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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computerized GC/MS detection of monoaromatic and triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons in Alamein crude oil (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 549-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC/MS ; Crude oils ; Monoaromatic steroids ; Triaromatic steroids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Series of C-ring monoaromatic steroid hydrocarbons (C21, C22, C27 — C29) and triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons (C20, C21, C26 — C28) have been recognized in the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of Alamein crude oil from the western desert, Egypt. Detection of these compounds were based on mass fragmentography of the key ions m/z 253 and m/z 231 and comparison of the mass spectra and relative retention times with literature data. The predominance of the C29 monoaromatic steroids and C28 triaromatic steroids provide further evidence for a land plant origin of Alamein oil. The results substantiate previous evidence of the occurrence of an aromatization process with increasing maturation and indicate a moderate maturity level for Alamein oil.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170708
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing GC separation efficiency by electronic pressure control? (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 556-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170710
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary electrophoresis determination of baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonin-7-O-glucuronide in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 559-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Scutellariae Radix ; Flavonoids determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170713
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 567-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170717
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  • 105
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170801
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High temperature gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 593-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High Temperature Gas Chromatography (HTGC) ; Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide ; Ethoxylated alcohols ; Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conversion of ethoxylated alcohols to trimethylsilyl derivatives and subsequent high temperature gas chromatography allowed for the determination of alkyl chain distribution, mole average degree of ethoxylation and weight percent distribution of several commercial mixtures. Repetitive derivatizations and analyses of a mixture with a vendor specified mole average degree of ethoxylation of 3.0 (Neodol 23-3), yielded an experimental result of 2.93 ± 0.05 (n = 6). Mixtures with different alkyl chain distributions and higher degrees of ethoxylation provided similar accuracy. Extension of the method to the analysis of ethoxylated alcohol sulfate raw materials and ethoxylated alcohol sulfates in dishwashing liquids is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170806
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An accurate fluoride calibration in the presence of strong interference from carbonate in ion chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 607-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion Chromatography, IC ; Interference ; Fluoride ; Carbonate ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170809
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chiral separations of acidic compounds by dextrin-mediated capillary zone electrophoresis (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) ; Chiral separation ; Separation of enantiomers ; Acidic chiral compounds ; Dextrins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170810
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of organically-bound sulfur in crude oils. A feasibility study for the application of Raney Ni desulfurization as a new method to characterize crude oilsNIOZ Marine Biogeochemistry Division Contribution No. 320. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 489-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Crude oils ; Organic sulfur ; Desulfurization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five crude oils with varying sulfur contents (0.1 - 4.7%) were characterized on a molecular level for organically-bound sulfur. Aromatic fractions were analyzed by GC-(MS) and asphaltene and polar fractions were analyzed by flash pyrolysis-GC-(MS). The polar fractions were also desulfurized with Raney Ni and the hydrocarbons formed were analyzed by GC-MS. Major sulfur compounds in the aromatic fractions were identified as alkylbenzo- and alkyldiben-zothiophenes. The flash pyrolyzates of the asphaltene contained alkylthiophenes and alkylbenzothiophenes as major compounds, depending on the thermal maturity of the oil. Generally, the sulfur-rich crude oils contained relatively more sulfur compounds. The flash pyrolyzates of polar fractions contained a variety of sulfur compounds (alkylthiolanes, alkylthianes, terpenoid sulfides, alkylbenzothiophenes) with substantial differences between different crude oils. Raney Ni desulfurization of the polar fraction yielded hydrocarbons dominated by n-alkanes, but isoprenoid alkanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes, mid-chain methylalkanes, tricyclic terpanes, hopanes and steranes were also present. These hydrocarbons show a potential to fingerprint crude oils since their distribution patterns are more characteristic than those of the hydrocarbons present in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170616
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  • 110
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    Effect of alkali metals and metal-ammonia complexes on electroosmosis, effective field strength, and resolution in the separation of diuretics by CZE (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 537-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Metal-ammonia complexes ; Electroosmosis ; Field strength ; Diuretics ; Resolution ; Capillary length ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The counter ion in CZE separation systems affects resolution, effective field strength and electroosmosis. Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium), the ammonium ion, and several complexes of metals with ammonia ([Ag(NH3)2]+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Zn(NH3)4]2+, [Cd(NH3)4]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+, and [Co(NH3)6]2+) have been studied for their effect on the separation of diuretics. With the alkali metals the electroosmotic flow velocity decreased and the effective field strength and resolution increased as the hydrated radius of the alkali metal decreased.All the metal-ammonia complexes except that with silver greatly reduced the electroosmotic flow velocity (Veo) and had only a slight effect on the effective field strength (Eeff). Because these complexes had a negligible effect on the ionic strength of the buffer, they enabled high separating power to be maintained during the separation, and hence the use of more energy in the separation system. This yielded better resolution of the compounds, but the analysis time was then compromised.A simultaneous reduction in capillary length and Veo while maintaining the high voltage enabled increased resolution without an increase in analysis time. The ability to control Veo by adding small concentrations (〈 100 μM) of metal complexes to the buffer solution makes it possible to adjust the analysis time and capillary length independently while employing high separation power.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170706
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  • 111
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    Identification of cis/trans isomers of methyl ester and oxazoline derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids using GC-FTIR-MS (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 543-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-FTIR-MS ; Polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Methyl esters ; Oxazolines ; cis/trans isomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Identification of cis/trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids cannot usually be achieved by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) without reference substances. In this study a GC-FTIR-MS system (gas chromatography-Fourier transform-mass spectrometry) was used to identify fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and differentiate between the cis/trans isomers. Besides methyl esters, 2-alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives (DMOX), which have been used to locate double bond positions of unsaturated fatty acids, were examined with respect to their suitability for cis/trans differentiation.A combined GC-FTIR-MS system with a wide band (4000-550 cm-1) mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector was used in series and parallel to identify 31 reference unsaturated fatty acids, including 7 pairs of cis/trans isomers. Serum samples of healthy persons and commercially available fish oil were analyzed as examples of complex mixtures. Using splitless injection the detection limit for the less sensitive IR detector was 25 ng/μl in case of the weak cis and trans bands.In the FTIR spectra cis/trans isomers were identified by analysis of bands arising from C—H out-of-plane (oop) bending: for both the FAME and DMOX derivatives cis-1,2-disubstituted double bonds give a strong band near 720 cm-1 and the corresponding trans isomers near 967 cm-1. cis Isomers could be identified further by a band at 3012 cm-1. With the combined data of the GC-FTIR-MS system it is now possible to identify polyunsaturated fatty acids with regard to the discrimination of cis/trans isomers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170707
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  • 112
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    On the analysis of polar solutes on 50 μm i.d. open tubular LC columns (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 557-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Open tubular liquid chromatography (OTLC) ; Inertness ; Protein analysis ; Ultraviolet detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170712
