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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; HPLC ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Trockenfrüchte ; Kohlenhydrate ; ESR ; HPLC ; food irradiation ; dried fruits ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While in a previous work the ESR spectroscopic detection of irradiated dried fruits was reported, in this paper liquid chromatographic determination of the carbohydrate fraction of these fruits is introduced and connected with the ESR results. After irradiation of dried fruits three different types of ESR spectra are observed. In most cases the dried fruits can be attached to these various types by means of their sugar composition. It was also found that the ESR spectra observed for sucrose-rich fruits are very similar to that of pure sucrose. The structure of the ESR spectra can change with storage. Probably, radical rearrangement reactions in the samples are responsible for these changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem in einer früheren Arbeit der ESR-spektroskopische Nachweis von strahlenbehandelten Trockenfrüchten besprochen wurde, wird in diesem Bericht die flüssigchromatographische Bestimmung der Kohlenhydratfraktion dieser Früchte vorgestellt und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Zuckerzusammensetzung und den ESR-Signalstrukturen nachgewiesen. Die bei der Bestrahlung von Trockenfrüchten beobachteten ESR-Spektren lassen sich in 3 Typen unterteilen. Die Zuordnung der Trockenfrüchte zu den einzelnen Typen anhand ihrer Kohlenhydratzusammensetzung gelingt in einer überwiegenden Zahl der untersuchten Proben. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daß die beobachteten ESR-Signale in ihrem Habitus denen der reinen bestrahlten Mono- und Disaccharide ähnlich sind. Dies trifft besonders für saccharosereiche Früchte und Saccharose zu. Die Struktur der ESR-Spektren strahlenbehandelter Trockenfrüchte kann sich über einen längeren Zeitraum ändern. Für die Veränderung werden radikalische Umwandlungen in der Probenmatrix verantwortlich gemacht.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Nachtschicht ; Arbeiter ; Mahlzeiten ; Werktage ; Wochenende ; Nutrient intake ; nightshift ; worker ; meals ; weekdays ; weekend days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified weight record technique, total dietary intake was obtained in 24 permanent nightshift workers during a period of 7 consecutive days; intake data were attached to eight defined meals. As a control, 25 shift workers of the same company were investigated during the morning shift. Mean daily energy intake was 2866±616 kcal (12.0±2.6 MJ) including 14% protein, 39.5% fat, 37.8% carbohydrates, and 8.7% alcohol. Statistically significant differences between groups were found for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In both groups intake data for vitamin A, D, zinc and dietary fiber did not meet 3/4 of the recommandations of the German Nutrition Society. In contrast to controls, nutrient intake of the permanent nightshift workers was slightly less during weekend days; mean meal frequency decreased from 5.4 (weekday) to 4.3. The distribution of total daily nutrient intake to different meals partly did not agree with existing recommendations; however, the deviation seems reasonable. Regarding the risks for accidents as well as the working capacity, the relatively high alcohol intake during working hours has to be criticized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern eines metallverarbeitenden Betriebs in Bayern wurde über einen Zeitraum von 7 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen der gesamte Verzehr mit Hilfe der vereinfachten Wiegemethode erfaßt und 8 definierten Mahlzeiten zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 25 Wechselschicht-Arbeiter in der Frühschicht desselben Betriebs. Eiweiß lieferte 14%, Fett 39,5%, Kohlenhydrate 37,8% und Alkohol 8,7% der durchschnittlichen täglichen Energiezufuhr in Höhe von 2866±616 kcal (12,0±2,6 MJ). Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bestanden für Vitamin E und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren. In beiden Gruppen erreichte die Aufnahme an Vitamin A, D, Zink und Ballaststoffen nicht 3/4 der Empfehlungen der DGE. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe führten die Dauernachtschicht-Arbeiter an den Wochenenden geringfügig weniger Nährstoffe zu als an Werktagen; die durchschnittliche Mahlzeitenzahl verringerte sich von 5,4 (Werktag) auf 4,3. Die Verteilung der täglichen Nährstoffzufuhr auf einzelne Mahlzeiten an den Werktagen wich teilweise von bestehenden Empfehlungen ab, erscheint aber sinnvoll. Im Hinblick auf Unfallgefahren und Leistungsfähigkeit ist der relativ hohe Alkoholkonsum während der Arbeitszeit zu kritisieren.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 68-78 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; modifizierter 24 hour recall ; NF-Aufnahme ; NF-Quellen ; Dietary survey ; modified 24-h-recall ; dietary fiber intake ; dietary fiber source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From May to November 1991, a dietary survey in form of a 24-h-recall questionnaire was carried out in Zurich. For the first time, food data from a large, voluntary, undefined, selected collective was acquired (n=3653). The mean dietary fiber intake of the women was 30 g/day and of the men 33 g/day, which is comparable with various literature data. These values show a positive trend in the eating habits of the population. The dietary fiber intake was also considered in relation to the origin of the fibers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Zürich wurde von Mai bis November 1991 eine Ernährungserhebung in Form eines schriftlichen 24 hour recall durchgeführt. Erstmals wurden Verzehrszahlen eines überdurchschnittlich grossen, freiwilligen, nicht definiert ausgewählten Kollektivs erfasst (n=3653). Die durchschnittliche NF-Aufnahme der Frauen in Höhe von 30 g/Tag und der Männer in Höhe von 33 g/Tag ist mit diversen Literaturwerten vergleichbar und deutet auf eine positive Entwicklung im Ernährungsverhalten der Bevölkerung hin. Der NF-Verzehr wurde nach Herkunft der Fasern aufgeschlüsselt betrachtet.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungsfolate ; Folatanalytik ; Folatverfügbarkeit ; Folatmetabolismus ; Food folates ; analysis of folates ; folate bioavailability ; folate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Because of the unequal and, in some instances, low stability of different folate vitamers against extreme conditions the analytical determination of folate and the estimation of folate losses in food processing and preparation cause considerable difficulties. HPLC allows determination of the native folate derivative patterns. As the bioavailability of folates is influenced by a variety of factors and different methods were employed for assessing bioavailability there is a considerable inconsistency in the results of these studies. Folates labeled with radioactive or stable isotopes provide new approaches to metabolic and bioavailability studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wegen der unterschiedlichen, zum Teil geringen Stabilität der einzelnen Folatvitamere gegenüber extremen Bedingungen bereitet sowohl die analytische Folatbestimmung als auch die Abschätzung der Folatverluste bei der Lebensmittelverarbeitung und-zubereitung erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Mit Hilfe der HPLC ist es möglich, Aussagen über das native Folatderivatmuster zu treffen. Da die Bioverfügbarkeit der Folate von vielen Faktoren beeinflußt wird und zur Bioverfügbarkeitsbestimmung unterschiedliche Methoden eingesetzt wurden, ist die Inkonsistenz der Ergebnisse erheblich. Mit radioaktiven oder stabilen Isotopen markierte Folate haben neue Wege in Bioverfügbarkeits- und Metabolismusuntersuchungen eröffnet.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 162-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffpräferenz ; Serotonin ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Stimmung ; Protein ; Kohlenhydrat ; Plasma-Tryptophan ; Food preference ; serotonin ; nutrient intake ; mood ; protein ; carbohydrate ; plasma tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The neurotransmitter serotonin significantly contributes to the regulation of food intake and appetite behaviour. The cerebral serotonin synthesis depends on the availability of the precursor tryptophan. To examine how diets with different carbohydrate, protein and tryptophan content affect food preferences and the mood, healthy obese and non-obese male adults consumed the following isocaloric diets at breakfast: standard diet (60 % carbohydrate), protein-rich diet (35 % carbohydrate, 40 % protein), carbohydrate-rich diet (80 % carbohydrate), tryptophan supplemented diet (standard diet +1.5 g tryptophan). The plasma concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) is determined by their uptake with the diet. In obese and non-obese adults the TRP/LNAA-quotient rose significantly by upto 0.40 to 0.57, following the tryptophan supplemented breakfast. The protein-rich diet reduced the TRP/LNAA-quotient. The preference of protein-rich food after the consumption of carbohydrate-rich diets (60–80 % carbohydrate) was diagnosable with the non-obese person and not with the obese person. No obvious connection was detected between nutrient preferences and plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient. There was no influence of the plasma TRP/LNAA-quotient after meals with different nutrient relation on mood. Therefore it is concluded that different carbohydrate and protein content and also additional tryptophan supplementation of single meals is not able to modify the brain serotonin synthesis and release in healthy people in a kind that serotonin induced behaviour would be changed, at least on a short time basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Appetitverhaltens ist das zentralnervöse serotoninerge System beteiligt. Die Syntheses des Neurotransmitters Serotonin ist dabei von der Verfügbarkeit der Vorstufe Tryptophan abhängig. In dieser Studie erhielten gesunde normal- und übergewichtige Probanden folgende normokalorische Frühstücksmahlzeiten: Standarddiät (Mischkost mit 60 % Kohlenhydrate), proteinreiches Frühstück (35 % Kohlenhydrate, 40 % Protein), kohlenhydratreiches Frühstück (80 % Kohlenhydrate), Tryptophan-supplementiertes Frühstück (Standarddiät +1,5 g Tryptophan). Es wurde untersucht, wie sich diese Testdiäten mit unterschiedlichem Kohlenhydrat/Protein-Verhältnis post-prandial auf die Nährstoffpräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit auswirken. Die Nahrungspräferenzen und die Befindlichkeit wurden mittels Fragebogen ermittelt und zu den Blutparametern (Tryptophan (TRP), langkettige neutrale Aminosäuren (LNAA), TRP/LNAA-Quotient, Serotonin) in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Tryptophan- und LNAA-Konzentrationen im Plasma korrelierten erwartungsgemäß mit ihrer Aufnahme mit der Nahrung. Der aus beiden Parametern ermittelte TRP/LNAA-Quotient nahm bei Normal- und Übergewichtigen nach dem Tryptophan-supplementierten Frühstück um bis zu 0,40 auf 0,57 zu. Nach der proteinreichen Diät war bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen der Quotient aufgrund der relativ erhöhten Aufnahme an LNAAs erniedrigt. Eine Bevorzugung von proteinreichen Lebensmitteln nach dem Verzehr von kohlenhydratreichen Kostformen (60–80 % Kohlenhydrate) war bei den normalgewichtigen Probanden festzustellen, nicht jedoch bei den Übergewichtigen. Zwischen den Nährstoffpräferenzen und dem Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten war aber kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zu erkennen. Ein Einfluß des Plasma-TRP/LNAA-Quotienten auf die psychische Befindlichkeit konnte bei beiden Gewichtsgruppen ebenfalls nicht festgestellt werden. Offenbar läßt sich die zerebrale Serotoninsynthese und -freisetzung durch einmaligen Verzehr von Mahlzeiten mit unterschiedlicher Nährstoffrelation nicht in dem Maße beeinflussen, daß daraus serotoninvermittelte Verhaltensänderungen zu erwarten sind.