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  • Articles  (1,936)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (1,431)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (505)
  • 1990-1994  (1,467)
  • 1985-1989  (469)
  • Physics  (1,936)
  • Computer Science  (1,431)
  • Sociology
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (1,936)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductivity differences distort probe measurements of magnetically induced electric fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 483-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic field ; dosimetry ; electric field probe ; tissue conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Measuring internal induced electric fields in animals with a miniaturized probe involves a potential error related to the difference between the hole conductivity (σh) and the surrounding tissue conductivity (σt). Theory was developed to describe this phenomenon and checked by probe measurements in agar-filled petri dishes. The value measured in the hole is 2σt/(σh + σt) times the actual field in the tissue. For example, a probe hole in muscle, which is filled with blood, could yield a measurement only about 22% of the true value in the muscle. This potential source of error can be mitigated to some extent by not actually cutting a hole, by using a low-conductivity (e.g., 0.2 S/m) coupling medium in the hole, or by ensuring contact between the probe's electrodes and the tissue. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150510
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circularly polarized, sinusoidal, 50 Hz magnetic field exposure does not influence plasma testosterone levels of rats (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: subchronic exposure ; rotating magnetic fields ; neuroendocrine hormone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We exposed rats to circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields to determine if plasma testosterone concentration was affected. Previous experiments indicate that magnetic fields suppress the nighttime rise in melatonin, suggesting that other neuroendocrine changes might occur as well. Male Wistar-King rats were exposed almost continuously for 6 weeks to magnetic flux densities of 1,5, or 50 μT. Blood samples were obtained by decapitation at 12:00 h and 24:00 h. Plasma testosterone concentration showed a significant day-night difference, with a higher level at 12:00 h when studied in July and December, but the day-night difference disappeared when concentrations were studied in April. In three experiments, magnetic field exposure had no statistically significant effect on plasma testosterone levels compared with the sham-exposed groups. These findings indicate that 6 weeks of nearly continuous exposure to circularly polarized, 50 Hz magnetic fields did not change plasma testosterone concentration in rats. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150604
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the radical pair mechanism to free radicals in organized systems: Can the effects of 60 Hz be predicted from studies under static fields? (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; micelles ; photolysis ; triplet radical pair ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of 60-Hz magnetic fields on free radical reactions can be quantitatively predicted from the knowledge of the effect of static fields on free radical behavior. Studies of radical reactions in micellar systems show that the behavior under a 60-Hz field is identical to that under a static field at any given point in time. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power frequency magnetic field exposures among nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit and a normal newborn nursery (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; occupational hazards ; fetal development ; carcinogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Given the current interest in potential carcinogenic and developmental effects of exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields, there is a need to identify cohorts of exposed female workers for future epidemiologic investigations. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that nurses working in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) may be significantly exposed to power-frequency magnetic fields. An electromagnetic field monitor was used to measure magnetic fields at distances of 5, 15, 30, and 60 cm from the surfaces of each device used in the NICU. Six female nurses assigned to the NICU (the “exposed” group) and six female nurses working in the normal newborn nursery (the “referent” group) wore EMDEX dosimeters for the entire duration of their 12 h shifts. An investigator kept a detailed log of each NICU subject's whereabouts for the first one-third of her shift. Magnetic fields at 5 cm from the front (defined by the nurses' usual work area) of the NICU devices ranged from less than 0.1 to 114 μT and in all cases decreased considerably with increasing distance. The geometric mean of the shift-time-weighted average exposure of the NICU nurses was 0.17 μT compared with 0.11 μT for the normal newborn nurses. The percentage of time when subjects were exposed to magnetic fields of 0.4 μT or greater ranged from 5.8% to 15.6% for the NICU nurses, 0.4% to 2.9% for five of the comparison group nurses, and was 9.4% for one of the normal newborn nurses with unidentified aberrantly high exposures. Log data revealed that the vast majority of observed peaks among NICU nurses occurred while subjects were in close proximity to infant bed units. We conclude that NICU nurses represent one female-intensive job sector with intermittent high exposures to ELF magnetic fields and encourage larger exposure studies of nurses in a variety of medical settings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150605
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cancer promotion ; initiation ; tumor incidence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave (MW) radiation on dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in mice. The subjects were 115 Balb/c mice 4 weeks of age. The animals were divided into group A (control), group B (DMH), group C (DMH + MW), and group D [DMH + 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)]. Radiation (10 mW/cm2) was delivered dorsally with the E field parallel to the mouse's long body axis in an anechoic chamber. Radiations were administered 3 hr daily, 6 days per week, over a period of 5 months. The average SAR was estimated to be 10-12 W/kg. During the course of radiation treatments, DMH was injected once per week. The tumor promoter TPA was administered once per week for 10 weeks, from the third week on, after the initial treatment. The incidence of tumors did not significantly differ between the three test groups (groups B, C, and D; P 〉 0.25). However, the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, and the incidence of protuberant and infiltrative types in tumor-bearing animals were higher in group D compared to groups B and C (P 〈 0.05). No difference was found between groups B and C (P 〉 0.25). The study indicates that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 power density did not promote DMH-induced colon cancers in young mice. The study also showed that TPA could accelerate colon tumor production if a tumor was initiated. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 217-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; mathematical models ; ionic resonance ; IPR ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Theoretical models proposed to date have been unable to clearly predict biological results from exposure to low-intensity electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Recently a predictive ionic resonance model was proposed by Lednev, based on an earlier atomic spectroscopy theory described by Podgoretskii and Podgoretskii and Khrustalev. The ion parametric resonance (IPR) model developed in this paper corrects mathematical errors in the earlier Lednev model and extends that model to give explicit predictions of biological responses to parallel AC and DC magnetic fields caused by field-induced changes in combinations of ions within the biological system. Distinct response forms predicted by the IPR model depend explicitly on the experimentally controlled variables: magnetic flux densities of the AC and DC magnetic fields (Bac and Bdc, respectively); AC frequency (fac); and, implicitly, charge to mass ratio of target ions. After clarifying the IPR model and extending it to combinations of different resonant ions, this paper proposes a basic set of experiments to test the IPR model directly which do not rely on the choice of a particular specimen or endpoint. While the fundamental bases of the model are supported by a variety of other studies, the IPR model is necessarily heuristic when applied to biological systems, because it is based on the premise that the magnitude and form of magnetic field interactions with unhydrated resonant ions in critical biological structures alter ion-associated biological activities that may in turn be correlated with observable effects in living systems. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical test of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC-12 cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 239-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; neurite outgrowth ; nerve growth factor ; IPR ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A companion paper describes a predictive ion parametric resonance (IPR) model of magnetic field interactions with biological systems based on a selective relation between the ratio of the flux density of the static magnetic field to the AC magnetic field and the charge-to-mass ratio of ions of biological relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells can be inhibited by exposure to magnetic fields as a function of either magnetic field flux density or AC magnetic field frequency. The present work examines whether the PC-12 cell response to magnetic fields is consistent with the quasiperiodic, resonance-based predictions of the IPR model. We tested changes in each of the experimentally controllable variables [flux densities of the parallel components of the AC magnetic field (Bac) and the static magnetic field (Bdc) and the frequency of the AC magnetic field] over a range of exposure conditions sufficient to determine whether the IPR model is applicable. A multiple-coil exposure system independently controlled each of these critical quantities. The perpendicular static magnetic field was controlled to less than 2 mG for all tests. The first set of tests examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz Bac from 77 to 468 mG(rms) at a Bdc of 366 mG. Next, we examined an off-resonance condition using 20 mG Bdc with a 45 Hz AC field across a range of Bac between 7.9 and 21 mG(rms). Finally, we changed the AC frequency to 25 Hz, with a corresponding change in Bdc to 203 mG (to tune for the same set of ions as in the first test) and a Bac range from 78 to 181 mG(rms). In all cases the observed responses were consistent with predictions of the IPR model. These experimental results are the first to support in detail the validity of the fundamental relationships embodied in the IPR model. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150401
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplification of the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EMF ; exposure assessment ; wire codes ; 60 Hz ; epidemiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Wire codes, introduced by Wertheimer and Leeper as a surrogate for residential magnetic fields, divide imputed exposure into several categories based on the configurations of electrical wiring within 40 m of homes. Using the data set gathered by Savitz et al. in the Denver, Colorado, area of the United States, we determined which of the wiring attributes that contribute to Wertheimer-Leeper coding are actually associated with lowpower magnetic fields measured in bedrooms of subjects. The results led us to propose a considerably simplified three-category form of the Wertheimer-Leeper code that 1) drops the distinctions between thick and thin primary wires and between first-span and other secondary lines, 2) adds a new distinction between open (i.e., conductors not in physical contact) and spun secondaries, and 3) explains as much of the between-home variability in log-transformed bedroom fields as does the five categories of the original Wertheimer-Leeper code. The data necessary to classify residences using the modified code are considerably simpler to obtain and should lead to more reliable results. A separate reanalysis of the Denver data set of Savitz et al. shows that the modified code yields risk estimates that are both precise and markedly elevated for the highest exposure category, suggesting that this code may be useful in other studies. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sinusoidal 60 Hz electromagnetic fields failed to induce changes in protein synthesis in Escherichia coli (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; protein synthesis ; Escherichia coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Escherichia coli JM83 {F- ara Δ(lac-proAB) rpsL [φ80dΔ(lacZ)M15]} in midlog growth phase at 30 °C were exposed to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 3 mT of nonuniform diverging flux, inducing a nonuniform electric field with a maximum intensity of 32 μV/cm using an inductor coil. Exposed and unexposed control cells were maintained at 30.8 ± 0.1 °C and 30.5 ± 0.1 °C, respectively. Quadruplicate samples of exposed and unexposed E. coli cells were simultaneously radiolabeled with 35S-L-methionine at 10 min intervals over 2 hr. Radiochemical incorporation into proteins was analyzed via liquid scintillation counting and by denaturing 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that E. coli exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT exhibited no qualitative or quantitative changes in protein synthesis compared to unexposed cells. Thus small prokaryotic cells (less than 2 μm × 0.5 μm) under constant-temperature conditions do not alter their protein synthesis following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields at levels at 3 mT. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150403