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  • 113
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    Identification of cycloheximide in microbial extracts with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 565-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Cycloheximide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170716
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  • 114
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    Optimization of capillary SFC-MS for the determination of additives in polymers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 573-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; On-line combination ; Polymer additives analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A standard direct introduction capillary interface is used for the SFC-MS analysis of polymer additives. The system is optimized with respect to the position of the restrictor, probe tip temperature, and ion source temperature. El-like charge-exchange spectra are obtained. Cl using ammonia as the reagent gas is used for the quantitative analysis of a real world sample.The experimental capillary SFC-MS spectra obtained show a good similarity with those recorded using the direct insertion probe. The influence of the experimental conditions on the mass spectra obtained is evaluated statistically.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170802
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  • 115
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    Improving GC-MS screening analysis by functional-group-related silica gel fractionation of industrial wastewater extracts (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 589-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silica gel fractionation ; GC-MS ; Industrial waste water analysis ; Biological water treatment ; Tannery waste water ; Dissolved organic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separation of the components of complex industrial waste water extracts according to their functional groups has been accomplished by use of small silica gel columns eluted with a hexane - dichloromethane - methanol gradient. The six fractions obtained covered a polarity range from aliphatic fatty acids to (aromatic) polyhydroxy and polyether compounds. Recovery of model compounds was between 75 and 105%.Used prior to GC-MS analysis this fractionation substantially enhances chromatographic resolution and facilitates peak identification. The procedure was exemplarily applied to an extract of anaerobically treated tannery waste water. Phenols, aromatic acids, and aromatic and aliphatic (poly)hydroxy acids, in the low ppm range, were determined as main constituents. Since fractionation extends the range of detection, trace substances such as chlorocresol, dichlorobenzoic acid, mercaptobenzothiazole, and mercaptoacetic acid were also detectable at the ppb level.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170805
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  • 116
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    A brief study of the supercritical fluid chromatographic behavior of lanthanide β-diketonates (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 603-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Lanthanide β-diketonates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chromatographic behaviors of lanthanide chelates of acetylacetone (ACAC), trifluoroacetylacetone (TFA), thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA), dipivaloylmethane (THD), 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione (FOD), and the thenoyltrifluoroacetonepyridine (TTA·Py) adduct were investigated using packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. Mobile phases consisting of neat and alcohol modified CO2 were used with a phenyl packed stationary phase. Lanthanide complexes of ACAC, THD, and FOD were shown to have better chromatographic performance compared to the corresponding chelates with TFA, TTA, and TTA·Py. In particular, TTA complexes such as Eu(TTA)3 showed characteristic thermal decomposition in the mobile phase at elevated temperature. In addition, retention behavior was found to be a temperature dependent function of volatility and solubility for all chelates studied.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170808
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of the main flavonoids by use of chromatographic, electrophoretic, and ‘on-line’ spectral data (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 616-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; MEKC ; Diode-array detection ; Flavonoid analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170812
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  • 118
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    Awards (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170815
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170901
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  • 120
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    Limonene concentration in lemon (Citrus volkameriana) peel oil as a function of ripeness (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 643-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High Resolution Capillary GC ; High Resolution GC-MS ; Lemon oil ; Citrus volkameriana ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dependence of the limonene content of lemon (Citrus volkameriana) peel oil on the degree of ripeness of the fruit has been studied by using steam distillation and cold pressing to extract the oils from lemon fruit peel at different stages of maturation (green, greenish-yellow, and yellow-orange peel coloration). Samples of essential oils were analyzed by high resolution GC and GC-MS, using tetradecane as internal standard for quantitation. Forty components were detected; thirty eight were positively identified by comparison of their mass spectra (El, 70 eV) and Kováts retention indexes (determined using a non-logarithmic scale on capillary columns coated with both polar (DB-Wax) and non-polar (DB-1) stationary phases) with those of standards and with data reported in the literature. The limonene concentration reached a maximum level of 79.4% when the fruit was in the intermediate maturation stage characterized by greenish-yellow coloration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170905
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  • 121
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    Enantiomeric separation of amino alcohols by gas chromatography on a chiral stationary phase; influence of the perfluoroacylating reagent on the separation (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 639-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Chiral stationary phase ; Chirasil-Val ; Cyclodextrins ; Perfluoroacylation ; Enantiomeric separation ; Amino alcohols ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Racemic amino alcohols have been separated as perfluoroacylated derivatives by gas chromatography using either improved Chirasil-Val or heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin as stationary phase. Using Chirasil-Val all the amino alcohols investigated were separated to baseline (α values between 1.03 and 1.08) whereas only a few amino alcohols were resolved on the modified cyclodextrin column. The enantioselectivity obtained on the latter phase was, however, significantly higher.The separations were performed as trifluoroacetyl, pentafluoropropionyl, and heptafluorobutyryl derivatives and the chiral discrimination observed for the different derivatives was significantly different for both stationary phases.In oder to obtain a better understanding of the separation mechanism, the Gibbs-Helmholtz parameters Δ(R,S)ΔH° and Δ(R,S)ΔS° were determined. The most extraordinary result was obtained for the trifluoroacetyl derivative of allo-threoninol. In addition to the order of elution of the enantiomers being the opposite of that for the other compounds, the separation seems to be entropy controlled (the sign Δ(R,S)ΔH° is positive), i.e. the separation improved at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170904
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  • 122
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    Rapid analysis of free medium-chain fatty acids and related ethyl esters in beer using SPE and HRGC (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 662-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Sorbent cartridge ; Medium-chain fatty acids ; Fatty acid ethyl esters ; Beer analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modification of a procedure by Hage [1] is proposed for the gas chromatographic evaluation of the content of free medium-chain fatty acids and related ethyl esters in beer. The method involves extraction of free fatty acids and ethyl esters by SPE using C18 bonded phase columns, derivatization of free fatty acids and related ethyl esters with diazomethane, and GC analysis using an SP-2340 capillary column. The results obtained have shown the method to be rapid and highly reproducible. The technique has been compared with other methods used for determination of free fatty acids.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170909
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  • 123