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 230-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Fuzzy-Sets ; Prerow-Wert ; Ernährungs-Optimierung ; Nutrient intake ; fuzzy sets ; Prerow value ; optimization of nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fuzzy sets are especially suitable to evaluate the intake of a nutrient. For the evaluation of several components, the harmonic mean of the individual fuzzy values proves to be the best compromise. The mean of all nutrients results in the so called Prerow value, which can be used for the evaluation of the nutrition status. Maximizing the Prerow value is suitable for optimizing nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fuzzy-Sets sind besonders gut geeignet, die Zufuhr eines Nährstoffes zu bewerten. Für die Bewertung mehrerer Nährstoffe erweist sich das harmonische Mittel der einzelnen Fuzzy-Werte als angemessener Kompromiß. Die Mittellung über alle Nährstoffe ergibt den sogenannten Prerow-Wert, der zur Beurteilung des Ernährungsstatus herangezogen werden kann und dessen Maximierung auch geeignet ist, Ernährung zu optimieren.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rapssamen ; Mastrinder ; Fettsäuren ; Vitamin E ; oxidative Stabilität ; Rape seed ; beef cattle ; fatty acids ; vitamin E ; oxidative stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Four groups of five fattening bulls each consumed a concentrate — wheat straw-diet (2.5 : 1) supplemented with either 0, 7, 14 or 21 % ground rape seed for 350 days. Rape seed contained 427 g crude fat (ether extract) and 127 mg vitamin E per kg dry matter. The supplementation with rapeseed increased the fat concentrations in the rations from 25 to 50, 75 and 100 g, and of vitamin E from 11 to 19, 26 and 34 mg per kg dry matter. All bulls were slaughtered with about 560 kg body weight. Fatty acid composition of depot fat and of the fat ofmusc. long. dorsi were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Vitamin E concentrations in blood, depot fat and muscle were determined by HPLC. Oxidative stability of depot fat was measured as induction time by means of rancimat-test. Rape seed supplementation decreased C16-fatty acids and increased C18-fatty acids in depot and muscle fat. Muscle fat contained significantly more mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids (40.2 and 7.4 %) than depot fat (33.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Rape seed supplementation enhanced significantly the vitamin E-concentrations in all body samples. In depot fat vit. E increased from 4.5 to 7.3, 8.5 and 14.9 µg/g. Induction time increased from 10.9 to 18.5, 16.1 and 19.5 h, when 0, 7, 14 or 21 % rapessed were added.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Einzelfütterungsversuch über 350 Tage wurden der Kraftfutter-Weizenstroh-Ration (2,5 : 1) von je 5 Mastbullen 0, 7, 14 bzw. 21 % geschrotete Rapssamen zugesetzt. Infolge des Fett- (427 g) und Vitamin-E-Gehaltes (127 mg je kg Trockensubstanz, TS) der Rapssamen stiegen der Rohfett- bzw. Vitamin-E-Gehalt der Ration von 25 über 50, 75 auf 100 g bzw. von 11 über 19, 26 auf 34 IE je kg TS an. Mit einer Endmasse von ≈ 560 kg wurden alle Tiere geschlachtet und das Fettsäurenmuster des Nieren- und Beckenhöhlenfettes und des intramuskulären Fettes im Musc. long. dorsi, der Vitamin-E-Gehalt in diesen Proben sowie im Blut und die Induktionszeit des Depotfettes mittels Rancimattest ermittelt. Der Rapssameneinsatz bewirkte sowohl im Depot- als auch im Muskelfett einen Abfall im Gehalt an C16- und einen Anstieg der C18-Fettsäuren. Das intramuskuläre Fett enthielt signifikant mehr Mono- und Polyenfettsäuren (40,2 und 7,4 %) als das Depotfett (33,5 und 2,0 %). Der Vitamin-E-Gehalt stieg mit Rapssamenzulage in allen untersuchten Tierkörperproben signifikant an, im Depotfett erhöhte er sich von 4,5 über 7,3, 8,5 auf 14,9 µg/g. Die oxidative Stabilität des Depotfettes, gemessen als Induktionszeit mittels Rancimattest, stieg nach Rapssamenzulage von 10,9 über 18,5, 16,1 auf 19,5 h an.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Homoarginine labeling ; guanidination ; racemization ; D-amino acids ; protein digestibility ; Homoargininmarkierung ; Guanidinierung ; Razemisierung ; D-Aminosäuren ; Proteinverdaulichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Homoargininmarkierung (Guanidinierung) dient zur Bestimmung der wahren präcaecalen Proteinverdaulichkeit. Die Proteinguanidinierung erfolgt bei alkalischem pH, was möglicherweise zur Bildung von D-Aminosäuren führt. Da D-Aminosäuren enthaltende Proteinein vitro eine verminderte Verdaulichkeit zeigen, könnte die Homoargininmethode eine falsch niedrige Proteinverdaulichkeit ergeben. Daher wurde das Ausmaß der Proteinrazemisierung während der Guanidinierung von Casein bei pH-Werten zwischen 9 und 11 und bei Temperaturen zwischen 4 und 65°C bestimmt. Optimale Guanidinierungsbedingungen lagen bei 4°C und einem pH-Wert von 10,5–11 oder bei 22°C und pH 10. Höhere pH-Werte bei 22°C führten ebenso wie Temperaturen über 22°C zur Bildung nicht mehr vernachlässigbarer Mengen von D-Aminosäuren.
    Notes: Summary Homoarginine labeling (guanidination) is used to calculate true prececal protein digestibility. A particular worry is that guanidination of proteins at alkaline pH might cause formation of D-amino acids. If D-amino acids show decreased protein digestibility in vivo, as seen in vitro, then the homoarginine method would underestimate protein digestibility. Therefore, the degree of protein racemization was measured during guanidination of casein at pH values between pH 9 and 11 and temperatures between 4o and 65°C. Optimal conditions for the guanidination reaction were 4°C and pH 10.5–11 or 22°C and pH 10. A higher pH value at 22°C or temperatures above 22°C at each pH leads to the formation of appreciable amounts of D-amino acids.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Deep-fat frying ; sunflower oil ; column chromatography ; color index ; acid value ; fatty acid esters ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Fritieren ; Säulenchromatographie ; Refraktionsindex ; Fettsäurengehalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen eines Sonnenblumenöls, das 15 mal aufeinanderfolgend für die Fritierung von Kartoffeln benutzt wurde, untersucht. Dazu wurden analytische Routinemethoden, wie die Gaschromatographie der Fettsäuren, die Bestimmung des Refraktions-und Farbindexes sowie der Säurezahl mit einer absorptionschromatographischen Methode zur Bestimmung der polaren Verbindungen, die während des Fritierens entstehen, verglichen. Der Gehalt polarer Verbindungen stieg signifikant (p〈0,05) von 6,2±0,3 mg/100 mg Öl auf 18,7±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl bei der letzten Fritierung. Die Konzentration an Linolensäure verminderte sich dagegen signifikant (p〈0,05) von 53,8±0,2 mg/100 mg Öl auf 48,1±0,8 mg/100 mg Öl beim 15. Durchgang. Der Gehalt an Ölsäure veränderte sich dagegen nicht. Der Farbindex und die Säurezahl stiegen signifikant (p〈0,05) nach 15 Fritierungen. Die Veränderung des Farbindexes, der Säurezahl und des Gesamtgehalts polarer Verbindungen wiesen eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen auf (0,98〉r〉0,933; p〈0,01). Der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigte ebenfalls eine signifikante Korrelation zur Anzahl der Fritierungen (r=−0,692; p〈0,05). Die Säurezahl und der Farbindex sowie der Gehalt an Linolensäure zeigten ebenfalls eine hohe und signifikante Korrelation zum Anteil der polaren Verbindungen (r=−0,9272 bzw. r=0,9065 bzw. r=−0,764; alle p〈0,01). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Routinemethoden, wie Säurezahl oder Farbindex, die wir für die Bestimmungen im Sonnenblumenöl benutzt haben, genauso nützlich sein können wie andere mehr spezifische Methoden, wenn man die Ausgangswerte dieser Indizes für das zu behandelnde Öl hat.
    Notes: Summary The alteration of a sunflower oil used repeatedly and discontinuously for frying potatoes on 15 successive occasions was studied. For this purpose, standard analytical indexes, such as fatty acids, gas chromatography, refraction and color indexes, and acid value were compared with a chromatographic method that quantifies the polar compounds originated during fryings. Total polar content increased significantly (p〈0.05) from 6.2±0.3 mg/100 mg oil to 18.7±0.8 mg/100 mg oil in the last frying. Linoleic acid decreased significantly (p〈0.05) from 53.8±0.2 mg/100 mg oil to 48.1±0.8 mg/100 mg oil at the 15th frying, while oleic acid concentration remained unaltered throughout the frying operations. The color index, and acid value, showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after 15 fryings. Color index, acid value, and total polar content highly and significantly correlated with the number of fryings (0.981〉r〉0.933; p〈0.01). Linoleic acid concentrations also significantly correlated (r=−0.692; p〈0.05) with the number of fryings performed. Acid value, color index, and linoleic acid concentration also showed high and significant correlation with the percentage of total polar component of the oil (r=0.9272, r=0.9065 and r=−0.764 respectively; all p〈0.01). These data suggest that standard methods such as acid value and color index can be applied and are as useful as silica-gel chromatographic evaluation in the monitoring of frying operations, provided that initial values of both the color index and acid value are available.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 83-84 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 120-127 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gicht ; Nahrung ; Purinabbau ; Mikroorganismen ; Gout ; nutrition ; purine degradation ; microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 27 microorganisms were tested for their ability to degrade extracellular purines as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Beside adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and urate as free purine bases, this test included 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP, and 5′-IMP, as well as DNA and RNA as purine compounds. Generally, only a limited number of microbial species was capable of metabolizing the substances named above. Compared to the other species,Paracoccus denitrificans showed the greatest substrate spectrum, including the free bases as well as the mononucleotides. However, the polymers DNA and RNA were not degraded.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 27 Mikroorganismen wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit zum Abbau extrazellulärer Purine als alleinige Kohlenstoff-, Stickstoff- und Energiequellen untersucht. Dieser Test umfaßte neben den freien Purinbasen Adenin, Guanin, Xanthin, Hypoxanthin und Urat deren Verbindungen 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-XMP und 5′-IMP sowie DNA und RNA. Allgemein betrachtet war nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Mikroorganismen zur Metabolisierung der genannten Substanzen befähigt. Im Vergleich mit den übrigen Spezies wiesParacoccus denitrificans das größte Substratspektrum auf, das sowohl die freien Basen als auch die Mononukleotide umfaßte. Die Polymere DNA und RNA wurden jedoch nicht abgebaut.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 164-166 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Müsli-Kost ; Zinkresorption ; Phytate ; Spurenelemente ; Lymphozytensubpopulation ; Muesli-diet ; zinc absorption ; phytates ; trace elements ; subpopulation of lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A total of 51 athletes, randomly divided into two groups (with or without zinc supplementation) and respective two subgroups (with or without cereal diet) had been tested for their serum levels in respect of zinc, ferrum, copper, phosphorus and potassium over a period of 8 weeks, i.e. during a period of competition. Furthermore, subpopulations of lymphocytes were defined. Modifications of the immunologic defense mechanism with special regard to the zinc level could, however, not be detected. Minerals, i.e. zinc and ferrum revealed to decrease significantly during simultaneous uptake of certain amounts of the cereal products. This is due to the relatively high amounts of phytates in cereals which are capable to bind the trace elements in form of complex salts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 51 Leistungssportlern, die randomisiert in je zwei Kollektive (mit bzw. ohne Zinksupplementierung) und jeweilige Untergruppen (mit bzw. ohne 200 g Getreideflocken) eingeteilt wurden, untersuchten wir die Serumspiegel von Zink, Eisen, Kupfer, Phosphor und Kalium über einen Zeitraum von 8 Wochen während der Wettkampfperiode. Außerdem wurden auch die Subpopulationen der Lymphozyten bestimmt. Veränderungen in der immunologischen Abwehrlage unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Zinkspiegels fanden sich jedoch nicht. Bei den Serumwerten zeigte sich eine signifikante Abnahme von Zink und Eisen, wenn die Sportler gleichzeitig eine gewisse Menge von Getreiderohkost zu sich nahmen. Ursache hierfür ist vermutlich der relativ hohe Gehalt an Phytaten im Getreide, die Spurenelemente in Form von Komplexsalzen binden.
