Cassia siamea (syn. Senna siamea), the non-N2 fixing reference plant was higher than for G. sepium. In all cases, highest biomass and total N were aboveground, with roots on average accounting for 〈 20 % of total dry matter or the total N in plants. Atom % 15N excess was highest in C. siamea, and lowest in OFI 14/84. Although atom % 15N excess was lower in Gliricidia leaves than in the other organs (all of which had similar 15N enrichments), values of % N derived from atmospheric N2 fixation (% Ndfa) calculated for any individual organ or for the whole plant were similar. This was because the relative distribution of 15N in the different parts of the fixing plant followed the same trend as in the reference plant. There were significant differences (p=0.01) in N2 fixation between the Gliricidia genotypes. The values ranged from 17.8 g N tree-1 (equivalent to 86 kg N ha-1 at 5000 trees ha-1) in OFI 12/86 to 61.7g N tree-1 (equivalent to 309 kg N ha-1) in OFI 14/84. Although most of this variability was due to differences in both % Ndfa and total N in plant, amount of N fixed was more correlated with total N in plant (r=0.935) than with % Ndfa (r=0.707). On average, % Ndfa in all three G. sepium provenances and LL was about 55 % or 34.6 g N tree-1 (equivalent to some 166 kg N ha-1) in the 9 months within which N2 fixation was measured. This represents a substantial contribution of N into the soil-plant system.
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  • 5
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    Agroforestry systems 28 (1994), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: soil erosion ; runoff ; shifting cultivation ; strip-mulch farming ; hedgerow farming ; agroforestry ; Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional agricultural villages in the dry zone of Sri Lanka are minor watersheds where small earth bank reservoirs provide water for irrigation and domestic purposes. The farmers practise rainfed farming on a shifting basis called chena in the reservoir catchments, which are being degraded due to soil erosion. The consequent sedimentation in reservoirs has reduced the extent of irrigation, and the total farming system has lost its ecological balance and economic sustenance. The present study aimed at identifying suitable farming methods for reservoir catchments in order to prevent further deterioration. The investigation was carried out on plot basis to assess soil loss and runoff from forest, scrub and cultivated lands as well as from four other types of farming lands namely plough-farming, bund-farming and two conservation farming practices: strip mulch and graded hedgerow farming. In graded hedgerow farming hedgerow trees are planted across the slope with a mild gradient of 0.4–0.5%. The study was carried out in a reservoir watershed at Maha Illuppallama, Sri Lanka during 1989/90 major rainy season. Results indicated that the two conservation farming practices generate 33–34% annual runoff while replenishing soil moisture of the watershed. Soil loss data showed that the conservation farming practices provide more than 80% protection against soil erosion while bunding can provide only 40% protection compared to existing shifting cultivation practices.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; mulches ; soil incubation ; pot trials ; vector diagnosis ; corn (Zea mays) ; Leucaena ; Gliricidia ; Grevillea ; Cassia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of corn (Zea mays) to incorporated leaf and twig mulches ofLeucaena leucophala, Gliricidia sepium andCassia siamea, andGrevillea robusta as a non-legume comparison was investigated in a 10-week pot trial and a concurrent soil incubation study to evaluate the suitability of various agroforestry trees as mulch sources.Leucaena contributed to the highest N uptake and biomass production of these corn plants, reflecting the benefits of organic mulching.Cassia-treated plants also performed better than the unmulched controls, butGrevillea incorporation suppressed corn growth probably because of the relatively high Mn status of this mulch. Manganese toxicity was confirmed by comparative vector diagnosis of plant nutrient status.Cliricidia mulching resulted in seedling mortality after germination possibly from high soil pH and ammonium toxicity. Mineral N production in mulched soils during the laboratory incubation was well correlated with N uptake in corn shoots. The results suggest that the nutritional effects of agroforestry tree mulches on growth of companion crops may be effectively screened by a combined soil test, pot trial, and plant analysis approach.
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  • 7
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    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 193-216 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: trees ; paddy rice (Oryza sativa) ; Bangladesh ; participatory ; agroforestry ; farmermanaged research ; homestead forests ; village forestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the background, context and process of farmer consultation and participation in research leading to a model design for planting trees in crop fields and homesteads on small private farms in Bangladesh. Planting trees in crop fields is a cultural and technical innovation under development through participatory action-research. Tree planting on homesteads was also a high priority for farmers but poses few technical problems so was not an important topic for research. Programme execution is done by farmers themselves on researcher recommendations with technical support through small, local non-governmental organizations. The present paper provides a broad description of the programme and focusses on the process and outcome of the participatory, farmer-managed approach. It will be followed by a series of publications describing socioeconomic and technical findings of the research.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; crop yields ; highlands ; intercropping ; MPTs ; species ; tree growth ; Uganda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trials were established at three sites in Uganda to test the suitability of multipurpose trees (MPTs) as upperstorey in crop lands to provide poles, small timber and fuelwood. The three sites were Kachwekano District Farm Institute (1°16′ S, 29°57′ E, 2000 m.a.s.l.) in Kabale District, Kabanyolo University Farm (0°28′ N, 32°27′ E, 1250 m.a.s.l.) in Mpigi District and Bushenyi District Farm Institute (0°34′ S, 30°13′ E, 1610 m.a.s.l.) in Bushenyi District. The MPTs were planted in single rows at intra spacing of 2 m and each plot contained seven or nine trees. On both sides of the tree row, crops were raised. Data on crop yields were collected every season, while data on the growth of the trees were collected four times each year. In terms of tree growth,Grevillea robusta, Casuarina cunninghamiana andAlnus acuminata performed well with height growth of 1.8–2.4 m per year at Kachwekano, while at BushenyiGrevillea robusta, Casuarina junghuhniana, Cupressus lusitanica andCedrela serrulata averaged 1.6–2.0 m height per year. At Kabanyolo,Melia azedarach, Cassia siamea, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Grevillea robusta andMaesopsis eminii had height increments ranging from 1.8–2.7 m annually. Crop yields were affected by the presence of the MPTs, withMaesopsis eminii being the most competitive (averaging 60% reduction, over five seasons). The crop rows nearest to the tree line were the most affected. OnlyAlnus acuminata seems to have had a positive effect on crop yields. The installation of a root mesh to reduce tree root competition for nutrients and water in four species increased yields in plots with MPTs by 5% (Melia azedarach) to 152% (Maesopsis eminii), but the control plot still had significantly higher bean yields, suggesting that shading could also be important. In the case of maize, suppression seems to be due mainly to root competition because after its elimination yields obtained thereafter did not differ significantly from those of the control except for the Maesopsis plots. The negative influence of the MPTs could, therefore, be minimized by periodically pruning the tree crowns and roots.
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  • 9
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    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 237-248 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; growth rates ; multipurpose trees and shrubs semi-arid areas ; Southern ; Ethiopia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth performances of some multipurpose trees and shrubs have been studied for five years at two locations in the semi-arid areas of Southern Ethiopia. The best performance in terms of rates of survival and growth rates (height and diameter growth) has been attained byAcacia nilotica, A. Cyanophylla, A. seyal, Cassia siamea andProsopis juliflora. Given the ecological limitations of semi-arid areas, growth rates of these species is promising and this indicates that sustainable production system can be realized using proper agroforestry technologies in the semi-arid areas of Southern Ethiopia and similar area types elsewhere.
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  • 10
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    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; multipurpose tree ; database ; decision support tool ; land-use systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Whether in agroforestry in temperate or tropical zones, choosing the right species is one of the most crucial stages of experiments and for reforestation, erosion control or land-improvement projects. Over the last decade, ICRAF has developed a tool to help researchers, extension workers, foresters and others in the decision process. The Multipurpose Tree & Shrub Database (MPTS) contains information about more than 1,000 species. Most of these species are grown in the tropical and subtropical zones, but many of them have a potential for temperate areas as well. MPTS contains first-hand, site-specific information about multipurpose tree species. This information makes it possible for the user to compare his or her site conditions with the site conditions described in the database, and allows him/her to draw conclusions about the possible species performance. MPTS also contains secondary information from publications. Candidate species are searched by entering keywords from a list of 19 correlated criteria, such as soil information, expected services or wood and non-wood products. Detailed information about the selected candidates (e.g. morphology, management, environmental responses) is provided. Beyond this, MPTS is a quick reference tool for the multiple use of tree and shrub species. In future it will include a comprehensive guide to germplasm information. Current activities include the implementation of an interactive use-interface and links to related databases.
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  • 11
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    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: fish culture ; agroforestry ; mesquite ; red tilapia ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Red tilapia (hybridOreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) were raised in pulsed flow irrigation systems in which water subsequently used to irrigate mesquite trees (Prosopis granulosa). The increase in height and stem base area was significantly greater (P〈0.001) in mesquite trees irrigated with water from the fish culture facility than in mesquite trees irrigated with well water. Trees irrigated with water from the fish facility could be sold after about six months for prices ranging from $5.50 to $8.50. Trees irrigated with well water took twice as long to reach a marketable size.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: homegarden ; agroforestry ; farming system ; Musa spp. ; Coffea canephora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bukoba district is located in the north-western part of Tanzania and its economy is predominantly agricultural. Banana and coffee are, respectively, the most important food and cash crops. Population density is very high (500–1250 persons per km2 of cultivated land) and so is the pressure on land and other natural resources. Farm holdings (homegardens) are mostly smaller than a hectare and continue to fragment as population continues to grow. A homegarden is locally known as ‘Kibanja’ and it is both a social and economic unit of farm families in the district. Various crops, trees, shrubs, herbs and livestock are managed on the same piece of land mainly by family labour to provide food, cash, medicine, shade, poles, timber and some socio-cultural functions. This paper describes the homegarden agroforestry farming system of Bukoba, evaluates its viability and identifies critical constraints as well as research needs.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Eucalyptus ; evaporation ; fodder trees ; groundwater recharge ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The soil water balance technique was used to study evaporation from two fodder tree species, tenEucalyptus species and annual pasture over a three year period after planting in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Evaporation is the total water loss by the processes of transpiration, evaporation from the soil surface and evaporation of water intercepted by plant canopies. Evaporation from both fodder trees and from seven of theEucalyptus species was greater than from pasture for one or more of the study years. The maximum difference in evaporation between trees and pasture was 82, 84 and 70 mm in the first, second and third study years, respectively. Higher evaporation from trees was associated with greater depletions in soil water than occurred beneath pasture. Upward movement of water from wet soil beneath the root zone was found under trees, with a maximum flux of 30 mm observed over a one year period beneathE. camaldulensis. The water use efficiency of fodder trees was significantly higher than for mostEucalyptus species, due to greater yields from fodder trees. Biomass production was found to be a good indicator of the water use of eucalypts over the first two years of growth, but the relationship between productivity and water use was found to differ for species with tree and mallee forms. In the third year of study, obvious differences in the relation between water use and yield were observed for some species of eucalypts with high evaporation.