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    Determination of iphosphamide and seven metabolites in blood plasma, as stable trifluoroacetyl derivatives, by electron capture chemical ionization GC-MS (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 655-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Oxazaphosphorines ; Iphosphamide ; Iphosphamide metabolites ; Electron capture chemical ionization MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the determination of the antitumor agent iphosphamide and seven of its metabolites in the plasma of cancer patients by multiple ion monitoring (MIM) GC-MS, mainly using the electron capture chemical ionization mode, of stable methyl and/or trifluoroacetyl derivatives. The metabolites determined were 2- and 3-dechloroethyliphosphamide, 4-ketoiphosphamide, carboxyiphosphamide, iphosphamide mustard, and two previously undetected metabolites, chloroethylamine and 1,3-oxazolidine-2-one.The isolation of the acidic and neutral metabolites was performed by solid phase extraction on to C18 adsorbent at pH 4. The weakly acidic iphosphamide mustard, isolated under these conditions with a yield of ca 50%, was measured as a stable methyltrifluoroacetyl derivative, in contrast to the corresponding phosphoramide mustard of the isomer cyclophosphamide which decomposes during derivatization. Chloroethylamine and 1,3-oxazolidine-2-one were isolated with high yield by liquid extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 10.Selective measurement of several metabolite derivatives with similar retention times was performed by multiple ion monitoring MS of specific ion masses, using a methyl phenyl siloxane capillary column previously employed in the study of cyclophosphamide metabolites. Quantitation of metabolites in patient plasma samples could be performed in the concentration range 3 ng to 20 μg per ml of original plasma.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170908
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  • 124
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    Liquid trapping after supercritical fluid extraction with modified carbon dioxide (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 759-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercrirtical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Modified carbon dioxide in SFE ; Liquid trapping ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A polarity test mix consisting of acetophenone, N,N-dimethylaniline, naphthalene, 2-naphthol, and n-tetracosane was spiked onto sand and extracted with carbon dioxide modified with acetonitrile, methanol, or toluene. The extracts were collected in chloroform, hexane, methanol, or a mixed collection solvent consisting of equal parts chloroform-hexane-methanol. The mixed collection solvent which showed excellent recoveries for pure CO2, had the worst recoveries of all the collection solvents with modified CO2. Overall hexane was the best collection solvent studied for these analytes under these extraction conditions.
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    Editorial (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 57-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170202
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170101
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    Instrument-induced effects in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-AED ; High boiling PAC ; Peak splitting in discharge tube ; Additional make-up gas ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peak splitting of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic compounds originating from the microwave plasma of an atomic emission detector (AED) coupled to a GC has been described and evaluated. The influence of the solute structure, solute concentration, and physical conditions in the AED (such as detector temperature, make-up gas flow, concentration of reagent gases and distance of column end from the plasma) have been studied. An explanation is presented for peak splitting, which is based on an insufficient solute decomposition and solute mass flow in the discharge tube. Modification of the instrument by introduction of additional make-up gas applied through the transfer line has been shown to improve peak shape and solute response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170303
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    High resolution capillary GC-MS analysis of low molecular weight organic compounds in municipal wastewater (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC-MS ; Purge and trap GC-MS ; Extraction ; Solid phase extraction ; Fractionation ; Organic contaminants in municipal wastewater ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High resolution capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used in combination with various sample preparation methods to analyze a wide range of low molecular weight organic contaminants in municipal wastewaters. Volatile organic compounds were extracted using a purge and trap concentrator connected directly to a wide bore DB-624 capillary column. Because of the high organic load in wastewater samples, this method was preferred to the more sensitive closed loop stripping technique which suffered from competition effects and insufficient adsorbent capacity. Volatile and semi-volatile base/neutral compounds and acids were extracted with dichloromethane at pH 11 and pH 2, respectively, or were recovered using a simultaneous distillation-extraction procedure. Acidic compounds were subsequently derivatized using diazomethane methylation. Both fractions were separated with a 30m DB-5ms capillary column. Specific ionic substances (LAS, NTA, EDTA) were isolated by solid-phase extraction then derivatized with diazomethane (LAS) or acetyl chloride in n-butanol (NTA, EDTA) before GC-MS analysis.This array of techniques enabled the identification of more than 150 organic contaminants in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in northern suburban Paris. The individual concentrations of these contaminants ranged from 〈 0.1 μg/l to 5.7 mg/l.
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    Collection of enantiomer separation factors obtained by capillary gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170309
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    Nonaqueous solvents in the on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis of drug metabolitesPreliminary account: Presented at the 4th Annual Frederick Conference on Capillary Electrophoresis held in Frederick, Maryland, October 19-20, 1993. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Nonaqueous solvent ; Capillary electrophoresis ; CE-electrospray-mass spectrometry ; Drug metabolism ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170311
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    Enantioselective separations by capillary GC on derivatized cyclodextrins. Part 2: Determination of enantiomeric excess of some racemic 2,3-isopropylidene-1,2,3-cyclohexanetriol derivatives on permethyl α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 72-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography (CGC) ; Enantioselective separations ; (2,3,6-Tri-O-methyl)cyclodextrins ; Enantiomeric excess determination ; 2,3-Isopropylidene-1,2,3-cyclohexanetriol derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary GC on permethyl α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins has been applied to separate and quantify the enantiomers of some 2,3-iso-propylidene-1,2,3-cyclohexanetriol derivatives. Quantitative CGC data are compared to those obtained with chiral shift 1H NMR.
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    Chromatography calendar (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 98-98 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170211
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    Capillary electrophoresis in non-crosslinked polyacrylamide columns containing hydrophobic additives (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 107-108 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Polyacrylamide ; Hydrophobic interaction ; Electrokinetic chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170215
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    Rapid separations of fullerenes by donor - acceptor liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 104-106 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; SFC ; Rapid analysis ; Donor - acceptor chromatography ; Acceptor bonded phases ; C60 fullerene ; C70 fullerene ; Higher fullerenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170214
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 118-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170218
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170301
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    On-line supercritical fluid derivatization and extraction - capillary gas chromatography of polar compounds (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 350-352 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction ; Supercritical fluid derivatization ; C18 adsorbent ; Capillary GC ; Polar compounds ; Phenoxycarboxylic acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170514
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170601
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    Determination of sulfur components in natural gas: A review (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 373-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC ; Natural gas analysis ; Sulfur components ; Selective enrighment ; Sulfur selective detection ; Calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: More stringent environmental regulations as well as higher demands presently being imposed on the sulfur content of natural gas feed-stocks for chemical processes necessitate the development of new analytical procedures for sulfur determination in natural gas. Only analytical procedures based on gas chromatography can meet the sensitivity and accuracy requirements dictated by environmental regulation institutions and modern chemical industry. The complexity of the natural gas matrix as well as the extremely low concentration levels at which the sulfur species occur make the development of these analytical methods a true challenge. In this review the three steps common for analytical methods for trace analysis in complex matrices, i.e. pretreatment, chromatographic separation, and detection, are discussed in detail. Possible methods for calibration of the system are discussed in the final section.Various techniques to determine sulfur in natural gas are described. Depending on the application, the most suitable system has to be selected. For example, for on-line application in a hazardous area a simple and rugged system is required, i.e. a simple gas chromatograph with a flame photometric detector, while for laboratory application a more complex instrument including preconcentration, column switching, and more exotic detection systems could be more suitable. Therefore it is crucial to define the requirements of the instrument at an early stage and use the information in this review article to develop/select a dedicated instrument/procedure for the problem at hand.