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  • 16
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vegetarian diet ; endurance run ; nutritional requirement ; dietary survey ; Vegetarische Ernährung ; Ausdauerlauf ; Nährstoffbedarf ; Ernährungserhebung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während eines Ausdauerlaufs (1000 km in 20 Tagen) wurde untersucht, ob eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost (OLVD) den Nährstoffbedarf von Ausdauersportlern decken kann. Als Vergleichskost diente eine konventionelle Kostform (RWD). Beide Kostformen wurden mit einem Energiegehalt von 4500 kcal pro Tag und mit einem Nahrungsenergieanteil von Kohlenhydraten:Fett:Protein im Verhältnis von 60:30:10 angeboten. Die Läufer wurden — entsprechend ihrer üblichen Ernährungsgewohnheiten — in zwei Ernährungsgruppen eingeteilt. Die Ergebnisse der 55 Läufer, die das Ziel erreichten, zeigten, da\ sich Läufer aus beiden Gruppen prozentual die gleiche Menge an Nahrungsenergie, Kohlenhydraten, Fett und Protein zuführten. Läufer der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe nahmen mehr Ballaststoffe und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren sowie weniger Cholesterin auf. Mit Ausnahme von Natriumchlorid und Cobalamin war die Aufnahme der berechneten Mineralstoffe und Vitamine in der ovo-lakto-vegetarischen Gruppe höher und überschritten die offiziellen Nährstoffempfehlungen. Diese Studie zeigt, daß eine ovo-lakto-vegetarische Kost mit einer hohen Nährstoffdichte den Nährstoffbedarf eines Ausdauersportlers angemessen decken kann. Die Zufuhr und Resorption von Eisen bedarf bei jeder Kostform einer genauen Überwachung.
    Notes: Summary During an endurance run (1000 km in 20 days) it was investigated whether an ovo-lactovegetarian diet (OLVD) could cover the nutritional requirements of endurance athletes. A regular western diet (RWD) was used as reference. Both diets were offered with an energy content of 4500 kcal per day and an energy percentage of carbohydrate:fat:protein of 60:30:10. The runners were divided into two dietary groups according to their usual dietary habits. The results of the 55 participants who completed the race show that runners from both groups had the same intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein. Runners of the OLVD group consumed more dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as less cholesterol. With the exception of sodium chloride and cobalamine, the intake of the calculated minerals and vitamins was higher in the OLVD and exceeded the official recommendations. This study shows that an OLVD with a high nutrient density is adequate to cover the nutritional requirements of endurance-athletes. The intake and absorption of iron should be monitored closely in all diet groups.
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  • 17
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kinderernährung ; Kindergesundheit ; Impfungen ; Kindersterblichkeit ; AIDS-Epidemie ; Bevölkerungspolitik ; Child health ; infant feeding ; immunization ; infant mortality ; AIDS-epidemic ; population-policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The health of children in poor countries is determined by their nutritional status and by the economic conditions of their families and societies. Socioeconomic differences are correlated with the infant mortality rate (IMR). The decline of the IMR in the industrialized countries mainly occurred before 1960. Programs for Primary Health Care cannot cope with the deterioration of economic problems due to the disadvantaged position of the poor countries in the world market. The typical clinical pattern of diseases in childhood in the tropics is essentially determined by the nutritional status (e.g. measles). The advantages of breastfeeding also relate to the immune response after immunization. The HIV-epidemic requires social assistance for the future of the AIDS-orphans in the first line. Additional assistance is needed for the procurement of medication, otherwise HIV-infected patients are in competition with non-HIV-infected patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gesundheitssituation von Kindern in armen Ländern ist entscheidend geprägt von ihrem Ernährungszustand und dem wirtschaftlichen Status ihrer Familien und Gesellschaften. Sozioökonomische Unterschiede korrelieren mit der Säuglingssterberate (SSR) in den Ländern der Erde. Die Senkung der SSR in den Industrieländern hat wesentlich bereits vor 1960 stattgefunden. Programme zur primären Gesundheitspflege können nicht die Probleme auffangen, die durch wirtschaftliche Benachteiligung erschwert werden. Das klinische Bild von Kinderkrankheiten in den Tropen wird entscheidend durch den Ernährungszustand geprägt (Beispiel Masern). Die Vorteile des Stillens betreffen auch die Impfantworten. Die HIV-Epidemie fordert in erster Linie soziale Hilfen, damit die AIDS-Waisen eine Zukunft bekommen. Weitere Hilfe muß der Medikamentenversorgung gelten, da sonst HIV-Infizierte und Nicht-Infizierte miteinander in Konkurrenz geraten.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Plasmalipide ; Lipoproteine ; Fischöl ; Olivenöl ; Schwein ; Plasma lipids ; lipoproteins ; fish oil ; olive oil ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two experiments with sows were performed to investigate the effect of isoenergetic replacement of starch by fish oil or olive oil on concentrations of lipids in plasma and lipoproteins. The first experiment was based on a cross-over design with three periods, each lasting 16 days. Each sow was fed during one of the periods a basal ration with isoenergetic addition of (1) starch (495 g/d), (2) olive oil (221 g/d), or (3) fish oil (223 g/d) based on energetic requirement for maintainance. The second experiment was based on a cross-over design with eight periods, each lasting 16 days. In the first and in the last periods, each sow was fed the basal ration. In the other six periods, each sow was fed the basal ration with addition of two different amounts of (1) starch (284/568 g/d), (2) olive oil (140/281 g/d), or (3) fish oil (141/282 g/d). The two different amounts of addition were selected to exceed the energetic requirement for maintainance by 25 % or 50 %. In both experiments blood samples were taken before each change of the ration. In both experiments olive oil elevated the concentration of cholesterol in plasma in comparison with starch. This elevation was due to a large elevation in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and a slight elevation in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The ratio between HDL and LDL cholesterol was increased by feeding olive oil. The effect of olive oil on concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was dose-dependent. In both experiments none of the two dietary oils significantly changed concentrations of triglycerides in plasma and lipoproteins. Concentrations of phospholipids in plasma, HDL, and LDL were elevated by olive oil. In both experiments addition of fish oil elevated concentration of cholesterol in plasma due to elevated cholesterol concentration in LDL. Concentration of HDL cholesterol was not changed by fish oil. Thus, the ratio between HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was lowered by fish oil. The effect of fish oil on concentration of cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins was also dose-dependent. Fish oil had no significant effect on phospholipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins. In conclusion, in the present experiment olive oil caused antiatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile, whereas fish oil caused proatherogenic changes of the lipoprotein profile.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Versuche mit Sauen durchgeführt, um die Wirkung des isoenergetischen Austausches von Stärke durch Fischöl und Olivenöl auf die Konzentration der Lipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen zu untersuchen. Im ersten Versuch erhielten 9 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 3 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration plus isoenergetischer Zulage an (I) Stärke (495 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (221 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (223 g/Tag) auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau. Im zweiten Versuch erhielten 8 nichtgravide Sauen in einem Cross-over Design mit 8 Versuchsperioden jeweils 16 Tage lang eine Grundration auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau plus zwei Zulagestufen an (I) Stärke (284 bzw. 568 g/Tag), (II) Olivenöl (140 bzw. 281 g/Tag) und (III) Fischöl (141 bzw. 282 g/Tag). Die beiden Zulagestufen waren so gewählt, daß der energetische Erhaltungsbedarf um 25 % bzw. 50 % überschritten wurde. In der ersten und der letzten Versuchsperiode wurde jeweils nur die Grundration gefüttert. In beiden Versuchen wurden unmittelbar vor jeder Umstellung der Versuchsration Blutproben entnommen. Olivenöl erhöhte in beiden Versuchen im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Konzentration des Cholesterins im Plasma, basierend auf einem starken Anstieg in den high-density Lipoproteinen (HDL) und einem mäßigen Anstieg in den low-density Lipoproteinen (LDL) und den very low-density Lipoproteinen (VLDL). Der Quotient aus HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin wurde durch Olivenölzulage erhöht. Die Konzentration der Triglyceride wurde in beiden Versuchen durch die beiden Öle nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Konzentration der Phospholipide wurde durch Olivenöl im Plasma sowie in den HDL und den LDL erhöht. Die Wirkung des Olivenöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin und Phospholipiden in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage erhöhte im Vergleich zur isoenergetischen Stärkeration die Cholesterinkonzentration im Plasma, basierend auf einem Anstieg in den LDL. Die Konzentration des Cholesterins in der HDL-Fraktion änderte sich nicht, so daß unter Fischölzulage ein vermindertes Verhältnis zwischen HDL- und LDL-Cholesterin auftrat. Die Wirkung des Fischöls auf die Konzentrationen von Cholesterin in Plasma und Lipoproteinen war ebenfalls dosisabhängig. Fischölzulage hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Konzentrationen der Phospholipide im Plasma und in den Lipoproteinen. Insgesamt führte unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen der Ersatz der Stärke durch Olivenöl zu einer antiatherogen Verschiebung des Lipoproteinprofils, Fischöl hingegen zu einer proatherogenen.
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Oyster mushroom ; cholesterol ; absorption ; catabolism ; Austernpilz ; Cholesterol ; Absorption ; Katabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Wochen nach der Absetzung männlicher Ratten (Stamm Wistar) wurden die Tiere mit zwei Diätvarianten gefüttert: Die erste erhielt eine Zugabe von 0,3% Cholesterol, die zweite zusätzlich noch 5% von getrocknetem und gemahlenem Austernpilz. Die Zugabe von Austernpilz zur Cholesteroldiät verursachte eine Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels um 33% und des Cholesterolgehaltes in der Leber um 27%. Der Gehalt an Serumtriazylglyzerolen wurde durch die Pilzzugabe zur Diät nicht beeinflußt, aber deren Gehalt in der Leber wurde um 41% verringert. An der Herabsetzung des Serumcholesterolspiegels waren die Lipoproteine von sehr niedriger Dichte mit 55% und die Lipoproteine von niedriger Dichte mit 38% beteiligt. Der Cholesterolgehalt in Lipoproteinen hoher Dichte wurde durch den Austernpilz nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Austernpilzzugabe zur Diät setzte die Cholesterolabsorption signifikant um 14% herab, was mittels der Verhältnismethode der Dualisotopenplasma-Methode bestimmt wurde. Die Austernpilze enthaltende Diät beschleunigte um 37% den Fraktionsveränderungsgrad des Cholesterols, was mittels der Zerfallskurvenanalyse von 4−14C-Cholesterol bestimmt wurde.