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: sinusoidal ; weak ELF magnetic field ; cultured fetal cells ; clastogenic effect ; chromatid and chromosome gaps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Our recent studies have shown a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after exposure to a sinusoidal 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field. To evaluate further interactions between chromosomes and electromagnetic fields, we have analyzed the effects of intermittent exposure. Amniotic cells were exposed for 72 h to a 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field in a 15 s on and 15 s off fashion. Eight experiments with cells from different fetuses were performed. The results show a 4% mean frequency of aberrations among exposed cells compared to 2% in sham-exposed cells. The difference is statistically significant, with P 〈 0.05 both excluding and including gaps. In another series of eight experiments, the cells were exposed in the same way but with the field on for 2 s and off for 20 s. Also in these experiments a similar increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was seen, but only when the analysis included gaps. Continuous exposure for 72 h to 300 μT, 50 Hz, did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The background electromagnetic fields at different locations within the two incubators used was carefully checked and was nowhere found to exceed 120 nT. Likewise, the background level of chromosomal aberrations in cells cultured at different locations in the incubators showed no significant interculture differences. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150404
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of diazoluminomelanin (DALM) in HL-60 cells for possible use as a cellular-level microwave dosimeter (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cancer cells ; thermochemiluminescence ; dosimetry ; melanin ; microwave radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chemical and bacterial synthesis of a thermochemiluminescent polymer known as diazoluminomelanin (DALM) has been previously reported. This paper focuses on the intracellular synthesis of aminomelanin (AM) in mammalian cell lines and subsequent DALM synthesis from this core molecule. B16 melanoma cells, HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophages show AM and DALM production. Macroscopic image analysis of HL-60 cell lysates containing DALM using the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System (QLIS) showed increased chemiluminescence (CL) with increased microwave power input and increased temperature. This work represents a first step toward the goal of microscopic radiofrequency dosimetry of individual DALM-loaded cells using image analysis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150406
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure of simian virus-40-transformed human cells to magnetic fields results in increased levels of T-antigen mRNA and protein (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: transcription ; translation ; SV-40 ; large T-antigen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In its integrated form, SV-40 DNA offers an opportunity to observe the behavior of what is in effect a viral genome within a cellular genome, with transcriptional and translational products that can be clearly distinguished from those of the host cell. Exposure of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts to a 60 Hz continuous-wave sinusoidal electromagnetic (EM) field resulted in increased levels of virally derived mRNA and protein of large T-antigen. These findings provide evidence that a foreign DNA integrated into cells can be affected by EM fields under conditions known to cause increased transcripts from endogenous cellular genes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150407
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and evaluation of a location-specific wire code (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic fields ; exposure assessment ; epidemiology ; misclassification ; statistical power ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The development of a wire code protocol based on a study of electrical installations in Melbourne, Australia, is described. Because of very significant differences between the Melbourne power distribution system and that used in Denver, Colorado, an approach different from that used by Wertheimer and Leeper was required. A combined practical and theoretical approach was used to determine a continuous exposure index, defined as a measure of the potential for exposure due to external electrical installations. The protocol was tested on a convenient sample of 41 homes in which the field was monitored over a 12 hour overnight period. A correlation of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.92, P 〈 .0001) was obtained between the measured time-weighted average and the wire coding exposure index. To assess the efficacy of the wiring configuration index, a computer simulation of a case-control study was then performed. It was concluded that, using the same basic reasoning of the Wertheimer and Leeper code, it is possible to develop a location-specific code that provides a good correlation with the residential time-weighted average and an acceptable degree of exposure misclassification. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150408
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Stochastic resonance as a possible mechanism of amplification of weak electric signals in living cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 539-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; signal-to-noise ratio ; stochastic resonance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The most important but still unresolved problem in bioelectromagnetics is the interaction of weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with living cells. Thermal and other types of noise pose restrictions in cell detection of weak signals. As a consequence, some extant experimental results that indicate low-intensity field effects cannot be accounted for, and this renders the results themselves questionable. One way out of this dead end is to search for possible mechanisms of signal amplification. In this paper, we discuss a general mechanism in which a weak signal is amplified by system noise itself. This mechanism was discovered several years ago in physics and is known, in its simplest form, as a stochastic resonance. It was shown that signal amplification may exceed a factor of 1000, which renders existing estimations of EMF thresholds highly speculative. The applicability of the stochastic resonance concept to cells is discussed particularly with respect to the possible role of the cell membrane in the amplification process. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150607
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Character of the effect of microwave on conduction velocity of frog ventricular muscle (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: frog ; ventricular muscle ; conduction velocity ; 2,450 MHz ; microwave thermal effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Thirty-two frog hearts were divided into four groups and placed individually in temperature-controlled waveguides filled with Ringer's solution. The pacemaker was removed, and stimulation was provided at 0.3 Hz by three carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes located on the aorta and the ventricular muscle. Conduction velocity was measured from the difference between two action potentials. One group served as control; the three other groups were exposed for 2 h to pulsed 2,450 MHz microwave fields (10 μs, 0.001 duty cycle, 16 Hz modulation) at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.003, 2, and 6 W/kg, respectively. No significant difference in conduction velocity was found between the control and the exposed groups. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150609
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  • 17
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    Effects of extremely-law-frequency electromagnetic fields on ion transport in several mammalian cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 579-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; magnetic fields ; cyclotron resonance ; calcium transport ; potassium transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF) on ion transport (Ca2+, Na+, K+, and H+) in several cell types (red blood cells, thymocytes, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, and HL60 and U937 human leukemia cells). The effects on the uptake of radioactive tracers as well as on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), the intracellular pH (pHi), and the transmembrane potentsial (TMP) were studied. Exposure to EMF at 50 Hz and 100-2000 μT (rms) had no significant effects on any of these parameters. Exposure to EMF of 20-1200 μT (rms) at the estimated cyclotron magnetic resonance frequencies for the respective ions had no significant effects except for a 12-32% increase of the uptake of 42K within a window at 14.5-15.5 Hz and 100-200 μT (rms), which was found in U937 and Ehrlich cells but not in the other cell types. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150611
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  • 18
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    Dielectric properties of human red blood cells in suspension at radio frequencies (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 589-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric measurement ; human blood ; age ; temperature ; permittivity ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric properties of human red blood cells (RBCs) in suspension (hematocrit 50%) from 243 healthy persons (120 males, 123 females) were measured at 25 °C in a frequency range of 1-500 MHz, with a coaxial transmission line reflection method (one-side measurement). The measuring system, controlled by an IBM-PC computer, was composed of a network analyzer (HP4195A), an impedance test adapter (HP41951-61001), a coaxial line sensor, and a temperature-controlling set. The data measured revealed a statistically significant age dependence, with a critical age of about 49 years, above which permittivity and conductivity of human RBCs in suspension decreased significantly. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Design and fabrication of well confined uniform magnetic field exposure systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 563-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; exposure system ; stray fields ; Merritt coils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure systems that provide good magnetic field uniformity, minimum stray fields, and minimal heating, vibration, and hum, as well as capability for true sham exposure in which current flows in the coils, are needed to determine rigorously the biological effects of weak magnetic fields. Designs based on acrylic polymer coil support structures and twisted pair bifilary coil windings were employed to fabricate several different systems for the exposure of laboratory animals and cell cultures to magnetic fields. These systems exhibit excellent performance characteristics in terms of exposure field uniformity, stray field containment, and exposure field cancellation in the sham exposure mode. A custom-written computer program was used to determine the best arrangement for coils with regard to field uniformity in the exposure volume and stray field containment. For in vivo exposures, modules were made up of four Merritt four-coil sets, built into a single structure and positioned to form an octapole with fields directed in the horizontal plane. For in vitro applications, two different coil configurations were selected to produce the vertical fields required. A quadrupole system, comprising modules consisting of two Merritt four-coil sets arranged side by side to limit stray fields, was built as a prototype. In the second configuration, one Merritt four-coil set was positioned inside the other to form a concentric coil set. In both in vitro systems, exposure chambers were connected to remote commercial incubators in order to reduce ambient magnetic fields in the exposure volume. An active field cancellation circuit was developed for reducing ambient AC magnetic fields in the in vitro sham exposure chamber, when necessary. These design and fabrication approaches provide systems that offer uniform field exposures and excellent stray field containment when needed and are portable, washable, and relatively inexpensive. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Human exposure to magnetic fields: A comparative assessment of two dosimeters (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 593-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; AMEX ; average magnetic field exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two types of dosimeters for measuring human exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields were compared. Fifty adults wore the single-axis, wrist model AMEX (average magnetic field exposure system) and the triple axis, hip-pocket or pouch model AMEX-3D meters for 2 days. Ninety-six percent of the tests were accomplished without apparent dosimeter failure. The average root mean square magnetic flux density measurements with the AMEX3D (mean = 0.10 μT, S.D. = 0.07, range = 0.03 - 0.31) were significantly higher than with the AMEX meter (mean = 0.07 μT, S.D. 0.05, range = 0.02 - 0.27 μT) (t test, P 〈 0.01). There was substantial correlation between the AMEX and the AMEX-3D measurements (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.65, P 〈 0.01) but poor concordance (Intraclass correlation coefficient = - 0.25). These results suggest that there is a wide variation in exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the population. Magnetic field measurements with the AMEX-3D are nearly always higher than with the AMEX dosimeters. Caution is advised when comparing magnetic field measurements made with different types of dosimeters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ouabain inhibition of kidney ATPase is altered by 9.14 GHz radiation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; adenosine triphosphatase ; transport ATPase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: At each of several stabilized temperatures between 7.0 and 43.8 °C, increases in dog-kidney, Na+ -, K+-ATPase catalytic activity were usually observed in association with exposure for 5 min to 9.14 GHz CW microwave radiation in a thin tubular reactor. However, at 24.9 °C, a 23% decrease occurred. Comparisons of activity of ouabain-inhibited reactions revealed that the efficacy of the cardiac glycoside as an inhibitor of ATPase activity was severely diminished by the microwave field. The ouabain-site control mechanism may be a specific microwave target at this exposure frequency. Experimental results can be interpreted in terms of molecular structural changes or direct energy input. The estimated SAR of energy that was incident on preparations is 20 W/kg.