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    High temperature gas chromatography for the analysis of fossil fuels: A review (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 398-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High temperature GC ; Pyrolysis ; Hydrocarbons ; Waxes ; High molecular weight hydrocarbons (C40—C100) ; Asphaltenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the past two or three decades geochemists have been concerned with the analyses and characterization of compounds, generally hydrocarbons, ranging from C1—C40. Significant amounts of information have resulted from these studies which have been extremely useful in many geochemical and environmental studies. However, in the past two or three years the commercial development and availability of high temperature gas chromatography columns has lead to the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMWHC), and other compounds, in the carbon number range C40—C100, present in oils, waxes, bitumens and rock extracts. The ability to study these compounds represents a major advance in organic geochemistry. In some samples these compounds may represent the bulk of the organic components but prior to development of the high temperature columns it was impossible to study their distributions.This paper will review advances that have occurred in terms of the application of high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) to the analyses of fossil fuel samples and discuss the possible origin and significance of these compounds that have been identified. In addition, some of the potential problems involved in the analyses of these compounds will also be discussed.
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    Gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of agrochemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using modified cyclodextrins (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 859-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; Cyclodextrin derivatives ; Polychlorinated pesticides ; Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ; Pyrethroid insecticides/Allethrin ; Organophosphorus pesticides/Acephate, Malaoxon ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantiomers of the polychlorinated polycyclic xenobiotics heptachlor, cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-heptachlorepoxide, oxychlordane, and bromocyclen have been resolved by gas chromatography with selectively substituted cyclodextrins. The order of elution of these compounds and of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) was determined by comparison with enantiomerically enriched reference compounds obtained by preparative enantioselective gas chromatography.A separation of the eight stereoisomers of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin into seven peaks was achieved. Both trans-diastereomers were separated into their enantiomers and the order of elution could be determined by comparison with commercially available (S)-bioallethrin and trans-bioallethrin. Also one cis-diastereomer was separated, wheras the other cis-isomer could not be resolved. In addition 15 out of 19 stable atropisomeric polychlorinated biphenyls with 5, 6 and 7 chlorine substituents, some chiral organophosphorus pesticides, including acephate and malaoxon and the herbicide bromoacil were separated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Capillary zone electrophoresis of neutral organic molecules in organic - aqueous solution (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 713-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Electrophoretic capillary chromatography ; Organic modifiers ; Hydrophobic association ; Capacity factors ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Very good separations of non-ionic organic compounds have been achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using a tetrahep-tylammonium salt as an additive in aqueous acetonitrile as solvent. A systematic study was undertaken to determine the effect of experimental parameters on electroosmotic mobility and electro-phoretic mobility. It was found that pH, acetonitrile concentration, and the type and concentration of quaternary ammonium salt are important experimental variables. Under appropriate conditions, the separation window was enlarged and a broad range of electrically neutral organics, including very hydrophobic compounds (e. g. poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and fairly hydrophilic compounds were separated in a relatively short time. By adjusting the separation conditions, high resolution CZE of a specific group of neutral organic compounds could be achieved. A method for calculation of capacity factor was proposed and capacity factors for a variety of non-lonic organic compounds were calculated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171006
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    On-line preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (PC-CE-MS) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 729-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Electrospray mass spectrometry ; Sample concentration ; Peptides ; Drug metabolites ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171010
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 739-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171014
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 740-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171016
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    Analysis of organomercury compounds in sediments by capillary GC with atomic fluorescence detection (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 745-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Organomercury compounds ; Capillary GC ; Atomic fluorescence detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analysis of methyl- and ethylmercury (MM and EM) halides in biological and environmental samples is generally performed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Tedious sample work-up protocols and poor chromatographic response (using packed columns) have, however, shown the need for the development of new methods in this field.This paper reports a sensitive method, free from these deficiencies, for the determination of methyl- and ethylmercury. The organomercury compounds (MM and EM) are first released from the sample matrix, by the combined action of acidic potassium bromide and cupric ions, and then extracted into dichloromethane. The initial extracts are subjected to thiosulfate clean-up and the organomercury species are isolated as their chloride derivatives by addition of cupric chloride, and subsequent extraction into a small volume of organic solvent. Capillary GC coupled with atomic fluorescence detection provided excellent separation efficiencies for methyl- and ethylmercury and proved to be a very selective and sensitive technique. The absolute detection limit for both MM and EM was found to be 0.2 pg.
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    Product news (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 120-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170221
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    Comparison of two-stage retention index monitoring capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry as analytical tools (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Two dimensional GC ; Heart cutting ; Retention index monitoring (RIM) ; Two-stage RIM ; GC-MS ; Selected ion monitoring ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-stage capillary GC with two-stage retention index monitoring is an efficient analytical technique which can be used for detection and determination of small amounts of volatile compounds in complex mixtures of hundreds or thousands of other compounds. The system employs two capillary columns, coated with different stationary phases, connected on-line with the aid of a micro valve; the first column acts as a pre-separating unit from which unresolved fractions of interest are cut (transferred) into another column for final, interference-free separation of the compounds to be determined. This technique has been compared with selected ion monitoring capillary GC-MS using a hydrocarbon mixture as a test sample for comparing resolution, repeatability, and the practical usefulness of the techniques. Results indicate that two-stage capillary GC is very useful for mixtures containing compounds which produce mostly non-specific ions in the MS ion source whereas compounds producing specific ions can be easily analyzed by capillary GC - single ion monitoring MS even if they are not perfectly separated by a single capillary column.