    Notes: Summary The content of cholesterol in the serum and liver of male Wistar rats fed, for the period of 8 weeks shortly after weaning, a diet containing 0.3% of cholesterol was reduced by 33 and 27% by the addition of 5% of dried oyster mushroom powder. Although the level of serum triacylglycerols was not affected by oyster mushroom, their content in liver of rats on mushroom diet was reduced by 41%. Very-low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins participated by 55 and 38%, respectively, in the total reduction of serum cholesterol. Cholesterol content in high-density lipoproteins was not significantly affected by oyster mushroom. Cholesterol absorption as determined by dual-isotope plasma ratio method was significantly reduced by 14% with oyster mushroom diet. Similarly, this diet increased by 42% the fractional catabolic rate of cholesterol determined by the analysis of decay curve of [4−14C]cholesterol.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; communication ; competitiveness ; Rhizobium ; vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After a short summary on the ecology and rhizosphere biology of symbiotic bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza fungi and their application as microbial inocula, results on competitiveness and communication are summarized. Stress factors such as high temperature, low soil pH, aluminium concentrations and phytoalexins produced by the host plants were studied withRhizobium leguminosarum bv.phaseoli andRhizobium tropici onPhaseolus beans. Quantitative data for competitiveness were obtained by usinggus + (glucoronidase) labelled strains, which produce blue-coloured nodules. ForPhaseolus-nodulating rhizobia, a group specific DNA probe was also developed, which did not hybridize with more than 20 other common soil and rhizosphere bacteria. Results from several laboratories contributing to knowledge of signal exchange and communication in theRhizobium/Bradyrhizobium legume system are summarized in a new scheme, including also defense reactions at the early stages of legume nodule initiation. Stimulating effects of flavonoids on germination and growth of VA mycorrhiza fungi were also found. A constitutive antifungal compound in pea roots, β-isoxazolinonyl-alanine, was characterized.
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  • 22
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 926-930 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bistramide A ; mechanical activity ; action potential ; rat heart muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bistramide A, a new toxin isolated from the UrochordateLissoclinum bistratum Sluiter, was applied to rat auricular heart muscle bundles. At a stimulation frequency of 0.2 Hz, the toxin induces a dose-dependent reduction of the stimulated twitch tension force; it decreases $$\dot V_{max} $$ and shortens the duration of the plateau and the slow repolarizing phase of the action potential. In the control solution, switching from a stimulation frequency of 0.2 Hz to 1 Hz decreases the force with which a positive potentiation develops either at a maintained high frequency or after switching from 1 Hz to 0.2 Hz. Bistramide A reduces both the force evoked at 1 Hz and the potentiation. The data suggest that Bistramide A blocks Na+ conductance; inhibits Ca++ channels in a time-and frequency-dependent manner; reduces Na+−Ca++ exchange activity; but does not modify the ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to be refilled although the rate of Ca++ accumulation is decreased.
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  • 23
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 939-942 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Catalepsy ; Madopar ; tolcapone ; 3-O-methyldopa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Orally administered Madopar (levodopa/benserazide 4∶1) dose-dependently antagonized haloperidol-induced (1 mg/kg s.c.) catalepsy in MPP+-lesioned mice. Pretreatment with a new selective catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, tolcapone (30 mg/kg p.o.), slightly potentiated the antagonistic effect of Madopar (15 mg/kg p.o.) on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. The ability of tolcapone to increase the Madopar effect was significantly attenuated by high doses of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) (800 mg/kg i.p.). This might suggest a competitive blockade of the active transport of levodopa through the blood-brain barrier. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of tolcapone on the O-methylation of levodopa to 3-OMD by COMT is largely due to improved levodopa and dopamine availability in the brain, and to the reduced formation of 3-OMD.
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  • 24
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 107-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Proline ; imprinting ; receptor evolution ; hormone evolution ; Tetrahymena
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of proline and serine dipeptides containing phenylalanine, alanine and leucine on the behaviour of receptors of Tetrahymena were investigated. Only proline-containing dipeptides were able to develop positive imprinting, and the activity depended on which other amino acid was present in the dipeptide. In contrast to the positive imprinting effect of the dipeptides Pro-Phe and Pro-Ala, the dipeptide Pro-Pro and Pro-Leu caused negative imprinting. Serine dipeptides produced negative imprinting in all cases. The possible importance of proline in the evolution of hormone specificity is discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Vitamin B6 ; glycogen phosphorylase mRNA ; rat liver and muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the expression of glycogen phosphorylase mRNA in rat liver and skeletal muscle was investigated. The level of phosphorylase mRNA in the muscle of vitamin B6-deficient rats was reduced to 40% of that in the control rats. By contrast, the phosphorylase mRNA level was increased 5-fold in the liver of the deficient animals. It was also found that the expression of the β-actin gene, generally regarded as a ‘housekeeping’ gene, was unaffected by B6 deficiency in the muscle but was enhanced in the liver of the deficient animals. These observations suggest that vitamin B6 may modulate the transcriptional activation of the phosphorylase gene in a tissue-specific manner.
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  • 26
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 142-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect mycopathogen ; Beauveria bassiana ; Spodoptera exigua ; in vivo metabolites ; metamorphosis ; insect hemocytes
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    Notes: Abstract Highly active metabolites have been detected in the hemolymph of the lepidopteranSpodoptera exigua infected with the mycopathogen,Beauveria bassiana. A combination of phenyl sepharose and CM ion exchange chromatography was utilized to extract the active metabolites from infected hemolymph samples. The active in vivo metabolites, having a molecular mass greater than 10 KDa, were thermolabile and were inactivated by proteinase K. These metabolites were characterized by their ability to disrupt metamorphosis, killing treated larvae at the wandering or pupal stage. Additionally, injection ofS. exigua larvae with ‘active’ samples caused a reduction in the number of filopodial-producing hemocytes. The biological activities and biochemical properties suggest that novel compounds are produced duringB. bassiana mycosis.
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  • 27
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Prothoracicotropic hormone ; Manduca sexta ; anti-PTTH monoclonal antibody ; sedimentation coefficient ; frictional ratio ; molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prothoracicotropic hormones (PTTHs) are cerebral peptides that control insect postembryonic development by stimulating the prothoracic glands to synthesize ecdysteroids. InManduca sexta, the tobacco hornworm, two classes of PTTH are distinguished by their Mr, small (ca. 7 kDa) and big PTTH (ca. 25–30 kDa). Little is known about the physical nature of the PTTHs and this study takes a first step towards defining characteristics of theManduca big PTTH. The neurohormone has a Stokes radius of 2.59 nm and a sedimentation coefficient of 2.76 S. Based on these data, an Mr of 29,443.7 and anf/f 0 of 1.27 were calculated. Combined, the physical data revealManduca big PTTH is an asymmetrical acidic homodimeric peptide with intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds.
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  • 28
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 182-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Parasitic wasp ; dispersal ; semiochemical ; escape behaviour ; reproductive success ; pheromone ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Females of the parasitic waspAphidius uzbekistanicus, a specialist aphid primary parasitoid, react to the presence of their specialist hyperparasitoid enemyAlloxysta victrix by leaving the area. The wasps leave to increase their reproductive success, because only their offspring, but not the wasps themselves, are threatened by enemy attack. Furthermore, this dispersal is elicited through the action of volatile chemical cues produced by the hyperparasitoids. We provide evidence for 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one being one of the volatiles eliciting dispersal. The tendency of the wasps to leave areas which are being colonized by their enemies reduces their efficiency as aphid antagonists.
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  • 29
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 187-187 
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  • 30
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 906-912 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: N2-fixation, nitrogenase ; carbon and energy demand of nitrogen fixation ; leguminous plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biological dinitrogen fixation by legume-rhizobia symbiosis is very important both from the economic and from the ecological point of view. Theoretically, the reduction of the N2-molecule to ammonia requires at least 16 ATP and 1.5 mg C per mg N fixed (Nfix). These values are difficult to determine in situ as this necessitates the determination of that part of root respiration which drives N2-fixation. New approaches to such determinations and the results obtained are described. The values vary, depending on the plant species studied, the developmental stage of the plants and the genetic variability of macro- (and micro-?) symbionts. The values range between 1.5 and 4 mg C/mg Nfix. In some species (e.g.Vicia faba L. cv. Fribo), the apparent CO2 assimilation is enhanced in order to meet this high energy need. In others (e.g.Pisum sativum L. cv. Grapis), root growth is restricted. Physiological criteria are discussed which allow an early diagnosis of the energetic efficiency of various combinations of macro-and microsymbionts as a basis for a selection in plant breeding.
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  • 31
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 897-905 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rhizosphere microorganisms ; plant growth promotion ; N2-fixation ; P-mobilization ; phytohormones ; antagonism ; root colonization ; growth conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract SelectedRhizobium bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming (AM) fungi and associative bacteria have been shown to stimulate the growth of legumes, gramineae and cruciferae in field experiments on different soil types in temperate regions. A combination of microorganisms with different metabolic capacities (N2-fixation, P-mobilization; production of phytohormones and antibiotics) can partly surpass the effect of single inoculations, or can produce a positive effect where single inoculations are ineffective. Growth stimulation by inoculation requires microorganisms with phytoeffective metabolic characteristics and the ability to survive in the rhizosphere during the growth period. Another prerequisite is an adequate supply of plant assimilates for the production of microbial phytoeffective metabolites. Type of inoculum, method of inoculation and agricultural measures can influence the effect of the inoculation. Research is necessary to extend our knowledge both of basic principles, and about using microorganisms in practice.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; abscisic acid ; carotenoid ; Glomus ; nitrate reductase ; mycorradicin ; sterols ; yellow pigment in mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This communication compares some biochemical methods for quantifying colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The degree of mycorrhizal colonization can conveniently be measured by determining fungal specific sterols. AM-colonized plants show a specific synthesis of 24-methylene cholesterol and an enhanced level of campesterol (=24-methyl cholesterol). A gene probe for nitrate reductase, the key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation, has been developed, which allows the monitoring of the distribution of this enzyme in fungi. Among the phytohormones tested, only abscisic acid (ABA) is found at a considerably higher level in AM-colonized plants than in controls. The concentration of ABA is about twenty times higher in spores and hyphae of the AM fungusGlomus than in maize roots. Other phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins) do not show such alterations after mycorrhizal colonization. The roots of gramineous plants become yellow as a result of mycorrhizal colonization. The yellow pigment(s) formed is (are) deposited in larger quantities in the vacuole(s) of the root parenchyma and endodermis cells during the development of the gramineous plants. A substance isolated from such roots has now been identified as a C-14 carotenoid with two carboxylic groups, and named mycorradicin.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Haptoglobin ; transcription ; trans-acting factors ; acute-phase ; development
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    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional regulation of binding interactions between nucleoproteins and the hormone response element (RE) of the rat haptoglobin (Hp) gene was investigated in adult and fetal livers of rats exposed to inflammation on day 19 of pregnancy. Nuclear extracts from the embryonal liver displayed a barely detectable binding-affinity for hormone RE, but in extracts from the adult liver it was noticeable. The acute phase reaction of the mother promoted an increase of Hp gene expression in both adult and fetal livers, relying on stage-specific changes in hormone RE binding activities of nucleoplasmic proteins. The results indicated that the elevation of Hp gene expression in fetal liver to the steady basal level found in adults required the induction of newtrans-acting proteins, whereas an overexpression of this gene in adult acute phase liver relied essentially on an increase in the binding-affinity of the preexisting hormone RE binding proteins.