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    Cancer promotion in a mouse-skin model by a 60-Hz magnetic field: II. Tumor development and immune response (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: skin ; mouse ; tumor promotion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes preliminary findings on the influence of 60-Hz (2-mT) magnetic fields on tumor promotion and co-promotion in the skins of mice. The effect of magnetic fields on natural killer (NK) cell activity in spleen and blood was also examined. Groups of 32 juvenile female mice were exposed to the magnetic field as described in part I. The dorsal skin of all animals was treated with a subthreshold dose of the carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). One week after the treatment, two groups were sham exposed (group A) or field exposed at 2 mT (group B) 6 h/day for 21 weeks, to test whether the field would act as a tumor promoter. No tumors developed in these two groups of mice. To test whether the magnetic field would modify tumor development by directly affecting tumor growth or by suppressing immune surveillance, two additional groups of mice were treated weekly with the tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and then either sham exposed (group C) or field exposed (group D). The time to appearance of tumors was shorter (but not statistically so) in the group exposed to magnetic fields and TPA. Some differences in NK cell activity and spleen size were observed between the sham- and field-exposed groups.
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    Absence of a synergistic effect between moderate-power radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation and adriamycin on cell-cycle progression and sister-chromatid exchange (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; CHO Cells ; genotoxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In our laboratories we are conducting investigations of potential interactions between radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) and chemicals that are toxic by different mechanisms to mammalian cells. The RFR is being tested at frequencies in the microwave range and at different power levels. We report here on the I) ability of simultaneous RFR exposures to alter the distribution of cells in first and second mitoses from that after treatment by adriamycin alone, and 2) on the ability of simultaneous RFR exposure to alter the extent of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by adriamycin alone. This chemical was selected because of its reported mechanism of action and because it is of interest in the treatment of cancer. In our studies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 2 h simultaneously to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at a frequency of 2,450 MHz and a specific absorption rate of 33.8 W/Kg. The maximal temperature (in the tissue-culture medium) was 39.7 ± 0.2 °C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures, as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin, and the RFR did not change the number of SCEs that were induced by the adriamycin, which adriamycin is known to affect cells by damaging their membranes and DNA.
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    Electromagnetic pulsed-wave radiation in spherical models of dispersive biological substances (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 319-333 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulse-train ; dispersive dielectrics ; Fourier transform ; focusing ; hot-spot ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In analytical studies, we investigated induced-field patterns and SAR distributions in a lossy, dispersive, homogeneous, dielectric sphere typical of muscle tissue as irradiated by a plane-wave pulse train consisting of a pulse-modulated sinusoidal carrier wave. Calculations were made for carrier frequencies of 1, 3, and 15 GHz, pulse widths of 0.333, 2.0 and 4 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 1.11 × 106, 100 × 106, and 181.18 × 106 pps. The classical Mie solution was modified for a train of incident pulses that was represented by a Fourier series, and the fast-Fourier transform was used to sum the series. Computationally, the technique proved to be feasible and less expensive than we expected. The calculated field patterns show that the sphere's physical dimensions and the internal wavelength of the carrier greatly influence the nature of pulse-train propagation in the sphere. Harmonics having internal wavelengths nearly equal to the radius of the sphere produce most of the absorption; other harmonics produce little absorption. An intense hot spot is observed in spheres with radii that match the carriers' wavelengths.
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    Referees for bioelectromagnetics, 1991 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 383-386 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250120607
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Bioelectromagnetics in the service of medicine: Acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval Medal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992), S. 7-17 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster after exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; drosophila ; mutation ; X-chomosome ; helmholtz coil ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: To determine whether a 50-Hz magnetic field will induce mutations, a sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster was performed. Adult flies were exposed at an rms flux density of 500 μT or 5 mT to the homogeneous field of a Helmholtz coil. The ambient field to which controls were exposed was less than 1 μT. Exposures took place continuously for 13 to 14 days, which correspond to the life cycle of Drosophila at 25°C About 10,000 X-chromosomes were tested at each flux density. Recessive lethal mutation rates of 0.13, 0.21, and 0.18 percent were observed, respectively, for control, 500-μT, and 5-mT conditions. By the Kastenbaum-Bowman significance test, the recessive lethal mutation rates in the 500-μT and 5-mT conditions did not differ from the mutation rate of controls.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250140601
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    Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats. I. 50 Hz electric fields (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 479-493 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric fields ; growth curve ; hormones ; testes weight ; histology ; serum chemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A three-year investigation was conducted on the biological effects of high-intensity electric field exposures of rats for up to 18% of their life span. Two hundred and forty adult male rats, divided into groups of 20 animals each, were exposed at ground potential for 8 h/ day at 25-kV/m and 100-kV/m 50-Hz electric fields or were sham exposed for 280, 440, and 1240 h. The corresponding ages at sacrifice were 140, 164, and 315 days. An additional group of 40 rats was investigated under similar experimental conditions after 440 h of exposure at floating potential.Independent of exposure duration, mode of grounding, and field strength, no statistical differences in body weight, morphology, and histology of the liver, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, and blood variables (hematology and serum chemistry) were found in comparison with sham-exposed animals. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (TS)at sacrifice varied widely among experimental animals in the same group but did not differ in exposed compared with sham-exposed rats. A nonsignificant tendency toward a decrease in the testes/body weight ratio was found after 1240 h of exposure. Microscopic examination of a large number of specimens showed no quantitative or qualitative statistical differences in testes alterations either among exposed animals or between exposed and their corresponding sham-exposed groups. We conclude that 50-Hz electric field exposure, even of long duration at very high field strengths, does not induce harmful effects on tissues with high cellular turnover rates and does not impair the reproductive function of rats. Moreover, after exposure, all variables investigated were well within the normal physiological range. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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    In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2450 MHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; normothermal conditions ; chromosome aberrations ; micro-nuclei ; SCE ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cytogenetic analyses were performed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves during 30 and 120 min at a constant temperature of 36.1°C (body temperature). The temperature was kept constant by means of a temperature probe put in the blood sample which gives feedback to a microcomputer that controls the microwave supply. We found a marked increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations (including dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments) and micronuclei. On the other hand the microwave exposure did not influence the cell kinetics nor the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. ©1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The effect of pulsed microwaves on passive electrical properties and interspike intervals of snail neurons (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 503-520 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: constant temperature ; intracellular recording ; time series ; regression analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed microwaves (2.45 GHz, 10 μs, 100 pps, SAR: 81.5 kW/kg peak, 81.5 W/kg average) on membrane input resistance and action potential (AP) interval statistics were studied in spontaneously active ganglion neurons of land snails (Helix aspersa), at strictly constant temperature (20.8±.07°C worst case). Statistical comparison with sham-irradiated neurons revealed a significant increase in the mean input resistance of neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves (P ≪ .05 ). Pulsed microwaves had no visible effect on mean AP firing rate; this observation was confirmed by analysis of interspike intervals (ISIs). Using an integrator model for spontaneously active neurons, we found the net input current to be more variable in neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves. The mean input current was not affected. The standard deviation of ISIs and the autocorrelation of the input current were marginally affected, but these changes were not consistent across neurons. Although the observed effects were less obvious than those reported in other studies, they represent evidence of a direct interaction between neurons and pulsed microwaves, in the absence of macroscopic temperature changes. The data do not suggest a single, specific mechanism for such interaction. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Calcium-ion movement and contractility in atrial strips of frog heart are not affected by low-frequency-modulated, 1 GHz electromagnetic radiation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 521-533 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Key words: UHF ; amplitude modulation ; calcium ions ; contraction ; perfused atrial strips ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium efflux from electrically stimulated, 45Ca2+-preloaded atrial strips of the frog heart was measured from samples of the rinsing perfusate collected at 2-min intervals for 32 min in a continuous perfusion chamber. Contractile force was simultaneously monitored. The specimen chamber was located in a stripline apparatus in which the atrial strips were exposed for 32 min to constant (CW) or amplitude-modulated (AM), 1 GHz electromagnetic (EM) fields at specific absorption rates (SAR) ranging from 3.2 μW/kg to 1.6 W/kg. Amplitude modulation was either at 0.5 Hz, in synchrony with the electrical stimulus applied to the preparation, or at 16 Hz. Neither unmodulated nor 0.5 Hz or 16 Hz modulated 1 GHz waves affected the movement of calcium ions or the contractile force in isolated atrial strips of the frog heart. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Editor's note (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. i 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250140702
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    Adoption of Bioelectromagnetics as the official journal of the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