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    High resolution capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of protein and non-protein amino acids, amino alcohols, and hydroxycarboxylic acids as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution capillary GC (HRCGC) ; HRCGC-MS ; Protein amino acids ; Non-protein amino acids ; Amino alcohols ; Hydroxycarboxylic acids ; tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple, single-step derivatization technique is presented for capillary GC-FID and GC-MS separation and identification of common protein and non-protein constituents of natural peptides as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives. The tert-butyldimethyl-silylation of more than sixty compounds was accomplished with high yields and a single peak observed for each component. The TBDMS derivatives of both the protein and non-protein substances, moreover, exhibit excellent separation on apolar capillary columns and can be resolved completely using a polydimethylsiloxane or 5 % phenyl polydimethylsiloxane column and, complementarily, a 50 % phenyl polydimethylsiloxane column. Retention data and molar responses of the TBDMS derivatives on the polydimethylsiloxane column are compiled. Direct coupling of the 5 % phenyl polydimethylsiloxane column to an ion trap mass spectrometer enabled fast separation and identification of the investigated components, at nanomole to picomole levels, on the basis of retention and mass spectral data. The general usefulness of the method is demonstrated by research into new biologically active peptides isolated from entomopathogenic fungi.
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    GC-MS quantitation of isocitric acid in the presence of a large excess of citric acid (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Quantitation ; Selected fragments ; Sugars ; Carboxylic acids ; Citric acid ; Isocitric acid ; TMS derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A GC-MS method has been developed for the analysis of the sugar and carboxylic acid content of citrus fruits, including the quantitation of isocitric acid in the presence of a large excess of citric acid. Optimum conditions have been determined for the analysis (from one solution, by one injection, on a 30 m DB-5 column) of the TMS oxime and/or TMS derivatives of sugars and acids obtained from various lemon, grapefruit, and orange samples. Quantitation was based on the monitoring of the total ion current and of selective fragments. The utility of the method has been demonstrated by the determination of isocitric acid in the presence of 10- to 200-fold excess of citric acid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170308
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    Separation of novolac resin oligomers and related industrial materials by high temperature capillary gas chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 177-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; High temperature analysis ; Novolac resins ; Epoxy resins ; Retention indices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170312
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170317
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    Guest editorial (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 193-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170402
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    Supercritical fluid chromatography of petroleum products using flameless sulfur chemiluminescence detection (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 251-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Sulfur analysis ; Petroleum products ; Sulfur chemiluminescence detection ; Packed columns ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Supercritical fluid chromatography using flameless sulfur chemiluminescence detection has been investigated for the analysis of sulfur compounds in petroleum products. The chromatography and detection system was easy to implement and exhibited good precision, linearity, selectivity, and sensitivity. A minimum detectable limit of 0.3 pg sulfur/s was obtained, and response to sulfur in different sulfur species was nearly equimolar.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    High resolution gas chromatographic determination of the atmospheric reactivity of engine-out hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignited engine (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 264-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Exhaust emissions ; Hydrocarbon emissions ; Photochemical smog ; Gasoline ; Spark-ignited engine ; Engine operating parameters, effect of ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactivities of engine-out exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) emissions in photochemical smog formation have been determined for three fuels (isooctane, an aromatic blend, and a gasoline) in a single-cylinder, spark-ignited engine. High resolution capillary GC was used to determine the mole fractions of the exhaust hydrocarbon species. Temperature programmed chromatography on a single capillary column was sufficient to separate the major exhaust species. A library of approximately 160 hydrocarbon species was used to identify typically 90-95 % of the HC species present. GC-MS was used selectively to verify peak assignments.The effect of engine operating parameters (fuel-to-air ratio, spark timing, and speed) on reactivity was examined. Engine operating parameters affect both total emissions [g/mile] and the specific atmospheric reactivity [g ozone/g HC emissions] of these emissions. Changing the operating parameters to control total emissions may not be as effective as expected in controlling the total reactivity [g ozone/mile] of the emissions because the specific reactivity can also change simultaneously. Effects of changes in operating parameters differ significantly as the type of fuel is varied. The ability to measure exhaust hydrocarbon species emissions accurately and quickly will increase in importance as reactivity-based emissions standards come into widespread use.
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    Polar immobilized polyhydroxy stationary phase for capillary chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 280-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary column preparation ; Column polarity ; Immobilized phases ; Degree of immobilization ; Polyhydroxy stationary phase ; Polyglycidol (PG) ; Comparison with poly(ethylene glycol) 20M ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170417
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    Chromatography calendar (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 287-288 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170420
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 288-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170421
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    Identification of fatty acid methyl esters as minor components of fish oil by multidimensional GC-MSD: New furan fatty acids (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 308-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Mass selective detection ; Multidimensional GC-MSD ; Fish oil ; Furan fatty acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separation and analysis of furan fatty acids and other minor component fatty acids present at very low concentrations in complex sample matrices, such as fish oil or lipids derived from liver and testes, require several pre-analytical separation steps if single column gas chromatography is to furnish sufficient resolution: after extraction and transesterification hydrogenation, urea complex precipitation and argentation TLC have been applied prior to GC analysis of furan fatty acids.By using multidimensional GC-MSD with cooled injection and flow-controlled column switching with intermediate cold trapping, it has been possible to identify directly the methyl esters of furan fatty acids without further pre-analytical separation.The most common of the furan fatty acids can be subdivided into two groups depending on whether they bear a propyl or pentyl side group in the 5-position of the furan ring. In addition to the eight furan fatty acids known to be present in fish oil, six new ones were identified, four with propyl substitution and two with pentyl substitution. Four have earlier been reported to be present in the hepatopancreas of crayfish and in fish tissue, whereas the propyl-substituted 16,19-epoxy-17,18-dimethyldocosa-16,18-dienoic acid and the pentyl-substituted furan fatty acid 6,9-epoxy-7-methyltetradeca-6,8-dienoic acid were hitherto unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170505
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    System for calculating the linear temperature-programmed retention indices of polycyclic aromatic compounds (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 339-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Retention index ; Polycyclic aromatic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical procedures have been used to predict linear temperature-programmed retention indices for polycyclic aromatic compounds. It is possible to calculate such indices for polycyclic aromatic compounds in some practical situations in which the compounds cannot be eluted during a simple linear temperature program. The theory has been tested for a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in single- and multi-plateau temperature-programmed gas chromatography with SE-52 as the stationary phase. This method will extend the applicability of linear retention indices for the identification of the isomers of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170515
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    Chromatography calendar (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 355-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170517
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    The use of combined LC-GC for the analysis of fuel products: A review (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 390-397 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupled LC-GC ; Fuel product analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A review of the analysis of petroleum fuels, oils, tars and engine exhaust particulate extracts by on-line coupled LC-GC is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170604
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    The use of precolumns for solvent focusing in capillary column gas chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 522-526 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Precolumns ; Solvent focusing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In trace analysis by capillary GC it is often desirable to use larger than normal injection volumes to obtain sufficient sensitivity. This, however, results in a wider solvent peak and tailing, and may reduce column efficiency. This paper describes the use of a short length of a capillary precolumn coated with a stationary phase of polarity similar to that of the sample solvent and a film thickness greater than that of the analytical column; provided the right combination of polarities of injection solvent and liquid phases are used, the precolumn focuses the solvent band, thereby enabling the maximum injection volume to be increased without measurably reducing efficiency. Typical precolumn dimensions are 1 m length, 0.32 mm i.d., and 0.5 μm stationary phase film thickness. Using a precolumn increases the maximum injection volume up to 8 or 10 μl, or three times that appropriate for a conventional analytical column, with little or no loss in efficiency.