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  • 14
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    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 215-235 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Sikkim ; Mamlay watershed ; agroforestry ; weekly market “hat” ; system dynamics ; nutrients ; merits ; constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Mamlay watershed of south Sikkim, India, about 80% of the population depend on land for their livelihood. The agricultural land-use activity includes agroforestry, horticulture and animal husbandry besides growing crops in irrigated or unirrigated fields. Trees are maintained in the farms mainly for fodder and rarely for fuel purposes. Cropping system is characterised by cultivation of cereals and cash crops to ensure supply of food grains and returns for daily needs. This paper presents data on crop production and farm management aspects including the linkages among tree-crop-animal components of a hill agriculture system. Crop diversity is high and crop combinations are fixed and well tested. Unpalatable grasses are used for composting by mixing with cow dung to meet high demand for manure and thus exhibit efficient recycling of plant material. The system is at low input level, and is therefore adopted by even the poorest section of society. Limited infrastructure facilities, sloping terrain, inaccessibility to most agricultural zone, depletion of natural resources from forests, water scarcity during lean period and heavy rainfall during monsoon, and erosion are, the main constraints which need to be improved through research using scientific means.
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  • 15
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    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Guinea savanna belt ; agroforestry ; yam stakes ; environmental degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates agroforestry practices in a part of the Guinea savanna belt of south-western Nigeria. The attitude of local farmers to tree planting in crop fields was evaluated. Tree adoption on the farm was assessed by identifying the tree species on the field and their frequencies. The results show that there is little indication that the trees are deliberately utilized to enhance farm operations in the area. It is concluded that greater attention needs to be given to the promotion of agroforestry techniques in the savanna belt. This is especially important as the increasing demand for food would put pressure on the soil resources.
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  • 16
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    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao L. ; Coffea spp. ; multipurpose shade trees ; minor forest products ; agroforestry ; Ivory Coast ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le café et le cacao sont les biens d'exportation les plus importants de Côte d'Ivoire. Ils sont surtout produits de manière extensive dans des plantations villageoises. La majorité des arbres d'ombrage utilisés sont des espèces forestières sauvages. En plus de I'ombre, ils fournissent une multitude de produits. Dans deux villages de la région Baoulé, un inventaire de ces arbres et de leurs multiples utilisations a été établi. De l'ensemble des 41 arbres recensés, 22 servent comme bois de chauffe et 16 comme bois d'oeuvre, 19 sont utilisés dans la médecine traditionnelle et 15 fournissent des produits alimentaires (fruits, feuilles, fleurs, vin de palme). Ces produits sont indispensables dans la vie quotidienne et jouent un rôle important dans l'économie villageoise. Il est alors proposé de considérer les plantations de caféiers et de cacaoyers comme des systèmes agroforestiers et de réorienter une partie de la recherche effectuée partout dans le monde sur des systèmes de production adaptés aux petits cultivateurs qui produisent avec peu de moyens dans des conditions sub-optimales.
    Notes: Abstract Coffee and cocoa are the main cash crops of Côte d'Ivoire. They are mainly produced by small farmers in a rather extensive way. The shade trees used are mostly wild forest species yielding many different products. In the Baoulé region, an inventory of those trees and their, often multiple, uses was established. Of the 41 tree species, 22 are used as firewood and 16 as timber for local constructions. Nineteen furnish pharmaceutical products for traditional medicine and 15 have edible parts (fruits, leaves, flowers, palm wine). Those products are essential in daily life and play an important role in the local economy. The plantations can therefore be considered as agroforestry systems. Part of the world-wide research on coffee and cocoa should be reoriented to such systems, adapted to small farmer holdings, where few inputs are available and conditions of production are less favourable.
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  • 17
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    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: adoption potential ; agroforestry ; cashew ; Coast Province ; coconut ; fruitcrops ; homegarden ; intercropping ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cashew-coconut system in the Coast Province of Kenya was appraised to determine the efficacy and adoption potential of a fruitcrop based agroforestry intervention designed to increase the productivity of the system. Fruitcrops on farmers plots ranged between 16–22 species. They featured mainly as understorey trees in cashew-coconut plots and upper storey of foodcrop plots. Fruit tree management was generally poor. Between 67–100% of farmers interviewed were interested in planting more fruit trees on their farms. Envisaged cash generation was a major reason for their interest. Preferred species were generally adapted exotics. Preference was in the order ofMangifera indica, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata 〉 Cocos nucifera, Anacardium occidentalis, Carica papaya 〉 Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa,Ananas comosus, Syzygium cumini, Citrus limon, Musa sapientum, Persea americana 〉 Musa paradisiaca, Citrus aurantifolia Annona spp. Locational differences existed in exact order of preference within the groupings. Constraints to fruit production included lack of improved fruit tree seedlings, low proficiency in fruit seedling production, transportation, no capital for initial investment, damage by wild animals, prolonged dry spells, and frequent die back of fruit trees. Based on its high adoption potential, a fruitcrop based agroforestry intervention is recommended for increasing the productivity of the cashew-coconut system of Kenya. Possible agroforestry technologies in which fruitcrops could feature are discussed.
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  • 18
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    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 71-93 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; technology-adoption ; gender ; Kenya ; socioeconomic ; women-international-development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gender is often a useful distinction for analysis and project design, but in some cases it is too narrowly applied to capture some of the fundamental differences among female producers. Evaluating agroforestry practices in the Siaya and South Nyanza districts of Kenya, the authors argue that, in designing agroforestry interventions and assessing policy or program impacts, there is a need to go beyond simple gender distinctions and look at additional stratifiers such as the individual producer's access to resources, including use rights and control over the benefits from and use of a particular resource. Furthermore, the study reveals some of the difficulties in separating activities and effects by gender in households where agroforestry decisions are often joint. The results of their study show that species choice, tree product marketing and use, and the employment or soil conservation and fertility management practices arenot clearly differentiated by gender, but rather, more variable across the marital status of women.
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  • 19
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    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; loblolly pine ; longleaf pine ; Hibiscus esculentus ; gumbo ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conventional planted okra in Booneville, Arkansas and Lorman, Mississippi were mulched with loblolly pine straw (Pinus taeda L.) and longleaf pine straw (P. palustris Mill.), respectively, at a rate of 11 t/ha or left bare. At Booneville, plant stand, season yields (18.6 t/ha), pod weight (16.3 g), plant dry weight (2.3 kg), or stem diameter (3.5 cm) were not affected by the loblolly pine mulch. However, mulch application increased pod number (1.22 vs. 1.06×106/ha) and plant height (1.5 vs. 1.6 m), while reducing weed competition (0.05 vs. 0.40 t/ha) and visible plant stress, during periods of soil moisture deficits. Soil temperatures at 5 and 15 cm depth were reduced by mulch until mid-August when plant canopies covered the rows. Seasonal moisture at 30 and 45 cm depths was similar between mulched and bare soils, based upon unreplicated neutron probe measurements. At Lorman, season okra yield (29.8 vs. 24.6 t/ha), number of pods per ha (1.24 vs. 1.07×106) and weed competition were reduced and soil pH lowered 0.56 units by longleaf pine straw mulch. Mulch reduced early season yield at both locations.
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    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; economics ; fallow ; replacement value of intercropping (RVI) ; R factor ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article examines some of the existing analytical tools which quantify both the ecological and economic aspects of intercropping decisions. The characteristics of tree crops are evaluated to determine how a specific tool, the replacement value of intercropping (RVI), could be modified to better interpret agroforestry improvements to bush fallow farming systems. The modified equation captures some of the potential production improvements associated with agroforestry by accounting for the fraction of time that a field is actually in production over the long run. The result is an improved estimate of the average annual difference between a tree/crop polyculture and a monoculture system which employs fallows.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Midwestern United States ; survey ; agrisllviculture ; agrisilvipasture ; silvipasture ; forestry-related practices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A survey, conducted in 1990–1991 on agroforestry and forestry-related systems in eight Midwestern states, showed that three traditional and three nontraditional agroforestry systems are practiced in the region. Of 46 traditional systems reported, most common was agrisilviculture (28), then silvipasture (12) and agrisilvipasture (6). These systems often involved corn, soybeans, and hay planted with tree species for nut, timber, or Christmas tree production, and cattle. Non-traditional agroforestry systems were field windbreaks/shelterbelts (29), treeshrub intercropping systems (21), and boundary plantings (11). These systems involved a variety of northern hardwood species evergreens, and shrubs. There was also a preponderance of specialized systems (97) of growing trees with the production of mushrooms, nuts, syrup, wildlife, and other nonwood products. The survey is exploratory in nature and, although the results may not represent a complete count of people involved with agroforestry in the region, the numbers reported may indicate where a practice may be prevalent. The results reflect the fact that much work still needs to be done by agroforesters in this region. They also provide some basis for further research on more suitable systems, and for identifying other researchable questions on agroforestry for the region. The methodology also made possible a bigger nucleus for networking of agroforesters and other interested people in the Midwest. Finally, although not normally considered as agroforestry, the significance of the other specialized systems reported in this survey is that they offer varied ways of connecting forestry with other activities in a largely agricultural landscape, and that they may even be seen as opportunities for easier transition into agroforestry.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 11-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; adoption ; risk ; Africa ; Sénégal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Précis On a fait des recherches pendant une période de dix mois (du mois d'août 89 au mois de mai 90) dans l'arrondissement de Koumpentoum, Région de Tambacounda au Sénégal pour évaluer les facteurs qui influencent l'adoption de l'agroforesterie et la perception du fermier du risque associé à l'adoption d'agroforesterie. On a indentifié les variables qui sont importantes à l'agroforesterie, et les équations prophétiques sont formulées. Le droit de propriété et la disponibilité de travail sont indentifiés comme étant les deux facteurs les plus importants qui contribuent au choix de l'agroforesterie. Ces facteurs contribuent au sentiment de sécurité d'un producteur, et de ce fait, ils réduisent l'aversion pour le risque de l'adoption de l'agroforesterie.