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  • 34
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 969-971 
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    Keywords: Photoperiodic clock ; adult diapause ; body coloration ; threshold response ; quantitative response ; Plautia stali
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    Notes: Abstract The photoperiodic response for the induction of adult diapause and that for the determination of nymphal body coloration were compared inPlautia stali Scott (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). The former was an all-or-none response with a distinct threshold, but the latter was a graded response which varied quantitatively with the photophase duration. The photoperiodic clock in this species is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 979-986 
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    Keywords: Heat shock protein ; hsp70 ; chaperone
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  • 36
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1012-1020 
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    Keywords: ER-translocation ; folding and assembly of polypeptide chains ; hsp70 structure ; ER-degradation
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    Notes: Abstract BiP is a constitutively-expressed resident protein of the endoplasmic, reticulum (ER) of all eucaryotic cells, and belongs to the highly conserved hsp70 protein family. In the ER, BiP is involved in polypeptide translocation, protein folding and presumably protein degradation as well. These functions are essential to cell viability, as has been shown for yeast. In this review, I will summarize the structural features of hsp70 proteins and focus on those experiments which revealed the biological function of BiP.
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  • 37
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1039-1047 
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    Keywords: Antiviral ; heat shock proteins ; hyperthermia ; prostaglandins ; Sendai virus (SV) ; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
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    Notes: Abstract Acute infection of mammalian cells with several types of RNA and DNA viruses often results in induction of heat-shock gene expression. The presence of hsp70 in intact virions, as well as the transient association of HSP with viral proteins and assembly intermediates during virus replication, has also been reported in several experimental models. Moreover, a possible role of heat shock proteins in the beneficial effect of fever and local hyperthermia during acute virus infection has been hypothesized. However, the role of HSP in virus replication remains to be defined. At the beginning of the 1980s, the use of virus models to investigate the molecular events that follow the exposure of mammalian cells to prostaglandins led to the serendipitous discovery that specific arachidonic acid derivatives are potent inhibitors of virus replication. This finding was rapidly followed by the observation that treatment of virus-infected cells with the antiviral prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) resulted in the accumulation of a 70 KDa cellular protein, which was identified as hsp70. It is now well established that cyclopentenone prostaglandins, which exert potent antiviral activity in several DNA and RNA virus models, induce hsp70 synthesis through cycloheximide-sensitive activation of heat shock transcription factor. This chapter discusses the role of heat shock proteins in the control of virus replication and summarizes the results of our recent work, which indicate that hsp70 is actively involved in the antiviral activity of prostaglandins.
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  • 38
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1075-1084 
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    Keywords: Heat stress ; hsp70 ; stress proteins ; oxidative stress ; ischaemia/reperfusion
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    Notes: Abstract Numerous reports suggest that stress protein accumulation confers protection in various mammalian tissues against differing stresses. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence that stress proteins, in particular hsp70, are able to alter the resistance of the heart to subsequent ischaemic and non-ischaemic injury and to discuss the possible physiological basis for this apparent protection. The possible, though unlikely involvement of heat stress proteins in classical ischaemic preconditioning is addressed as is the possibility of their involvement in a delayed second window of protection.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: Molluscs ; scallop ; digestive cells ; cell suspension ; enzyme secretion ; FMRFamide
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    Notes: Abstract FMR Famide immunoreactivity in the digestive tract of the bivalve molluscPecten maximus was investigated by immunocytochemistry. Positive FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was detected in nerve fibres in close contact with exocrine α amylase secreting cells. Physiological studies on enzymatically dissociated cells of the stomach-digestive gland complex demonstrated the involvement of FMR Famide and analogues in the control of α amylase release from the cells. The FMRF Famide-induced secretion was shown to be time- and dose-dependent. In contrast to most naturally occurring vertebrate secretagogues which are hormones, FMRFamide appears to work in our in vitro system as a paracrine factor.
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  • 40
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 110-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Monocytes ; macrophages ; procoagulant activity ; tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ; macrophage activation
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    Notes: Abstract Mononuclear phagocytes in distinct differentiation stages and cultured under different conditions were tested for their sensitivity towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using procoagulant activity (PCA) expression and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production as indices. The response of mature monocyte-derived macrophages differed from that of freshly isolated monocytes 1) by higher levels of constititive PCA, 2) by responding to approximately 1,000-fold lower concentrations of LPS with PCA and TNF production, and 3) by a faster rise in PCA and TNF production. Due to the high constitutive level of PCA expression, the PCA stimulation index for LPS was low in macrophages when compared with that in monocytes. Thus, during differentiation to macrophages, human monocytes acquire increased sensitivity to LPS (2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a sensitive turbidimetricLimulus amoebocyte lysate assay). This exquisite sensitivity to LPS is expressed regardless of whether LPS is offered in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide binding protein-containing serum. This points to as yet uncharacterized pathways of high affinity interaction between LPS and macrophages.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Rat hepatocyte ; gap junctional intercellular communication ; coculture ; plasma membrane ; stabilization
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    Notes: Abstract The gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) determined by measuring dye coupling with Lucifer yellow, decreased within 3 d from 66% to 28% in monocultures of rat liver parenchymal cells. Coculturing of the parenchymal cells with a nonparenchymal epithelial cell line from rat liver resulted in increased and stabilized intercellular communication (83% after 3 d). The presence of isolated plasma membrane vesicles of the nonparenchymal epithelial cells also stabilized the intercellular communication between the liver parenchymal cells (70% after 3 d). When liver parenchymal cells were cocultured with a rat liver fibroblast cell line the gap junctional communication between the parenchymal cells was not stabilized (43% after 3 d), and isolated plasma membrane vesicles of the fibroblast were also unable to support the GJIC in parenchymal cells (35% after 3 d). It is concluded that plasma membrane constituents of the nonparenchymal epithelial cells were responsible for the stabilization of the GJIC between parenchymal cells. A heterotypic gap junctional communication between parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells was not observed.
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  • 42
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 137-141 
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    Keywords: Chenopodium album ; stress compound ; fungitoxin ; oxylipin ; mucondialdehyde (trans-2,trans-4-hexadienedial) ; 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoic acids
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    Notes: Abstract In a survey of antifungal stress compounds induced by cupric chloride we found that leaves ofChenopodium album exuded a highly fungitoxic metabolite mucondialdehyde (trans-2,trans-4-hexadienedial), which was associated with 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoic acids (cis-9,trans-11 andtrans-9,trans-11 isomers) presumably resulting from β-scission of 13-hydroperoxy-octadecadi(tri)enoic acid. The biogenesis and role as a general defensive agent in plants are briefly discussed.
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  • 43
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    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; transposable elements ; inbred lines ; insertion pattern ; transposition rate
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    Notes: Abstract A highly inbred line ofDrosophila melanogaster, stable for the insertion pattern of the transposable elements copia and mdg1, was experimentally contaminated by flies from another line. We show that the alien genome income is clearly detectable by the changes induced in the insertion profiles of transposable elements, even twenty generations later.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 186-186 
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  • 45
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 189-191 
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  • 46
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 223-233 
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    Keywords: Homologous pairing ; hybrid DNA ; recombination ; strand exchange ; RecA
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    Notes: Abstract Finding the right partner is a central problem in homologous recombination. Common to all models for general recombination is a homologous pairing and DNA strand exchange step. In prokaryotes this process has mainly been studied with the RecA protein ofEscherichia coli. Two approaches have been used to find homologous pairing and DNA strand exchange proteins in eukaryotes. A biochemical approach has resulted in numerous proteins from various organisms. Almost all of these proteins are biochemically fundamentally different from RecA. The in vivo role of these proteins is largely not understood. A molecular-genetical approach has identified structural homologs to theE. coli RecA protein in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae and subsequently in other organisms including other fungi, mammals, birds, and plants. The biochemistry of the eukaryotic RecA homologs is largely unsolved. For the fungal RecA homologs (S. cerevisiae RAD51, RAD55, RAD57, DMC1; Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad51; Neurospora crassa mei3) a role in homologous recombination and recombinational repair is evident. Besides recombination, homologous pairing proteins might be involved in other cellular processes like chromosome pairing or gene inactivation.
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  • 47
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 261-269 
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    Keywords: Transcription ; topoisomerases ; direct repeat recombination ; yeast repetitive DNA ; immunoglobulin class switching ; V(D)J recombination
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    Notes: Abstract Transcription, DNA topoisomerases and genetic recombination are interrelated for several structural reasons. Transcription can affect DNA topology, resulting in effects on recombination. It can also affect the chromatin structure in which the DNA resides. Topoisomerases can affect DNA and/or chromatin structure influencing the recombination potential at a given site. Here we briefly review the extent to which homologous direct repeat recombination and site-specific recombination in eukaryotes are affected by transcription and topoisomerases. In some cases, transcription or the absence of topoisomerases have little or no effect on recombination. In others, they are important components in the recombinational process. The common denominator of any effects of transcription and topoisomerases on recombination is their shared role in altering DNA topology.
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  • 48
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. A1 
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  • 49
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    Keywords: C4-dicarboxylate transport ; dct genes ; energy source ; regulation ; Rhizobium meliloti ; symbiosis
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    Notes: Abstract TheRhizobium meliloti C4-dicarboxylate transport (Dct) system is essential for an effective symbiosis with alfalfa plants. C4-dicarboxylates are the major carbon source taken up by bacteroids. Genetic analysis of Dct− mutant strains led to the isolation of thedct carrier genedctA and the regulatory genesdctB anddctD. The carrier genedctA is regulated in free-living cells by the alternative sigma factor RpoN and the two-component regulatory system DctB/D. In addition, DctA is involved in its own regulation, possibly by interacting with DctB. In bacteroids, besides the DctB/DctD system an additional symbiotic activator is thought to be involved indctA expression. Further regulation ofdctA in the free-living state is reflected by diauxic growth of rhizobia, with succinate being the preferred carbon source. The tight coupling of C4-dicarboxylate transport and nitrogen fixation is revealed by a reduced level of C4-dicarboxylate transport in nitrogenase negative bacteroids.
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  • 50
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 913-918 
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    Keywords: Immunochemistry ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; Glomus ; surface antigens ; monoclonal antibodies
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    Notes: Abstract The difficult systematics of the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) forming-fungi, belonging to the Glomales, can be facilitated with immunochemical methods. Polyclonal antibodies, however, are seldom able to reach below the generic level. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been produced which can differentiate AM fungal spores on the species and strain/isolate level. Together with an improved enrichment procedure for spores and hyphae of AM fungi, isolation and identification of the extraradical structures is possible with these mAb, lowering the risk of unspecific binding. Quantification of the data is discussed as the next step.
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  • 51
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 936-938 
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    Keywords: Arterial contractility ; Y1- and Y2-receptors ; endothelium ; norepinephrine ; acetylcholine
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    Notes: Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases blood pressure either directly or indirectly by potentiating the effect of various vasoconstrictors. Only one (the Y1-receptor) of two subtypes of receptors (Y1 and Y2) is thought to mediate the vascular smooth muscle contraction. To test this hypothesis we challenged isolated rat mesenteric arteries that had a functional endothelium with (1–36) NPY and with specific Y1-receptor ([Leu31, Pro34] NPY) and Y2-receptor ([Ahx5–24, γ-Glu2-ɛ-Lys30] NPY) agonists. The Y1-receptor agonist elicited a contractile response similar to that of NPY, whereas the Y2-receptor agonist had no effect on wall tension. We also found that the presence of a functional endothelium has no influence on the contractile response to NPY. From these data we conclude that the direct contractile effect of NPY in the mesenteric artery is mediated by stimulation of Y1-receptors and is not endothelium-dependent.