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    Liquid-liquid extraction of silylated polyalcohols from vinegar, and their determination by capillary GC (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 553-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Liquid - liquid extraction ; Vinegar ; Polyalcohol analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A capillary gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, and inositol in vinegar. After addition of phenyl-β-glucopyranoside as internal standard, the sample was then dried and silylated. The analysis was performed both on the crude silylated sample and after liquid - liquid extraction. The repeatability of the two methods was evaluated on twenty three different types of vinegar and the extraction did not seriously affect the analysis. Extraction of the TMS-ethers enables elimination of a large number of interfering substances such as acids and polyphenols and so acts as a purification of the sample.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170709
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    Chromatography calendar (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 556-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170711
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    Rapid determination of 2,5-diaminobenzene-1,4-disulfonic acid by reversed phase HPLCIICT Communication No. 3260. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 561-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Reversed phase LC ; Ion pair LC ; Quality assurance ; 2,5-Diaminobenzene-1,4-disulfonic acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170714
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    Variation of the pH of the background electrolyte as a result of electrolysis in capillary electrophoresis (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 563-564 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Electrolysis ; Electrolytic effect ; pH Variation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170715
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 568-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170718
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    Coupled SFE/SFC/GC for the trace analysis of pesticide residues in fatty food samples (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; Gas Chromatography (GC) ; On-line analysis ; Organochlorine pesticides ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Fatty food samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An on-line SFE-chromatographic system, where SFE has been coupled with SFC and GC, was developed and utilized for trace analyses of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues from gram-sized complex sample matrices, such as chicken fat, ground beef, and lard. The SFE process and chromatographic techniques were instrumentally integrated for efficient and automated on-line analysis, having minimal sample handling between the sample preparation and separation steps. A cleanup step, incorporating packed column SFC, allowed the fractionation of relatively small-sized, non-polar pesticides from the co-extracted fatty materials. This permitted final high-resolution separation of analytes on a capillary GC column. Detection of pesticides was accomplished using selective electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors. Pesticide concentrations determined with the on-line system were accurate and reproducible, for fatty samples containing both fortified and incurred pesticides. This method, utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide, was considerably faster and less laborious than the conventional analytical procedures based on liquid extraction.
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    Simultaneous enantioselective separation of chlordanes, a nonachlor compound, and o,p′-DDT in environmental samples using tandem capillary columns (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 583-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselectivity ; Chlordane congeners ; o,p′-DDT ; Tandem capillary ; Environmental samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two capillary columns, one coated with 90 % biscyanopropyl 10 % phenylcyanopropylpolysiloxane (RTx 2330) the other with dimethyl-t-butyl-silylated β-cyclodextrin dissolved in 85 % methyl 15 % phenyl polysiloxane (PS-086), have, when employed in tandem, enabled the enantioselective separation of all the chiral chlordanes present in the fish oil reference material SRM 1588, without any overlap between enantiomers of different isomers. This capillary column combination is, furthermore, able to separate the enantiomers of other chiral polychlorinated pesticides such as o,p′-DDT, oxy-chlordane, a chiral nonachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide. It can be used to determine the enantiomer ratio of these compounds present in the low pg/g range in extracts of marine biota and ambient air.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170804
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    Prediction of programmed temperature retention times on linked capillary columns of different polarity (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Serially connected capillary columns ; Linear temperature programming ; Retention time prediction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Systems formed by serial connection of capillary columns of different polarity were studied with methods previously used to predict the behavior of linked capillary columns under isothermal conditions and to obtain programmed temperature gas chromatography (PTGC) retention times of the individual columns starting from isothermal data. The two calculation methods were simultaneously applied in order to predict PTGC retention times of the series system starting from isothermal data obtained on the two individual columns. Experimental retention values measured using different temperature programs on the individual columns and on the series systems were found to agree with those calculated.
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    Improved separation of γ- and δ-lactones on a popular phase (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 613-615 
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    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Glass capillary column ; Trifluoroacetylated cyclodextrin ; γ-Lactones ; δ-Lactones ; Routine quality control ; GC-MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170811
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 622-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170816
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    Chiral stationary phase design: A study in optimization (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 629-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chiral stationary phase ; Chiral separations ; HPLC ; N(1-Naphthyl)leucine ; N(5-Acenaphthyl)leucine ; Polysiloxane ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A π-basic, brush-type chiral stationary phase (CSP) derived from (S)-N-(1-naphthyl)leucine undecenyl ester has been shown to effectively separate the enantiomers of a broad array of π-acidic analytes. Armed with a mechanistic hypothesis as to how this CSP differentiates between the enantiomers of π-acidic derivatives of α-amino acids, the structure of this CSP was modified in a series of steps, each intended to enhance the enantioselectivity of the CSP. Specifically, brush-type CSPs were prepared from N-(5-naphthyl)leucine di-n-propyl amide and from N-(5-acenaphthyl)leucine di-n-propyl amide. The latter selector was also incorporated into a polysiloxane, then coated and bonded to silica. The rationale for each of the structural changes, and its effect on the enantioselectivity of the resulting CSP is described.