    Notes: Abstract Research was conducted during a 10-month period (August '89–May '90) in Arrondissement de Koumpentoum, Région de Tambacounda, Sénégal to evaluate factors influencing the adoption and farmer perceptions of the risks associated with agroforestry. Variables have been identified that are significant to agroforestry adoption and predictive equations are formulated. Land ownership and labor availability are identified as the two most significant factors which contribute to agroforestry adoption. They contribute to the sense of security of a producer thereby reducing the aversion to risking agroforestry adoption.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: crop yield ; hedgerow proximity ; The Gambia ; agroforestry ; N ; P ; K ; organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice grain weight and quality (weight of larger size fractions), soil pH, and N, P, K and organic matter content were studied where rice was alley cropped with cassia on a semiarid site in The Gambia. The four treatments, control (no cassia prunings or inorganic fertilizer added), only prunings added, prunings plus half the recommended fertilizer rate and prunings plus full recommended rate of fertilizer, were applied in a Latin square design with 10×8 m plots, each sub-divided into two 4-m wide alleys. Fertilizer was applied twice; full rates were 93.7 kg/ha NPK (8:24:24) plus 32.4 kg/ha urea followed two weeks later by 100 kg/ha urea applied as side dressing. Soil samples collected before and after cropping at 0–10 cm and 10–15 cm depths and cassia pruning samples were analyzed for pH, N, P, K and organic matter content. Our results do not show significant benefit of cassia prunings applied as mulch to grain weight or quality in alley cropping rice with cassia. The addition of inorganic fertilizer plus cassia prunings did not increase rice grain and straw weights (p=0.3447 and p=0.0691, respectively) compared to the control and prunings only treatments. In all treatments, the outer rows, those within 80 cm of hedgerows, produced significantly less grain (p=0.0002) and straw than inner rows. Neither the larger grade A nor the smaller grade B grain weights were significantly different (p=0.6017 and p=0.0629, respectively) between treatments. Weight of grain, straw, and larger grade A and smaller grade B quality grain did not differ significantly for inner and outer rows (p=0.6329, p=0.7148, p=0.7171 and p=1.000, respectively).
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; coppice ; Eucalyptus ; eucalyptus oil ; establishment ; fodder trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Survival and growth were investigated for 10Eucalyptus species and 2 fodder tree species planted for salinity control in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. After two years of growth the trees were harvested to determine fodder biomass production and yields of cineole from the eucalyptus leaf oil. Subsequent harvests were conducted at three and five years after planting. At each harvest, biomass production from fodder species was greater than from most species of eucalypts. Biomass yields from eucalypts were variable, and there were no consistent trends in the productivity of the different species for the three harvests. Leaf cineole concentrations and cineole yields were low after two years of growth, but after three and five years cineole yields were generally higher from all species.E. kochii subspp.plenissima andkochii, E. horistes, E. radiata andE. angustissima produced consistently high cineole yields after three and five years. These species appear to have potential for the production of high grade eucalyptus oil in the wheatbelt of Western Australia.
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    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 247-269 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; alley cropping ; human ecology ; home gardens ; soil conservation ; Sri Lanka ; uplands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of contour hedgerows of woody legumes to control soil erosion has been promoted amongst smallholders in the Upper Mahaweli catchment of Sri Lanka since 1988. The success of this program depends greatly on the properties of the different production systems occupying the alleys created by these hedgerows such as: profitability, time taken for profit to be realized, labour requirements, seasonal distribution of labour, environmental and economic stability, biophysical sustainability, the contribution of the system to the domestic needs of the farm family, adoptability of the system and successful management of the hedgerows. These properties were used to evaluate seven desktop farm models with different combinations of: seasonal crops, coffee-pepper intercrop, fodder-dairy, woodlot, and analog forest established in the alleys. The analog forest is a perennial polyculture which, like the traditional forest garden, is structurally and functionally analogous to the natural forest. It was found that a model with 40% seasonal crops, 20% perennial crops (coffee-pepper) and 40% analog forest made the best compromise between the properties under consideration. It is recognized that the socio-economic conditions that determine the appropriateness of this model in the Sri Lankan context are not universal and the extension of the analog forest concept into other tropical uplands is discussed.
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    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: paradigm ; agroforestry ; science ; epistemology ; economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Because people need improved agroforestry and because there are perceived limitations in a largely ‘scientific approach’ to agroforestry research and development in the past, an alternative paradigm to gaining knowledge for use in this area is suggested. It is an encompassing approach to gaining knowledge which we call the rationally robust paradigm, RRP. The paradigm has 11 components: 1. Concentrating on site-specific knowledge, often in a geographic information system; 2. being aware of the limited funds to achieve agroforestry objectives; 3. de-emphasizing induction and deduction, and their replacement by or addition of other epistemological bases; 4. accepting lower confidence levels for conclusions and subsequent action; 5. using estimates of median values; 6. using knowledge of the range limits of agroforestry phenomena and factors; 7. giving attention to the system's phenomenon of equifinality and its consequences; 8. de-emphasizing ‘time’ as a factor in system analysis, and replacing it with other system phenomena; 9. using statistical regression techniques but simultaneously seeking to identify and use independent factors (e.g., solar radiation) that function significantly in many models; 10. appropriately using regression techniques emphasizing the use of hypothesized, often-non-linear relationships; and 11. operating in a conceptual clinical milieu. The paradigm is proposed for use throughout agroforestry.
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Juglans nigra ; growth rate ; specific gravity ; fiber length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thinnings from a 15-year-old eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) agroforestry plantation in SW Missouri (USA) were evaluated to determine the influence of cropping practices on wood quality. Growth rate was found to be strongly affected by weed control and cropping practices while specific gravity and fiber length (measured in selected stems) were found to be weakly affected. of Missouri's Agricutural Experiment Station Journal Series.
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; social forestry ; rural poor ; socio-economic evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper evaluates Forest Farming for the Rural Poor (FFRP) component of social forestry in the Indian State of Orissa within the framework of the stated socio-economic policy objectives. Both the distributional equity and efficiency aspects have been accounted for in the analysis. Based on two criteria (net present value and land expectation value) the socio-economic profitability and optimum rotations have been determined for dense plantations in three site qualities and compared with the results for agroforestry. The net socio-economic benefits for agroforestry are shown to be larger than for dense plantations in SQI. The reverse was found for SQII, the net socio-economic benefits are comparatively less in agroforestry than in the dense plantations. The net socio-economic benefits in SQIII are negative for both the agroforestry and dense plantations. It is found that for the FFRP policy to be socially profitable in SQIII, the investment funds should be acquired by diverting consumption-oriented funds from rural development programmes.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; cassava ; hedgerows ; Vietnam ; Acacia mangium ; Tephrosia candida ; Casuarina spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cassava is recognized in the region as the second most important crop after paddy rice. In Vinh Phu province of Vietnam, it is usually grown on highly erodible slopes of the small hills surrounding paddy fields. Cassava crop land is generally in annual use until the yield is less than 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. This constant cropping system rapidly depletes the soil as fertilizers are infrequently used and crop residues are usually removed from the fields. Erosion is a major problem as the soil is exposed through hand cultivation and regular weeding during a cropping season which coincides with the wet season. Sustainable and productive cropping systems are needed. In order to take a first step towards sustainability, this paper presents several possible agroforestry systems in which cassava could be intercropped with a number of nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs. Several theoretical combinations have been examined assuming a critical lower production limit of 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. Those with sustained high potential yields are recommended for future field experimentation.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 27-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: land management ; secondary forest ; sustainable production ; diversifields ; agroforestry ; orchards ; fallow systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work deals with the experimental management of secondary succession in a tropical forest region in Uxpanapa, Veracruz, México. The goal is to establish a system of ‘diversified units’, which will maintain production and biodiversity while obtaining valuable products, primarily for self-sufficiency, and secondarily as cash crops. Three different diversifield units of production have been identified: a) the traditional ‘milpa’, maize polyculture, b) the diversified home orchard and c) the enriched fallows. These units were established in three secondary forests areas, where once thinned or cleared, valuable annual and perennial species were introduced. Total biomass and product yields were analyzed, also labour invested on each production unit was recorded, units were compared on an efficiency basis. Maize yield of polyculture is low but total production is more than twice that of maize monoculture. Efficiency in the polyculture is also higher and its weeds were better controlled. After three years the ‘milpa’ has become an orchard with more than 150 individual fruit trees belonging to 10 different species. Enriched secondary forests show the highest biomass production in the open treatment, 68% transmittance, and the highest survivorship in the moderate shade treatment, 37%.Schizolobium parahybum andCordia alliodora were the most successful forest species due to their fast growth.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: crop yield ; hedgerow proximity ; The Gambia ; agroforestry ; N ; P ; K ; organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relative contributions of cassia prunings and inorganic fertilizer to yield of maize (number of ears and weight of grain, ears, cobs and stover), maize grain quality (weight of 3 largest size fractions) and soil pH, N, P, K and organic matter contents were investigated at a semi-arid site in The Gambia. Four treatments: control (no prunings or fertilizer applied), only prunings applied, prunings plus half the recommended rate of fertilizer, and the full recommended fertilizer rate plus prunings, were replicated in a Latin square design. At the full fertilizer rate, 125 kg/ha of NPK (8∶24∶24) plus 43.5 kg/ha urea was broadcast at the time of sowing followed by 100 kg/ha of urea applied as side dressing two weeks after crop germination. Soil N, P, K organic matter and pH were not significantly different either before cropping or after crop harvest in both 0–10 and 10–15 cm soil depth. Crop yield, as measured by number and dry weight of ears, stover, grain and cob weights, was significantly different among treatments (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively). The application of prunings plus full recommended fertilizer produced the highest yields. The weights of the three largest grain size fractions, grades A, B, and C, differed significantly between treatments (p=0.0026, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively). Yield of grade A grain increased by 202% over control with application of prunings plus full rate fertilizer and declined by 31% relative to the control with application of only prunings. More grade A, B and C grain was produced with application of full rate fertilizer plus prunings than in control treatments. However, application of half rate fertilizer plus prunings produced a higher proportion of grade A grain.