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    Associate Editor succession (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 1-2 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Bioelectromagnetics adds “comments” section (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 2-2 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biological, physical, and electrical parameters for in vitro studies with ELF magnetic and electric fields: A primer (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 1-73 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; exposure parameters ; induced currents ; induced electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents material which is intended to assist researchers in identifying and controlling a range of biological, electrical, and other physical parameters that can affect the outcome of in vitro studies with extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric fields. Brief descriptions of power line magnetic and electric fields are provided and methods for the generation of 60 Hz as well as other ELF fields in the laboratory are surveyed. Methods for calculating and measuring exposure parameters in culture medium are also described. Relating in vitro and internal in vivo exposure conditions across different animal species is discussed to aid researchers in selecting levels of field exposure. The text is purposely elementary, and sometimes brief, with references provided to aid the interested reader in obtaining a fuller understanding of the many topics. Because the range of experimental parameters that can influence the outcome of in vitro studies with ELF fields is so broad, a multidisciplinary approach is normally required to carry out the research. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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    Carl H. Durney. 1993 recipient of the d'Arsonval medal (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 3-4 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval medal (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 5-19 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A model for characterizing residential ground current and magnetic field fluctuations (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 53-65 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: intermittents ; transients ; EMF ; electric power ; ground currents ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The current through the residential grounding circuit is an important source for magnetic fields; field variations near the grounding circuit accurately track fluctuations in this ground current. In this paper, a model is presented which permits calculation of the range of these fluctuations. A discrete network model is used to simulate a local distribution system for a single street, and a statistical model to simulate unbalanced currents in the system. Simulations of three-house and ten-house networks show that random appliance operation leads to ground current fluctuations which can be quite large, on the order of 600%. This is consistent with measured fluctuations in an actual house. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields in the electric utility work environment (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; EMF ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Research that has attempted to examine the relationship between work exposures to magnetic fields and health effects has suffered from limited exposure information. Power-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) field exposures vary substantially between industries, occupations, and individuals. In this study magnetic field data were collected for a variety of occupational categories within an electric utility. The sampling procedures emphasized craft occupations that were presumed to have higher exposures to magnetic fields. The objectives were to provide better exposure information for an ongoing cancer mortality study, examine the relationship between different summary measures of magnetic field exposure, and make available descriptive information useful for exposure reduction and worker education. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation were used to explore the relationships between the different summary measures among all utility workers and among the subset of electrical craft occupations. Discriminant analysis was used to assess summary measures of exposure that differentiated occupational groups. Measurements for 770 days generated a total of 42378 hours of magnetic field data. Eleven summary indices of exposure were calculated for specific occupational groups. These include arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and fraction of measurements exceeding .5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 μT. Electrical craft occupations had higher work exposures than non-craft occupations. Electricians and substation operators had the highest exposures among craft occupations.We identified subsets of summary measures that were intercorrelated. The first PCA axis included the geometric mean, median, and the fractions exceeding 0.5 and 1.0 μT. This set of measures also were best at discriminating occupational groups. The relevance of these findings may become more important if consistent associations are found between particular occupations and disease and particular occupations and magnetic field summary measures. Further research is needed to evaluate these exposure assessment findings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Development of a protocol for assessing time-weighted-average exposures of young children to power-frequency magnetic fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 33-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: exposure assessment ; environmental magnetic fields ; residential magnetic fields ; epidemiological protocol ; wire codes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A study was carried out in 1990 to guide the development of a protocol for assessing residential exposures of children to time-weighted-average (TWA) power-frequency magnetic fields. The principal goal of this dosimetry study was to determine whether area (i.e., spot and/or 24 h) measurements of power-frequency magnetic fields in the residences and in the schools and daycare centers of 29 children (4 months through 8 years of age) could be used to predict their measured personal 24-h exposures. TWA personal exposures, measured with AMEX-3D meters worn by subjects, were approximately log-normally distributed with both residential and nonresidential geometric means of 0.10 μT (1.0 mG). Between-subjects variability in residential personal exposure levels (geometric standard deviation of 2.4) was substantially greater than that observed for nonresidential personal exposure levels (1.4). The correlation between log-transformed residential and total personal exposure levels was 0.97. Time-weighted averages of the magnetic fields measured in children's bedrooms, family rooms, living rooms, and kitchens were highly correlated with residential personal exposure levels (r = 0.90). In general, magnetic field levels measured in schools and daycare centers attended by subjects were smaller and less variable than measured residential fields and were only weakly correlated with measured nonresidential personal exposures. The final measurement protocol, which will be used in a large US study examining the relationship between childhood leukemia and exposure to magnetic fields, contains the following elements: normal- and low-power spot magnetic field measurements in bedrooms occupied by subjects during the 5 years prior to the date of diagnosis for cases or the corresponding date for controls; spot measurements under normal and low power-usage conditions at the centers of the kitchen and the family room; 24-h magnetic-field recordings near subjects' beds; and wire coding using the Wertheimer-Leeper method. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Effect of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mitogenic response ; peripheral blood mononuclear cells ; extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) on the response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogenic stimulation is reported. We investigated 25 healthy control subjects. Mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells were exposed to PMF for 72 h and an inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake was observed in all but one subject. The degree of inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake was as much as 60%. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of mononuclear cells exposed to PMF for 12 h and control cultures. This study establishes an inhibitory effect of PMF on an in vitro measure of immune function.
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    Effects of extremely-low-frequency electric fields on neuronal activity in rat brain (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 425-434 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency electric field ; central nervous system ; electrophysiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of 50-, 30-, and 15-Hz electric field exposure on the activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the brain of anaesthetized rats were studied. Exposure to fields of 100 V/m (peak-to-peak, in air) produced no effect on the overall rate of neuronal firing, but some synchronicity with the period of the exposure waveform was seen with 15- and 30-Hz electric fields.
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    Specific absorption rate in models of man and monkey at 225 and 2,000 MHz (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 377-384 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EM dosimetry ; man model ; rhesus model ; microwave absorption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Full-size models of a man and a rhesus monkey were exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation at 225 MHz. The model of man was also exposed to 2,000 MHz. Specific absorption rates (SARs) were measured in partial-body sections, such as the arms, legs, etc., using gradient-layer calorimeters. Also, front-surface thermographic images were obtained to qualitatively show the heating patterns. For all of the configurations used, the SAR in the limbs was much higher than in the torso. Agreement (whole-body SARs) with spheroidal models was better for both models at 225 MHz than at 2,000 MHz. These results indicate that in the frequency range two orders of magnitude above whole-body resonance, SAR in the limbs significantly contributes to the whole-body average SAR.
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    Referees for Bioelectromagnetics, 1987 (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 415-419 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Effects of pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields on skin wounds in the rat (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 50-Hz magnetic fields ; pulsed magnetic fields ; wound healing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats with skin-wounds surgically created on their backs were exposed immediately after surgery and every 12 h thereafter to pulsed, extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields. The shape of the pulse was a positive triangle (50 Hz, 8 mT peak). The rate of healing of skin wounds was evaluated macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy at 6, 12, 21, and 42 days after the operation. A significant increase in the rate of wound contraction was found in rats treated with magnetic fields. Forty-two days after surgery all treated animals show fully closed wounds, while control rats at the same time intervals still lacked a final 6% of the wound surface to be covered. Treated rats showed earlier cellular organization, collagen formation and maturation, and a very early appearance of newly formed vascular network.
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    A strong static-magnetic field alters operant responding by rats (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: avoidance responding ; carryover effect ; general adaptation syndrome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Forty male rats of the Wistar ST strain were trained and observed for Sidman avoidance (SA) for 7 weeks or for discriminative avoidance (DA) for 14 weeks to determine the effects of exposure to a strong static-magnetic field. Before avoidance conditioning was completed, rats in the SA group were exposed to the static field at 0.6 T, 16 h/day for 4 days during the fifth week, and those in the DA group were exposed for 6 h/day for 4 days during the seventh week. In the SA conditioning, frequency of lever-pressing by exposed rats gradually decreased during 1 week of exposure and stayed low for at least 2 weeks after exposure. Frequencies of electric shocks received by the rats increased dramatically during the second day of exposure and consistently stayed higher than those of control rats. In the DA condition, exposed rats responded at lower rates than did control rats throughout the observation period. They received more shocks during the 2 weeks following exposure. The data indicate that performance of avoidance responses was inhibited by a comparatively long exposure to a strong magnetic field.
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    Microwave attenuation of ethanol-induced hypothermia: Ethanol tolerance, time course, exposure duration, and dose response studies (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: CW irradiation ; colonic temperature ; electromagnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Four experiments were conducted to quantify the reported attenuation by microwave (MW) irradiation of ethanol-induced hypothermia. In one experiment rats were irradiated (continuous wave 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rate = 0.3 W/kg) or sham irradiated for 45 min, injected with 3.6 g/kg, 20% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH) or saline (NaCl) i.p. Colonic temperature was monitored at 20-min intervals for 2 h. This procedure was repeated for 8 days to determine the rate of tolerance development to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. While MW irradiation did significantly attenuate EtOH-induced hypothermia, it did not enhance or retard the rate of tolerance development. To determine the duration of irradiation necessary to attenuate EtOH-induced hypothermia, groups of rats were irradiated or sham irradiated for 5, 15, 30, or 60 min prior to EtOH injection and subsequent temperature measurements. The attenuation was apparent only after 60 min of irradiation. To determine the duration of the attenuation effect after irradiation, rats were injected with EtOH or NaCl at 0, 30, 60, 120, or 480 min after 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation. The attenuation effect was apparent among rats injected 0 to 30 min after irradiation and for the first 40 min for groups injected at 120 min. Additional rats were injected with NaCl or 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 g/kg of EtOH i.p. following 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation to determine if the attenuation effect depends on the dose of EtOH administered. Attenuation of EtOH-induced hypothermia was more apparent at lower doses of EtOH than at higher doses. These results indicate that the effect is an acute response to irradiation, and rule out several other potential explanations.
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    Effects of ELF (1-120 Hz) and modulated (50 Hz) RF fields on the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF fieds ; radiofrequency radiation ; amplitude modulation ; 60 Hz ; calcium-ion efflux ; brain tissue ; frequency windows ; intensity window ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have previously shown that 16-Hz, sinusoidal electromagnetic fields can cause enhanced efflux of calcium ions from chick brain tissue, in vitro, in two intensity regions centered on 6 and 40 Vp-p/m. Alternatively, 1-Hz and 30-Hz fields at 40 Vp-p/m did not cause enhanced efflux. We now demonstrate that although there is no enhanced efflux associated with a 42-Hz field at 30, 40, 50, or 60 Vp-p/m, a 45-Hz field causes enhanced efflux in an intensity range around 40 Vp-p/m that is essentially identical to the response observed for 16-Hz fields. Fields at 50 Hz induce enhanced efflux in a narrower intensity region between 45 and 50 Vp-p/m, while radiofrequency carrier waves, amplitude modulated at 50 Hz, also display enhanced efflux over a narrow power density range. Electromagnetic fields at 60 Hz cause enhanced efflux only at 35 and 40 Vp-p/m, intensities slightly lower than those that are effective at 50 Hz. Finally, exposures over a series of frequencies at 42.5 Vp-p/m reveal two frequency regions that elicit enhanced efflux - one centered on 15 Hz, the other extending from 45 to 105 Hz.