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    Home-made temperature-control unit for the Waters Quanta 4000 capillary electrophoresis system (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 651-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) ; β-Blockers ; Temperature control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A home-made temperature control unit has been developed for a commercial capillary electrophoresis apparatus, the Waters Quanta 4000. The effect of the unit on the absolute migration times and peak areas of nine β-blockers is described. It was found that this homemade temperature control unit considerably (≥ 100 %) improved the repeatability of the separation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170907
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    Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection: Determination of sodium dodecyl sulfate in simulated stream water (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 665-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Indirect UV detection ; Sodium dodecyl sulfate ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) has been quantitatively determined by capillary zone electrophoresis using a fused silica capillary and a 5 mM dihydroxybenzoic acid / sodium hydroxide buffer in 5% methanol solution at a pH of 8.1. The ion was detected by indirect UV absorption at 250 nm. Detection range was from 0.8 to 50 mg SDS/L. This rapid method requiring only small sample volumes was developed in support of an aquatic toxicology study in a simulated stream water and is applicable to waters containing common inorganic ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170910
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    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171101
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    Capillary electrophoresis separation of heterocyclic nitrosoamino acid-conformers at sub-ambient temperatures (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 753-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Nitrosamines ; Subambient temperature ; syn and anti isomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separation of a selected group of naturally occurring, heterocyclic nitrosoamino acids was achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis and the resolution of the syn and anti conformers improved as the temperature was lowered to 5 °C. The double peaks observed for each nitrosoamino acid are probably caused by the slow kinetics of conformational isomerism. The experimental setup consisted of a P/ACE 5510 electrophoresis system, a 57 cm polyacrylamidecoated capillary, and a 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 2 mM of 3-(N-N-dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate (DMMAPS) and 0.1% Tween 20. Our study shows that (a) the lower the temperature, the greater the resolution and the longer the migration times; and (b) different nitrosoamino acid conformers were resolved at different temperatures because of differences in the rate of isomerization. For example, the conformers of N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid were partially resolved at 30 °C while those of N-nitrosoproline were well resolved at the same temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171104
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    Direct coupling of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with double-focusing high resolution mass spectrometry (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 765-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Sector field mass spectrometry ; Capillary column ; Polymer additives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An integral restrictor interface with jet separator for coupling capillary column supercritical fluid extraction - supercritical fluid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC-MS) has been built and used for the analysis of a fatty acid ester, and of polymer additives with a wide range of masses. The mobile phase used was supercritical carbon dioxide; a flame ionization detector (FID) was used in parallel with the mass spectrometer. Different SFC-MS interface operating conditions, e.g. temperature, restrictor position, flow rate, and sample transfer conditions were optimized to obtain good sensitivity and separation for these applications. In addition, the sensitivity of measurements performed with the direct insertion probe and by SFC-MS interface have been compared.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171107
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    Career connections (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 802-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171117
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  • 182
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    Direct coupling of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with supercritical fluid extraction using modified carbon dioxide (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 809-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Capillary SFC ; On-line SFE-SFC ; Modified carbon dioxide ; Pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography has been directly coupled with supercritical fluid extraction using modified carbon dioxide. The mixed fluids were prepared with a single pump on-line mixing system. The most important step in the SFE-SFC interface was the elimination of the modifier solvent. This was achieved by use of a coupled trap, 0.1 mm i.d. and 0.53 mm i.d. capillary tubing connected in series, with the collected solutes refocused on the second (0.53 mm i.d.) trap before transfer into the separation column. This enabled complete elimination of various modifier solvents and high efficiency collection of the solutes. The effect of the modifier on trapping efficiency was investigated using methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane, and toluene at a variety of concentrations. n-Eicosane was, for example, trapped quantitatively by modified carbon dioxide containing up to 13 % (w/w) methanol. The use of the technique has been demonstrated by selective extraction of n-paraffins, fatty acid methyl esters, and alcohols from a silica matrix; the effect of different modifiers on the extraction of a mixture of pesticides from soil has also been investigated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171202
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    Detection of nitro musks in human fat by capillarv gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (AED) using programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 821-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission detection (AED) ; Programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) ; Nitro musks ; Human adipose tissue ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Atomic emission detection (AED) has been successfully applied to the determination of nitro musks in the fat of human adipose tissue by gas chromatography at trace concentration levels. Element specific detection with the AED combined with a clean-up procedure for nonpolar substances makes target screening analysis for lipophilic nitro aromatic compounds possible for the first time. The lack of sensitivity, especially in the AED nitrogen and oxygen trace, was compensated by higher concentration of the extracts and injection of larger sample volumes performed by cold programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) in the solvent split mode. The combination of the superior quantification properties of the atomic emission detector with large sample volume introduction makes the quantification of nitro musks down to the ppb level possible. All five nitro musks investigated exhibit linear dynamic ranges going down close to instrumental limits of detection. Moreover, organochlorine compounds could be sensitively detected in the same sample extract by the AED chlorine trace without any interferences from coeluting matrix compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171204
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  • 184
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    Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of nucleic acid constituents and dinucleoside monophosphate photoproducts (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 4-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) ; Cationic micelles ; DNA photoproducts ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography has been explored as an efficient and rapid method of separating the photoproducts of 2′-deoxyuridylyl-(3′-5′)-thymidine (i.e., cis-syn and trans-syn cyclobutane dimers, (6-4) photoproduct, and the related Dewar valence isomer) from normal nucleosides and nucleotides. Three cationic surfactants, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and hexadecyltrimethy-lammonium bromide were evaluated and the separations compared with those obtainable with the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate. Optimum resolution of the dinucleoside monophosphate photoproducts was obtained using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. By use of this detergent the photoproducts could also be separated from other normal constituents in less than 6 min at -25 kV. Dodecyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide provided some separation between the various species but sodium dodecylsulfate did not separate the UV radiation-induced products from either the parent compound or other dinucleoside monophosphates. Increased interaction between negatively charged solutes and positively charged micelles accounts for the differences.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170102
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  • 185
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    Deactivation of precolumns for capillary GC by a thin layer of OV-1701 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Deactivation of GC precolumns ; Water resistance of deactivation ; OV-1701 for deactivation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deactivation of precolumns with an ultra thin film of OV-1701 provided inertness at least equal to silylation, but better resistance to water. Dynamic coating of the raw fused silica capillary is, furthermore, much faster than the hydrothermal treatment/silylation procedure.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170109
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  • 186