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; disking ; grazing ; hay harvesting ; herbicide ; loblolly pine ; slash pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry research in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of agronomic cultural treatments (disk, chemical, hay, and hay-graze) on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) yields and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) survival and growth. Cultural treatments appear necessary for successful production of subterranean clover in tame pastures, especially for early fall forage growth. Subterranean clover yields in volunteer swards during spring were highest on the disk and chemical treatments. Generally, pine survival and growth during the first 5 years following tree establishment were not affected by cultural treatments.
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 181-206 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Indonesia ; Sumatra ; smallholder ; rubber ; fruit trees ; timber ; firewood ; agroforestry ; farming system ; economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dérivées de l'essartage, les forêts à hévéa forment un système de culture équilibré et diversifié, où le recrû forestier est remplacé par une forêt anthropique à forte concentration d'hévéas. L'essentiel du revenu provient des hévéas, complétés par des cultures vivrières et commerciales pendant les premières années. Les espèces prérennes qui se développent spontanément avec les hévéas fournissent des fruits et du bois, principalement pour l'autoconsommation. Le revenu tiré de ce système est inférieur à celui de plantations d'hévéa clonal entretenues. Il nécessite cependant moins d'investissements en intrants et en travail grâce au rôle protecteur de courvert forestier vis-à-vis des adventices herbacées et des mannifères prédateurs. Avec une structure et une diversité d'espèces comparable à celles d'une forêt secondaire, ce système fait partie des agroforêts complexes. Il a fourni depuis 1910 l'essentiel du revenu d'une population en croissance rapide tout en préservant un environnement forestier. Le revenu que tirent les paysans des forêts à hévéa est en déclin en raison de l'augmentation de la population. De nouvelles orientations de la recherche et du développement pourraient permettre d'améliorer la productivité de ce système. Le revenu tiré de la composante nonhévéa pourrait être augmenté grâce à une amélioration des transports et de la commercialisation. Le crédit à court terme et à petite échelle permettrait aux paysans d'adopter des variétés d'hévéa sélectionné et d'augmenter ainsi leurs revenus. La recherche devrait aider à mettre au point de nouvelles méthodes de gestion des hévéas sélectionnés, de type agroforestier, afin de réduire les coûts d'entretien. Les paysans purraient ainsi planter des hévéas hauts producteurs à moindres frais, et conserver partiellement la diversité économique et écologique du système actuel.
    Notes: Abstract Jungle rubber is a blanced, diversified system derived from swidden cultivation, in which man-made forests with a high concentration of rubber trees replace fallows. Most of the income comes from rubber, complemented with temporary food and cash crops during the early years. Perennial species that grow spontaneously with rubber provide fruits, fuelwood and timber, mostly for household consumption. Jungle rubber enables lower incomes per land unit or man-day than weed-free plantations using selected rubber clones. Yet it requires much less input and labour since wild woody species protect rubber from grass weeds and mammalian predators. With a structure and biodiversity similar to that of secondary forest in its mature phase, jungle rubber belongs to complex agroforestry systems. It has accommodated increasing population densities, while preserving a forest-like environment. Yet farmers' income from jungle rubber is declining due to the exhaustion of forest reserves and reduced land availability. New research and extension options could help in improving the productivity of jungle rubber. Better transportation and marketing are needed for increasing the income from non-rubber output. Short-term, small-scale credit schemes could help farmers adopt high-yielding rubber varieties. Research should participate in creating new management methods for selected rubber based on agroforestry to reduce maintenance costs, enabling smallholders to plant high-yielding rubber at lower cost, and without losing too much of the present biodiversity and economic diversity.
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    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: household gardens ; dooryard gardens ; huertas familiares ; Maya ; sustainable development ; agroforestry ; Yucatan ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity. Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants. The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation. This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.
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    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 203-213 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Kerala ; homegardens ; agroforestry ; low input agriculture ; sustainability ; architectural analysis ; human ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An analogue approach to analysing the traditional homegardens of Keralavis-à-vis natural climax ecosystems is adopted. The traditional homegarden is apparently a climax ecosystem, where ecological succession is consciously manipulated by human beings. High intensity of vertical and horizontal space use, the highly dynamic chronological structure and the capacity to perform essential ecological processes make this ecosystem relatively sustainable. Homegardens in Kerala effectively serve as human ecosystems with their low input demand, staggered supply of outputs, and enhancement of habitat quality. However, recent trends in agrarian structure and the high market orientation exert pressures on the homegarden, and its sustainability as a human ecosystem is in question.
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; Albizia lebbeck ; mulch ; sorghum ; semi-arid ; agroforestry ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De 1988 à 1990, des feuilles d'Azadirachta indica et d'Albizia lebbeck ont été utilisées comme mulch sur une culture de sorgho blanc (Sorghum bicolor) au Burkina Faso, en climat semi-aride. Cinq modes d'application ont été évalués, chacun répresentant une compinaison différente en temps d'application et composition de mulch. Dans un des modes, les feuilles ont été combinées avec des tiges de sorgho. Les quantités de feuilles utilisées ont été équivalentes aux dosages de 25, 50 et 75 kg N ha−1 et ceci dans tous les cinq modes. Le dosage a eu une influence significative sur la récolte pendant toutes les trois années. Leffet a augmenté progressivement d'année en année et a été plus prononcé pour le dosage le plus élevé. Les moyennes de rendement de graines par rapport au témoin sans mulch, obtenues avec la dose de 75 kg N ha−1, ont été 203% pour la première année, 364% pour la seconde et 422% pour la troisième. Le temps d'application a eu une influence significative en 1988 et 1989, mais les résultats ont varié entre les années. Les différents résultats ont été attribués à la variation en distribution de la pluie. La composition de mulch n'a pas eu d'influence significative sur aucune des trois années. Parmi les cinq modes évalués, les deux qui ont assurés les récoltes les plus élevées sur la période entière de trois ans, étaient les feuilles d'azadirachta appliquées (i) au semis et (ii) 4–6 semaines après le semis. Les rendements ont baissés entre 1988 et 1989, tant sur les parcelles traitées que sur les parcelles non-traitées. Sur les parcelles traitées, les rendements ont de nouveau augmentés en 1990. Cette augmentation a été attribuée a un effet résiduel du mulch. Cet effet résiduel probablement n'explique qu'une partie de la grande différence en rendement entre les parcelles traitées et non-traitées. Il paraît donc que la plupart des élements nutritifs libérés par le mulch ont été utilisés par les plantes au cours de la même saison, et qu'ils ont ainsi augmenté la production. De plus, la couche de mulch a probablement réduit l'évaporation, résultant en une augmentation de la rétention d'eau dans le sol.
    Notes: Abstract From 1988 to 1990, leaves fromAzadirachta indica andAlbizia lebbeck were used as mulch on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in semi-arid Burkina Faso. Five different application modes, each representing a different combination of application timing and mulch composition, were evaluated. In one of the modes leaves were combined with sorghum straw. Leaf quantities applied corresponded to dosages of 25, 50 and 75 kg N ha−1 in all five modes. Dosage had a significant influence on yield all three years. The mulching effect increased progressively over the years and was more pronounced the higher the dosage. Mean grain yields obtained with the highest dosage, relative to an unmulched control, were 203%, 364% and 422%, for the three years, respectively. Application timing had a significant influence on yields in 1988 and 1989, but the response was not consistent. Differences in response were attributed to variation in the rainfall distribution. Mulch composition did not have a significant influence on yield during any of the three years. Of the five modes evaluated, the ones producing the highest yields over the three-year period of study were azadirachta leaves applied (i) at sowing and (ii) 4–6 weeks after sowing. Yields decreased on both the treated and untreated plots between 1988 and 1989. On the treated plots, yield generally increased again in 1990. This increase was attributed to a residual effect of the mulch. The residual effect probably only explained part of the large difference in yield between treated and untreated plots. It is therefore suggested that most of the nutrients released from the mulch were used by the plants during the same season, which increased production. Furthermore, the mulch layer could have reduced evaporation and thus increased the retention of soil water.
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    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Nepal ; research ; practice ; fodder tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry research and practice in Nepal is reviewed. The social and ecological complexity of the country is outlined along with some of the methodological problems. The central importance of trees for fodder and areas that they can be planted on farms are discussed. The role of adjacent forest for compost, firewood and tree seedlings is also highlighted. A system containing Nepalese Alder is outlined and assessed as an agroforestry system that is increasingly being adapted in the middle hills of eastern Nepal.
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  • 38
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 241-258 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Inga edulis ; maize ; beans ; statistical analysis ; distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements from trees and plants of a BrazilianInga/maize/beans alleycrop experiment were assessed for their distributional properties for three years of the study. Results for the tree data were similar to those found in an earlier study. Results for the crop data demonstrated similarities between the distributions for alleycrops and solecrops, nonnormality shown by positive skewness and peaked distributions. Changes in the distributional shapes were demonstrated from year to year as soil nutrient depletion increased and as climatic variables fluctuated. Variation across the rows in the alley was often of a similar size to variation from plant to plant within the rows. Initial recommendations for analysis of such data are given on the basis of these results.
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  • 39
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    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; community forestry ; Sri Lanka ; review ; research ; traditional practice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A review of agroforestry research and practice in Sri Lanka is provided with emphasis on traditional systems, plantation intercropping, silvopastoral systems, fertility improvement and community approaches. Comments are presented on the potentials and difficulties of each technology along with recommendations for further research and training. Some information on components of a number of agroforestry systems has been collected during the last 8 years. A brief account of the results is presented together with comments on current agroforestry practices.