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    Current densities measured in human models exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 13-32 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; electric field ; ELF ; 60 Hz ; human ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper gives current densities measured in homogeneous grounded human models exposed to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields. The methods used for these measurements were validated by measuring the current densities induced in a grounded hemisphere and in a grounded prolate hemispheroid; agreement between measurement and theory was good. For an unperturbed field strength of 10 kV/m, current densities measured in the human chest were in the range 125-300 nA/cm2. A strong horizontal current-density enhancement was observed in the axillae, with peak values of about 400 nA/cm2. The vertical current density in the arms, when held downward, was in the opposite direction to that in the chest. Current densities in the abdomen, pelvis, and legs were a strong function of whether the body was grounded through one or both feet. With one foot grounded, the horizontal current density in the lower pelvic region, just above the crotch, was 770 nA/cm2. This value was the largest of those measured in the head, arms, or torso of the human model. Scaling factors derived from these data and similar data for animals will provide a quantitative basis for comparing animal and human exposure to 60-Hz electric fields. In addition, current-density data given in this paper can be directly extrapolated to higher frequencies, at least to 1 MHz. These extrapolated data may be useful to individuals and groups involved in the determination of safety standards for the lower radiofrequency region.
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    Viability and phagocytosis of neutrophils exposed in vitro to 100-MHz radiofrequency radiation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: RF radiation ; neutrophils ; polymorphonuclear ; leucocytes ; phafocytosis ; viability ; amplitude modulation ; temperature dependence ; in vitro ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN, neutrophils) obtained from peritoneal exudate were exposed in vitro for one-half or one hour to continuous wave or amplitudemodulated (20-Hz) 100-MHz RF radiation in a temperature-controlled coaxial exposure chamber at field strengths from 2.5 to 4.1 V/cm (SARs of 120 to 341 W/kg). RF exposure at 37° 0.2°C had no detectable effect on PMN viability or phagocytosis compared to sham-exposed cells simultaneously subjected to the same time-temperature regime. Temperature control studies indicated that at 37°C no effect on PMN viability would be expected but phagocytosis would be reduced by approximately 6%/°C temperature increase. The absence of an effect of RF exposure suggests that there was minimal undetected intrasample heating and that phagocytosis was not affected by 100-MHz RF radiation under the conditions of this study.
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    Effects of continuous-wave, pulsed, and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated microwaves on brain energy metabolism (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: CW ; pulsed ; amplitude modulation ; microwaves ; brain ; metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A comparison of the effects of continuous-wave, sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated, and pulsed square-wave-modulated 591-MHz microwave exposures on brain energy metabolism was made in male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-225 g). Brain NADH fluorescence, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, and creatine phosphate (CP) concentration were determined as a function of modulation frequency. Brain temperatures of animals were maintained between -0.1 and -0.4°C from the preexposure temperature when subjected to as much as 20 mW/cm2 (average power) CW, pulsed, or sinusoidal-amplitude modulated 591-MHz radiation for 5 min. Sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated exposures at 16-24 Hz showed a trend toward preferential modulation frequency response in inducing an increase in brain NADH fluorescence. The pulse-modulated and sinusoidal-amplitudemodulated (16 Hz) microwaves were not significantly different from CW exposures in inducing increased brain NADH fluorescence and decreased ATP and CP concentrations. When the pulse-modulation frequency was decreased from 500 to 250 pulses per second the average incident power density threshold for inducing an increase in brain NADH fluorescence increased by a factor of 4 - ie, from about 0.45 to about 1.85 mW/cm2. Since brain temperature did not increase, the microwave-induced increase in brain NADH and decrease in ATP and CP concentrations was not due to hyperthermia. This suggests a direct interaction mechanism and is consistent with the hypothesis of microwave inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain function of ATP production.
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    60-Hz electric fields: Detection by female rats (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60-Hz ; detection ; female ; sex ; psychophysics ; behavior ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Female rats were trained to detect a vertical, 60-Hz electric field using the same apparatus and procedure we used previously to study behavioral detection of the field by male rats. Each rat was trained individually to press a lever in the presence of the field and not to press in its absence. Correct detections occasionally produced a food pellet. The probability of detecting the field increased as field strength increased. The threshold of detection  - ie, the field strength required for detections at a probability of 0.5 after correction for errors - varied among rats between 3 and 10 kV/m. Behavioral detection by female rats was indistinguishable from that by male rats.
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    Energy deposition in a model of man in the near field (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 115-129 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; dosimetry ; near-field exposure ; SAR distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The spatial distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured in a full-scale model of man using implantable electric field probes. The model was exposed in the near-field of linear and aperture antennas at 350 MHz. Effects of the wave polarization, antenna position and antenna gain on the SAR distribution and the average SAR in the whole-body and body parts are reported.
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    Active microwave tomographic imaging of isolated, perfused animal organs (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: active microwave imaging ; diffraction tomography ; perfused organs ; non-invasive thermometry ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The relative transparency of biological materials to high-frequency electromagnetic waves has encouraged the development of new systems for imaging. This report describes experiments of microwave tomography conducted on a prototype. The object to be analyzed is submerged in water and is illuminated by a plane wave. The total electric field is analyzed by a microwave camera. The recorded data are then processed numerically in order to reconstruct the image that corresponds to the distribution of equivalent currents in a defined plane of a section. Experiments have been conducted on isolated kidneys with and without perfusion. The influence of the perfusing solution temperature has also been studied. These experiments show the potential of this system, especially through the correlation between microwave images and the biological structures. They also confirm previous results concerning spatial resolution and depth of exploration. Finally, the results demonstrate the influence of temperature and support the applicability of this imaging system in non-invasive thermometry, especially for clinical hyperthermia.
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    Erratum (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 207-207 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250060212
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    Numerical calculation and measurement of 60-Hz current densities induced in an upright grounded cylinder (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 209-220 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: theoretical dosimetry ; electric field ; 60 Hz ; ELF ; power frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Power-frequency electric fields are strongly perturbed in the vicinity of human beings and experimental animals. As a consequence, the extrapolation of biological data from laboratory animals to human-exposure situations cannot use the unperturbed exposure field strength as a common exposure parameter. Rather, comparisons between species must be based on the actual electric fields at the outer surfaces of and inside the bodies of the subjects. Experimental data have been published on surface and internal fields for a few exposure situations, but it is not feasible to characterize experimentally more than a small fraction of the diverse types of exposures which occur in the laboratory and in the field. A predictive numerical model is needed, one whose predictions have been verified in situations where experimental data are available, and one whose results can be used with confidence in new exposure situations. This paper describes a numerical technique which can be used to develop such a model, and it carries out this development for a test case, that of a homogeneous right-circular cylinder resting upright on-end on a ground plane and exposed to a vertical, uniform, 60-Hz electric field. The accuracy of the model is tested by comparing short-circuit currents and induced current densities predicted by it to measured values: Agreement is good.
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    Thermoregulatory adjustments in squirrel monkeys exposed to microwaves at high power densities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450-MHz CW microwaves ; Saimiri sciureus ; metabolism ; temperatures ; vasodilation ; thermoregulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to investigate the thermal adjustments of squirrel monkeys exposed in a cold environment to relatively high energy levels of microwave fields. The animals (Saimiri sciureus) were equilibrated for 90 min to a cool environment (Ta = 20°C) to elevate metabolic heat production (M). They were then exposed for brief (10-min) or long (30-min) periods to 2,450-MHz continuous-wave microwaves. Power densities (MPD) were 10, 14, 19, and 25 mW/cm2 during brief exposures and 30, 35, 40, and 45 mW/cm2 during long exposures (rate of energy absorption: SAR = 0.15 [W/kg]/ [mW/cm2]). Individual exposures were separated by enough time to allow physiological variables to return to baseline levels. The results confirm that each microwave exposure induced a rapid decrease in M. In a 20°C environment, the power density of a 10-min exposure required to lower M to approximate the resting level was 35 mW/cm2 (SAR = 5.3 W/kg). During the long exposures, 20 min was needed to decrease M to its lowest level. Cessation of irradiation was associated with persistence of low levels of M for periods that depended on the power density of the preceding microwave exposure. Vasodilation, as indexed by changes in local skin temperature, occurred at a high rate of energy absorption (SAR = 4.5 W/kg) and was sufficient to prevent a dramatic increase in storage of thermal energy by the body; vasoconstriction was reinstated after termination of irradiation. Patterns of thermophysiological responses confirm the influence both of peripheral and of internal inputs to thermoregulation in squirrel monkeys exposed to microwaves in a cool environment.
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    A cytohistological analysis of roots whose growth is affected by a 60-Hz electric field (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric field ; growth ; cell elongation ; tranmembrane potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Roots of Pisum sativum were exposed for 48 h to 60-Hz electric fields of 430 V/m in an aqueous inorganic growth medium. The growth in length of the exposed roots was 44% of that for control roots. Root tips were analyzed for mitotic index and cell cycle duration. Mature, differentiated root sections from tissue produced after electrode energization were analyzed for cell lengths and number of files. The major reason for the observation that exposed roots are shorter than control roots is that cell elongation in the former is greatly diminished relative to controls.
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    Auditory response in rats exposed to 2,450 MHz electromagnetic fields in a circularly polarized waveguide (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: rat ; 2,450-MHz ; circular waveguide ; auditory-brainstem-evoked response ; hearing effect ; pulsed microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz pulsed microwave fields in a circularly polarized waveguide. The threshold incident energy density per pulse was about 1.5 to 3 μJ/cm2 over the range 1-10 μs. The corresponding whole-body averaged specific absorption of energy was 0.9 to 1.8 mJ/kg per pulse. The same response was evoked when the incident energy density or absorbed energy density per pulse was the same, regardless of the pulse widths.