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  • 52
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 953-957 
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    Keywords: Protein kinase C ; polyamines ; spermine ; protein kinase C inactivation ; phospholipid vesicles
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    Notes: Abstract Phosphatidylserine (PS), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) in the assay of protein phosphorylation, inhibited this enzyme in a time-dependent manner following preincubation in the absence of Ca2+. The phospholipid-induced inactivation of kinase activity was dependent on the PS content and on the charge density of liposomes. This inactivation of PKC could be reduced, but not completely eliminated, by addition of Ca2+. In the present work the effect of a naturally occurring polyamine (spermine) on the PS-induced inactivation of PKC was investigated. The presence of spermine during preincubation without Ca2+ was effective in suppressing the PS-induced inactivation of PKC over the period (20 min) required for PS to inhibit the enzyme by 95%. PKC exists in two membrane-bound states: a reversible one which can be dissociated by Ca2+ chelators (membrane-associated form) and an irreversible one which is chelator-stable (membrane-inserted form). Gel filtration experiments on the PKC-PS complex formed in the presence of Ca2+ indicated that less insertion of enzyme into liposomes occurred in the presence of spermine and that the kinase activity of the reversibly membrane-associated PKC was protected from PS inactivation.
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  • 53
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 972-974 
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    Keywords: Bengalese finch ; birdsong ; directed song ; undirected song ; maturational process ; fecal steroid hormone ; testosterone dependency
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    Notes: Abstract The male Bengalese finch,Lonchura striata, has two types of song behaviour (directed song, DS and undirected song, US). DS and US share a basically identical syllable repertoire, sequence pattern and tempo, but differ in the time course of appearance during the maturational process. In order to examine whether this results from a difference in testosterone (T) dependency, we studied developmental changes in the fecal T level and the amounts of DS and US during the 2–4 month period (N=7). DS appeared between 83 and 94 days of age, 4–16 days after a rise in the fecal T level. In contrast, US appeared earlier and at high frequency even when T was still at a very low level. These results suggest that DS is more dependent on the T level than US, and is not activated until the T level rises during the maturational process.
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  • 54
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1026-1030 
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    Keywords: Antigen processing ; MHC class II ; molecular chaperones
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    Notes: Abstract Helper T lymphocytes recognize peptide fragments of antigen bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells (APC). Antigen processing involves internalization of the antigen into an acidic compartment where the antigen is degraded and the resulting peptide fragments of the antigen are bound to MHC class II molecules and the complexes subsequently displayed at the APC surface. Thus, antigen processing represents a complex, intracellular assembly process which may, like many intracellular protein folding and assembly processes, require the function of molecular chaperones. This contribution focuses on the evidence which suggests that members of the heat shock protein family of molecular chaperones play a role in this pathway.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1021-1025 
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    Keywords: Lysosomes ; proteolysis ; heat shock proteins ; protein targeting ; translocation
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    Notes: Abstract Confluent cultured cells activate a lysosomal pathway of polypeptide breakdown in response to withdrawal of serum growth factors. The substrates for this proteolytic pathway are a restricted class of cytosolic polypeptides containing peptide sequences biochemically related to lysine-phenylalanine-glutamate-arginine-glutamine, or, in single amino acid abbreviations, KFERQ. The heat shock cognate protein of 73 kD (hsc73) binds to a variety of polypeptides via this molecular determinant and facilitates their lysosomal import and degradation. In addition, a portion of intracellular hsc73 resides within the lysosome and appears to be an essential component of the proteolytic machinery. Several potential mechanisms by which hsc73 mediates selective lysosomal import and degradation of polypeptides are discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1054-1060 
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    Keywords: Vaccination ; T lymphocytes ; infection ; peptides ; antibodies ; γδ T cells ; antigen presentation ; cancer
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    Notes: Abstract The involvement of heat shock proteins in immune response is categorized into four distinct paradigms. In the First Paradigm, HSP derived from foreign organisms act as classical foreign antigens, and they elicit immune response to the non-conserved HSP epitopes. The Second Paradigm refers to instances where the host responds to self HSP to which there is no central or peripheral tolerance. The Third Paradigm involves molecular mimicry, where cross-reactivity between an HSP and another protein leads to an immune response to the latter under conditions which elicit an immune response to the former, such as infection with a bacterium whose immunodominant antigen is an HSP. The Fourth Paradigm refers to situations where an HSP-antigen complex elicits an effective response to the antigen andnot to the HSP. Thus the HSP acts as a carrier for the antigenic peptide. The role of HSP in recognition by γδ T cells may also fall into this paradigm. In this article, the Fourth Paradigm is considered as a crucial element in the development of vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases, and is analyzed through the prism of the observed association of hsp70 species with antigenic peptides.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1092-1098 
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    Keywords: Aging ; liver ; transcription ; heat shock transcription factor ; rat ; senescence
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    Notes: Abstract An alteration in the ability of cells to express heat shock proteins could be physiologically important in aging because all living organisms show a reduced ability to respond to stress with increasing age. Using hepatocytes freshly isolated from young adult and old rats, we have shown that the induction of hsp70 expression by heat shock is reduced approximately 50% with age. The decrease in hsp70 expression occurs at the level of transcription and appears to arise from a defect in the heat shock transcription factor. Other investigators have also shown that the induction of hsp70 expression by heat shock as well as other stresses declines significantly with age in a variety of tissues from rats as well as mononuclear cells from human subjects. In addition, a decrease in the inducibility of hsp70 is observed with cell senescence in cultured cells. Therefore, it appears that a reduced ability to express hsp70 in response to stress may be a common phenomenon underlying the aging process.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1117-1118 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 94-98 
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    Keywords: Neoteny ; metamorphosis ; goitrogens ; Hynobius ; spermatogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to induce neoteny inHynobius retardatus, which had been reported to propagate in larval forms like axolotl. A large number of newly hatched larvae were reared in an aqueous solution of thiourea (TU) and sodium perchlorate (SPC) in order to arrest the metamorphosis. Gonadal development in the metamophosis-arrested larvae was compared with that in normally metamorphosing and metamorphosed controls. Metamorphosis-arrested male larvae produced morphologically mature spermatozoa approximately 4 months after hatching, when the gonads in the controls began to differentiate into testes, or to show the premeiotic proliferation of germ cells. Possible endocrine controls of these phenomena are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Arsenic compounds ; cytotoxicity ; BALB/c 3T3 cells ; glutathione depletion
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    Notes: Abstract The cytotoxicity of arsenic compounds towards BALB/c 3T3 cells in culture was investigated, together with the role of glutathione (GSH) in the induction of the cytotoxic effects. The rank order of cytotoxicity was as follows: arsenite (As3+)〉arsenate (As5+)〉dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA)〉methylarsonic acid (MAA)〉trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO). Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and the tetramethylarsonium ion were less toxic. Depletion of GSH enhanced the cytotoxic effects of As3+, As5+, MAA and TMAO, while the cytotoxicity of DMAA was markedly reduced by depletion of GSH. These results suggest that GSH plays a role in protecting the cells against the toxic effects of As3+, As5+, MAA and TMAO while it is involved in the induction of the cytotoxic effects of DMAA.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae ; syringomycin ; syringotoxin ; structural analogues ; antibiotic activity
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    Notes: Abstract Structural analogues of syringomycin and syringotoxin were produced by fermentation, characterized by FAB-MS and amino acid analysis and compared to the parent compounds in the antibiosis test againstRhodotorula pilimanae. The C-terminal residue was shown to be important for the activity.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 153-158 
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    Keywords: Ecdysteroid biosynthesis ; neuropeptide regulation ; Y-organs ; crustacea
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    Notes: Abstract In vitro ecdysteroid production by dissociated Y-organ cells of the shore crabCarcinus maenas was characterized during short-term incubations. Under optimized conditions (M199 adjusted to crab osmolality and with the addition of 10% foetal calf serum), ecdysteroid production by dispersed cells increased linearly during 4-hour incubations, with little intra-assay variation. 25-deoxyecdysone was mainly produced. PurifiedCarcinus molt inhbiting hormone (CamMIH) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ecdysteroid production by dispersed cells. The cells were about 50 times more sensitive than whole glands to MIH. Other structurally-related peptides were tested.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 171-175 
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    Keywords: Onychodactylus fischeri ; lungless salamander ; karyotype ; C-band ; constitutive heterochromatin ; AgNO3-band
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    Notes: Abstract The karyotype of a lungless salamander,Onychodactylus fischeri, from Korea was analyzed and compared with that of the Japanese congeneric species,O. japonicus. In both species the diploid karyotype consists of78 chromosomes, including 6 pairs of large chromosomes, 6 pairs of medium-sized ones, and the remaining 27 pairs of microchromosomes. The chromosome number ofO. fischeri, 2n=78, is, like that ofO. japonicus, the largest so far reported in the order Urodela. C-banding showed that constitutive heterochromatin inO. fischeri was mainly in the centromeric regions and near the secondary constrictions of the large chromosomes. AgNO3-bands were located in the secondary constrictions associated with C-band heterochromatin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cardiac glycoside loss ; Danaus plexippus ; aging ; breakdown of chemical defense ; three trophic level interactions ; automimicry ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias
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    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are unpalatable to various vertebrate predators because their larvae sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Here we show that the concentration of the defensive CGs decrease as individual butterflies age, regardless of the CGs' initial amounts or specific chemical structures. Consequently, individual monarch butterflies can change from being unpalatable models to palatable mimics during their lifetime. Since monarchs breed continuously over the spring and summer in North America, freshly emerged adult butterflies may serve as noxious models for older individuals which become automimics as they age.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 216-222 
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    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; ATPase ; branch migration ; resolution
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    Notes: Abstract Recent work has led to significant advances in our understanding of the late steps of genetic recombination and the post-replicational repair of DNA. The RuvA and RuvB proteins have been shown to interact with recombination intermediates and catalyse the branch migration of Holliday junctions. Although both proteins are required for branch migration, each plays a defined role with RuvA acting as a specificity factor that directs RuvB (an ATPase) to the junction. The RuvB ATPase provides the motor for branch migration. The next step is catalysed by RuvC protein which recognises Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution by endonucleolytic cleavage. New data indicates an alternative pathway for Holliday junction processing. This pathway involves RecG, a branch migration protein which is functionally analogous to RuvAB, and a protein (activated by arus mutation) which works with RecG to process intermediates independently of RuvA, RuvB and RuvC.
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  • 66
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 242-252 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Recombination ; meiosis ; gene conversion ; polarity ; heteroduplex DNA ; mismatch repair ; fungi
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    Notes: Abstract The frequency of meiotic gene conversion often varies linearly from one end of the gene to the other. This phenomenon has been called ‘polarity’. In this review, we will primarily discuss studies of polarity that have been done in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (ARG4 and HIS4 loci) and inAscobolus (b2 locus) with an emphasis on possible mechanisms. The genetic and physical data obtained at these ‘hotspots’ of recombination strongly suggests that the formation of a polarity gradient reflects both the frequency of heteroduplex formation and the processing of this recombination intermediate by mismatch-repair-dependent processes.