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  • 40
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    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sesbania sesban ; agroforestry ; controlled pollinations ; emasculation ; pollen viability ; pollen storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was amiable to controlled cross pollination when the emasculation and pollination operations were performed in the morning. A medium of 10% sucrose solution was found to be optimal for in vitro germination of the pollen grains. The pollen is quite tolerant of orthodox storage conditions enabling controlled crosses to be performed among accessions that flower in differing seasons of the year.
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  • 41
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    Agroforestry systems 18 (1992), S. 107-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: arid lands ; rehabilitation ; fodder shrubs ; Mediterranean Basin ; salinity ; Atriplex ; saltbushes ; rangelands ; desertization ; agroforestry ; sylvopastoralism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arid lands in the Mediterranean Basin harbour populations of saltbushes over substantial areas. These have been grazed for centuries and often cleared. There are also some 100,000 hectares of artificially established saltbushes, both native and exotic; they include no more than half a dozen species, when large scale plantations are concerned. Another dozen of exotic species, introduced from Australia, Southern and Northern America, have successfully undergone field trials and could be used on a large scale in a near future. The present paper attempts to review the current state of knowledge on Atriplex spp. in the Mediterranean Basin as a means of Arid Land rehabilitation at a time where huge areas in the region have undergone processes of severe degradation or have been subjected to desertization, particularly over the past four decades. In spite of a number of constraints in their establishment, management and utilization, the plantation of Atriplex spp. appears as one of the best way, if not the best one, to rehabilitate desertized areas and restore them to production, under the present state of knowledge on arid land rehabilitation. They, in particular, are amenable to inclusion into new, man-made agro-sylvo-pastoral systems of production well adapted to arid lands and to the needs of their populations.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Eucalyptus tereticornis ; Acacia species ; rainfed agriculture ; grass yield ; net returns ; north India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Some conservation based agroforestry systems (AFS) were developed for possible adoption in place of high risk rainfed farming on land capability classes Ito IV of a typical topo-sequence of foothill north India. The agri-silvi-horticulture system integrating leucaena, lemon, papaya and turmeric on class I irrigated land provided sustainable mean net returns of Rs. 17066 against Rs. 7852 ha.−1 yr.−1 from double cropped agricultural system. The intercropping of cluster beans with leucaena gave the highest net returns of Rs. 3540 ha.−1 yr.−1 in the agri-silvicultural system adopted on class II land. Eucalyptus terettcornis (Smith) in top and Bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata Retz) in the understorey on a sandy loam class III land gave four years (1985–1988) mean air dry grass yield of 4.2 (used for paper pulp) from October and 1.19 t. ha−1 yr.−1 (used for fodder) from June cut. The net returns from grass alone were Rs. 4672 against Rs. 1679 ha.−1 yr.−1 from rainfed field crops raised on an adjoining plot. The returns from trees would be additional. Bhabbar grass raised under Acacia species on a 25 to 30% sloping gravelly class IV land provided yield varying from 2.18 to 4.31 from October cut and 0.50 to 1.1 t. ha.−1 yr.−1 from June cut with 6 years mean of 3.9 t. ha.−1 yr.−1 which at 1988 prices provided net returns of Rs. 2402 ha−1. These AFS proved superior to traditional farming on each land capability class.
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  • 43
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 87-115 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Australia ; soil windbreak ; timber ; farm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry in the Australian environment has potentials to rehabilitate land from further degradation; improve agricultural productivity; produce timber; and contribute to diversification and increase in farm income. These benefits are examined using available information from research. The level of adoption of agroforestry by Australian farmers for these purposes is also determined. Summaries of research results provide the basis for advice that scientists can offer to farmer and decision makers.
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; Dalhergia sissoo ; Prosopis cineraria ; Acacia nilotica ; single tree/crop interaction ; semi-arid lands ; agroforestry ; irrigated wheat ; India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted in the semi-arid regions of Haryana, in Northern India, to see the effect of Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica on the yield of irrigated wheat crop. Data on crop yield for each tree species at different distances (1, 3, 5 and 7 m) and four directions (east, west, north and south) from the tree bases and control (no trees) were collected. Results indicate that A. indica and P. cineraria did not show any significant difference in the wheat yield while the other two species (D. sissoo and A. nilotica) showed a reduction in wheat yield. A. nilotica had the most significant and prominent effect, and a reduction of nearly 40 to 60% wheat yield was observed. The effect of this tree species was observed even beyond the spread of the crown. D. sissoo reduced yield by 4 to 30% but the reduction was only up to a distance of 3 m. In general, the impact of trees on wheat yield was observed up to 3 m distance and there is little, if any, impact up to 5 m distance and almost no impact at 7 m distance. In all the tree species, the wheat yield was reduced to a maximum on the north side of the trees and had almost no effect in the southern direction. Crop maturity was observed to be delayed by three weeks under A. nilotica, by 9–10 days under D. sissoo, and only by 6–7 days under P. cineraria and A. indica.
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; nitrogen fixation ; loblolly pine ; slash pine ; leaf tissue nitrogen
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) understory grown with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) resulted in differences in both clover yield and pine diameter. Loblolly and slash pines were planted into a subterranean clover pasture in 1984. Suppression of warm season herbaceous vegetation by applying herbicides or disking the site in late summer resulted in significantly greater subterranean clover production than on the control site where no additional understory management was applied. Pine species had no effects on clover yield. The N content of the pine foliage on the blocks managed with herbicide application or disking generally was significantly greater than the control from the 5th through 7th growing seasons (1988–1990). The dbh of the pine trees in the disked and herbicide treatments was greater than the control after the 7th growing season (1990).
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Cajanus cajan ; decomposition ; Ferric Acrisols ; mulching ; nutrient release ; sub-humid savanna ; termites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For the effective use of mulch materials in tropical agriculture and agroforestry knowledge of the speed of decomposition and nutrient release is of primary importance. The transfer of these informations from one site to another requires comparability of the processes of decomposition and their intensity at the two sites. In a litterbag experiment the decomposition and release of main nutrients from leaves and branches of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. were investigated with regard to the underlying physical and biological processes during an 81 days period. To test the influence of perennial plants on the decomposition process, the study was conducted on an agricultural field in 1.1 m, 6.9 m and 14.9 m distance from a tree and hedge band. During the first 11 days leaching was high, especially for N and P (about 50% lost) and K (75–80% lost). After the 11th day consumption of the mulch material by the soil fauna was the dominating process of decomposition. During this phase the perennial plants significantly retarded the decomposition of Cajanus branches, but not leaves, probably by their influence on termite activity. Ca release was also retarded in leaves. After about 6–7 weeks, more than 90% of all main nutrients except Ca had been released from the samples. To minimize nutrient losses from nutrient-rich mulch materials, they should be applied repeatedly in small quantities according to the nutrient demand of the crop.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 177-196 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value ; acetylene reduction assay ; agroforestry ; isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; trees ; ureide technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The integration of trees, especially nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs), into agroforestry and silvo-pastoral systems can make a major contribution to sustainable agriculture by restoring and maintaining soil fertility, and in combating erosion and desertification as well as providing fuelwood. The particular advantage of NFTs is their biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), their ability to establish in nitrogen-deficient soils and the benefits of the nitrogen fixed (and extra organic matter) to succeeding or associated crops. The importance of NFTs leads to the question of how we can maximise or optimize their effects and how we can manage BNF and the transfer of nitrogen to associated or succeeding plantings. To be able to achieve these goals, suitable methods of measuring BNF in trees are necessary. The total nitrogen difference (TND) method is simple, but is better suited for low than high soil N conditions. The acetylene reduction assay (ARA), although sensitive and simple, has many technical limitations especially for NFTs, and the estimates of BNF have generally been very low, compared to other methods. For NFTs, the 15N techniques are still under development, but have already given some promising results (e.g., has been used to measure large genetic variability in BNF within different NFTs). Various factors affect BNF in trees. They include the age of trees, the microbial component, soil moisture, temperature, salinity, pH, soil N level and plant nutrient deficiencies. Some of the factors, e.g. temperature, affect the symbiosis more than plant growth, and differences in the effects of these factors on BNF in different NFT genotypes have been reported. These factors and research needs for improving BNF in trees are discussed.
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  • 48
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    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii ; wheat ; bund plantation ; crop yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.
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  • 49
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    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 65-86 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Amazon ; agroforestry ; tropical rainforests ; land use ; economic analysis ; on-farm research ; shifting cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Desde 1985, el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería del Ecuador ha promovido prácticas mejoradas agroforestales en las áreas abiertas por la colonización de la selva baja amazónica. Estas prácticas incluyen el manejo de la regeneración natural de especies de madera tropical en sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, con plantaciones de café robusta (Coffea canephora var. robusta) y asociaciones de gramíneas del género Brachiaria, y leguminosas forrajeras como Desmodium ovalifolium CIAT 350. Esta investigación se orientó a evaluar ex-ante la viabilidad técnica y factibilidad económica de estas prácticas. Se encontró que las tecnologías agroforestales propuestas promueven la productividad de cada componente del sistema en el largo plazo y ahorran mano de obra e insumos comprados (herbicidas e insecticidas). Esto hace los sistemas más sostenibles y atractivos para su adopción por los colonos. Se requiere en el futuro que la legislación vigente sobre uso de tierras considere la preservación del bosque primario y la regeneración natural de especies forestales de valor comercial en bosque secundario de las fincas de colonos, como formas socialmente deseables de uso de tierra en esta región. Así mismo, la investigación agrícola debe enfatizar la introducción de germoplasma de gramíneas y leguminosas forrajeras más tolerantes a la sombra y menos exigentes en su manejo a nivel de colonos. Para garantizar el impacto esperado de la tecnología agroforestal en la conservación del recurso amazónico, ésta se debe incorporar en un Plan Regional de Manejo del Bosque Secundario y áreas abiertas por la colonización.