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    Erythrocyte hemolysis by radiofrequency fields (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: RF radiation ; red cell (erythrocyte) hemolysis ; field-strength-dependent threshold ; sensitive subpopulation ; irreversible membrane alteration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A field-strength-dependent hemolytic effect of continuous-wave radiofrequency (RF) exposure in vitro has been demonstrated. Erythrocytes in whole heparinized rabbit blood were hemolyzed by a 2-h exposure to 50- or 100-MHz RF fields at field strengths of greater than 4 V/cm. An effect of comparable magnitude resulted from exposure to 10-MHz RF at a field strength of 9 V/cm. Sample temperatures were maintainted at 22.5° ± 0.2°C. There was no apparent involvement of heating or temperature gradients, nor were there any RF exposure effects on cellular K+ or Na+ concentration, nor on pH. The mechanism of the hemolytic effect is not known. Since the percentage of lysed erythrocytes was less than 1% and there was an absence of effects on cellular cation concentrations, RF radiation may have irreversibly altered the plasma membrane permeability of a sensitive subpopulation of red cells (possibly aged cells) leading to osmotic lysis. RF radiation at these frequencies appears to affect red cells in a manner that is qualitatively and quantitatively different from microwave radiation.
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    Thermoregulatory consequences of long-term microwave exposure at controlled ambient temperatures (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 339-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2450-MHz continuous wave microwaves ; metabolic rate ; skin temperature ; sweating ; vasomotion ; behavioral thermoregulation ; body mass ; squirrel monkey ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This study was designed to identify and measure changes in thermoregulatory responses, both behavioral and physiological, that may occur when squirrel monkeys are exposed to 2450-MHz continuous wave microwaves 40 hr/week for 15 weeks. Power densities of 1 or 5 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate = 0.16 W/kg per mW/cm2) were presented at controlled environmental temperatures of 25, 30, or 35°C. Standardized tests, conducted periodically, before, during, and after treatment, assessed changes in thermoregulatory responses. Dependent variables that were measured included body mass, certain blood properties, metabolic heat production, sweating, skin temperatures, deep body temperature, and behavioral responses by which the monkeys selected a preferred environmental temperature. Results showed no reliable alteration of metabolic rate, internal body temperature, blood indices, or thermoregulatory behavior by microwave exposure, although the ambient temperature prevailing during chronic exposure could exert an effect. An increase in sweating rate occurred in the 35°C environment, but sweating was not reliably enhanced by microwave exposure. Skin temperature, reflecting vasomotor state, was reliably influenced by both ambient temperature and microwaves. The most robust consequence of microwave exposure was a reduction in body mass, which appeared to be a function of microwave power density.
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    Regional turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain following acute exposure to air ions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: air ions ; DC electric fields ; brain catecholamines ; dopamine ; norepinephrine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure to air ions has been reported to influence serotonin (5HT), although critical reviews of these studies and previous measurements in our laboratory of the concentration, release, and utilization of brain 5HT indicate that neither the data nor the interpretations of the data are particularly convincing. Measurements of other possibly relevant neuro-transmitter systems - norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) - were made in brain regions selected because of their importance in the modulation of brain functions relating to motivation, arousal, endocrine function, and motor activity, all responses that have been reported to be influenced by air ion exposure. Results indicate that exposure of male Holtzman rats to high concentrations (5.0 × 105/cm3) of positive or negative air ions or to DC electric fields (3.0 kV/m) for periods up to 66 h failed to affect the concentration of NE or DA significantly in any of the brain regions.
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    Ion exposure chambers for small animals (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ion exposure chamber ; ion concentration ; current density ; electric field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Ion exposure chambers that have been designed and tested for use in biological and behavioral research with small animals are described in this report. The chambers exhibit an acceptable degree of uniformity in ion concentration, current density, and electric field within the exposure area. Gaseous by-products of corona discharge (O3 and NO2) have been measured and found to be 〈 .01 ppm and 〈 .1 ppm, respectively. Filtered air is fed to the individual exposure chambers, and temperature and humidity are well controlled. Noise due to corona and the air delivery system has been measured.
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    Postmortem changes of the dielectric properties of bovine brain tissues at low radiofrequencies (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; brain tissues ; changes ; radiofrequencies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of the bovine brain grey and white matter in the frequency range from 20 kHz to 100 MHz were measured at different times following animal death. Changes in the dielectric parameters versus time are interpreted in terms of the reduction of the cell volume fraction that results from either cell disintegration or cell size reduction. Good agreement between the computer fitted parameters and the values calculated from the Maxwell-Wagner model of the static dielectric constants was found. At frequencies above 1 MHz the changes of the dielectric properties are less pronounced, confirming earlier observations made by other investigators for different species.
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    Influence of pre- and postnatal exposure of rats to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on neurobehavioral function (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 57-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: swimming endurance ; microwaves ; development ; behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats exposed to microwaves prenatally (2,450 MHz, 10 mW/cm2, 3 h/day, days 5-20 of gestation) or perinatally (same as above plus days 2-20 postnatally) were examined by a neurobehavioral test battery on postnatal days 30 and 100. Body mass, locomotor activity, startle to acoustic and air-puff stimuli, fore- and hindlimb grip strength, negative geotaxis, reaction to thermal stimulation, and swimming endurance were assessed. The prenatally and the perinatally exposed rats (male and female) weighed more than sham-exposed rats at 30, but not at 100, days of age. In addition, the perinatally exposed animals had less swimming endurance at 30, but not at 100, days of age relative to sham-exposed rats. For the other measures, only the air-puff startle response was altered and was limited to the prenatally exposed female pups; ie, at postnatal day 30, the startle response was increased in magnitude, and at postnatal day 100, the response was decreased. No other reliable effects were observed. In a second experiment, rats treated as described above were examined for alterations in body mass, locomotor activity, reaction to air-puff stimuli, reaction to thermal stimulation, and swimming endurance at postnatal days 30-36. Again, perinatally exposed rats were larger in body mass and had less swimming endurance compared with sham-exposed rats. The latency to the air-puff startle response was longer in female pups exposed prenatally. These data indicate that altered endurance and gross motor activity result from perinatal exposure to microwave irradiation.
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    Specific absorption rate in electrically coupled biological samples between metal plates (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 163-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dipole coupling ; electrical images ; low frequency ; SAR ; internal field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The specific absorption rate (SAR) in a biological sample irradiated by electromagnetic fields between the metal plates of a transmission line can be altered significantly by the spacing of the metal plates and the distance between neighboring samples. The SAR in spherical biological samples is calculated for a number of neighboring sample arrangements and metal-plate spacings by using the method of images and induced dipole coupling. For a decrease in metal-plate spacing, the derived equations predict an increase in SAR within a sample and a decrease in SAR with a decrease in neighboring-sample spacing. The calculations are compared with measurements made with the aid of an array of 1-in radius metal hemispheres on the lower plate of two parallel plates (thus forming an image system). The hemisphere on which measurements are taken is insulated from the metal plate and is connected via a coaxial center conductor to an HP 3582A spectrum analyzer that measures the voltage and hence the electric field intensity at the hemisphere. Measurements made at a frequency where wavelength is large compared with sample size (48 Hz) are in good agreement with calculations.
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    Absence of chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes exposed to microwave radiation with hyperthermia (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 235-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; hyperthermia ; chromosome aberration ; sister chromatid exchanges ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of human blood were exposed to 0, 4, 40, 100, and 200 Wkg-1 of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 20 minutes. The blood temperature was carefully controlled so that it rose from 37 to 40°C. Cultured lymphocytes were examined for induced chromosomal damage but no effect in excess of background was observed.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070301
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    Brain temperature measurements in rats: A comparison of microwave and ambient temperature exposures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; 2450 MHz ; brain temperature ; rat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In an effort to understand microwave heating better, regional brain and core temperatures of rats exposed to microwave radiation (2450 MHz) or elevated air temperatures were measured in two studies. In general, we have found no substantial evidence for temperature differentials, or “hot spots,” in the brain of these animals. In the first study, after a 30-min exposure, no temperature differences between brain regions either after microwave or ambient air exposure were found. However, a highly significant correlation between brain and core temperatures was found and this correlation was the same for both microwave and ambient air heating. In the second study, time-temperature profiles were measured in rats exposed to either 30 mW/cm2 or 36.2°C. In this study, the 30-min exposure period was divided into seven intervals and the change in temperature during each period was analyzed. Only the cortex showed significantly different heating rates between the air heating and microwave heating; however, this difference disappeared after the initial 5 min of exposure.
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    Effects of sinusoidal 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields on ATP and oxygen levels in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ATP ; respiration rate ; electromagnetic fields ; electric fields ; magnetic fields ; Physarum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have previously reported that exposing the vegetative plasmodia stage of Physarum polycephalum to either individual or simultaneously applied electric and magnetic fields (45-75 Hz, 0.14-2.0 G, and 0.035-0.7 V/m) lengthens their mitotic cycle, depresses their rate of reversible shuttle streaming, and lowers their respiration rate. In this article we report the effects of simultaneously applied electromagnetic fields (60 Hz, 1.0 G, 1.0 V/m), electric fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 V/m), magnetic fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 G) on the haploid amoeba of Physarum exposed for 120-180 days. Statistically significant depressions (about 8-11%) in ATP levels were observed with all field conditions; however, respiration was significantly decreased only when amoebae were subjected to either combined fields or electric fields alone. Magnetic fields alone failed to induce a significant decrease in respiration.
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Space charge drift from a +/- 400-kV direct current transmission line (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC transmission ; space charge ; static electric field ; potential gradient ; small air ions ; charged aerosols ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The Minnesota Environmental Quality Board completed a 3-year study of the space charge plume outside the right of way of a bipolar ( +/- 400 kV) direct current transmission line in rural west central Minnesota. The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of DC potential gradient and small air ions in the downwind plume to which humans and animals may be exposed. Potential gradient measurements show that a space charge plume is detectable downwind at least 1600 m from the transmission line. Plume relaxation rates indicate that under certain conditions one could detect the plume at twice that distance or more. Net charge in the plume assumes the polarity of the downwind energized transmission line conductor. The bipolar DC line thus electrically bisects the land through which it passes; on one side of the line there is a net positive space charge, on the other side a net negative space charge. Electric charge in the plume resides on aerosols and small air ions. Polar conductivity data substantiate the fact that small air ions of one polarity in the plume are elevated while those of opposite polarity are suppressed compared to background concentrations found in the rural environment. The resulting charge imbalance persists downwind at least 1600 m, though the median small air ion concentrations of plume polarity have adjusted to within the background range by that time with perpendicular wind speed components between 1 and 6 m/sec.