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    High performance liquid chromatography on the chiral stationary phase (R,R)-DACH-DNB using carbon dioxide-based eluents (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chiral stationary phase ; Carbon dioxide-based mobile phases ; Dynamic chiral chromatography ; Fullerenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fast and efficient separations of chiral stereolabile compounds were obtained at very low temperature on a π-acid chiral stationary phase (R,R-DACH-DNB) using carbon dioxide-based mobile phases containing alcoholic polar modifiers.Furthermore, efficient separations of the newly discovered spherical carbon cluster buckminsterfullerene (C60) and the related higher fullerenes (C70, etc.) have been performed on the same stationary phase using eluents based on either n-hexane or carbon dioxide.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170110
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  • 187
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    A study of the adsorption activities of silanol surface structures on a fused silica model substrate by combining 29Si CP MAS NMR and inverse gas chromatographic data (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fused silica model substrates ; Adsorption characteristics ; Surface OH distribution ; Inverse gas-solid chromatography ; 29Si CP MAS NMR ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The possibilities of inverse gas-solid chromatography (IGC) in obtaining chromatographic data on fumed silica were examined. Aerosil A-200, a fused silica model substrate in 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, was trimethylsilylated to different degrees. IGC was used to very reproducibly determine the free specific energies of adsorption of several functionalized probe solutes. Hydrogen bonding solutes have a free specific energy of adsorption that is at least about 50% higher than that of non-hydrogen bonding probe solutes. NMR was used in combination with elemental analysis to calculate surface concentrations of the different chemical surface structures. IGC data and surface concentrations were combined in order to determine the contribution of each type of surface structure to the total free specific adsorption energy. It could be concluded that residual silanols from the reaction of dihydroxydi-siloxysiloxane (Q2 groups) with trimethylchlorosilane possess a higher adsorption activity than the silanols initially present.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170207
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  • 188
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    Microcolumn liquid chromatography with thermionic detection of the enantiomers of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 95-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemical warfare agents ; Microcolumn liquid chromatography ; Enantiomeric separation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An improved interface for the on-line coupling of microcolumn liquid chromatography (micro-LC) with thermionic detection (TID) is described. Modifications have been made to enable separate adjustment of the eluent introduction and the detector flame temperature in order to improve the sensitivity and ease of use of the system.The micro-LC-TID was used for the chiral separation of the nerve agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX). Baseline separation for the enantiomers of VX was obtained on Chiralcel OD using 1% isopropanol in hexane as the eluent. The detection limit of VX using 60 nl injections is ca. 5 μg/ml (ppm range). However, when using large-volume injections (10 μl) the detection limit is ca. 25 ng/ml (ppb range).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170210
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    Determination of the purity of synthetic peptides by capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, and laser desorption mass spectrometry (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 102-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Capillary electrophoresis (CE) ; Laser desorption mass spectrometry ; Synthetic peptides ; Purity determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170213
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    Collection of enantiomer separation factors obtained by capillary gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170216
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    Erratum (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 118-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170219
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    A method for reproducible preparation of chiral polysiloxanes with regular repeat units as stationary phases for capillary gas chromatographyDedicated to Professor William H. Pirkle on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Block polysiloxanes ; Functionalized polysiloxanes ; Chiral polysiloxanes ; Enantioselective stationary GC phase ; Polysiloxane synthesis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trifluoroethyl ester-functionalized polysiloxanes can be prepared by block condensation of 3-dichloromethylsilyl-2-methylpropionic acid 2′,2′,2′-trifluoroethyl ester with 1,5-bis(diethylamino)hexamethyltrisiloxane or with disodium tetramethyldisiloxane-1,3-diolate. The functionalized polysiloxanes may serve as supports for a variety of selector groups; for instance, nucleophilic displacements with L-valine-t-butylamide or L-α-naphthylethylamine lead to chiral polysiloxanes in high yields and with high reproducibility. Imidazole accelerates the rate of nucleophilic displacement. Capillary columns coated with such chiral polysiloxanes exhibit high enantioselectivity and thermostability.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170103
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    Chromatography calendar (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 56-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170118
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    Separation of taxolTaxol is used in this manuscript to refer to the compound that now has the generic name paclitaxel and the registered trade name Taxol® (Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, NY). and related compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 51-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Taxol ; Micellar electrokinetic chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170116
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  • 195
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    Simulated distillation of petroleum and its products by gas and supercritical fluid chromatography: A review (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Simulated distillation ; Boiling point distribution ; Element-specific detectors ; Carbon number distribution ; Petroleum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Information about the boiling point distribution of petroleum and its products is obtained either by actual distillation, or by analyses designed to simulate the distillation process. These analytical techniques are called simulated distillations. Simulated distillations are most often performed by gas or supercritical fluid chromatography. This paper reviews the use of gas and supercritical fluid chromatography for simulated distillation, and the development of element-specific detection coupled with these analyses.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170404
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    Chromatographic characterization of thermally upgraded products from alternative fuels (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Preparative liquid chromatography ; High resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) ; Alternative fuels ; Group-type fractionation ; Sugar cane bagasse upgrading ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An overview is presented of the analytical approaches developed by our research group over the last ten years for analysis of alternative fuel, both biomass and fossil. The alternative fuels are analyzed successively by PLC-8 (preparative liquid chromatography-group-type) fractionation and high resolution gas chromatography. Some of the possibilities for fractionation and characterization of alternative fuels are herein exemplified with sugar cane bagasse pyrolysis products.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170409
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    Modification of electroosmotic flow in preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis (PC-CE) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 669-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; EOF ; Sample loading ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170913
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    Time course analysis of a microsomal incubation of a therapeutic drug using preconcentration capillary electrophoresis (PC-CE) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 671-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Sample loading ; Concentration ; Drug metabolism ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170914
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    Troubleshooting in the separation sciences (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 682-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170918
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    A novel focusing injection technique for chemiluminescent detection of volatile sulfur compounds separated by HRGC (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 695-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution gas chromatography ; Sulfur chemiluminescence detection ; Chromatographic injection profile ; Gaseous injection ; Sulfur gases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A one meter stainless steel capillary column coated with a 20μm film of polydimethylsiloxane was used to replace the Teflon gas sampling loop of a HRGC - flameless SCD system. This column trap was equilibrated with the gaseous sample and then purged with carrier gas while being sequentially, resistively heated in ten 10 cm sections. The sequential heating of the 10cm sections was timed such that the velocity of the moving heated zone was approximately the same as the velocity of the carrier gas. The thick stationary phase film served to retard the front end of the injection band while the ballistic heating accelerated the back end. The net result was focusing of the injection, which gave rise to a narrower injection profile than that obtained with the original Teflon loop.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240171003
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