    Notes: Abstract Since 1985, Ecuador's Ministry of Agriculture has undertaken a demonstration project to promote improved agroforestry practices in already cleared lands of Ecuador's Amazon lowlands to promote regeneration of deforested areas. An important expected outcome of this project is to ameliorate growing population pressures on remaining national forests and natural reserves. These practices include managing natural regeneration of marketable timber trees intercropped to Coffea canephora var. robusta and grass-legume associations, using adequate techniques of coffee pruning, and planting Desmodium ovalifolium CIAT 350 as a ground cover crop or a forage legume in paddocks of the genus Brachiaria. This research was conducted to assess the potential economic impact of such a strategy and to feed back information on research and policy issues. Improved agroforestry practices in this region are not only technically practicable but also economically feasible. Proposed technologies enhance long-term productivity of both land and labor while saving on external inputs and hired labor, making on-going systems more adoptable and sustainable. Future land-use policies should consider on-farm primary forest preservation and controlled natural regeneration of high-value timber in secondary forests as socially efficient land-use patterns. Future research must address germplasm of grass and forage legumes both shade tolerant, and less field management-demanding than current ones. To have a lasting effect this technology should probably be incorporated into a Regional Forest Management Plan, for sustainable production at the secondary forests created with agroforestry technology.
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    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; browsing ; debarking ; sheep ; deer ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Livestock may provide important service and production functions in agroforestry systems. However, use of livestock in conifer/improved pasture agrosilvopastoral systems is currently limited by concerns about potential damage to trees by livestock. Effects of sheep grazing on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in two patterns of sheep/pasture/conifer agroforest (cluster and grid plantations) were studied from 4 years after planting (1983) until the first precommercial thinning at age 10 years (1988). Trees averaged over 1 m in height when grazing began in summer 1983. Some browsing of tree lateral branches by sheep occurred regardless of grazing season in 1983–1985. However, the 2 to 10% of current year's lateral branch growth removed by grazing sheep was too low to impact tree growth. Sheep removed the terminal leaders from only 3 to 9% of trees each year during 1983–1985. Most browsing of terminals occurred in the summer when other forages had become mature and were relatively unpalatable to sheep. Less than 13% of agroforest trees were debarked by sheep each year during 1983–1987. By the end of grazing in 1987, less than 8% of agroforest trees had sustained a level of debarking likely to impact future growth (〉50% of tree circumference debarked). Grazing had no discernible effect upon tree diameter or height in any year (P 〉 0.05). Total tree mortality attributable to sheep grazing during 1983–1987 was only 0.9%, including three trees girdled by sheep and two debarked trees which were subsequently attacked by insects. Overall, grazing had no detrimental impact on timber stand growth or mortality.
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    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 79-91 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Cape Verde ; agroforestry ; forestry ; semi-arid ; arid ; Sesbania sesban ; phyllodineous Acacia species ; Atriplex species ; Prosopis species ; salinity tolerance ; arid land rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The geography, socio-economy, climate and agriculture of the Cape Verde Islands are introduced. Forestry and agroforestry provenance trials are described for coastal and inland areas in the semi-arid climate of Cape Verde. Sesbania sesban var. nubica showed promise as a drought tolerant, fast growing agroforestry species and Acacia bivenosa is recommended for soil stabilisation of exposed coastal areas. At a saline coastal site Atriplex lentiformis and A.halimus were the fastest growing of seven Atriplex species.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: windbreak ; shelter ; wind erosion ; agroforestry ; trees ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied. Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years. ‘Minimum tillage’ and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries. In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively. In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved. In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.
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    Agroforestry systems 18 (1992), S. 197-212 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; breeding ; genetic improvement ; multipurpose trees ; non-industrial trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Improvement strategies applicable to non-industrial trees with a clear focus on: end-use target group of beneficiaries, amount of planting material required, the biology of the species and the amount and structure of variation are discussed. Whichever strategy is used it is paramount that material is properly evaluated in trials and that diverse and productive germplasm is released. Cognizance of farmer's needs and criteria should be taken given that they are generally risk averse and try to stabilise production rather than solely maximise production. The consequences of release of planting stock need to be considered in relation to whether improvement will be recurrent or a single event. The establishment of breeding seedling orchards that perform the combined functions of resource population, breeding population, progeny test and seed production area would appear to offer distinct advantages. Decision strategies for improvement of non-industrial trees are discussed in relation to the features outlined.
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    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Delphi ; research planning ; developing countries ; multidisciplinary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Planning agroforestry research programs requires the participation of people from many disciplines. They may have different interests in allocating financial resources for research purposes and, therefore, the decision-making is complex. Guidelines are needed to improve the decision-making process. Such guidelines may include a list of weighted criteria identified by experts through group processes. This study used a qualitative approach (the Delphi method) to identify criteria to be used when planning agroforestry research programs in the developing countries. The panel of respondents was comprised of agroforestry experts who have experience and expertise in the developing countries. Fourteen (14) criteria were identified in questionnaire 1. These criteria were ranked in questionnaires 2 and 3. A Friedman test of analysis of variance followed by a Mann-Whitney U test of pairwise comparison produced four groups of criteria: group 1, the most highly ranked, comprises local people's needs, sustainability, adoptability and research quality; group 2 includes existing systems and economic criteria; group 3 encompasses biophysical effects, institutional capabilities, partnership and transferability; and group 4, the least ranked, includes diversity of products, tree/crop interface, flexibility and species selection. A Kruskal-Wallis test on each criterion and several respondent characteristics showed that the respondent characteristics of current work, highest degree held, ecosystem experience, geographic area of experience, and number of years experience influenced respondent criteria rankings. The test was not significant for background and respondent origin characteristics.
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: salinity ; salinisation ; dryland salinity ; irrigation salinity ; tree ; reforestation ; plantation ; agroforestry ; water ; water table ; groundwater ; social ; political ; economic ; financial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dryland salinity is emerging as a major form of land and water degradation in southern Australia, particularly in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland. Tree planting, in combination with other vegetation treatments, is regarded as a leading solution to dryland salinity. Research has now shown that planting trees can significantly lower groundwater tables, and thereby reverse the causal process of salinisation. Substantial progress has been made towards answering the basic questions of which species to grow, how to plant, where to plant, at what density and configuration to plant, and how much area to plant. The economic potential for commercial tree planting has given impetus to partial reforestation in higher rainfall (〉 600 mm yr–1) areas. Even so, serious constraints are apparent, relating primarily to cost, uncertainty and attitude. The future should bring increasing community input and control, technical refinement and gradual adoption, provided all aspects of the issue are well researched, relevant information is well communicated and programmes are well administered. Some specific requirements for future research are identified in this review.
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; sustainable agriculture ; wood production ; multiple purpose trees ; tree crops ; timberbelts ; windbreaks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract About 21% of agricultural land in Australia is seriously degraded by salination and wind erosion. Trees can contribute to overcoming these problems. There is potential for trees to also produce wood, thereby diversifying farmers' incomes, reducing Australia's bill for importing wood and increasing exports of wood products. Even though many of these multiple purpose plantings would be widely scattered and growth rates low in some regions, Australian farmers should have a comparative advantage in wood production because trees also provide substantial landcare and agricultural productivity benefits. The establishment of new industries based on wood from farmland requires leadership from Government, planning at national, regional and local levels, and innovative techniques to finance planting. Removal os taxation disincentives for wood producers and the introduction of legislation to allow profit à prendre contracts would provide more favourable conditions for investment.
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    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: light interception ; agroforestry ; tree shade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There have been a number of models developed which attempt to predict the shading patterns beneath individual tree or forest canopies. We describe a computer-based model which is able to estimate shading patterns through a discontinuous canopy of pruned trees. The model is designed to assist in the layout and management of agroforestry systems with widely spaced trees. The model was tested against data collected from a seven-year-old agroforestry system involving radiata pine, located near Canberra, Australia. The model was shown to slightly but consistently underestimate light penetration at ground level beneath the trees. However, the extent of bias (0.7% to 5%) was so small as to be of little significance in practice.
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  • 58
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    Agroforestry systems 18 (1992), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Cordia alliodora ; Coffea arabica ; agroforestry ; perennial crops ; shade ; timber ; coffee damage ; tree harvest ; modelling ; Costa Rica ; log skidding ; economic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both model and field estimations were made of the damage inflicted to coffee plants due to the harvest of timber shade trees (Cordia alliodora) in coffee plantations. Economic analyses were made for different coffee planting densities, yields, and both coffee and timber prices. Damage due to tree felling and log skidding should not be a major limitation to the use of timber shade trees in coffee plantations. The timber price that would balance all discounted losses and benefits to zero, for scenarios with and without trees ranged between 8–20 US $/m3 (current overbark log volume at the saw mill yard is US$ 66/m3). There will be lower margins for coffee damage in high yielding plantations, specially in years of good coffee prices. Nevertheless, the use of timber shade trees is recommended even in these scenarios.
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  • 59
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    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: multipurpose trees and shrubs ; agroforestry ; choice of species for improvement research ; provenance trials ; selection and breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of an example of ICRAF's tree improvement research programme for the highlands of Eastern and Central Africa, a logical approach to selection and breeding of multipurpose trees and shrubs in agroforestry context is proposed. Criteria for selection of high priority species are proposed. Some species of high potential for agroforestry development in Sub Sahara Africa are proposed. The necessary sequential research steps are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 241-252 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: perennial mulches ; agroforestry ; moisture conservation ; residual effect ; soil building properties ; decomposition rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of perennial mulches on moisture status, soil characteristics and on crop yields (maize-wheat rotation) was evaluated from 1986 through 1989 in a silty loam acidic soil (pH 5.6, PWP 11.4 & FC 25.6%) at the Research Farm of the Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dahra Dun. Mulch materials, comprised of leaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Eucalyptus hybrid, Shorea robusta, Broussonatia paprifera or Puerarua hirsuta (chopped) @ 4 t/ha were applied just after sowing of wheat and the residual effect of applied mulch was seen in kharif maize each year. The distribution of profile moisture revealed that at the time of sowing of wheat the soil water content did not differ with depth (0–90 cm). With the advancement of time, the magnitude of moisture distribution changed. At various crop growth stages the highest amount of water was found in the plots mulched with S. robusta followed by E. hybrid. All the mulch materials, except B. paprifera, lowered the soil pH, the maximum effect was noted with E. hybrid (pH reduced from 5.6 to 5.0). After three years, N and K content of soil were found to be greatest with the application of L. leucocephala whereas the highest P content was observed in B. paprifera mulched plots. The highest wheat grain yield (2.46 t/ha) was recorded with L. leucocephala and minimum under control (2.11 t/ha) which represents a gain of 11.7 per cent. Maximum maize grain yield (0.73 t/ha) was found in S. robusta mulched plots followed by L. leucocephala (0.63 t/ha) and the minimum in the control (0.51 t/ha).