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  • 67
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 319-320 
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  • 68
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 329-333 
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  • 69
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 438-441 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Retinal pigment epithelium ; sodium ; light response ; retina
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    Notes: Abstract We examined the rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) for Na transport properties which would allow it to buffer undesirable changes in Na concentrations in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) during light and dark cycles. The RPE is selectivity permeable to sodium. Open and short circuit transport studies with RPE indicate a circulating (choroid to retina and back) Na current which does not compromise the electrical integrity of the blood brain barrier but together with the Na permeselectivity is of sufficient magnitude to buffer both upwards and downwards movements of IPM [Na] during light or dark responses.
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  • 70
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 447-450 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Adrenal ; testis ; unilateral adrenalectomy ; compensatory hypertrophy
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    Notes: Abstract Unilateral adrenalectomy in recrudescent and breeding phases of the reproductive cycle caused atrophic changes in the ipsilateral testis, shown by inhibition of spermatogenic and steroidogenic activity of the ipsilateral testis. The contralateral testis showed compensatory hypertrophy. Unilateral adrenalectomy in regressing and quiescent phases of the reproductive cycle did not induce compensatory hypertrophy in the contralateral testis although there were atrophic changes in the ipsilateral testis.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insulin-like growth factor ; insulin-like growth factor binding protein ; RIA ; methods ; fetal serum
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    Notes: Abstract Solvent extraction of serum and other biological fluids at an acidic pH is a convenient method to remove the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs); however, an incomplete removal of IGFBPs can occur and this can potentially interfere with the radioimmunoassay of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). This study compared the removal of IGFBPs from normal adult rat serum and 5-day old neonatal rat serum by acid-gel filtration, and three solvent extraction methods, i.e., acid-ethanol (AE), acid-cryo-ethanol (ACE) and formic acid-acetone (FAA) treatments by western ligand blotting and slot-blotting analysis. In adult rat serum all three extraction methods removed nearly 75% of total IGFBPs present. For the neonatal serum, AE and FAA were very inefficient in eliminating the IGFBPs, while ACE was somewhat better, as it removed nearly 30% of IGFBPs. Ligand blots of extracted samples showed that IGFBPs of lower size range, 24 to 32 kDa (IGFBP-4, IGFBPs-1 and-2), were resistant to solvent extraction. Acid-gel filtration, in contrast, eliminated 〉95% of IGF-binding components in both sera. Determination of IGF-I concentrations in samples after gel filtration and extraction methods revealed lower IGF-I values in neonatal serum in acid extracted samples. These data caution against using solvent extractions for IGFBP removal in fetal/neonatal serum.
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  • 72
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 442-446 
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    Keywords: Glucagon ; endocrine pancreas ; exocrine pancreas ; islet-acinar axis
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    Notes: Abstract Intravenous glucagon inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion in vivo, but exogenous glucagon does not affect exocrine secretion in vitro. Recent work, however, suggested that endogenous glucagon may be involved in the regulation of exocrine secretion even in vitro. We therefore investigated the effects of exogenous and endogenous glucagon on exocrine secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas in the presence of 1.8 mM glucose. Exogenous glucagon did not affect CCK-stimulated amylase output. 20 mM arginine stimulated glucagon release, but did not affect basal enzyme secretion. CCK-stimulated amylase output, however, was significantly inhibited in the presence of arginine. This inhibitory effect of arginine on exocrine pancreatic secretion could be blocked by glucagon antibodies, but not by nonspecific gammaglobulins. Thus exogenous glucagon failed to affect exocrine pancreatic secretion in vitro, but endogenously released glucagon or a glucagon-like peptide inhibited amylase release in the isolated perfused pancreas. We conclude that glucagon or a glucagon-like peptide may be a mediator in the islet-acinar axis.
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  • 73
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Dysdercus keonigii ; ecdysone mimic RH-5849 ; makisterone-A ; juvenilizing effect ; toxicity
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    Notes: Abstract The response of final instar nymphs ofDysdercus koenigii to topical application of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist, RH-5849, was dose dependent. The candidate compound produced mortality even at moderate doses, but precocious adult development was not observed. Similar results were obtained after oral administration or injection. Conversely, injections of makisterone-A (the principal moulting hormone ofDysdercus) into 5th instar nymphs resulted in precocious adult development within 4 days. We conclude that RH-5849 does not mimic makisterone-A, as is the case with ecdysone, and that toxicity is mediated instead through non-endocrine targets in this insect species.
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  • 74
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Caffeine ; trace elements ; antioxidant enzymes ; liver and heart ; neonate
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between concentration of Zn, Cu and Fe, and the catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in the heart and liver of newborn rats whose dams were fed a diet supplemented with caffeine. Heart Zn levels of the 22- and 30-day-old rats of the caffeine group showed a decrease, whereas liver Zn levels showed an increase compared to the control. Cu levels in the liver at day 22 in the caffeine group were less than in the control. Cu- and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase activities showed an increase in the hearts of the caffeine group compared to the control. The activity of catalase and glutathion peroxidase showed no difference in the heart and liver between the groups. The present study suggests the possible involvement of superoxide dismutase enzyme in the impairment of heart formation as a result of chronic caffeine intake in the early growing period.
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  • 75
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 469-474 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Salicylate ; noise ; mortality ; weight ; tinnitus ; rats
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    Notes: Abstract Protection from the deleterious effects of the interaction of environmental stress and salicylate by calcium supplement was investigated in 96 pigmented rats. Within a 2×2×4 factorial design, rats were assigned to groups defined by:A) ad lib access to 1) plain tap water, or 2) 50 mM calcium chloride solution;B) exposure to stressors consisting of daily 10 h periods of 1) 98 dB SPL noise, or 2) confinement precluding movements;C) daily injections of 233, 350, or 410 mg/kg of sodium salicylate or the saline vehicle. For subjects maintained on tap water, weight loss and mortality increased with salicylate levels, with all subjects dying in the group drinking water and injected with 410 mg/kg. Calcium protected all of the subjects in the noise stress group but not in the confined group.
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  • 76
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 486-488 
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    Keywords: VIP ; neutrophils ; respiratory burst
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    Notes: Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) primed the respiratory burst of human neutrophils in response to phorbol myristate acetate. Maximal and half-maximal effects were achieved at 10 and 0.5 nM VIP respectively. The absence of plasma membrane receptors to VIP in neutrophils suggests that priming of the respiratory burst should be considered as a side effect of VIP. However, from the above indicated concentration range, the priming of the neutrophil by VIP cannot be considered as a pharmacological effect. The enhancement of the formation of reactive oxygen metabolites by VIP may be important in the pathology of VIP-producing tissues.
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  • 77
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 483-485 
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    Keywords: Goldfish hepatocytes ; (Na+, K+)-ATPase ; protein synthesis ; membrane-metabolic coupling
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    Notes: Abstract In isolated goldfish hepatocytes underaerobic conditions the energy requirement for the sodium pump (calculated from Rb+ flux) is closely matched by the ouabain-sensitive fraction of oxygen consumption, whereas during in vitroanoxia (cyanide inhibition of the electron transport chain) the measured ATP demand of the sodium pump clearly exceeds ouabain-sensitive ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis. We conclude that when the energy status of cells is low, part or all of the ATP spared by the inhibition of a particular function may be used for fuelling other ATP-consuming functions.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Stress-response proteins ; heat shock proteins ; hyperosmolality ; human tumor cells ; MCF-7 ; HeLa S3 ; immunocytochemistry
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    Notes: Abstract Exposing cells to adverse conditions usually elicits expression of stress-response (heat shock) proteins (srp). Here we show that hyperosmolar growth conditions do not uniformly affect srp expression in MCF-7 and HeLa S3 cells, derived from carcinoma of the breast and cervix, respectively. Thus, whereas srp 27 expression was increased in MCF-7, but not in HeLa S3, the opposite was the case with srp 72. On the other hand, hyperosmolality did not induce αB-crystallin or ubiquitin in either cell line. These findings show that srp expression by the human tumor cells studied is non-coordinate, suggesting that each srp is independently modulated.
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  • 79
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 475-478 
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    Keywords: Baclofen ; kindling ; amygdala ; GABAB receptors
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    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the effect of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) agonist, baclofen, on amygdala kindling in adult rats. Baclofen has been reported to be anticonvulsant in a variety of seizure models and prevents kindling in immature rats. These experiments describe the effects of baclofen (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) on the afterdischarge threshold and kindling rate. Baclofen, 10 mg/kg, significantly increased the afterdischarge threshold in the amygdala. Baclofen at 5 and 10 mg/kg, retarded the rate of kindling as measured by the number of stimuli required to advance to subsequent seizure stages. These results suggest that baclofen may decrease the local excitability of the amygdala and retard the rate of seizure spread (or generalization) throughout the brain. Baclofen, acting at GABAB receptors exerts an anticonvulsant effect on amygdala kindling in these experiments.
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  • 80
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 489-492 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Interleukin-2 ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; superoxide radical
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    Notes: Abstract The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (LA), alpha linolenic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), showed inhibition of growth of both normal and abnormal (Molt-4) human lymphocytes, and inhibition was concentration-dependent. Interestingly, the production of the lymphokine Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was elevated in Molt-4 cells, but it was reduced in the normal human lymphocytes. Addition of GLA or IL-2 or a combination of both showed enhancement of SO 2 − and of lipid peroxidation levels, which were significantly higher in Molt-4 cells than in the normal lymphocytes. Reduction of protein concentration was also observed in both types of cells during this treatment. The data showed that the antiproliferative effects of GLA and IL-2 may partly be exerted through the elevated production of superoxide free radicals and peroxidatin products. This is a novel finding and therefore, further exploitation of combinations of PUFAs and IL-2 may be a possible way of combating cancer cell growth.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: CLL ; 2D-gel ; protein ; CD5+ve ; B-lymphocyte
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    Notes: Abstract 2D-gel electrophoresis was used to investigate protein synthesis in leukaemic cells from a series of 15 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients, and in non-malignant B-cell populations from different sources. The protein synthesis profiles of CD5+ B-cells from umbilical cord blood and from tonsil were determined, and the levels of expression of their proteins were observed to be similar to the CLL cells. The CD5-cells from cord blood resembled peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, and the protein synthesis profile of CD5-cells from tonsils was very complex. One protein was also identified which consistently appeared to be synthesised at a low level in CD5+ B-cells from tonsil but which was always more prominant in CLL cells and other non-malignant B-lymphocytes. On the basis of these data it is possible that the closest non-malignant counterpart to CLL is the CD5+ B-lymphocyte from cord blood.
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  • 82
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 502-505 
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    Keywords: XO mice ; metaphase II oocyte ; single chromatid ; non-random segregation of the X-chromosome
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    Notes: Abstract Since rare cases of sex chromosome anomalies such as XXX and XXY were observed in the offspring of our XO breeder mice, we performed a cytogenetic analysis of metaphase II oocytes of XO mice to determine whether any changes in chromosomal configurations occur. We found a significantly increased incidence of unpartnered single chromatids in metaphase II oocytes of XO mice. Such single chromatids may contribute to embryonic aneuploidy. In addition, the tendency of the X-chromosome to segregate non-randomly to the oocyte rather than to the polar body was confirmed.