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    Interaction of ethanol and microwaves on the blood-brain barrier of rats (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: temperature ; hyperthermia ; Evans-blue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The combined effects of ethanol and microwaves on the permeation of Evans blue dye through the mammalian blood-brain barrier was studied in male Wistar rats. Anesthetized rats were infused through a cannula in the left femoral vein with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 or 0.7 grams of absolute ethanol per kilogram of body mass. A control group was given 0.7 g/kg of isotonic saline. The left hemisphere of the brain was irradiated by 3.15-GHz microwave energy at 3.0 W/cm2 rms for 15 min. The rat's rectal temperature was maintained at 37.0°C. Immediately after irradiation, 2% Evans blue dye in saline (2.0 ml/kg body mass) was injected through the cannula. The results show that as the quantity of alcohol was increased, the degree of staining was decreased or eliminated. The temperature of the irradiated area of the brain increased for the first 4 to 5 minutes of irradiation and then stabilized for the remainder of the irradiation period. The steady-state temperature was highest in animals receiving saline or the smallest dose of alcohol. As the quantity of alcohol was increased, the steady-state temperature was reduced. These results indicate that ethanol inhibits microwave-induced permeation of the blood-brain barrier through reduced heating of the brain.
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    Transcriptional patterns in the X chromosome of Sciara coprophila following exposure to magnetic fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; transcriptional increases ; polytene chromosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We previously demonstrated that exposure of salivary gland cells of the dipteran, Sciara coprophila, to either asymmetrical or symmetrical changing magnetic fields results in an increase in the incorporation of radioactive uridine into RNA. The present report is an analysis of the grain count distribution over the X chromosome of Sciara in transcription autoradiograms following exposure of the salivary gland cells to two pulsed magnetic signals and a 72-Hz sine wave signal. The results show augmented uptake of 3H-uridine into nascent RNA chains following short exposures of the cells to magnetic fields. Transcription is augmented in previously active loci, as well as at chromosome regions that are not detectable as active in control cells. The quantitative pattern of RNA synthesis in transcription autoradiograms is hypothesized to be signal specific on the basis of differences in grain counts over significantly labelled chromosome sites.
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    Acute, whole-body microwave exposure and testicular function of rats (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: neurohormones ; testis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 8 h to continuous-wave microwave radiation (MWR, 1.3 Ghz) at a mean specific absorbed dose rate of 9 mW/g. MWR exposure and sham-irradiation took place in unidirectionally energized cylindrical waveguide sections, within which the animals were essentially unrestrained. The MWR treatment in this setting was determined to yield an elevation of deep rectal temperature to 4.5 °C. The animals were taken for analysis at 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 days following treatment, which corresponded to 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium. Net mass of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. The levels of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) were derived via radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken at the time of sacrifice. Despite the evident acute thermogenesis of the MWR at 9 mW/g, no substantial decrement in testicular function was found. We conclude that, in the unrestrained rat, whole body irradiation at 9 mW/g, while sufficient to induce evident hyperthermia, is not a sufficient condition for disruption of any of these key measures of testicular function.
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    Specific absorption rate in humans in vivo at radio frequencies (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: energy absorption ; local SAR ; measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Specific absorption rates were measured in three locations of humans exposed in the far field at 160, 350, and 915 MHz. Values obtained for six males are compared with data for a full-scale homogeneous model of man.
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    Simple method to measure power density entering a plane biological sample at millimeter wavelengths (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter waves ; near-field measurement ; microwave power density ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A simple method for measuring microwave power density is described. It is applicable to situations where exposure of samples in the near field of a horn is necessary. A transmitted power method is used to calibrate the power density entering the surface of the sample. Once the calibration is available, the power density is known in terms of the incident and reflected powers within the waveguide. The calibration has been carried out for liquid samples in a quartz cell. Formulas for calculating specific absorption rate (SAR) are derived in terms of the power density and the complex dielectric constant of the sample. An error analysis is also given.
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    Normalizing the thermal effects of radiofrequency radiation: Body mass versus total body surface area (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: thermoregulation ; RF exposure guideline ; metabolism ; surface area ; heat flux density ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The current guideline for exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) was developed through assessment of the biological effects data collected primarily from the rat. The consensus that a lack of hazardous biological effects occurred below a whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg led to the proposition of a 0.4 W/kg guideline with a built-in safety factor of 10. This paper demonstrates that if the RFR absorption rate in the rat had been normalized with respect to total body surface area rather than body mass, the exposure guideline would be 2.3 W/m2, which translates to an SAR of approximately 0.06 W/kg for an adult human. It is further shown that a given RFR absorption rate, normalized as a fraction of a species' heat loss per unit of surface area, is independent of body mass over a range of 0.03-100 kg; however, a normalization of the RFR absorption rate to heat loss per unit of body mass is highly dependent on the species' mass. Normalizing the rate of RFR absorption to the surface area of the rat indicates that the current RFR exposure guideline of 0.4 W/kg may be too high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080202
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    Control of energy absorption rate in transmission line radiofrequency exposure systems (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency power controller ; feedback control ; radiofrequency exposure system ; animal movement ; specific absorption rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A frequent problem in the radiofrequency (RF) irradiation of experimental animals in health effects studies is the temporal variation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) with animal movement. An RF power controller that regulates the energy absorption rate has been designed for use with transmission line exposure systems that utilize the power difference method to monitor the SAR. The controller operates by altering the incident power to the exposure cell in order to compensate for the change in RF energy absorption rate that is due to animal motion. A circuit diagram is presented as well as experimental data under three conditions of exposure. The controller is effective in maintaining the mean value of energy absorption rate at the setpoint value even for the case of a highly active animal.
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    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080301
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    Experimental method for the hyperthermic treatment of cells in tissue culture: Initial application to pancreatic cancer cells (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Microwave irradiation ; hyperthermia ; pancreatic cancer ; experimental models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Hyperthermia is attractive as a potential adjunctive modality in the treatment of cancer, especially those cancers that are more resistant to conventional modalities. In the present study, we characterized the response of two pancreatic cancer cell lines to hyperthermia alone. In so doing, we utilized and characterized a novel exposure system that heats by 915-MHz continuous wave microwave (MW) radiation, with microprocessor control of the power input via temperature monitoring of the sample and simultaneous visualization and recording of temperature parameters. Samples, consisting of cells in 25-cm2 culture flasks with 10 ml of medium, were exposed to MWs in a stripline for 1 h at MW-induced temperatures of 37, 41.5, 42.5, 43.5, or 44.5 °C. The specific absorption rate was 132 W/kg for all temperatures. In addition, 37 °C waterbath controls were concurrently run. The colony formation assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. No significant difference was found between 37 °C waterbath and 37 °C MW controls. Significant differences in the thermosensitivity of the two cell lines were found, with the most drug-sensitive cell line showing the greatest thermosensitivity. However, hyperthermia alone was not very effective as a single cytotoxic modality in either cell line. The MW-hyperthermia-induction system provided precise, automated temperature control (± 0.2 °C), and ease of utilization and data management.
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    Developmental studies of hanford miniature swine exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 229-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: reproduction ; teratology ; embryotoxicity ; growth ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Evaluations of reproductive and developmental toxicology, including teratology, were included as part of a broad screening study in Hanford Miniature swine (HMS) to detect effects of exposure to electric fields. One group (E) was exposed to a uniform, vertical, 60-Hz, 30-kV/m electric field for 20 h/day, 7 days/week sham-exposed (SE) swine were housed in a separate, environmentally equivalent building. The first generation (F0) gilts were bred after 4 months of study; some were killed for teratologic assays at 100 days of gestation (dg), and the others produced an F1 generation of offspring. The pooled incidence of terata in these litters (teratologic assays and live births) was similar in the E and SE groups. The F0 females, which produced the F1 generation, were bred again after 18 months of exposure and were killed at 100 dg. Malformation incidence in E litters (75%) was significantly greater than in SE litters (29%). No consistent differences in litter size, fetal mass, or mass of fetal organs were detected. The F1 gilts were bred at 18 months of age; defective offspring were found in significantly more of the E litters (71 %) than in SE litters (33%). These F1 females were bred again 10 months later and teratologic assays were performed on their second litters at 100 dg. The percentage of litters with malformed fetuses was essentially identical in the E and SE groups (70% and 73%, respectively). There appears to be an association between chronic exposure to a strong electric field and developmental effects in swine, although the change in incidence of malformations between generations and between the first and second breedings makes it impossible to conclude unequivocally that there is a cause-and-effect relation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080303
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    Low-level, magnetic-field-induced growth modification of Bacillus subtilis (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; field effects ; bacteria ; growth enhancement ; pulsed magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies showed an increase in the growth of Bacillus subtilis mutant strain FJ7 above controls by exposing the bacterial culture to 800-Hz or 1-KHz magnetic fields with a 2-s-on /2-s-off period. The magnetic field strength was between 0.8 and 2. 5 mT. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the morphology of controls to grow in a macrofiber of right-handed helix formation. In contrast, the field-exposed group showed little to no cohesion; the cells appeared to be homogeneously distributed throughout the sample. These results suggest that growth patterns of Bacillus subtilis can be altered as a result of magnetic-field-induced effects.