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    Agriculture and human values 8 (1991), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: indigenous knowledge ; agroforestry ; proto-science ; shamu ; Cunninghamia lanceolata ; ethnoecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes. Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu,the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; fallow management ; humid forest ; intercropping ; legumes ; nutrient cycling ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was established in 1986 to examine the contribution of Tephrosia candida and Cajanus cajan shrubs to improving the productivity of an acid soil. The main treatments were N levels (0 and 60 kg ha-1) with subplots of maize/natural bush, maize/Tephrosia candida, maize/Cajanus cajan, maize + cassava/natural bush, maize + cassava/Tephrosia candida, and maize + cassava/Cajanus cajan. In 1988, all plots were cleared and maize uniformly planted to study the residual effects of the treatments. No residual effects of N application were observed. Tephrosia candiada and Cajanus cajan increased surface soil organic carbon and total N levels over the natural bush. However, only Tephrosia candida plots produced improved maize grain and stover yield. Highly significant correlations were found between maize grain yield and earleaf N (r=0.73**), grain N (r=0.51**), and stover N (r=0.54**) contents. These results suggest that Tephrosia candida increased N availability in the soil. Therefore, the shrub has potential for improving the productivity of acid soils under traditional systems, where N is limiting due to the absence of N2-fixing legumes in the natural bush fallow.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 139-157 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Pacific islands ; Micronesia ; agroforestry ; species diversity ; cultivars ; indigenous agriculture ; low-input agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 95-118 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: North America ; agroforestry ; intercropping ; livestock grazing ; forest farming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture. Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Pacific islands ; Micronesia ; agroforestry ; traditional agriculture ; low-input agriculture ; spatial pattern ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Gliricidia sepium ; spacing ; biomass ; agroforestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a study into the influences of spacing on the early performance and biomass production of Gliricidia sepium in an alley cropping system in southern Sierra Leone. Four between-row spacings of 2, 4, 6 and 8 m were combined with three within-row spacings (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00m) in a split plot experimental design. Survival, tree height and leaf nitrogen content were not affected by between- or within-row spacings. For the other parameters measured, namely root-collar diameter, branch production, total biomass and nitrogen yields per hectare, it was found that for equivalent tree densities, the lower the rectangularity of planting, the better the performance of the individual trees, and consequently the greater the yields per hectare. Total biomass production per unit area was, expectedly, greatest where the spacings between hedgerows were closest, while production per plant decreased with closer within-row spacings. The total fresh and dry weights of leaves and stems, as well as leaf nitrogen yields per unit area were strongly influenced by between-row spacing and less so by within-row spacing.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; intercropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was undertaken at Senehun — Kamajei, a high rainfall region in Sierra Leone, to assess the effects of Leucaena leucocephala, on the growth and productivity of maize, cowpea and sweet potato. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with four replicates of each treatment. The treatments and controls were: (i) pure crops of maize, cowpea, sweet potato, Leucaena clean weeded and unweeded and (ii) intercrops of Leucaena with the food crops, both (iii) with and without applied fertilizers after the first year. The growth of Leucaena was slow but nevertheless tended to reduce grain yields of maize, and tuber and vine yields of sweet potato in the rows in the immediate vicinity of the trees, especially in the nitrogen-treated plots. The maize, in particular, caused an improvement in the early height growth of the trees.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; benefit-cost analysis ; competition ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potential productivity and financial returns from selected agroforestry systems and traditional monocrops located in the Phu Wiang watershed were estimated from limited trials of cropping alternatives using cost-benefit analysis. The agroforestry systems studied consisted of combinations of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), or Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) inter-cropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta) or mungbean (Vigna radiata). Evidence from trials at short, 3-year rotations, demonstrate that early supplementary and complementary relationships between some system components can imply synergistic financial gains. Although these biological interactions turn competitive over time, in this case, the gains should be sufficient to make early adopters consider the agroforestry systems financially preferable to traditional monocrops.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; cutting height ; cutting interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cutting height and cutting interval on dry matter production of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit was investigated at Njala, Sierra Leone using three year old Leucaena trees. Four cutting heights, (25, 50, 75 and 100 cm), and two cutting intervals (one and three months), were adopted. Dry matter yields were highest at the 75 and 100 cm cutting heights, especially at the longer, three-monthly, cutting interval. They were significantly reduced by more frequent cutting, probably due to the increased number of recovery phases. Leaf nitrogen yields per tree for trees cut at three-monthly intervals were over twice as high as the total yields obtained from monthly cutting over the same period.
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    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; bioeconomic modeling ; bordered matrix approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A bordered matrix approach was developed as a technique designed to model multi-canopied agricultural or forestry production systems to find the optimal planting pattern and density meeting specified economic criteria. The approach uses monocultural production functions as a base from which to estimate polycultural production levels. A banana-cassava mixture is modeled to demonstrate how the technique can be applied.
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    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: economics ; agroforestry ; India ; infinite time frame ; joint production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When evaluating the economics of a joint production agroforestry system two rules should be followed: (1) all benefits and costs need to be included and (2) revenue streams over time should be compared using the net present value of an infinite set of rotations. To illustrate both points, previously presented data on the economics of eucalyptus plantings around agricultural fields are reevaluated below.
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    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; bioeconomic modeling ; bordered matrix approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Programación En agrosilvicultura, una combinación caucho-cacao se modeló bioeconómicamente para un ciclo de cuarenta años. Se simuló un número de guiones para hallar las densidades de plantación y estrategias de utilización que conllevan la mejor producción y niveles de aprovechamiento en cada situación. Este ejemplo pretende demostrar las posibilidades y ventajas del método de simulación en modelaciones agrosilviculturas.
    Notes: Abstract A rubber-cacao agroforestry combination was bioeconomically modeled for a forty year cycle. A number of scenarios were simulated to find the planting densities and management strategies that achieve best production and profit levels for each situation. This example is presented to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of a simulation approach to agroforestry modeling.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Faidherbia albida ; agroforestry ; ecotypes ; rooting systems ; West Africa ; provenance trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Faidherbia albida est une espéce agroforestiére bien connue et répandue dans la zone soudano-sahélienne de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Des prospections et évaluations récentes ont visé, entre autres, à introduire au Sahel des semences provenant d'Afrique orientale et australe. Ces tentatives ont généralement échoué. Malgré une excellent croissance juvénile, le taux de mortalité des introductions a été élevé durant les deux premiéres années. Des essais conduits au Centre sahélien de l'ICRISAT, au Niger, ont montré que cette mortalité pourrait être associée à un profil d'enracinement distinct entre les arbres d'Afrique occidentale et ceux d'Afrique australe. Une division de l'espéce en deux écotypes — celui des zones de plateaux (Afrique de l'ouest) et celui des zones ripicoles (Afrique de l'est, du sud et du sud-ouest) est proposée. La région Soudan/Ethiopie pourrait alors être considérée comme le centre d'origine de cette espéce.
    Notes: Abstract Faidherbia albida is a well-known and widespread agroforestry species of the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa. Recent collection and testing efforts have included attempts to introduce seed origins from eastern and southern Africa into the Sahel. These have generally met with failure. Despite superior early growth, mortality is severe by the first or second year. Trials conducted at the ICRISAT Sahelian Center in Niger have demonstrated that this is probably due to differences in rooting patterns between southern and western Africa origins. A separation of the species into two ecotypes, i.e., upland (western Africa) and riparian (eastern, southern and southwestern Africa) is proposed. Based on this argument, the Sudan/Ethiopia region is identified as a possible center of origin for the species.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: perennials ; agroforestry ; alley cropping ; hedgerow intercropping ; Leucaena ; pearl millet ; pigeonpea ; castor ; semi-arid tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India from June 1984 to April 1988 on a shallow Alfisol to determine whether the productivity of annual crop systems can be improved by adding perennial species such as Leucaena leucocephala managed as hedgerows. Except in the first year, crop yields were suppressed by Leucaena due to competition for moisture. The severity of competition was high in years of low rainfall and on long-duration crops such as castor and pigeonpea. Based on total biomass, sole Leucaena was most productive; even on the basis of land productivity requiring both Leucaena fodder and annual crops, alley cropping had little or no advantage over block planting of both components. Application of hedge prunings as green manure or mulch on top of 60 kg N and 30 kg P 2 O 5ha−1 to annual crops did not show any benefit during the experimental period, characterized by below average rainfall. Indications are that (i) alley cropping was beneficial in terms of soil and water conservation with less runoff and soil loss with 3 m alleys than with 5.4 m alleys, and (ii) root pruning or deep ploughing might be effective in reducing moisture competition.