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  • 83
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 497-498 
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    Keywords: Coral ; Diaseris ; asexual reproduction ; dissolution
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    Notes: Abstract The solitary, free-living coralDiaseris distorta (Michelin) (Fungiidae, Scleractinia) reproduces asexually by fragmentation along radially oriented slits. Localized skeletal dissolution, which can be recognized as white, opaque and chalky lines along the thecal wall between segments, ultimately results in autotomy. We suggest that the skeletal dissolution which dissolves the weakest part of the corallum for easy breakage, is a species-specific character.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 499-501 
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    Keywords: Lysozyme ; birds ; herbivory ; foregut fermentation
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    Notes: Abstract The hoatzin is the only bird known to have pregastric fermentation in the crop. This digestive strategy is supported by morphological and microbiological adaptations analogous to those present in ruminants and ruminant-like mammals. The hoatzin expresses a lysozyme-like bacteriolytic activity in its foregut. The enzyme has a high activity, and its low pH optimum, pepsin resistance and localization to the proventriculus allow it to be active for digestion in the stomach. The hoatzin enzyme and the ruminant gastric lysozyme present similar biochemical characteristics. The lysis of bacterial cells may be of significance for the nutrition of the hoatzin. We propose that the hoatzin expresses a lysozyme which has been recruited to function as a digestive enzyme, representing a unique case of evolutionary convergence of digestive adaptations in this bird and foregut fermenter mammals.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 517-519 
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Nudibranch ; Hypselodoris ; sponge ; Dysidea ; Pleraplysilla ; Microciona ; furanosesquiterpenoids
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    Notes: Abstract The opisthobranch molluscHypselodoris webbi is able to select, among its potential preys, sponges chemically rich in furanosesquiterpenoids. The sequestered secondary metabolites act as defensive allomones against predators and are accumulated in some dorsal glands (MDFs). This transfer from sponges to MDFs has been proven by maintainingH. webbi together with some selected sponges in an aquarium for a prolonged period.
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  • 87
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 506-509 
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    Keywords: Zebra mussel ; Dreissena polymorpha ; serotonin ; spawning ; receptor ; methiothepin ; metergoline
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    Notes: Abstract Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) stimulates spawning in the zebra mussel (Dressena polymorpha), a macrofouling European bivalve that has recently invaded North America. To develop methods of controlling zebra mussel spawning, two vertebrate serotonin antagonists, methiothepin and metergoline, known to bind with high affinity to snail 5-HT receptors, were tested for their ability to block 5-HT-induced spawning in zebra mussels. Methiothepin inhibited 5-HT-induced spawning at concentrations as low as 10−6 M. Metergoline (10−4 M) inhibited 5-HT-induced spawning; however, at lower concentrations (10−8 to 10−5 M), metergoline by itself significantly induced spawning in male, but not female zebra mussels. Metergoline (10−5 M)-induced male spawning was inhibited by 10−5 M methiothepin. Thus, methiothepin is the most effective inhibitor and metergoline the most powerful inducer of spawning yet tested in zebra mussels.
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  • 88
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 530-535 
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    Keywords: Bone ; collagen ; fulvic acids ; DNA ; ancient DNA
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    Notes: Abstract The amount of DNA in ancient bone was determined by ethidium bromide staining after the removal of the potent Taq inhibitor, fulvic acid. A complete decalcification and a perfusion protocol were used to recover DNA from bone. A variety of purification techniques including molecular sieve, hydroxyapatite binding and ‘Magic’ preparations yielded DNA that spanned from 3.4μg/g of bone to below detectable limits. Fulvic acid was shown to interfere with the quantification of DNA derived from ancient human skeletal material one hundred to over seven thousand years old. Scanning UV in the 300 to 230 nm range is a simple and sensitive technique for documenting fulvic acid contamination in ancient bone extracts.
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  • 90
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 524-529 
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    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; molecular archaeology ; PCR ; contamination ; DNA damage ; DNA quantitation ; inhibition ; jumping PCR
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    Notes: Abstract The study of ancient DNA offers the possibility of following genetic change over time. However, the field is plagued by a problem which is unique in molecular biology-the difficulty of verifying results by reproduction. Some of the reasons for this are technical and derive from the low copy number and damaged state of ancient DNA molecules. Other reasons are the unique nature of many of the objects from which DNA is extracted. We describe methodological approaches with which these problems can be alleviated in order to ensure that results are scientific in the sense that they can be reproduced by others.
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  • 91
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 536-542 
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    Keywords: Life forms in amber ; amber sources ; DNA studies with amber organisms
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    Notes: Abstract A survey of the major fossiliferous amber deposits is provided, including ages and various categories of life forms reported from each. The frequence of occurrence of the major groups of plants and animals in these amber deposits is also given. Thus far, DNA from four insect and one plant species has been extracted from amber fossils. In the case of the stingless bee in Dominican amber, evidence of reproducibility is provided, since two independent laboratories isolated DNA from six or more different specimens of the same insect. Amber sources for DNA studies are listed together with their advantages and disadvantages. The important points are the availability of desired pieces, the proper identification of the fossil, verification of the amber deposit, the cost involved, and the feasibility of causing damage to the specimen. The availability of several types of amber (Mexican, Dominican, Baltic, Chinese, Canadian, Siberian and Lebanese) at four major sources (academic collections, commercial dealers, private collections and amber mines) is discussed. The scientific implications of obtaining DNA from amber inclusions are presented.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 543-550 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; insect systematics ; fossils ; cladistics ; DNA sequences
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    Notes: Abstract The utility of DNA sequence characters from fossil specimens is examined from a phylogenetic perspective. Four ways that fossil characters can alter phylogenetic hypotheses are discussed. Two empirical examples and a third hypothetical example concerning amber-preserved insects are presented to illustrate these phenomena. Fossil DNA sequences as characters will be affected by the problem of missing data and missing taxa. In general, cladogram accuracy will be more greatly affected by missing taxa and cladogram resolution will be affected more acutely by missing data. Due to these points, an examination of the importance of the phylogenetic question being addressed, the utility of the fossil DNA sequences and the rarity of the fossil should be considered before damage of a fossil is undertaken.
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  • 93
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 551-557 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; conservation genetics ; mtDNA ; microsatellites
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    Notes: Abstract In this review, we discuss the use of DNA from museum specimens to address conservation genetic questions. We provide four examples from our previous studies of the northern hairy-nosed wombat, African wild dog, Ethiopian wolf and red wolf. These species were genetically surveyed using two molecular approaches: first, analysis of short sequences in the mitochondrial genome using species-specific primers, and second, analysis of hypervariable microsatellite loci. The studies demonstrate that museum-derived DNA adds an important dimension to the genetic study of extant populations. Inaccessible populations can be studied, and both the loss of genetic variation and its distribution over space and time can be better understood. Finally, analysis of additional museum material provides definitive evidence for a hybrid origin of the red wolf.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acanthisittidae ; ancient DNA ; ancient populations ; avian 12S DNA ; contamination ; New Zealand wrens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ancient DNA sequences from preserved specimens are increasingly being used for the investigation of Pacific Island ecosystems prior to the large scale modification and extinction of endemic biota associated with human colonization. However, many difficulties are associated with the use of ancient DNA sequences in studies of genetically close taxa. In this paper, these difficulties are discussed as they relate to a study involving extinct and extant members of an ancient New Zealand avian family, the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae). Sequences of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit RNA gene (12S) were obtained from museum specimens of several wren taxa in order to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic status of a rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) subspecies. Limitations due to sample size and 12S sequence variability as well as the difficulties in authenticating ancient DNA sequences prevent firm conclusions but the data suggest unsuspected phylogenetic relationships exist and raise the possibility that conservation management of rock wren populations is required.
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  • 95
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 564-570 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; mitochondrial DNA ; Oryctolagus cuniculus ; cytochromeb gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is now widely distributed throughout the world as a result of transportation by man. The original populations, however, were confined to southern France and Spain. In order to investigate the role of human intervention in determining the genetic diversity of rabbit populations, we are studying the origin of rabbits introduced onto a small Mediterranean island (Zembra) near Tunis over 1400 years ago, by examining ancient DNA extracted from rabbit bones found both on Zembra and on the European mainland. Ancient DNA was successfully extracted from rabbit bones found at two archaeological sites dated to at least the Early Bronze Age (more than 3500 years ago) in south-central France, and compared to that found in modern mainland and island populations using a small variable region of the cytochromeb gene. The results confirm that the Zembra Island population is descended from that present over 1400 years ago. The technical aspects of DNA extraction from bones and the implications of this type of research for determining the origin of introduced rabbit populations are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
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  • 97
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 592-601 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; ancient DNA ; Native Americans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Examination of ancient and contemporary Native American mtDNA variation via diagnostic restriction sites and the 9-pb Region V deletion suggests a single wave of migration into the New World. This is in contrast to data from Torroni et al.34 which suggested two waves of migration into the New World (the NaDene and Amerind). All four founding lineage types are present in populations in North, Central, and South America suggesting that all four lineages came over together and spead throughout the New World. Ancient Native American DNA shows that all four lineages were present before European contact in North America, and at least two were present in South America. The presence of all four lineages in the NaDene and the Amerinds argues against separate migrations founding these two groups, although admixture between the groups is still a viable explanation for the presence of all four types in the NaDene.
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  • 98
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 602-605 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Muscular dystrophy ; skeletal muscle ; energy metabolism ; subcellular compartmentation ; substrate channelling ; cytoskeleton ; dystrophin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscles from themdx mouse (X-linked genetic disorder similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy) lack dystrophin-associated transsarcolemmal proteins1 and show reduced maintenance metabolic rates2. Here, microcalorimetric comparisons of metabolic stimulation by exogenous substrates in isolated muscles revealed substrate-selective limitation of chemical reaction rates through both glycolytic and TCA-cycle pathways, identical in slow- and fast-twitchmdx muscles. This systemic approach, as opposed to comparisons of single-enzyme activities, sheds new light on the function of dystrophin and associated proteins. The in vivo efficiency of metabolic pathways may depend on stabilization of enzyme complexes by dystrophin-associated elements of the cytoskeleton.
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  • 99
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 585-591 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Amerindian ; mitochondrial DNA ; human ; microsatellite ; HLA ; DNA evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For a genetic analysis of ancient human populations to be useful, it must be demonstrated that the DNA samples under investigation represent a single human population. Toward that end, we have analyzed human DNA from the Windover site (7000–8000 BP). MHC-I analysis, using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization to PCR amplified Windover DNA, microsatellite analysis by PCR of the APO-A2 repeat and mtD-loop 3′ region sequencing on multiple individuals spanning nearly the full range of estimated burial dates all confirm the hypothesis that there is a persistence of both nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes at Windover throughout its entire period of use. Thus, Windover can be considered a single population. Neighbor-joining tree analysis of mtDNA sequences suggests that some mitochondrial types are clearly related to extant Amerind types, whereas others, more distantly related, may reflect genetically distinct origins. A more complete sequence analysis will be required to firmly resolve this issue. Calibrating genetic relationships deduced by tree analysis, radiocarbon dates and burial position, yields a human mtD-loop DNA rate of evolution of 3700 to 14,000 years per percent change. Both values are within the range of recent, independently calculated values using estimates of evolutionary divergence or theoretical population genetics. Thus we are beginning to relaize the promise of ancient DNA analysis to experimentally answer heretofore unapproachable questions regarding human prehistory and genetic change.
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  • 100
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 606-609 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Oocyte maturation ; urea permeability ; germinal vesicle breakdown ; progesterone ; Rana pipiens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A transition from an open system to a closed one must occur during the complex process of meiotic maturation of the amphibian oocyte. Membrane permeability to urea inRana oocytes following progesterone stimulation was determined, and the largest decrease was found to coincide with germinal vesicle breakdown. These findings suggest that the timing of the disappearance of membrane permeability correlates with developmental events that prepare the oocyte for a hostile environment.
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