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    Effects of microwave exposure and temperature on survival of mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; ambient temperature ; bacterial infection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Female CD-1 mice were injected with an LD50 dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae and then exposed to 2.45 GHz (CW) microwave radiation at an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2 (SAR = 6.8 W/kg), 4 h/d for 5 d at ambient temperatures of 19 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C. Four groups of 25 animals were exposed at each temperature with an equal number of animals concurrently sham-exposed. Survival was observed for a 10-d period after infection. Survival of the sham-exposed animals increased as ambient temperature increased from 19 °C-34 °C. At ambient temperatures at or above 37 °C the heat induced in the body exceeded the thermoregulatory capacity of the animals and deaths from hyperthermia occurred. Survival of the microwave-exposed animals was significantly greater than the shams (∼20%) at each ambient temperature below 34 °C. Based on an analysis of the data it appears that the hyperthermia induced by microwave exposure may be more effective in increasing survival in infected mice than hyperthermia produced by conventional methods (ie, high ambient temperature). Microwave radiation may be beneficial to infected animals at low and moderate ambient temperatures, but it is detrimental when combined with high ambient temperatures.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080308
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    Finite difference calculations of current densities in a homogeneous model of a man exposed to extremely low frequency electric fields (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 355-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: finite-differences ; 60 Hz ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents three-dimensional finite difference calculations of induced current densities in a grounded, homogeneous, realistically human-shaped phantom. Comparison is made with published experimental values of current density at 60 Hz, measured in conducting saline manikins with their arms down by the side. The congruence between calculation and experiment gives confidence in the applicability of the numerical method and phantom shape to other configurations. The effect of raising both arms above the head is to reduce the current densities in the head and neck by ∼50% and to increase those from the thorax downwards by 20-30%. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the shape and dimensions of the phantom, from a 45-kg, 1.5-m-tall person to a 140-kg, 1.9-m-tall person. When the phantom is grounded through both feet the current densities range from 50 to 90 μAm-2 in the head (all values for a 60-Hz, 1-kVm-1, vertical applied field), 70 to 140 μAm-2 in the thorax, 150 to 440 μAm-2 at the crotch, and 500 to 2,230 μAm-2 in the ankle. When grounded through only one foot the current densities at the crotch range from 400 to 1,000 μAm-2 and from 1,000 to 4,400 μAm-2 in the ankle of the grounded leg. Scale transformations of the short-circuit current with phantom height, weight, and surface area are confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080405
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    Characteristics of transverse electric and magnetic field transmission cells at extremely low frequencies (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: TEM cells ; magnetic fields ; impedance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Transverse electric and magnetic field (TEM) cells are often designed to subject samples to electromagnetic radiation of intrinsic impedance (E/H) that is the same as in free space, 377 ω. Earlier work has shown this value to be correct for the RF region above about 2 kHz. In this study, measurements of magnetic fields in the extremely low frequency regions and at DC indicate the E/H ratio to be around 300 ω for frequencies less than 2 kHz in cells of a particular design. This lower value indicates that care should be taken in estimating AC magnetic field intensities from electric field measurements in TEM cells at frequencies below 2 kHz.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250080409
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    Modulation of tendon fibroplasia by exogenous electric currents (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF electric fields ; collagen synthesis ; cell division ; explant orientation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A chicken tendon explant model system has been developed to investigate the effects of extremely-low-frequency (ELF), low-amplitude, unipolar, square wave pulsed electric fields on fibroplasia in vitro. An electric field parameter set consisting of 1-Hz, 1-ms duration pulses, with a time-averaged current density of 7 mA/m2 (peak current density 7 A/m2) induced maximal (32%) increase in fibroblast proliferation in tendon explants exposed for 4 days. Exposure to the same field at an average current density of 1.8 mA/ m2 had no effect on fibroblast proliferation, whereas exposure to current densities on 〉 10 mA/m2 inhibited proliferation and relative collagen synthesis, without affecting noncollagen protein synthesis. Fibroplasia was significantly increased in explants oriented parallel to applied electric fields having current densities of 3.5 or 7 mA/m2, but there was no detectable effect on explants oriented perpendicular to the same electric field. Fibroblast proliferation and relative collagen synthesis were inversely proportional to donor age for chickens in the 3- to 16-week age group used in this study. For these dependent variables (proliferation and relative collagen synthesis), there was no interaction between donor age and ELF electric field exposure.
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    Exposure of mammalian cells to 60-Hz magnetic or electric fields: Analysis for DNA single-strand breaks (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 237-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DNA damage ; X-irradiation ; cross-linked DNA ; ovary cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 1 h to 60-Hz magnetic fields (0.1 or 2 mT), electric fields (1 or 38 V/m), or to combined magnetic and electric fields (2 mT and 38 V/m, respectively). Following exposure, the cells were lysed, and the DNA was analyzed for the presence of single-strand breaks (SSB), using the alkaline elution technique. No significant differences in numbers of DNA SSB were detected between exposed and sham-exposed cells. A positive control exposed to X-irradiation sustained SSB with a dose-related frequency. Cells exposed to nitrogen mustard (a known cross-linking agent) and X-irradiation demonstrated that the assay could detect cross-linked DNA under our conditions of electric and magnetic field exposures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250090305
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    Some behavioral effects of short-term exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: behavior ; locomotor activity ; acoustic startle ; passive avoidance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats were tested for neurobehavioral alterations immediately after exposure to 2.45-GHz (CW) microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 for 7 h. Behavioral tests used were locomotor activity, startle to an acoustic stimulus and acquisition and retention of a shock-motivated passive avoidance task. Both horizontal and vertical components of locomotor activity were assessed in 5-min epochs for a period of 30 min using photoelectric detectors. Microwave-exposed animals exhibited less activity than sham-exposed animals. This was most evident during the last 10-15 min of the 30-min test session. Twenty identical acoustical stimuli (8 KHz, 110 dB) were delivered to each rat at 40-s intervals. The microwave-exposed animals were less responsive to the stimuli than sham-exposed animals. Microwave exposure had no effect on the retention of a passive avoidance procedure when tested at 1 week after training. Both the locomotor activity and acoustic startle data demonstrate that, under the conditions of this experiment, microwave exposure may alter responsiveness of rats to novel environmental conditions or stimuli.
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    Suppression of T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity following exposure to 60-Hz sinusoidal electric fields (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: murine allogeneic cytotoxicity ; electric field ; interleukin-2 ; effector lymphocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A significant 25% inhibition (P 〈 .005) of allogeneic cytotoxicity of the target cell MPC-11 by the murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte line CTLL-1 was observed when the 4-h cytotoxicity assay was conducted immediately following a 48-h pre-exposure of the effector lymphocytes to a 10-mV/cm (rms) 60-Hz sinusoidal electric field. At 1.0 mV/cm a significant 19% inhibition (P 〈 .0005) was seen. At 0.1 mV/cm a nonsignificant 7% inhibition of cytotoxicity was noted. When the 4-h cytotoxicity assay was conducted in the presence of the field using previously unexposed effector lymphocytes, cytotoxicity was not significantly reduced. Cell proliferation in the presence of interleukin-2 was unaffected by the field. These data suggest a dose response and threshold (between 0.1 and 1.0 mV/cm) for inhibition of cytotoxicity in clonal T-lymphocytes by exposure to a 60-Hz sinusoidal electric field. These results suggest mechanisms by which 60-Hz electric fields could affect the function of cells of the immune system.
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    Microwave effects on acetylcholine-induced channels in cultured chick myotubes (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cell membranes ; microwaves ; nonthermal effects ; acetylcholine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The behavior of cultured myotubes from chick embryos exposed to microwaves has been experimentally analyzed. Recordings of acetylcholine-induced currents have been obtained via patch-clamp techniques using both cell-attached (single-channel current recording) and whole-cell (total current recording) configurations. During the exposure to low-power microwaves the frequency of the ACh-activated single channel openings decreased, while the ACh-induced total current showed a faster falling phase. Channel open time and conductance were not affected by microwave irradiation. It is concluded that the exposure to microwaves increases the rate of desensitization and decreases the channel opening probability. The nonthermal origin and the molecular interaction mechanisms governing these electromagnetic-induced effects are discussed.
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    Magnetic fields and time dependent effects on development (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: chick embryo ; malformations ; critical period ; ELF magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pulsed, extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields caused a significant increase in abnormalities in the developing chick embryo. The effect was observed when the field was presented during the first 24 h of incubation; no significant effect was observed with exposure from 24 to 48 h of incubation.
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    Use of wiring configuration and wiring codes for estimating externally generated electric and magnetic fields (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric power lines ; residences ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The relative locations and characteristics of the distribution lines feeding 434 residences in the Denver metropolitan area were recorded and classified according to the Wertheimer-Leeper code (WL code) as a part of an epidemiological study of the incidence of childhood cancer. The WL code was found to place the mean values of the fields in rank order. However, the standard deviations were approximately the same size as the means. Theoretical calculations indicate that a significant fraction of the low-power magnetic fields can be generated by the distribution lines, especially in the cases where the distribution lines are within 50 feet of the residence. Thus, the wiring code was shown to be a useful method for making a first-order approximation to predict long-term, low-level magnetic fields in residences.
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    ELF electromagnetic environment in power substations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: power substation ; harmonic distortion ; ELF magnetic field ; calculation ; measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a theoretical analysis of electromagnetic environments in power substations in service. A new analytical method is developed and applied to magnetic field calculations in 187-kV and 66-kV substations. Experimental results verify that the method offers a good prediction of the magnetic field profiles in the substations except for the areas where localized field sources exist. The analytical results show that the magnetic field strength depends to a great extent on how the load powers distribute on individual lines and buses, that the magnetic fields in substations have a three-dimensional characteristic, and that the predominant field component depends on the position of interest. Moreover, it is suggested that objects placed in substations are exposed not only to magnetic fields of high strength in comparison to those in houses or near the distribution networks but also to fields with several percent of harmonic distortion.
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100201
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    Combined DC and ELF magnetic fields can alter cell proliferation (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 11 (1990), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: bioelectrical stimulation ; rabbit ; ligament ; fibroblasts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields on proliferation of rabbit-ligament fibroblasts were examined. Markedly different effects, ranging from inhibition to stimulation of proliferation, were obtained, depending on the signal parameters of amplitude, frequency, and DC magnetic field. These results demonstrate that simple, single-frequency signals can have dramatic effects on ligament cells, which may be useful for bioelectrical stimulation of growth and repair. Also, the range of frequencies examined in this study covered those commonly used in transmission of electrical energy (50 or 60 Hz), which indicates that further study of possible effects of exposure to fields generated by power transmission equipment is warranted.
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