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    Agroforestry systems 15 (1991), S. 229-243 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; boundary planting ; farmer selection ; on-farm research ; Piper nigrum ; shade trees ; Theobroma cacao ; timber production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rapid appraisal and farmer selection procedures, preceding the establishment of over fifty agroforestry research trials on farms in Talamanca, Costa Rica are described. The highest probability of success and impact of these long-term collaborative trials is obtained by selecting innovative, experienced, motivated and locally respected farmers. The methodological lessons learned from implementing three types of researcher managed trials (shade-cacao; black pepper on living support posts; timber production in boundary lines) are discussed. The importance of fitting farmer selection criteria to project objectives, experimental designs to on-farm limitations, and project goals to farmers' goals, are emphasized.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; groundwater ; salinity ; reforestation ; Pinus radiata ; Eucalyptus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stream and land salinisation brought about by rising groundwater levels due to the clearing of native forest for agricultural development is a major environmental and resource problem in Western Australia and several other semi-arid regions of the world. One potential approach to reclamation with simultaneous economic benefits is agroforestry. To determine the effects of agroforestry on groundwater level and salinity, two experiments were carried out in Western Australia. In Experiment I a pinius-pasture agroforestry covering 58% of the cleared area with final stem densities of 75–225 stems ha−1 was successful in lowering a saline groundwater table. Over the period 1979–1989, groundwater levels decliend by 1.0 m relative to groundwater levels beneath a nearby pasture site. In Experiment II the eucalyptus-pasture agroforestry covering 57% of farmland at a final density of 150–625 stems ha−1 was found to successfully lower the yearly minimum groundwater level by 2.0 m relative to a pasture site over seven years. The salinity of the groundwater beneath agroforestry decreased by 9% and 6% for Experiments I and II respectively, which was contrary to some early expectations. The design of agroforestry for controlling saline groundwater tables needs further evaluation with respect to species, stem densities and proportion of cleared area planted.
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: fuelwood ; Leucaena leucocephala ; agroforestry ; intercropping ; single-lines ; double-lines ; fodder production ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fuelwood production from a high density leucaena-based fodder production experiment at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya is reported. Leucaena with and without other fodder crops namely, Cassava, Bana and Napier grass, formed the main-plot treatments while leucaena densities ranging from 6,250 to 100,000 ha−1 planted in single- or double-line planting arrangements formed the sub-plot treatments of the split-plot design used. Each treatment was replicated four times. The experiment was established and maintained without the use of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation. Hand weeding was done only during the first year. After 2.7 years growth, height and diameter measurements were taken before cutting back the leucaena stems to 0.5 m above ground. Utilizable fuelwood (twigs greater than 0.5 mm diameter) was then sun-dried for 3 months and dry weights taken. Fuelwood yields were significantly reduced by the fodder intercrops. Yield from leucaena intercropped with fodder crops were, on average, 30% lower than yield from sole stands of leucaena. Mean yields of the single-line plantings ranged from 13.7 to 21.2 tons ha−1. Yield from the double-line plantings were lower (on average 10%) than that of single-line plantings and were as well highly variable. Unlike tree heights, diameters in the single-line planting arrangement were not affected significantly by the fodder intercrops. In the single line plantings, yield of fuelwood from sole stand of leucaena was higher at all in-row spacings than the yield from intercropped leucaena. Increase in in-row spacing of leucaena generally led to reduced yield of fuelwood. Fodder yields of intercropped Cassava, Bana and Napier grasses were near normal in the first year but zero or negligible in the remaining 1.7 years. Implications of the prolonged tree establishment period on fodder yields after opening of the canopy are discussed.
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  • 78
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    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Harerge ; coffee (C. arabica) ; chat ; shade trees ; cash crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies.
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  • 79
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    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 39-63 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; analysis and evaluation ; environmental design ; agroecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tabora, Panfilo C. Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines. Agroforestry as a land-use concept and an environmental design was analyzed and evaluated from the Philippines setting. A historical perspective of agroforestry was presented and the study explores the direction that agroforestry has taken in recent years as a socio-economic tool, a conservation strategy and a political expediency. The concepts of agroforestry were analyzed and used as the bases for evaluation. Five general socially-oriented concepts were examined: social relevance (appropriateness); profitability; balance (equilibrium); versatility and creativity; and longevity and reliability. These were related to five agroecosystem principles: ecological integrity; productivity; stability; flexibility and resiliency; and sustainability and conservation. All these were interrelated to many attributes under a unified ‘Agroecosystem Analysis Framework’. Seven current programs in the Philippines which promote agroforestry were also examined and evaluated based on the Agroecosystem Analysis Framework. A closer look at the impacts of the programs was done and ratings were given for each program. The Multiple Cropping Program and the Integrated Social Forestry Program came out with the most positive results. For a closer focus, a site was selected and five cases from the site were evaluated based on a reconstruction of the events and experience in the area over 14 years. The Mixed-Crops Agroforestry (representing the ideal agroforestry) came out with a rating equivalent to the Coconut and Abaca-based Agroforestry. The Industrial Tree Plantation came out with the lowest rating. The study concludes that agroforestry has a role as an environmental design, but that its usefulness has limitations due to some physical constraints and social and economic values that have to be overcome. Recommendations are provided for policy-making for agroforestry.
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  • 80
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    Agroforestry systems 15 (1991), S. 65-78 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Sahel ; desertification ; natural resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract CARE, in collaboration with a range of government agencies, has been active for over 15 years in agriculture, agroforestry and natural resource management projects in West Africa. Many of these projects evolved from emergency food distribution activities during the drought years of the 1970s and 80s. A number of valuable lessons are now emerging, particularly in relation to agricultural and agroforestry activities in the Sahelo-Sudanian and Sahelian zones. In the context of CARE's orientation and capabilities as a non-governmental development agency, these lessons are used to construct a framework for prioritizing future agriculture and natural resource management activities in the region.
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  • 81
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    Agroforestry systems 11 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Forests ; farmlands ; Sufaida (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) ; Siris (Albizia procera) ; Mulberry (Morus alba) ; Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) ; agroforestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) of Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) by planting trees of four different species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Albizia procera, Morus alba and Leucaena leucocephala along the boundary of wheat fields in a randomized complete block design. Data on crop yield for each tree species and control (no trees) at different distances viz 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 meter (m) from the tree bases and control were collected and analyzed. The statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in the wheat yield among different tree species. However, the wheat yield was numerically lowest at 2 m distance in case of all the four tree species and control. In case of mulberry, it was lowest statistically also from other distances. Numerically higher wheat yield values were noted at later distances (8, 10 and 12 m) in case of all tree species including control except for siris where numerically highest value was found at 6 m distance. Therefore, it can be generalized that tree's impact on wheat yield can be experienced up to 2 m distance, there is little, if any, impact up to 6 m distance and almost no impact at 8, 10 and 12 m distances.
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  • 82
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    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; companion crops ; intercropping ; Leucaena leucocephala ; nitrogen transfer ; pot trials ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth characteristics and total N content of the woody legume Leucaena leucocephala and the companion crop Sorghum bicolor grown in the greenhouse with N-limiting (NH4 + concentration = 447 mM) nutrient medium in sole and mixed cropping were examined. Plant height, dry weight, and total N content increased significantly in sorghum grown intercropped with nodulated Leucaena over the control, sole sorghum. Evidence is presented to indicate that in mixed culture, sorghum gains an average of 0.03 mg N day−1 plant−1 relative to sole-cropped sorghum in N-limiting sand culture. The gain in N content of intercropped sorghum, however, represented less than 1% of the N budget of N-fixing Leucaena and was inadequate to sustain normal physiological development of sorghum.
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  • 83
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    Agroforestry systems 11 (1990), S. 227-241 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; cocoa belt ; crop combination ; food crops ; medicinal plants ; tree crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A survey of cocoa farmers in Bendel, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States of Nigeria, carried out in 1985, showed that almost all the farmers intercropped other crops with cocoa. The intercrops included food crops such as plantain (92.3), cocoyam (85.7%), cassava (51.3%), yam (41.3%), maize (38.9%), melon (31.4%), cowpea (28.6%) and pineapple (26.0%) and tree crops such as oil palm (71.5%), kola (67.3%), coffee (41.0%), coconut (7.9%) and citrus (7.2%). Other crops are ewe-iran (Sarcophrynium brachystachys) and ewe-gbodogi (Megaphrynium macrostachyum) (45.2%), african walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) (42.2%), aligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) (31.6%), and iyere (Piper guinense) (20.2%). Guava, mango, pawpaw and vegetables such as celosia, okra and solanum occur in cocoa plots at rather low frequencies. As many as six or more other crops can be intercropped with cocoa at the same time.
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  • 84
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    Agroforestry systems 11 (1990), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Equity ; social forestry ; agroforestry ; Gujarat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 85
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    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Species selection ; species trials ; agroforestry ; similarity ; Eucalyptus citriodora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There is a need for improved methods to suggest whether a particular tree species is worth testing at a new location. A method is proposed which compares the climatic similarity of a potential new location with conditions within a species natural distribution, and identifies if similar sites exist. When information is available, climatic comparisons can also be made with successful sites of introduction outside the natural range. A program is described which carries out these comparisons and Eucalyptus citriodora is analysed as an example. It is concluded that the method offers advantages over systems which describe climatic requirements simply as ranges of suitable conditions. The importance of soil factors is recognised and ways in which these could be analysed along with climatic factors are noted. The integration of the similarity analysis into existing databases or its development as part of a complete expert system are discussed.
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  • 86
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    Agroforestry systems 11 (1990), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Uganda ; agroforestry ; home garden ; traditional ; banana ; coffee ; mixed cropping ; multipurpose trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Banana (Musa spp.) — with Coffee robusta a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses.
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  • 87
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    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Biomass production ; Prosopis glandulosa ; Prosopis chilensis ; Prosopis alba ; agroforestry ; perennial legume ; nutrient cycling ; nitrogen accretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trunk circumferences and canopy diameters of Prosopis glandulosa, P. chilensis and P. alba, and soil nitrogen under and between the trees were measured in a seven-year-old plantation at the University of California, Riverside. P. glandulosa had the smallest biomass of the three species. However, the nitrogen concentration of the soil under P. glandulosa was higher than under the other two species. Presumably more nitrogen is cycled through the leaves of this species rather than invested in wood production, where it would be sequestered. The soil nitrogen accumulation under P. glandulosa was significantly higher (total and subsurface) than that measured in soil taken between trees. The soil nitrogen content under P. chilensis and P. alba was not significantly different than that between the trees. These results indicate that the choice of woody legume in an agroforestry system will depend on its intended use. The most efficient nutrient cycling is not necessarily associated with the best biomass production.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; Sorghum bicolor ; semi-arid India ; agroforestry ; fodder ; fuelwood ; sorghum ; pollarding ; micro-climate ; biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production, hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally far less vulnerable. In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was 1.35. Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value. These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood.
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